traces of laryngeals in the gourage dialect of endegeň

8/20/2019 Traces of Laryngeals in the Gourage Dialect of Endegeň

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Traces of Laryngeals in the Gurage Dialect of EndegeňAuthor(s): Wolf LeslauReviewed work(s):Source: Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3 (Jul., 1971), pp. 218-224Published by: The University of Chicago PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/543608 .

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2/8

TRACES OF

LARYNGEALS

IN

THE

GURAGE

DIALECT

OF

ENDEGEv

WOLF

LESLAU,

University

of California,

Los Angeles

1. The

Proto-Semitic1

laryngeals

c

h

h

and the velar

h

are

preserved

in

Geez.

In

Tigre

and

Tigrinya

h

and

h2

coalesced into

.3

In

the South

Ethiopian

languages

of

Amharic,

Argobba,

Harari, Gafat,

and

Gurage,

the

laryngeals

are

only

partially pre-

served.

Thus,

Amharic has

only

h;4

Argobba

has

h,

4h

nd

';5

Harari has

h

and

1;6

and

Gafat

has h.7

Gurage

on the whole

behaves

like

the

other South

Ethiopian

languages,

but in

some

Gurage

dialects8

the

laryngeal

and the velar h left traces

in

the

treatment

of the

verb

in

its various

forms.

This is

the

case in

Ennemor9

and

EndegeAi

of

Western

Gurage.

In

order to

analyze

the

treatment of the

verbs

originally having

an

initial,

medial,

or

final

laryngeal

or

h,

Amharic will

be taken as

point

of

departure.

In

Amharic,

the

laryn-

geals

and the velar h

become zero. As a

result,

verbs

originally having

an initial

laryngeal

or h

have

now

only

a

vocalic initial

in

Amharic.

Examples:

ammdnd, trust,

G.

'amnd;

alldqd,

be

finished,

G.

halqd.

Likewise

as a

result

of the

loss of the

laryngeals

and

of the velar

h,

the triradical

verbs

with a medial

or

final

original

laryngeal

or

h

became biradicals

in Amharic.

Examples

with medial

laryngeal

or

h:

Geez

sdcamd,

kiss,

became

in

Amharic

sama,

from

*sadCamd

>

*sdama

>

samd;

Geez

wa~hf.td,

swallow,

became

in

Amharic

watd,

from

*wdha.td

>

*wda.td

>

watd.

Examples

with a

final

laryngeal

or

h:

Geez

fdtha, open,

became

in

Amharic

fdtta,

from

*fdttdha

>

*fdttda

>

fdtta;

Geez

rdgca, coagulate,

became

in

Amharic

rdgga

from

*rdggdca

>

*rdggda

>

rdgga.

The verbs

of a

particular

verbal class

will

have the

same

conjugation,

regardless

of

the

nature of the

original laryngeal.

Thus

all

the

verbs of the class ammdnd have the

imperfect

yaman

regardless

of

whether

the initial radical

was an

original

c '

h

h

or

h;

the verbs

of

the class samd have

the

imperfect

ya8sam,

egardless

of whether the second

radical was an

original laryngeal

c

h

4h

r a velar

h;

and

the

verbs of the

class

sdmma

have an

imperfect

yasdma,

regardless

of whether

the

third radical

was an

original

c'

hhorh.

Such

is

not the

case

in

Endegeni,

where

the

laryngeals

and

the velar

h

left their traces

in

the

constitution of

the verbs and

in

their

conjugation.

The

treatment

of the ancient

1

The

languages

are

abbreviated as follows:

Amh.

=

Amharic,

G.

=

Geez,

Te.

=

Tigre,

Tna.

=

Tigrinya.

2

There

is in

Tigrinya

a velar

x

(representing

the

pronunciation

of

h),

but this

x

is

allophone

of k.

Indeed,

in

intervocalic and

postvocalic

position

/k/

becomes

x;

thus,

kdPe,

refuse,

but

yaxdllZ

,

he

refuses.

This sound

is, therefore,

in no

connection

with

Proto-Semitic

h.

3

Tigre

and

Tigrinya

cannot, therefore,

be

used

as

sources of

etymologies

for an

original

h.

4

Amharic h can

also

go

back to an

ancient

k,

as in

hond,

be. G.

kond;

hod,

stomach,

G.

kdbd,

and

others. For more

examples,

see F.

Praetorius,

Die

amharische

Sprache,

p.

69.

5

See

Annales

d'Ethiopie,

3

(1959),

252.

6

See

Annales

d'Ethiopie,

2

(1957),

150.

7

W.

Leslau,

Etude

descriptive

et

comparative

du

gafat,

pp.

17-18.

8

The

Gurage

cluster includes

(aha,

E.a,

Ennemor,

EndegeiX, Gyeto,

Muher,

Masqan, Gogot,

Soddo,

Selti,

Wolane,

and

Zway.

9

See Traces

of the

Laryngeals

in

the

Ethiopic

Dialect

of

Ennemor .

Orientalia,

28

(1959), 257-70;

abbreviated Ennemor.

218


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3/8

LARYNGEALS

N

THE

GURAGE

DIALECTOF

ENDEGEr

219

laryngeals

and of

h

in

Endegeni

comes

the closest to

that of

Ennemor,1?

but at

times

Endegeni

shows less

consistency

than

Ennemor.

2. Before

going

into

the

analysis

of the verbs with an

original laryngeal

or h

it

should

be

pointed

out that

Endegeii

has a considerablenumber of verbs with an initial

h,

but

this h

represents

an

original

k.

Examples:

ho'yd,

spill,

(G. kdcawd),

a-hdbbddd, honor,

respect

(Amh.

kdbbddd,

be

heavy ),

hamdttdtd,

become contracted and

tough

((aha

xamdtdtd-m,

from

the root

kmtt),

hdnd, be,

become

(G. kond),

hdnnd, hdnndwd,

spend

a

year

or

a

certain

period

of time

(Amh.

kdrrdmd,

spend

the

rainy

season ),

hdtna,

forbid,

hinder

(G.

kdl'a),

hdnna, invite,

call

(G. kdlha),

td-hneppd,

cover the

head

with a cloth

(Amh. td-kdnanndbd),

hend,

dig

(G.

kdrdyd),

hard,

know

(G. kahald),

hdtta'a,

abjure, betray

(G.

ka•hadd),

hdttdrd,

thatch a house

(Amh. kddddnd),

td-

hettdrd,

follow

(Amh.

td-kdttdld).11

3. There is also a glottal stop in Endegeii whose origin is not necessarily a laryngeal

or

h,

but a

glottalized

q

.t

(d)

or c.12 The verbs whose

'

originates

from a

glottalized

consonant in the

present

study

are:

nd'a,

exceed

(Amh.

laqd),

fd'd,

tan,

scrape

(Amh.

faqd),

annd:d,

be

ended,

be

finished

(G.

halqd),

a:dwd,

wash one's

body

(G.

ha.dbd,

Amh.

at.tdbd),

w&2d,

swallow

(Amh.

watd).

Before

discussing

the

specific examples

I

would like to

state that

most of the

verbs

given

here are of the

type

A,

that

is,

a

type

that

corresponds morphologically

to the

first form of

Arabic

or

Hebrew

qal.

In

Endegefi,

some verbs of this

type

have the

gemi-

nation of the second

radical

in

the

perfect

and

imperfect

while

in

others

the second

radical is

not

geminated.

A

more

detailed

study

of

these

verbs

will

be

given

elsewhere.

4.

VERBS

WITH

AN ORIGINAL LARYNGEAL OR

h

4.1.

Verbs with an

original

initial

laryngeal

c

h

h

or

h

have

in

Endegeni

the same form

in

the

perfect regardless

of

the nature

of

the

original

consonant.

Thus,

ammdrd, believe,

trust,

root

'mn; akkddd, bind,

tie,

root

cqd;

ass8dbd,

think,

root

hsb;

attdgd,

throw

to the

ground,

root

Mdg.

There

are,

however,

two

patterns

in

the other verb forms.

They

are:

1.

akkddd,

imperfect

a'agd,13

jussive

d~dgdd4;

2.

attdgd,

imperfect

&dag,

ussive

ddaqg.

These

patterns

are

conditioned

by

the

nature of the

original

consonant.

The verbs

with an original : or

c

have Pattern 1. There is no consistency, however, for the verbs

with an

original

initial

h

or

h

o10

See n. 9.

11

I

do not

record

here the nouns nor

the verbs

for

which

I

have

no

comparison.

12

For

the influence of

Sidamo

concerning

this

feature,

see

Language,

28

(1952),

68.

13

A second

radical

voiceless k t s

p

of

the

perfect

that

goes

back to

an

original

voiced

reappears

as

voiced

(g

d

z

b

or

w)

in

the

imperfect

and

jussive

of

Type

A. As for

n

as

second radical of the

perfect,

it

becomes

r in

the

imperfect

and

jussive

if

it

goes

back

to 1

or

r;

it

remains

n if

it

goes

back to n.

The verbs

of

this

study

showing

this treatment are:

akkddd:alagd

(4.2);

akkard:dgar (4.3.6);

wadkkdad:wagd

(6.3.1);

ndkkd:lc:rdga (6.3.2);

attagd:ddgg (4.3.3);

battd:gbddd

(6.2.4);

gattala:agddd

(6.3.3);

hatta:a:ahddd

(6.3.3);

assdrd:dzar

(4.3.2);

ndssd: ndzd

(6.2.2);

sdppd:

sdwd

(6.2.1).

For

the treatment of

the

verbs

of

the

pattern

ndssala with the

second radical

pp,

see n.

35.

Verbs

whose second

radical

n

goes

back to n

that

keep

the

n in

the

imperfect

are:

andqd:alanq

(4.3.4);

qdtna:

qqdn'd

(6.1.2);

qdnnd:gqdnd

(6.2.2).

Verbs whose

second radical n

goes

back to 1 or r

that have

r in

the

imperfect

are:

anndrd:drgr

(4.3.2);

annawa:drgw

(4.3.2);

anndad:drq&

(4.3.5);

hdtna: hdr'd

(6.1.1);

tatna:

.tar'd

(6.1.1);

zdtna:

zdre'd

(6.1.1);

bdtna:

wdr'd

(6.1.2);

hdnnd: hard

(6.2.1).

14

The forms of the

imperfect

and

jussive

are

given

for

nearly

all the

verbs to show

the

treatment

of

the

various

radicals in

the

verb

forms.




4/8

220

JOURNAL

OF

NEAR EASTERN

STUDIES

4.1.1.

In

Ennemor,

the

imperfect

a'agd

is

the

pattern

of verbs with an

original

initial

or

c,

whereas the

imperfect

&dg

s the

pattern

of

verbs

with an

original

initial

h

or

h.

Concerning

the

original

initial

h

or

h,

there

is

more

consistency

in

Ennemor than in

Endegeni.15

4.2. Pattern

akkdidd,

mperfect

a'ag(a)d

The

pattern

of the

imperfect

a'ag(a)dl6

is

the

pattern

of verbs with an

original

initial

Sor c.

Thus,

andsd,

be

little,

be

less :

imperf.

adans,

juss.

d:dns

(G.

naDas8d,

ith

meta-

thesis);

akkddd,

bind,

tie :

imperf.

adagd, uss. d:dgd

(G.

caqddd).

4.3. Patterns akkddd

(adagd)

and

attdgd

(ddag)

In

verbs

with an

original

h

or

h,

both

patterns

occur,

that

is,

imperfect

a'agd

and

adag.

With

an

original

h,

I

recorded the same number

of verbs with either

pattern.

With an

original

h,

I

recorded two verbs of the

a'agd

pattern

and four

verbs of

the

adag

pattern.

Consideringthe fact that the verbs with an original h whose pattern is adagare more

numerous

than

the verbs

that have

an

imperfect

adagqd

nd,

in

view of Ennemor

where

the verbs with an

original

h

have

consistently

the

imperfect

ddag,

it is

probably

safe

to

state that verbs with an

original

h have

in

Endegeli

normally

the

imperfect

ddag.

4.3.1.

Verbs

with an

original

initial

h

of the

a'agd

pattern:

af&sd,

take

a

large

quantity

of

grain

or flour

or

earth

with

both

hands :

imperf.

adafs,

juss.

didfs

(G.

hafdsd,

snatch

away );

assdba,

think,

be

pensive : imperf.

a:assab,

juss.

ddssab

(G.

hasdbd);azzdind,

be

sad,

be

pensive :

imperf.

adazzan,

juss. dddzzan

(G. hazdnd);

akkdwd

or

akkd,17

to

cup :

imperf.

aakkaw,

juss.

d~dkkaw

Te.

•agma,

with

an

original

h,

in view

of Arabic

haagma).

4.3.2. Verbs with an original initial h of the adag pattern: asdsd, sweep : imperf.

89s, juss. asas

(G. hasdyd, rub ,

Tna.

hasa-sd,

wipe, rub );

anndrd,

be

charred up,

dry

up : imperf.

drar,

juss.

drdr

(G.

hardrd);

assdrd,

carry

on

the

back,

carry

loads on

the

head or shoulders :

imperf.

dzar,

juss.

dzdr

(G. hazdld);

anndwd or

annd,18

milk :

imperf.

draw,

juss.

draw

(G.

haldbd).

4.3.3.

A

verb that has the

imperfect

of both

patterns

is:

akdkd,

scratch when it

itches :

imperf.

a'akak or

dkak,

juss.

d:dkak or dkak

(G.

hakdkd).

4.3.4.

Verbs with

an

original

initial h

of

the

a'agd

pattern:

andqd,

strangle,

choke :

imperf.

a:anq,

juss.

d:dnq

(G. handqd);

attdmd,

seal :

imperf.

adattam,

uss.

d~dttam

(G.

Ahatdmd).

4.3.5. Verbs with an original initial h of the adag pattern: anndid, be ended, be

finished :

imperf.

draD,

uss.

drdV19

G.

halqd);

attdgd,

throw on the

ground,

throw

down :

imperf.

adag,

juss. ddag

(G.

haddgd);

antd, cut,

slaughter :

imperf.

.t

(for

dnt),

juss.

d.t,

for

dnt

(G.

har.ds,

cut );

a:dwd,

wash

the

body

or an

object :

imperf.

daw,

juss.

daw

(G.

ha4dbd).

4.3.6.

Without

a

North

Ethiopian

etymology:

akkdrd,

raise

cattle,

breed

cattle :

imperf.

dgar,

juss.

dgar;

aqqd,

count :

imperf.

dqqaw,

juss.

dqqaw.

15

See

Ennemor,

pp.

261-62.

16

The

imperfect

as

well

as

the

jussive

can have

final

consonant

clusters

depending

on

the

two final

consonants.

I

did not

record

sufficient

examples

to determine the conditions of the final clustering.

17

In

Endegeit

an

originally

non-geminated

m

is

spirantized

into

*m,

w,

and the

syllable

awa

can be

reduced

to

a.

18

An

originally non-geminated

b

is

spirantized

into

*b,

w,

and

the

syllable

dwd can

be reduced

to

a.

19

There are two

jussive

patterns

in

Endegeii:

1.

a

transitive

pattern

dkatf;

2,

an

intransitive

pattern

atraf. The situation is the same in (aha and in

E.a.

or

more

details,

see

The

Jussive in

Chaha,

Lan-

guage,

40

(1964),

53-57;

The

Jussive in

E.a,

Journal

of

Semitic

Studies,

12

(1967),

66-82.




5/8

LARYNGEALS

N

THE

GURAGE

DIALECT

OFENDEGET

221

5.

VERBS WITH AN ORIGINAL SECOND

LARYNGEAL OR

h

Verbs

with

an

original

second

laryngeal'

c

h

h

or

h

have

three

patterns

for the

perfect

as well as for the imperfectand jussive. The patterns are: 1. hard, mperf.ahir,juss. dhar;

2.

dard,

imperf.

addr,

juss.

dddr;

3.

sa'ard,

imperf.

a8sd'dr,

uss.

asa'ar.

In

the

patterns

hard and

ddrd,

the

original

second

radical became

zero

whereas

in

s•d'ard

he

original

second radical

is

represented

as

'.

5.1. Pattern

hard

The

pattern

hard is

the

pattern

of three

verbs with an

original

second

radical h

two

of

which

also lose

their

h

in

Geez

in

their

imperfect.20

The verbs are:

hard,

know :

imperf.

ahir,

juss.

dhar

(G.

kahald,

imperf.

yqkal);

bard,

say : imperf.

5n

(from

*aban

>

*qwan

>

in),

juss.

dwar

(G.

bqha•l•di,

mperf.

yqbal);

sard,

be beautiful :

imperf.

Air,

juss. d8ar (G. td-4dhald, be merciful ).

The

only

verb

with

an

original

second radical

h

that has another

pattern

is

nd'd,

exceed,

for which see 5.2.4.21

In

Ennemor the

pattern

is xard

(imperf.

yax'ir)

for

this kind of

verb.22

5.2. Pattern

ddrd

The

pattern

dard

is

the

pattern

of verbs

with

an

original

second

radical

h

or

h.

In

Ennemor the

pattern

is likewise dard.

5.2.1.

Verbs with

an

original

second radical

h:

fd'd,

tan,

scrape :

imperf.

afiW,

uss.

dfd'

(G.

fdhaqd);

gqfd,

take as

much

as

possible

with

one

or both

hands :

imperf.

a

g?df,

juss.

dgqf

(G.

gdhafd,

snatch

away );23

mdrd, forgive, have pity : imperf. 9mir, juss.

dmar

(G.

mdhard);

n&sd,

lick :

imperf.

qnds,

juss.

ands

(G.

ldhasd);

qdmd,

eat

a

ground

substance :

imperf.

qqdim,

uss. dqam

(G.

qdhamd, qdmha,

feed );

.tfd,

write :

imperf.

a.tdf, uss.

dt.f

(G. sdhafd);

ddqd,

laugh : imperf. addq, juss. dddq

(undoubtedly connected

with

G.

s'a•aqd).24

5.2.2.

Verbs

with

an

original

second

radical h:

ddrd,

bless :

imperf.

qddr,

juss.

dd&r

(G. ddhard);

ddtd,

run

over

something :

imperf.

qd.t,

juss.

dd.t

(G.

da~.add);

wd&d,

swallow :

imperf.

qwdi,

juss.

dwd'

(G.

wa~a.td,

wdhatd).

5.2.3.

There are verbs of the

pattern

dard for which

there

is no

Geez

etymology.

However, Tigre or Tigrinya or a Semitic language other than Ethiopic shows a second

radical

h

which

could

represent

either

an

ancient

h

or

h.

The

verbs are:

gand,

be red-

hot

:215

imperf.

qgdin,

uss.

agan

(Amh.

gald,

Hebrew

gahal,

charcoal );

g.td,

nibble the

flesh

from the

bone :

imperf.

agd.t,

juss.

dgt.

(Te.

gdhata,

Tna.

gdhasd);

kasd,

compen-

sate,

pay : imperf.

akds,

juss.

dkads

Te.

kdhasa,

Tna.

kdhasd); qgrd,

feel

acidity

of

the

20

C. Conti

Rossini,

Grammatica

elementare

della

lingua

etiopica

(1941),

p.

73.

On this form

in

the

other

West

Gurage

dialects,

see

JAOS,

71

(1951),

224.

21

In

Ennemor,

p.

264 I also

included

in this

pattern

Ennemor

gdrd,

be

red-hot,

and connected

it with

Tigre

gdhara,

burn

(charcoal).

However,

in view of Amh. gald, be red-hot, Ennemor gard

and

Endegei

gain

are

probably

to

be connected

with

Hebrew

gahal,

charcoal.

22Ennemor,

p.

265.

23

In

Ennemor,

p.

265 I did not

suggest

any

com-

parison.

24The

etymology

of

daqd,

laugh,

is

intriguing.

While

it

is

undoubtedly

to

be

connected with

G.

9Sh.qd,

laugh,

Amh.

saqd,

the

correspondence

d:d(s)

s not

regular.

One is

tempted

to

consider

Arabic

dahika whose d may have some connection with d

of

daqd.

25

One would

expect

gard;

see

also n.

21.




6/8

222

JOURNAL

OF NEAR EASTERN

STUDIES

stomach :

imperf.

aqir, juss. aqar

(Te.

Tna.

qdhar,

acidity

of

the

stomach );

.tasd,

violate the law :

imperf.

9.tas,

juss.

dt•as

(Tna.

.tdhasd).

5.2.4.

The

only

verb

with

an

original

h that

has

the

pattern

ddrd is:

ne'd,

exceed :

imperf.

and•',

juss.

dndn

(G. lahaqd).

For the other verbs

with

original

second radical

h,

see

5.1.

5.2.5. While the

greatest

number

of

verbs

with an

original

second radical

c

have

the

pattern

saard

(see

5.3),

there are two verbs with an

original

second

C

hat have the

pattern

dard.

They

are:

.tmd,

taste

good : imperf.

9.tim,

juss.

d.tm

(G.

.tacamd,

tdcamd);

&ind,

load :

imperf.

9.dn,

juss.

dain

(G.

s8dcand).

5.2.6.

Verbs without a

Semitic

etymology: ga-dd,

be

hungry,

g&rd,

remove

the

beeswax from the

beehive,

m.td,

evaluate, estimate,

nagd,

suck

the breast

of

the

sheep

or

goat

while

tending

it,

s8add,

pay,

amd,

lead

a

horse or

a

mule, 26

zdfd,

drag (perhaps

connected

with

Arabic

zahafa, crawl ),zanmd, covet,

wish

ardently.

5.3.

Pattern

saWard

The

pattern

s8a'ard

s

the

pattern

of

verbs with an

original

second radical

'

or

C.

In

Ennemor the

pattern

is likewise

s8a'ard.

5.3.1.

Verbs

with an

original

second

radical

D :

a'a8d,

become

worse,

be bad :

imperf.

awd'ds,

juss.

dwa'a827

(G.

baDasd); a8ard,

beg, implore : imperf.

9sd'dr,

juss.

d8sa'ar

(G.

s8dald).

5.3.2.

Verbs with

an

original

second radical

c:

ga'azd,

move

to another

place :

imperf.

qgd'diz,

juss. dga'az

(G.

g'acazd,

gdqcazd); sacamd,

kiss :

imperf.

a•sd'dim,

uss.

dsaDam

(G. 8acamd);

8a'ard,

abolish,

dismiss :

imperf.

99d'dr,

juss.

d8a'ar

(G.

sacard,

s9acarqd);

a'ard, spend the day : imperf.

qwd•Dr,

uss. dwa'ar (G. wdcald).

For verbs

with

an

original

second radical

c

that have

the

pattern

ddrd,

see 5.2.5.

5.3.3.

Without

a

Semitic

etymology:

nd'azd,

be

heavy :

imperf.

qnd•dz,

juss.

dna'az.

5.3.4.

Summary.

Verbs with

an

original'

or

C

have

the

pattern

sa'ard

(5.3).

Verbs with

an

original

second radical h have the

pattern

hard

(5.1).

Verbs with

an

original

second

radical

4h

r

&

have the

pattern

dlrd

(5.2).

6.

VERBS

WITH AN

ORIGINAL

THIRD LARYNGEAL OR

h

Verbs

with

an

original

third

laryngeal

c

h

h

or

h

have three

patterns.

They

are: 1.

zdtna,

imperf. azdr'd, juss. dzar'd; 2.

nd.t.td,

mperf. andtd, juss. dntd; 3. ndssa'a, imperf. andsd,

juss.

ansda.

In

the

patterns

zdtna

and

nd.t.td

the

original

third radical became zero whereas

in

the

pattern

nas8sa'a

he

original

third

radical

is

represented

as :.

6.1.

Pattern zdtna

The

pattern

zdtna

(imperfect

azdr'd)

s

the

pattern

of verbs

whose

original

third

radical

was

:

or

c.

In

the verbs whose

original

third

radical was

c,

the

second

radical is

n

(pro-

nounced

In)

or m

(pronounced

Pm).

In

verbs whose third

radical

was

',

only

examples

with

third

radical

n

are

attested.

For

verbs

whose

second

radical

is a consonant other

than

n,

see

6.3.

21

In

Ennemor,

p.

264

I

connected the verb with

Semitic and

Ethiopic

sahb,

drag ,

but the

comparison

seems to

be

doubtful.

27The

intervocalic

b

becomes

spirantized

into

W,




7/8

LARYNGEALS IN THE

GURAGE

DIALECT OF ENDEGENr

223

In

Ennemor,

the

pattern

of

this verbal

class is

bdn'a.

6.1.1.

Verbs

whose

third

radical

was

::

hdtna,

forbid,

hinder :

imperf.

ahdr'd,

uss.

dhar:'d

(G.

kdal'a);28

tdtna,

hate,

dislike :

imperf.

a•tdr'd,

uss.

dt•ar'd

G.

sdl'a,

also

sadlca,

but Te. Tna. only

.sl,

with :); zdtna, sow : imperf. gzdr'd, juss. dzar'd (G. zdr'a).

6.1.2. Verbs

whose

third

radical

was

c:

bdtna,

eat :

imperf.

qwdr'd,

juss.

5r'd29

(G.

bdlca);

qdtna,

be

generous : mperf.

aqdn'd, uss. dqar'd

perhaps

Tna.

qdnce,

be

straight );

sdPma,

hear :

imperf.

9sa'd,

juss.

s3

(G.

sdma);

ndPma,

flourish,

prosper :

imperf.

and:)d,

juss.

dnq`31

(Tna.

ldmce, blossom,

G.

ldmldmd).

6.1.3.

Without

a North

Ethiopian etymology:

ddtna,

conceive,

be

coupled :

imperf.

addr*d,

juss.

ddar')d;

dtna,

have

intercourse :

imperf.

qfdr'd,

juss.

dfa•rd;

sdtna,

arrive,

reach :

imperf.

qsdr'd,

juss.

dsarad.

6.2. Pattern

ndt.td

The

pattern

ndt.td

imperfect

and.td)

is

the

pattern

of verbs whose

original

radical was

4h

r

h.

Note that all the verbs of this

pattern

have the second radical

geminated.

In

Ennemor the

pattern

is

fdtd.

6.2.1.

Verbs

whose

third

radical

was

h:

fdtt&,

untie,

dissolve :

imperf. qfddd,

juss.

dfdd32

(G.

fdtha);

hdnn&, invite,

call :

imperf.

ghdrd,

juss.

dhard

(G.

kdlha,

cry

out );

ndt.td,

be

white :

imperf.

qndtd,

juss.

dnta

(G.

ndsha);

sdppa,

become

more,

become

augmented : imperf.

gsdwd,

juss.

d8sawd

G.

sdbha,

be

fat ).

The

only

verb

with

the

second radical

non-geminated

is:

fdla33

boil :

imperf.

afdld,

juss.

adfld

G.

falha).

6.2.2.

Verbs whose third

radical was

h:

ndss8, scatter,

sprinkle powdery things :

imperf.

andzd,

juss.

dnzd

(G.

ndzha);

ndff&,

blow an

instrument :

imperf.

gndfd,

juss.

dnfd

(G.

ndf

a).

6.2.3.

There is one verb with an

original

third radical

:

and one verb

with

an

original

third

radical

C

that have the

pattern

ndt.td.

They

are:

qdnna,

envy,

be

jealous :

imperf.

aqdnd,

juss. dqand

(G.

qdn'a); bdqqd,

be

enough,

suffice :

imperf.

qwdqd, juss.

dqqd

for

*dbqd,

*dwqd (G. bdqwca,

be

useful ).

Normally

the verbs with an

original

:or

C

have the

pattern

zdtna

(6.1)

or

ndssa'a

(6.3).

6.2.4.

Verbs without a

North

Ethiopian etymology:

bdtt&,

take,

take

away :

imperf.

awddd,

juss.

dttd

(for

dbdd);

gdmmd,

be

blunt ;

imperf.

admd

(Te.

Tna. and

Amh.

have

the

root

dm-dm);

qdrr&,

read :

imperf.

qqdrd, juss. dqard (from

Arabic

qara'a).

6.3. Pattern

ndssa8a

The

pattern

ndssa:a

(imperfect

andsd)

is

the

pattern

of verbs

whose

original

third

radical was

:

or

c

and

whose second

radical

is

a

consonant

other than n

or m.

The

verbs

that

have

this

pattern

are

of

type

A,

but their

second

radical is

geminated.

In

Ennemor,

the

normal

pattern

of

this verbal class

is

fdqa,

but

many

verbs

of

this

verbal

class

have

the

pattern

fdtd.34

6.3.1. Verbs

whose

third

radical was ::

gwddda*a,

harm :

imperf.

qg'wddd,

uss.

dgwdd

28

See

?

2.

29

See n.

27.

30

The

nasal m

brought

about

the nasalization of

the vowel.

31

See n.

30.

32

Since

the root

isfth (with

t)

one would not

expect

the

alternance

t

(perfect):

d

(imperfect, jussive).

33This

is

also one of

the few

verbs with

1

as

second

radical,

since

normally

an

originally

geminated

1

becomes n. It is

probably

an

Amharic

loanword even

though

one would

expect

the form

falla,

with

gemi-

nated 1.

34Ennemor,

pp.

266-67.




8/8

224

JOURNAL

OF NEAR EASTERN

STUDIES

(G.

gqddwa,

Tna.

gqodde);

gdppa'a,

enter :

imperf.

aqgdd,

uss.

dga'd35

(G.

gdb'a,

return );

gdzza'a,

govern,

administer :

imperf.

agdzd,

juss. dgzd

(Te.

gdz'a,

G.

'agzi', master );

ndssa'a, lift,

raise :

imperf.

andsd,

juss.

dnsd

(G. nds'a);

wdkka'a,

pierce : imperf.

awdgd, juss. dgd for *dwgd (G. wdg'a, Tna. wdg'e).

6.3.2.

Verbs

whose third

radical was C:

ddffa'a,

turn over to the side :

imperf. addfd,

juss.

ddfa

(G.

ddfca, push );

gdffa'a, push :

imperf.

agdfd, juss. dgfd

(G.

gdf'a

and

gdfCa,

Te. Tna.

gfC);

ndkka'a,

coagulate :

imperf.

andgd, juss.

dngd

(G.

rdgqa);

tdppa'a,

be

cruel,

be

tough : imperf.

atd'd,

juss.

dta:d

(G.

tdbca,

be

firm ).

6.3.3.

The verbs

whose

third

radical was

h

have

normally

the

pattern

nd.tt

(see 6.2.1),

but there

are two

verbs whose third

radical was

h

that have the

pattern

ndssa'a.

They

are:

gdtta'a,

draw water from a

container :

imperf.

agddd, uss.

adgdd

G.

qddha);

hdtta'a,

abjure,

betray :

imperf.

ahdd,

juss.

dhadd

(G.

kah4add,

ith

metathesis).

It

so

happens

that both

verbs have a second

radical

t,

but the

verb

fdtta,

untie,

also

has a second radical t, and yet the pattern is fatt&.Consequently, it is not the second

radical that

is

likely

to

justify

one

or another

pattern.

6.3.4.

Verb

without

a North

Ethiopian

etymology:

qdppa:a,

fold,

bend :

imperf.

aqd:d, juss. dqaad.

6.3.5.

Summary.

Verbs

with

an

original

third radical

or

c

and whose second radical

is n

(pronounced

tn)

or

m

(pronounced

Pm)

have the

pattern

zdtna

(6.1).

Verbs with

an

original

third radical

'

or

c

but

whose second radical is a consonant

other

than

n or

m have

the

pattern

ndssa'a

(6.3).

Verbs with

an

original

third

radical

h

or

h have

the

pattern

nd.t.d

6.2).

7.

LARYNGEALS IN SEMITIC

In Ennemor

269-70

I

traced

briefly

the situation of the

laryngeals

on

Hebrew and

Akkadian.

I

should

like

to

mention also

Arabic where the

glottal

stop

,

is

treated dif-

ferently

from

c,

h,

or

h.

Indeed,

in

the

so-called fourth form of

Arabic,

that

is,

the

stem

with

an initial

:,

the

form

*DaVtara

ecomes

&dtara,

ith

'

losing

its

consonant

value

thus

causing

the

lengthening

of the

preceding

vowel

a into

a.

Ennemor and

Endegeii

thus

contribute

their

share in

our

analysis

of the

Semitic

laryngeals.

35

The verbs of

the

pattern

nassa a with

pp

as

second consonant that

goes

back to

bb,

lose

the b

in

the

imperfect

and

jussive

and

keep

instead the

.

Thus,

g•appa'a,

enter :

agd•d';

tappala,

be cruel :

atd•a

(6.3.2); qdppa'a,

fold,

bend :qqd

&

(6.3.4).

In

Ennemor

too,

the

verb

gqapa,

enter,

of the

pattern

fdqa,

has the

imperfect yagb:la, jussive igabba,

with

the

glottal

stop,

as

against faqa, imperfect

yofaqa,

jussive dfqa

(Ennemor,

p.

266).

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