traction or hydraulic elevator

7/28/2019 traction or hydraulic elevator

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ABOUT SCHINDLER

Founded in Switzerland in 1874, the Schindler Group is a leading global provider of elevators,

escalators and related services. Its innovative and environmentally-friendly access and transit-

management systems make an important contribution to mobility in urban societies.

In 2011, the Schindler Group generated sales of more than CHF 7.8 billion. Schindler mobility

solutions move one billion people every day all over the world. Behind the company's success

are 44,000 employees in over 100 countries.

The Schindler Group is one of the leading global suppliers of elevators and escalators. It has

around 44 000 employees and its operations span five continents. Schindler designs, installs,

services and modernizes transport systems for almost every building type worldwide. Globally,

Schindler equipment moves one billion people per day.


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Innovations

The first patent for elevators without a machine room.

The machine-room-less elevator is the result of technological advancements that often

allow a significant reduction in the size of the electric motors used with traction

equipment. These newly designed permanent magnet motors (PMM) allow the

manufacturers to locate the machines in the hoistway overhead, thus eliminating the need

for a machine room over the hoistway.

The power feeders for the MRL are also significantly reduced due to the more efficient

design and the counter-balancing provided with traction equipment.

The Miconic 10 hall call destination system and its successor, the Schindler ID.

Schindler's Miconic 10, the company's name for their proprietary control system,

introduced in 1995, was the industry first of an innovative type of control systems now

known as hall call destination system. The system features keypads and LED screens

instead of hall button stations whereby riders enter their desired floor before entering anelevator car. The system then directs the rider to a specific elevator car while grouping

riders traveling to nearby floors together. Schindler claims this minimizes the number of

stops, and decreases congestion and travel timeespecially during peak traffic periods.

The system was continuously further developed and new functions were amended

eventually evolving in systems which guarantee highly efficient and energy saving traffic

management. Especially in high rise buildings traffic management systems like Miconic

10 and Schindler ID allow building designers to maximize rentable space and transport

efficiency. Moreover, access control becomes feasible.

PORT Technology

In 2009, an entirely new concept for managing the transit of passengers through buildings

was rolled out. It comprises the third generation hall call destination system PORT

technology, which has attracted enormous interest among customers.

Schindler's PORT Technology revolutionizes the science of optimizing traffic flow

through a building while offering personalized service and access control.

Mobility solutions:

1. Predictive call entryBased on previous time and date usage patterns, each

passenger can choose from alist of his or her most frequently selecteddestinations.

2. Automatic call entryWith destination-dispatch technology, RFID cards can be pre-

programmed to allow access to specific floors and destinations and can vary depending

on the originating floor. The PORT also can display only the floors to which passengers


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are allowed access. This patented technology automatically delivers elevator assignments

for passengers at the terminal or turnstile.

3. Contextual operationOn floors above the lobby, a PORT display can be

programmed to show only the floors that are relevant to the passengers of those floors.

4. Touch-less operationIf an RFID card is held continuously at the PORT, each

destination allowed for the passenger will be highlighted in turn. When the desired

destination is highlighted, the passenger simply removes the RFID card to register his or

her call.

Personalized service:

People have unique mobility needs and The PORT Technology is designed to meet them

all by delivering personalized service. By always knowing the exact requirements of each

passenger, a distinctive experience personalized for each rider is attainable. For instance,

for those with disabilities, The PORT system can allocate more elevator space or extend

the time elevator doors remain open for riders who may need more space or time. For

concierge service or for passengers who need an express elevator, The PORT Technology

can be programmed to send a dedicated elevator for that elevator trip. Whatever a

passenger may require, The PORT Technology has the knowledge to deliver personalizedservice.


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Access control:

Access control is a fully integrated component of The PORT Technology. Each PORT

terminal comes equipped with a RFID sensor. When a passenger scans a preprogrammed

RFID card at the PORT terminal, the system can verify that passengers credentials

through a secure central database and automatically call an elevator to transport that

person to an authorized floor. Schindler's patented technology helps your elevators play a

significant role in controlling access within your building while performing at peak

efficiency.Schindler's PORT Technology can play a significant role in managing and

controlling access within your building.

The Schindler 7000 global high-rise elevator.

The Schindler 7000 elevator system offers the latest technology in elevator design.

Eco-friendly, highly-efficient permanent magnet motors.

Superior reliability and performance

Premium ride quality

PORT Technology, advanced destination-dispatching system for a new level of passenger

communication and elevator utility.

Power 1 factor drive :The Power Factor 1 (PF1) drive reduces energy consumption

considerably in comparison to conventional applications and regenerates energy back into

a buildings electric system. It is .99 efficient.


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Some of its features are :

During light elevator loads on ascent or heavy loads on descent, the system can

regenerate energy.

Recovered energy can be used to power other building demands such as lighting,

air conditioning or other equipment. PF1 drive will generate less heat, providing additional savings through reduced

cooling requirements for the machine room.

Suspension traction media

Schindler's exclusive supension traction media (STM) are more flexible than traditional

cables. With a smaller bend radius, they can fit on a smaller sheave, requiring less space.

This space-saving design results in a smaller machine in your hoistway or machine room.

The STM also offer a smoother, reliable ride. They're a major upgrade over conventional

cables.

.

In 2011, the US business magazine Forbes included Schindler on its list of the worlds 100

most innovative companies.


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PIONEERING INITIATIVES

Schindler has always taken initiatives when it comes to sustainable development. It has always

supported projects and forged partnerships worldwide for the reduction of its environmental

impact.

Some of its latest initiatives include:

New "Green" North American Headquarters

As part of its ongoing commitment to environmental protection and sustainability, Schindler

has made a multi-million dollar investment in sustainable technologies

and the renovation of its North American headquarters in Morristown, New Jersey.

The company purchased the 42 year-old building about two years ago. Since the facility hadn't

been updated in over 12 years, a major renovation was necessary to improve its overall

efficiency. Once completed, the building will feature advanced energy saving features that willsignificantly reduce the facility's energy use and carbon footprint.

The renovation of Schindlers North American headquarters is focused on reducing our carbon

footprint.

Energy Saving Upgrades in the building

Solar Panels: The building features a brand new 21,000 square foot solar array, comprised of

1,236 photovoltaic solar panels. Each panel will generate 230 watts of renewable energy.

Windows: Schindler is replacing all 475 windows in the building with energy-efficient,

insulating dual-pane windows featuring low-E coatings that help control heat transfer andsignificantly reduce the strain on the heating and cooling systems.

Lighting: Most internal and external lighting will be fitted with energy-efficient T5 and LED

light fixtures running on day-light sensors, which automatically adjust the brightness of the light

fixtures based on natural light entering the building through the new low-e windows, reducing

electricity consumption with no loss of illumination.

Carpets & Ceilings: 15,000 square feet of carpeting is being replaced with "cradle-to-cradle"

carpet tiles that are essentially waste-free. Old tiles can be recycled piece-by-piece as they age

and turned back into the raw material used to make new carpets, reducing the waste that ends up

in landfills. The new ceilings will also be made with "cradle-to-cradle" recycled content.

Transportation: The building also features a newly launched Schindler 3300 machine room less

elevator that is up to 60% more efficient than a hydraulic elevator with eco-friendly features such

as an energy-saving gearless motor to avoid power loss, frequency converter with standby power

mode and LED lights. The building has also been equipped with a new; Schindler 9300 AE

escalator with ECOLINE that generates energy savings of up to 20% per year.
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Schindler joins Solar Impulse as main partner

Schindler has decided to support Solar Impulse, the zero fuel airplane aiming to fly around the

world propelled only by solar energy. Schindler will closely follow and support cutting edge

technology in various disciplines. This partnership is an important commitment in Schindler's

on-going investment in new technology for clean and sustainable mobility and a key milestone

for the Solar Impulse project. After the successful first ever solar night flight in July 2010,

Schindlers arrival ensures the continuity of the adventure.

Schindler is one of four main partners who have joined forces to develop the Solar Impulse, a

revolutionary aircraft that uses only sunlight for power. Mankinds future lies in using clean,

sustainable energy from renewable sources. Sources like the sun that will power the Solar

Impulsewhich has the wingspan of an Airbus A340 but is ca. 100 times lighterwhen it

attempts to circle the globe non-stop with no fuel in 2014.

Schindler and Renault to promote zero-emission mobility

At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show, Schindler and the automaker Renault signed a memorandum

of understanding aimed at promoting zero-emission mobility.

The two companies have been partners since 2002, when Schindler selected Renault as a supplier

of its vehicle fleet, which has 16,000 vehicles in total. The fleet is used primarily by Schindler

technicians, who maintain the company's global portfolio of elevators and escalators.
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CSR Activities

Schindler has always contributed to society by acting as a good corporate citizen and supported

educational institutions and training initiatives of communities and society as a whole. Schindler

also actively provides financial support for a diverse range of charitable and cultural initiatives.

The Schindler Group actively supports a wide range of charitable and cultural initiatives.

Reflecting the philosophy behind these efforts, Schindler refrains from sponsoring and marketing

in this field. Schindler also provides substantial financial contributions for educational

institutions around the world and promotes learning-oriented initiatives.

2011

In 2011, Schindler donated CHF 5 million for the endowment of a professorial chair in muscle

biology at the University of Zurich and the Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), along with

other sponsors. This engagement, like many of Schindlers other important investments, is

intended to strengthen entrepreneurship, technology and innovation in Switzerland. Behind the

initiative is the Swiss Association "Balgrist", which manages the Balgrist University Hospital,

and the ResOrtho Foundation, which supports research into musculoskeletal diseases.

2010

In 2010, the Schindler Group donated around CHF 5 million to deserving social initiatives

worldwide. This corresponds to 0.7% of net profit. Donations to charities accounted for approx.

CHF 0.8 million. Around CHF 0.9 million were spent on various sporting programs and events.

In addition, the Group supported cultural and social projects with around CHF 1.4 million, and

education and scholarship programs with around CHF 1.8 million.

2009

In 2009, the Schindler Group donated more than CHF 10 million to deserving social initiatives

worldwide. Donations to charities accounted for over CHF 6 million and around CHF 0.9 million

were spent on various sporting programs and events. In addition, the Group supported cultural

and social projects with around CHF 0.8 million, and education and scholarship programs with

around CHF 2.4 million.

2008

In 2008, Schindler donated more than CHF 6.4 million to deserving social initiatives worldwide,including contributions of over CHF 1 million to charities and funding of around CHF 0.9

million to various sporting programs and events. In addition the Group spent around CHF 0.5

million supporting cultural and social projects.


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2007

In 2007, Schindler donated more than CHF 7.6 million to deserving social initiatives worldwide,

including contributions of around CHF 1.3 million to charities and funding of over CHF 1.2

million to various sporting programs and events. In addition the Group spent over CHF 1.8

million supporting cultural and social projects.

2006

In 2006, Schindler donated more than CHF 4.1 million to worthy causes worldwide. Of that sum,

donations to charities amounted to over CHF 1 million, while nearly CHF 1.2 million went to

support sporting events and competitions in our subsidiaries' communities. While not on the

same scale as the tsunami-fundraising of 2005 (see below), Schindler nevertheless invested

substantial sums in social development projects. A notable example was a R325,000 (CHF

55,000) investment in an IT center at a primary school in rural South Africa.

Schindler Award

Since 2003, Schindler has sponsored the "Schindler Award", a biannual prize for the design of

inclusive and accessible urban areas. The competition is open to all students in their final year of

study on a bachelors course or those enrolled on a masters course at a European university or

college of architecture. If 12 or more students from the same school apply to enter the

competition, that school qualifies to participate in the schools competition. The Schindler

Award 2010 attracted almost 1'400 participants and is therefore one of the most recognized and

popular architectural competitions for students in Europe. The next competition, the SchindlerAward 2012, will be held in Berne, Switzerland and registration will be open from September

2011 on.

Schindler in India

Schindler has been present in India for almost fifty years now. It earlier had a distribution

agreement (since 1958) with an Indian company ECE. Later it entered into a technical

collaboration with another Indian company, Bharat Bijlee, in 1985. Encouraged by the economic

reforms and the growth in the Indian economy following the liberalization in the early 1990s, thecompany established a 100 per cent owned subsidiary in 1998 to further expand operations in

India. In order to ensure that its personnel understand local market conditions well, locals havingextensive experience in the industry in India manned its subsidiary. To enable them to work

better, they were equipped to create a world-class organization from scratch. Schindler's

operations are headquartered in Mumbai, with a corporate office in New Delhi and strategicallylocated branch offices targeted at servicing the entire country. Its branch offices are located at

Pune and Ahmedabad in the West,Bangalore, Chennai and Hyderabad in the south and Kolkata


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in the east. It is expanding across the country to be close to its customers. In India Schindler sells

elevators and escalators.

Its elevators range starts with low-rise requirements focusing on basic transport needsat affordable costs, onto the mid-rise applications for the residential and the commercial market

segments and finally on to the high requirements and high-rise section. In the escalators segment,

Schindler is India's leading supplier of escalators and provides standard and tailor-made escalatorand moving walk solutions for both commercial and public transport applications.In India thecompany has executed some prestigious projects like installing elevators at the Bombay Stock

Exchange building and the 45-storied Shreepathi Towers, as well as escalators on the Delhi

Metro Rail Corporation and the Chennai Airport. It has also installed its escalators at leadingmalls and multiplexes in key cities in the country. All its elevators and escalators are

competitively priced and fulfil international requirements and regulations.

Key Success Factors in India

High quality of serviceSchindler India ensures that it offers its Indian customers the latest models of its world-renowned range of products that are technologically superior to those currently on offer

in the Indian market It also provides for high quality service in the form of full

modernization and maintenance services to transform and protect earlier installations.The company is a strong believer of Leadership through Service. Its Schindler Local

Service Network has features like service vans carrying all essential spares, a 24-hour call

back centre supported on a Lucent Technologies platform and service personnel equippedwith laptop computers and cell phones. This infrastructure permits software support

during service calls without delays.

Technical competency

Schindler India has a very strong Technical Support Group and major investments have

been made in terms of training both in India and abroad to ensure that the skill levels are

comparable to that available worldwide. The Indian subsidiary is connected to thecompetency Centre in Switzerland through a 24-hour leased line and has on-line access to

all Schindler databases worldwide. Its engineering team works continuously with the

R&D team in Switzerland and is also a member of various product development teamsaround the world.

Future Plans

Going forward as the construction industry in India grows, Schindler aspires to be a supplier

of choice for construction companies, with increased applications at malls, multiplexes,

residential buildings, offices, airports and metro stations.


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INSIGHT INTO ELEVATOR INDUSTRY AND TECHNOLOGY USED

ELEVATOR INDUSTRY

History

An elevator is a device for vertical transportation of passengers or freight to different

floors or levels, as in a building or a mine. The term elevator generally denotes a unit

with automatic safety devices; the very earliest units were called hoists. Elevators

consist of a platform or car traveling in vertical guides in a shaft or hoist way, withrelated hoisting and lowering mechanisms and a source of power. Rudimentary

elevators, or hoists, were in use during the middle ages and can be traced back to the

third century BC. They were operated by animal and human power or by water-driven

mechanisms.

The power elevator debuted mid-19th century in the U.S. as a simple freight hoistoperating between just two floors in a New York City building. In 1853, Elisha Graves

Otis was at the New York Crystal Palace exposition, demonstrating an elevator with a

"safety" to break the cab's fall in case of rope failure, a defining moment in elevator

development. By 1857, the country's first Otis passenger elevator was in operation at aNew York City department store, and, ten years later, Elisha's sons went on to found

Otis Brothers and Company in Yonkers, NY, eventually to achieve mass production of

elevators in the thousands. Today, Otis is the worlds largest elevator manufacturer.In 1889 came the direct-connected geared electric elevator, allowing for the building of

significantly taller structures.

By 1903, this design had evolved into the gearless traction electric elevator, allowinghundred-plus story buildings to become possible and forever changing the urban landscape

. Multi-speed motors replaced the original single-speedmodels to help with landing-leveling

and smoother overall operation. Electromagnet technology replaced manual rope-drivenswitching and braking. Push-button controls and various complex signal systems modernized

the elevator even further and safety became an integral part of the design.

The year 1926 saw the birth of the modern elevator in the Woolworth building, then the tallest

building in the world. The progress in this field has been astonishing ever since, and today we

have intelligent elevator systems that can be remotely tracked for maintenance and rework.


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Elevator Market in India

Elevator market can be broadly classified on the basis of manufacturing companies into 2 types:

Global giants such as Otis, Schindler, Kone, Johnson, Thyssen-Krupp, Mitsubishi,Hyundai,etc.

Small local manufacturers.

Of these, the earlier occupy a very large part of the market share and offer the latest in

design and safety. They are already using a lot of computer-assisted tools for design,manufacture, assembly, maintenance and rework of elevators. These companies compete with

each other in this huge market by launching new products to meet the needs of Indian

customers.

Whereas the local manufacturers are less technologically aided, they are more concerned withthe cost of the elevator rather than quality of the product.

Today, of the major multinational elevator companies in India ,the locations of each of their

head-quarters are as follows: Otis U.S.

Schindler Switzerland

KONE Finland/Brussels ThyssenKrupp Germany Fujitec Elevator Co., Mitsubishi Elevator Co., Toshiba

and HitachiJapan Hyundai Korea

Throughout the world, numerous independent elevator companies install and service elevators

and escalators, and while the independent segment of the industry remains quite large, the trend

of major companies buying out smaller independent companies continues.


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Elevator Technology

An elevator (orlift) is a type of vertical transport equipment that efficiently moves people or

goods between floors of a building, vessel or other structures.

Elevators can be grouped on the basis of their hoisting mechanism and on the basis oftheir usage.

1. On the basis of the hoisting mechanism:

1.1. Hydraulic elevator

Hydraulic elevators use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to

pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car

Main components are :

1. Elevator car

2. Hydraulic fluid(oil or water)

3. Piston and cylinder

4. Electrical Pump

5. Reservoir

6. Valve,between the cylinder and the reservoir.
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Working:

Upward motion:

A hydraulic elevator is lifted from below by a long metal shaft( hydraulic ram) as shown

in figure. A hydraulic ram is a long piston that is driven into or out of a hollow cylinder

by pressure in a hydraulic fluid.

The hydraulic fluid, usually oil or water, exerts a force on the base of the piston. If this

pressure is high enough, the force it exerts on the base of the piston will exceed the

weight of the piston and elevator car and they will accelerate upward. An electrical

pump continuously add high-pressure hydraulic fluid to the cylinder to keep the piston

moving upward.

This pump draws low-pressure hydraulic fluid from a reservoir and pumps it into the

cylinder. The pump does work on the fluid and this work is what lifts the elevator car.After attaining the proper height, this pump stop pumping and the piston and the car

comes at rest.

Downward Motion:

The valve is opened and the hydraulic fluid is accelerated towards the low-pressure

reservoir and the cylinder begins to empty and thus car starts moving down. The valve is

operated electrically by a basic solenoid switch. When the solenoid opens the valve, the

fluid that has collected in the cylinder can flow out into the fluid reservoir. The weight

of the car and the cargo pushes down on the piston, which drives the fluid into thereservoir. The car gradually descends. To stop the car at a lower floor, the control

system closes the valve again.

Although hydraulic elevators allows us to convert lesser force into a bigger one but they do

have two drawbacks, which are as follows :

1.A hydraulic elevator is only as tall as its piston and cylinder

The piston has to reach all the way to the top floor and the equally tall cylinder must be hiddenbelow the ground. Burying the cylinder is quite a procedure in a tall build. A deep hole must be

drilled and the cylinder must be lowered into the hole with a crane. The difficulties involved in

manufacturing the cylinder and piston and in assembling the completed hydraulic ram limit its

height.


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2.No mechanism for storing energy between trips

The energy expended in lifting people up 30 floors is not saved as those people descend. It

becomes thermal energy in the hydraulic fluid as the hydraulic fluid returns to the reservoir. For

a tall building with lots of up and down traffic, the elevator can turn a lot of electric energy into

thermal energy in the hydraulic fluid.

1.2. Traction (Cable lifted) elevator

Instead of pushing (as in hydraulic elevator), pulling is used. Multiple cables are used to pull the

elevator using pulleys, electrical motor, counter weight , etc. In early cable-lifted elevators, the

cables were pulled by steam-powered hydraulic rams. Now, we use electric motor and counter

weight.

Main components are:

1. Control System

2. Electric Motor

3. Sheave

4. Counter weight

5. Guide Rails.


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Working:

The ropes are attached to the elevator car, and looped around a sheave (3). A sheave is just a

pulley with a grooves around the circumference. The sheave grips the hoist ropes, so when you

rotate the sheave, the ropes move too.

The sheave is connected to an electric motor (2). When the motor turns one way, the sheave

raises the elevator; when the motor turns the other way, the sheave lowers the elevator.

In gearless elevators, the motor rotates the sheaves directly. In geared elevators, the motor turns

a gear train that rotates the sheave. Typically, the sheave, the motor and the control system (1)

are all housed in a machine room above the elevator shaft.

Upward motion:

Lifting the elevator car by itself requires a considerable amount of work because the

cars gravitational potential energy increases as it rises. Therefore, counterweight isadded through a set of pulleys with the elevator car. Mass of the counter weight is

chosen such that its mass and the mass of the elevator car( including passenger) is

almost similar so that the total amount of mass that is rising or falling as the elevator

moves is almost zero.

Thus the overall gravitational potential energy of the elevator is not changing very

much; its simply moving around between the various parts of the machine. The

counterweight balances the car so that it takes very little power to move the system.

Downward motion:

When car starts moving downward, counter weight starts ascending thus balancing the

overall weight. The counterweight is usually equal to the mass of the empty elevator car

plus about 50% of the elevators rated load. Thus, when the elevator is 50% filled, the

counterweight will exactly balance the car and very little work will be done in raising or

lowering the car.

Traction elevators are further divided into two categories. These are as follows:

Geared traction machines:They are driven by AC orDC electric motors. Geared machines use worm gears to

control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive

sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high speed motor.

In order to allow accurate speed control of the motor, to allow accurate levelling and for

passenger comfort, a DC hoist motor powered by an AC/DC motor-generator(MG) .The

MG set also typically powered the relay controller of the elevator, which has the added

advantage of electrically isolating the elevators from the rest of a building's electrical
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system, thus eliminating the transient power spikes in the building's electrical supply

caused by the motors starting and stopping (causing lighting to dim every time the

elevators are used for example), as well as interference to other electrical equipment

caused by the arcing of the relay contactors in the control system.

Gearless traction machines

They are low speed (low RPM), high torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC.

In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. A brake is

mounted between the motor and drive sheave (or gearbox) to hold the elevator stationary

at a floor. This brake is usually an external drum type and is actuated by spring force and

held open electrically; a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent the

elevator from falling.

1.3. Traction-Hydraulic Elevators

The traction-hydraulic elevator has overhead traction cables and counterweight, but is driven by

hydraulic power instead of an overhead traction motor. The weight of the car and its passengers,

plus an advantageous roping ratio, reduces the demand from the pump to raise the counterweight,

thereby reducing the size of the required machinery.

1.4. Climbing elevator

A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be

done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or

towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps

for maintenance.
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2. On the basis of their usage:

2.1.Passenger elevators

Passenger elevators are the most common type of elevator. It may be specialized for the service

they perform, including: hospital emergency, front and rear entrances, a television in high rise

buildings, Double Decker, and other uses. Passenger elevators vary with the capacity ofpassengers and type of buildings. On this basis, they may be classified as residential, commercial

and industrial.

2.2 Freight elevators

A freight elevator, or goods lift, is an elevator designed to carry goods, rather than passengers.

Freight elevators are generally required to display a written notice in the car that the use bypassengers is prohibited (though not necessarily illegal), though certain freight elevators allow

dual use through the use of an inconspicuous riser. Freight elevators are typically larger and


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capable of carrying heavier loads than a passenger elevator, generally from 2,300 to 4,500 kg.

Freight elevators may have manually operated doors, and often has rugged interior finishes to

prevent damage while loading and unloading. Although hydraulic freight elevators exist, electricelevators are more energy efficient for the work of freight lifting.

2.3 Stage lifts

Stage and orchestra lifts are specialized lifts, typically powered by hydraulics, that are used to lift

entire sections of a theater stage. For example, Radio City Music Hall has four such lifts: an

"orchestra lift" that covers a large area of the stage, and three smaller lifts near the rear of the

stage. In this case, the orchestra lift is powerful enough to raise an entire orchestra, or an entirecast of performers (including live elephants) up to stage level from below.

2.4 Vehicle elevators

Vehicular elevators are used within buildings or areas with limited space (in lieu of ramps),

typically to move cars into the parking garage or manufacturer's storage. Geared hydraulic chains

(not unlike bicycle chains) generate lift for the platform and there are no counterweights. To


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accommodate building designs and improve accessibility, the platform may rotate so that the

driver only has to drive forward. Most vehicle elevators have a weight capacity of 2 tons.

2.5. Aircraft elevators

On aircraft carriers, elevators carry aircraft between the flight deck and the hangar deck foroperations or repairs. These elevators are designed for much greater capacity than other

elevators, up to 200,000 pounds (90 tonnes) of aircraft and equipment. Smaller elevators lift

munitions to the flight deck from magazines deep inside the ship.

2.6. Dumbwaiter

Dumbwaiters are small freight elevators that are intended to carry food rather than passengers.They often link kitchens with rooms on other floors.


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DESIGN OF A TRACTION ELEVATOR

Designing an elevator requires an in-depth knowledge of each and every part of an

elevator, understanding of its terminology, its types, some technical info and safety

1. Parts

Electrical

Mechanical

Electronic

2. Types of traction elevator/ drives /

3. Elevator terminology

3.5

4. Elevator Specification

5. Technical info

6. Safety System

7. control system- down and full collective


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1. Parts

There are three main division of parts:

1.1Mechanical

1.2 Electrical


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1.3 Electronic

1.1 Mechanical Parts

1.1.1 Car

Car (elevator) - The load-carrying unit, including its platform, frame, enclosure, and car

door or gate.

Car Counterweight - A set of weights roped directly to the elevator car of a winding-

drum type installation. In practice, this weight is equal to approximately 50 percent of the

car weight.

Car Riding Lantern - A fixture mounted in the entry column, soffit or back wall whichshows the direction of car travel.

Car Top Inspection Station - A control panel on top of an elevator car which, when

activated, removes the car from normal service and allows the car to run at inspection

speed from the car top station only.

Cab - The decorative room in which people ride in a passenger elevator.

1.1.2 Door

Door Gibs - Devices at the bottom of horizontal sliding door panels, which stick into sill

grooves and eliminate door panels swinging in or out.

Door Hanger - A rolling assembly fastened to the top of a door panel which supports and

allows horizontal sliding movement of the door panel. The door track on which the

hanger rolls is part of the door hanger assembly.

Door Lock - Any type of mechanical lock designed to prevent the opening of a hoistway

door from the landing side.

Door Panel - A portion of the door or gate, which covers the opening and moves to

uncover the opening.

Door Sill - The threshold of a door opening with grooves to guide the bottom of the car

door.


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Door Track - A rail which accepts the rolling assembly of the door hanger and allows the

horizontal movement required to open and close the doors. The door track is a part of the

door hanger assembly.

Center Opening Doors- A door type, which consists of two horizontal sliding panels,

which move in opposite directions.

Telescopic Doors - A door type, which consists of two horizontal sliding panels, which

move in same direction but with different speed.

1.1.3 Guide

Guide - An assembly, bolted to the upper end of the cylinder, which centers the plunger

in the cylinder.

Guide Rails - Steel T-, round, or formed sections with guiding surfaces installed

vertically in a hoistway to guide and direct the course of travel of an elevator car and

elevator counterweights.

Guide Shoes - Devices used mainly to guide the car and counterweight along the path of

the guide rails. They also assure that the lateral motion of the car and counterweight is

kept at a minimum as they travel along the guide rails. Guiding projections mounted on

the bottom edge of horizontally sliding doors or gates, or on the sides of vertically sliding

doors or gates to guide them.

1.1.4 Cables

Cable (Rope) - Usually 4 to 6 in number, it is used to support the car and (passing over

the drive sheave to the counterweight) pull the car.

Cable Wrap - That amount of the drive sheave actually in contact.

Traveling Cable - A cable made up of electric conductors, which provides electrical

connection between an elevator or dumbwaiter car, or material lift, and a fixed outlet inthe hoistway or machine room.

1.1.5 Hoist

Hoist - A hoist is a device used for lifting or lowering a load by means of a drum or lift-

wheel around which rope or chain wraps.


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Hoist Rope - The wire ropes used to raise and lower an elevator car.

Hoistway - The space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one

or more elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts. It includes the pit and terminates at the

underside of the overhead machinery space floor or grating or at the underside of the roof

where the hoistway does not penetrate the roof. (Hoistway is sometimes called

"hatchway" or "hatch".)

Hoistway Enclosure - The fixed structure, consisting of vertical walls or partitions,

which isolates the hoistway from all other areas or from an adjacent hoistway, and in

which the hoistway doors and door assemblies are installed.

1.1.6 Brakes

Brake - An electro-mechanical device used to prevent the elevator from moving when the

car is at rest and no power is applied to the hoist motor. On some types of control, it also

stops the elevator when power is removed from the hoist motor with a spring-loaded

clamping device that holds the elevator car when the machine is turned off.

Brake Drum - A round, machined surface on the motor shaft, which the brake clamps.

Brake shoe - Moving member(s) of a brake, lined with friction material which, when in

contact with the brake drum, holds the elevator at floor level. On some types of control, it

will stop the elevator when power is removed from the hoist motor

1.1.7 Sheave

Compounding Sheave - A pulley located on the car, and on the counterweight, under

which the hoist cables run to double the capacity and reduce the speed of an elevator.

Deflector Sheave - A pulley, aligned with the drive sheave, which provides a path for the

cables to drop straight to the counterweight.

Drive Sheave- The grooved wheel of a traction-type hoisting machine over which thehoist ropes pass, and by which motion is imparted to the car and counterweight by the

hoist ropes.

Secondary Sheave - A pulley on a gearless machine which serves two purposes: (1) To

allow each cable to second pass over the drive sheave and (2) To deflect the cable for a

straight drop to the counterweight.


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Sheave Groove- A wheel mounted in bearings and having one or more grooves overwhich a rope or ropes may pass.

1.1.8 Governor

Governor - A mechanical speed control mechanism. For elevator, it is a wire rope driven

centrifugal device used to stop and hold the movement of its driving rope. This initiates

the activation of the car safety device. It opens a switch, which cuts off power to the drive

motor and brake if the car travels at a preset over speed in the down direction. Some

types of governors will also open the governor switch and cut off power to the drive

motor and brake if the car over speeds in the up direction. (2) On escalators, a direct-

driven centrifugal device which, when activated by over speed, cuts off power to the

drive motor and service brake.

Governor Rope - A wire rope attached to an elevator car frame that drives the governor

and, when stopped by the governor, initiates setting of the car safety.

1.1.9 Other Parts

Brush - A device, usually of carbon or graphite composition, used to connect a circuit

with the rotating or moving portion of a DC motor, generator or other electrical device. Itcarries current to and from the non-moving parts of connections.

Buffer - A device designed to stop a descending car or counterweight beyond its normal

limit of travel by storing or by absorbing and dissipating the kinetic energy of the car or

counterweight.

Clutch - A device used in elevator power door operation to engage the car door to the

landing door by a grasping and holding movement.

Groove - "Vee" - A groove in the drive sheave which produces a pinching or wedging

effect on the cable, used on gearless machines. "U" - A groove in the drive sheave, which

relies on friction between groove and cable, used on gearless machines.

Landing Door - The movable door at the entrance of an elevator which provides access to

the hoistway.


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1.2 Electrical Parts

1.2.1 Electrical Motors

A motor is defined as a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical work using rotary

motion. In elevators, motors of all types are used in various hoisting machine applications to

raise and lower the load being transported, to open and close car and landing doors, raise and

lower freight elevator landing doors and car gates, in fans that provide ventilation of car

enclosures, to operate hydraulic elevator pumps and where required to keep the bottom of the

hoistway dry and free of moisture in pit sump pumps as well.

This is the main electrical component in the elevator. Various types of motors have been used in

elevators, like-DC motors, with or without brushes; geared and gearless motors; asynchronous

AC induction motors; permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors.

How elevator speed is controlled?

Adjustable speed drives (ASDs) are a form of electrical power converters typically used to

convert the

fixed voltage electricity of utility-line

mains to adjustable voltage that controls

the speed of elevator motors.

ASDs are often thought of as being

only AC drives and motors, but the

speed of DC motors can be easily adjusted

by voltage control and have

been doing so to operate elevators

for many years. Ward-Leonard-style


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motor-generator (MG) sets are a

form of DC drive, as are silicon-controlled

rectifier (SCR)-DC adjustable

speed controls. In either case, adjusting

traction or hydraulic elevator

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