towards excellence in chemistry08 latest
TRANSCRIPT
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TOWARDS EXCELLENCE
IN CHEMISTRY
BY
NORIZAN ISMAILSMKMS
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Pendahuluan
Tidak semua pelajar yang cemerlang akan memperolehi keputusangred A1 atau A2 dalam subjek kimia. Begitu juga tidak semua pelajaryang tidak cemerlang tidak akan memperolehi gred A1 atau A2. Biasa
berlaku, pelajar begitu yakin boleh menjawab soalan dengan betul,tetapi apabila keputusan dikeluarkan, jauh dari yang diharapkan.Kenapa begitu ?
Panduan ini bukan menjamin calon akan memperolehi gred A1 atau A2.
Calon mestilah mempunyai pengetahuan kimia sedia ada atau asas yanglengkap, matang dan terkini. Dengan pengetahuan tersebut dankemahiran penggunaan teknik-teknik bagaimana hendak menjawab
soalan, keputusan cemerlang amat mudah dicapai.
Jawapan yang diterima oleh Lembaga Peperiksaan KementerianPendidikan tidak semestinya yang paling tepat, tetapi kemahiran teknikmenjawab yang calon perolehi sekurang-kurangnya dapat membantumereka menjawab ke tahap terbaik yang diharapkan dalam skema SPM.Oleh itu pendedahan teknik bagaimana hendak menjawab soalan amatpenting sebelum calon mengambil peperiksaan Kimia kertas 4541.
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Beberapa kesilapan yang sering dibuat oleh calonsemasa menjawab kertas ini.
1. Menggunakan simbol atau formula bagi nama bahan kimia dalamhuraian.
2. Dalam huraian eksperimen tidak memberi keadaan bahan tindak balasdengan lengkap seperti kepekatan larutan, pemanasan kuat atauperlahan dan senarai radas tidak lengkap.
3. Melukis gambar rajah bagi eksperimen dengan seluruh gabusdalam mulut bekas dan hujung salur penghantar lebih tinggi daripermukaan air semasa mengutip gas.
4. Menggunakan kependekan (abbreviations) untuk istilah-istilah yang
penting, umpamanya j.a.r. s.e.k dan sebagainya. Amalan ini tidakdigalakkan langsung.
5. Tidak teliti. Umpamanya bacaan awal termometer dan bacaanakhir tidak dicatatkan.
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A. Tujuan Kertas Peperiksaan Kimia SPM4541 ialahuntuk menguji:-
a) pengetahuan prinsip dan konsep kimia
b) kebolehan memahami fakta-fakta kimia
c) kebolehan menggunakan pengetahuan danprinsip kimia
d) kebolehan menggunakan alat serta kemahiran
membuat pemerhatian
e) kebolehan menyelesaikan masalah
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Exam Formatte
4 papers
Paper 1
Paper 2 Paper 3
Science Practical Work Assesment
SPWA (PEKA)
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PAPER 1
50 objective questions
knowledge (no 1 20)
understanding (no 21 35) application (no 36 50)
25 easy
15 intermediate 10 advance
@ ratio 5 : 3 : 2
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PAPER 2
SECTION A STRUCTURE 6-8 QUESTONS, ANSWER ALL
SECTION B LIMITED RESPOND 2 QUESTIONS, CHOOSE ONE
SECTION C OPENED RESPOND
2 QUESTIONS, CHOOSE ONE
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Paper 2
Item construction No 1 more knowledge (6k, 3u)
No 2 more understanding (4k, 5u)
No 3- more aplication (3k, 3u, 3a)
No 4, 5,6 sintesis and analysis
Essei Section B knowledge, aplication,
analysis
_ Section C Aplication, analysis,
syntesis
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ANSWERING STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
READ THE QUESTION STUDY THE FIGURE/TABLE GIVEN UNDERLINE FACT/ DATA ANSWER
DONT REWRITE THE QUESTION
ONLY WRITE WHAT NEEDED
POINT- REFER TO MARKS GIVEN
FOLLOW THE TIPS
DONT EXAGGERATE
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HOW TO ANSWER ESSAY QUESTIONS
SPEND NOT MORE THAN ONE AND A HALF HOURFOR THIS SECTION
READ ALL QUESTIONS CHOOSE 2 QUESTIONS
- One in each section B and C SCETCH THE POINTS
- Points refers to marks
- Read Questions WRITE THE ANSWER
- Simple sentence- One sentence for each point- Follow the tips
. FIGURE
. CALCULATION
. GRAPH
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BASIC KNOWLEDGE
INLEARNING CHEMISTRY
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KNOWING PARTICLES
Sulfur Dioxide
Zinc
Iodine
Oxygen
Water
Iron(II) chloride
Chromium
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Chemical Formulae
Sodium chloride
Argentum Nitrate
Sulfur trioxideAluminium carbonate
Potassium oxide
Ammonium sulphateIron(II) oxide
Lead(IV)sulphate
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Memorise the Oxidation Number
H
Li
Na
K Ag
NH4 ---------------+1
Al ------ +3
Others +2
Cl
Br
I
F NO3 OH ..-1
SO4 CO3 O -2
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Types of Equation
Chemical Equation
Ionic Equation
Half Equation
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MOLE CONCEPT
Calculate the mass of I molecule ofoxygen.
1 mol molecule-------------- 32 g
6 x 1023
molecule----------- 32 g 1 molecule ---------- (32/ (6 x 10 23 )g
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Solubility of Salts in Water
- All nitrates soluble - All K+, Na+, NH4
+soluble
- All carbonates insoluble exceptK, Na, NH4
- All chlorides soluble except
Pb, Ag, Hg - All sulphates soluble except
Pb, Ba, Ca
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Series
ELECTROCHEMICALTopic : Electrochemistry,
Oxidation and Reduction
REACTIVITYTopic : Empirical Formulae
Involving reaction withoxygen
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Series
Electrochemical Series K Na Ca Mg
Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H
Cu Hg Ag Au ..For all reactions excluding
metal oxides
Reactivity series K Na Ca Mg
Al C Zn H Fe Sn
Pb Cu Hg Ag Au
. For metal oxides only
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KATA TUGAS IN QUESTIONS
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NAME
Write the full name/ notsymbol or formula
Magnesium (/)Mg (x)
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state
State without giving reason
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What
State what needed without
reason
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State the differences
List the differences betweenthe two given
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Explain
Give the answer completely
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Give reason
Write the reasons why
something happen
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Compare and contrast
List all the similarities and thedifferences about two given
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Deduct
Give logically deduction
whether from the questionor knowledge
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Define
Give meaning precisely
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CALCULATE
Show all step by step
calculations
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10 TIPS
10 things to remember
when
answering Paper 2 and 3
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TIPS 1
NAME
- Full name
- Physical state- Types of particle- Not a symbol
Example: 1. Name one example of electrolyte 2. Name one oxidation agent
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TIPS 2
WRITING FORMULAE alphabet
not equationExample :1. Write the formula of
magnesium oxide
Mg2++ O2- MgO (x)
MgO (/)
2 P t b A 9 B 12 W it th
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2. Proton number A,9 B,12. Write thechemical formula for the compound of A
and B
BA2 (/)
B2+ + 2A- BA2 (x)
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TIPS 3
EQUATION Balanced
Types ArrowFractionMultiplication Physical state
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TIPS 4
COLOURExample :
Water : Colourless,not white
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TIPS 5
TERMS
Correct SpellingEg : Saponification
Capital LetterEg: Haber Process
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Anode and cathode
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DEFINITION OF ANODE
AND CATHODE
ANODE Where electrondonated/released
CATHODE Where electronaccepted
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Anode Cathode
Electrolysis positive negative
Chemicalcell /Voltaic cell
negativepositive
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TIPS 6
FIGURE Stopcock
Shade Heating
Delivery tube
Apparatus
Clamp Functioned
Label
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4 Gambar rajah
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a) Jika no. atom untuk X = 11 dan Y = 17,lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian XY yangterbentuk.
Skema Jawapan:
Bilangan elektron pada semua petala X dan semua
petala Y betul ...... 1Label Cas X + , Y- 1
4. Gambar rajah
0 + 1
4 Gambar rajah
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a) Jika no. atom untuk X = 11 dan Y = 17,lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian XYyang terbentuk.Skema Jawapan:
Bilangan elektron pada semua petala X dan semuapetala Y betul ...... 1
Cas X+
, Y-
...... 1
4. Gambar rajah
1 + 1
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ENERGY LEVEL DIAGRAM
Exotermic Reaction
ENergy HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
H = -57kJmol-1
- X axis, not needed
- Do not upside down
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asid sulfurik
natriumhidroksida
susunan radas = 0radas salah
label = 0/1
asid sulfurik
natriumhidroksida
susunan radas = 0 tidak lorek
label = 0/1
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asid sulfurik
natriumhidroksida
natriumhidroksida
asid sulfurik
susunan radas = 0- tidak lorek
label = 0/1
susunan radas = 1
label = 0
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larutan asid sulfurik
larutan natrium hidroksida
susunan radas = 1
label = 1
JAWAPAN TERBAIK
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TIPS 7
OBSERVATION
What you see
Hear
Smell
Touch
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Examples of Observation
Equation
Cu2+ +2e Cu
Cu Cu2+ + 2e
2H+ + 2e H2
2I- I2 + 2e
Fe2+ Fe3+ + e
Observation
Shiny Brown solid deposited
Copper rod thinner
Effervescent / Bubbles ofgas
Brown gas released
Green solution turns brown.
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TIPS 8
CHEMICAL TEST
PROCEDUREOBSERVATION
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Hydrogen Test
Collect the gas in a test tube
Put the burning splinter to the mouth oftest tube.
Pop sound heard.
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Oxygen Test
Collect the gas into a test tube
Put the glowing splinter into the testtube
The glowing splinter burning.
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Carbon dioxide Test
Flow the gas through the lime water
Lime water becomes cloudy/ chalky.
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Fe3+ ion Test
Put a few drop of Sodium hydroxidesolution into the test tube containingthe ion.
Brown precipitate is formed.
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TIPS 9
CALCULATION
Show every step
Unit, if mentioned, must becorrect
Variables
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TIPS 10
GRAPH
-Size of the graph: 75 % of the
graph paper-Label the Axis with unit
-Correct coordinates-Smooth
5 Lakarkan graf
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5. Lakarkan graf.
isipadu / cm 3
masa / s
5
10
15
20
25
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
x
x
xx
x x x
P aksi
S kala
T itik
L icin
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EXAMPLES OF INCOMPLETESTATEMENT
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Sodium donates electron
Each Sodium atom donates oneelectron
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Electron structure is stable
Electronarrangementofatom is stable
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Nuclei attraction to the
outermost shell
Nuclei attraction to the electronin the outermost shell
Enough electron in the
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Enough electron in theoutermost shell
Attain/ achieve the stableelectron arrangement
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Sodium atom has 3 shells
Sodium atom has 3 shellsoccupied with electrons
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Element size increase
Size of atomincrease
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Ionic compound can conduct
electricity
Ionic compound can conductelectricity in aqueous andmolten state
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Relative atomic mass of an
element is how many times theatom is heavier compared to
hydrogen
Relative atomic mass of an element ishow many times the atom is heaviercompared to a hydrogen
atom
.
Ionic compound forces is
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Ionic compound forces isstronger
Attraction forces betweenthe ions (electrostaticforces) is stronger
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Hydrocarbon is a compound
which consists of carbonand hydrogen
Hydrocarbon is a compound which isonly consists of carbonand hydrogen atoms.
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Fe2+ Fe3+
Oxidation number of ironchange
Oxidation number of ironincrease
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Zinc decreases
Total surface areaofZinc decreases /
Massof zinc decreases
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Hydrochloric acid decreases
Concentrationofhydrochloric acid decreases
Attraction forces in the
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Attraction forces in themolecule weaker
Attraction forces betweenthemolecules (intermolecular)weaker
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Boiling point is the state when
the solid becomes a liquid
Boiling point is the temperaturewhen the solid becomes a liquid
Polystyrene case will prevent
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the leakage/loss of the heat
energy
Polystyrene case willreducethe loss of heatenergy
Hydrochloric acid is
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Hydrochloric acid isstronger than the ethanoic
acid
Hydrochloric acid is a strong
acid whereas ethanoic acid isa weak acid.
P l i b hi h
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Polymer is a substance whichconsist of monomers.
Polymer is a long chained
compoundwhich consists ofrepeatable monomers.
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Weak acid is the acid whichhave a lower concentration ofH+ ion.
Weak acid is the acid which ispartially ionised in water to
produce a lower concentrationof H+ ion.
The colour of acidified
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potassium
manganate (VII ) solutionbecomes colourless.
Thepurplecolour of acidifiedpotassium manganate (VII )
solution becomes colourless.
Neutralisation is not a redox reaction
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Neutralisation is not a redox reactionbecause it is not involves the oxidation
and the reduction process.
Netralisation is not a redox reactionbecause it is not involves the
donation (releasing) and acception(receiving) of electron.
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Salt is the product whenacid reacts with alkali
Salt is the compound thatproduced when acid reacts with
alkali
Electrolysis is a decomposition
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y pprocess
of substances to theirelements.
Electrolysis is a decompositionprocess of compounds to their
elements with the presence ofelectricity.
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Acid is a compound which
decompose in water toproduce hydrogen ion
Acid is a compound whichdiscociatesin water to
produce hydrogen ion
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Example of analgesic is
panadol
Example of analgesic isparacetamol
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Dry the crystal on the filter
paper / under the sun
Dry the crystal by pressingit between two filter papers
Molecular formulae is a
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formula which shows the real
number of atom of eachelement in a compound.
Molecular formulae is the formulawhich shows the real numberof atom of each element in amolecule.
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Electron Arrangement of
Sodium :2:8:1
Electron arrangement ofsodium atom : 2.8.1
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In electrolysis,
Observation: anode corrodes
In electrolysis,Observation :anode becomesthinner
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Rate or reaction is faster
Rate of reaction ishigher
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More collision occurs.
More/higher frequencyof collision betweenparticles occur.
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Factor that effect the rate of
reaction;Size ofParticles (x)
Size of substance/total
surface area of substance (/)
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Unsaturated Hydrocarbon is a
hydrocarbon which havedouble bond carbon.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbon is ahydrocarbon which have one or
more double bond betweencarbon-carbon atoms.
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The function of salt bridge isto complete the circuit.
The function of salt bridge
is to allow the flow of ionsto complete the circuit.
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Catalyst is a substance
which fastened the reaction.
Catalyst is a substance thatincrease / reduce the rate
of reaction.
H lf ti t th d
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Half equation at the anode
Cu - 2e Cu2+
Half equation at the anodeCu Cu2+ + 2e
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Heat of combustion is :
Heat released when 1 mol offuel/substance burnt in excess
oxygen under a standard
condition.
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Observation when Magnesium
mixed with hydrogen chloride inmethyl benzene
No reaction (X)
No changes (/)
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Initial reading of burette :
25 cm3 (x)
25.00 cm3 (/)
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Electron flows from zinc rode tocopper in the solution. (x)
Electron flows from zinc tocopper through the outer circuit
(/)
To state the relationship between
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. and(paper 3)
Rate of reaction is directlyproportioned to the temperature (2marks)
Rate of reaction is affected by thetemperature (1 mark)
Rate of reaction higher when thetemperature increase (3 marks)
HURAIAN EKSPERIMEN
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HURAIAN EKSPERIMEN
RADAS / apparatus
BAHAN KIMIA / chemicals KAEDAH / procedure
- CARA SPESIFIK / specific method- KUANTITI SESUAI / suitable quantity- NAMA BAHAN / name of substance
- KEPEKATAN SESUAI /suitable concentration- RADAS / suitable apparatus- GAMBAR RAJAH berfungsi/ lablelled figure
PEMERHATIAN/KEPUTUSAN/ observation
PERBINCANGAN/ Explanation- PENGIRAAN/ calculation- GRAF/ graph (PSTL)- PERSAMAAN /equation
KESIMPULAN/ conclusion
Contoh jawapan esei
1. Terangkan satu eksperimen untuk menukarkan ion Fe2+
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kepada ion ion Fe3+ di makmal. Dalam jawapan anda sertakanjuga pemerhatian , ujian pengesahan dan persamaan ion yangterlibat. [10]
- masukkan 5 cm3 1 moldm-3 ferum(II) sulfat kedalamtabung didih- Tambahkan 5 cm3 air bromin- Panaskan campuran dengan perlahan-lahan
- Larutan hijau bertukar menjadi perang- Ion Fe2+ dioksidakan kepada ion Fe3+- Tambahkan larutan natrium hidroksida- Mendakan perang terbentuk- Persamaan ion bagi tindak balas pengosidaan
Fe2+
-->Fe3+
+ e- Persamaan ion bagi tindak balas penurunan
Br2 + 2e --> 2Br-
- Persamaan ion keseluruhan2Fe2+ + Br2 --> 2Fe
3+ + 2Br -
No. proton D, 6 dan no. proton E, 8. Terangkan dari segi
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susunan elektron bagaimana ikatan antara A dan E berlaku
Susunan elektron atom D 2.4 Susunan elektron atom E 2.6
Susunanelektron ini tidak stabil, untuk mencapaisusunan elektron stabil
Setiap atom D menyumbang 4 elektron untuk dikongsi
Setiap atom E menyumbang 2 elektron untuk dikongsi
2 atom E dan satu atom D berkongsi 4 pasang elektron
membentuk sebatian kovalen dengan formula DE2 Ikatan ini dinamakan ikatan kovalen gandadua
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No. proton A, 11 dan no. proton B, 8. Terangkan dari segisusunan elektron bagaimana ikatan antara A dan B
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susunan elektron bagaimana ikatan antara A dan Bberlaku.
Susunan elektron atom A 2.8.1 Susunan elektron atom B 2.6
Susunan elektron ini tidak stabil ,untuk mencapaisusunan elektron stabil
setiap atom A menderma satu elektron kepada atom Bmembentuk ion A+
Setiap atom B menerima dua elektron membentuk
ion B-2
Dua ion A+ dan satu ion B-2 ditarik oleh dayaelektrostatik membentuk sebatian ionik dengan denganformula A2B
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THANK YOU
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THANK YOU
EXPECTING TO SEEYOUR BIG SMILE ON
MAC 2009