1. 1. Towardsenvironmental successinminingresistances Anempiricalinves.ga.on BeatrizRodrguez-Labajos,BegumOzkaynakandCemskenderAydn Interna?onalPeoplesConferenceonMining,Manila,Philippines July30th,2015
2. 2. Thankyouforinvi7ngustoIPCM2015! Whereare wenow? Cem Beatriz Begum EnvironmentalJus0ceOrganiza0ons,Liabili0esandTrade FP7-ScienceinSociety-2010-1 www. .org
3. 3. Objec7veofresearch Toassesstheoutcomesofcontemporaryminingconictsby applyingacollabora?vesta?s?calapproachtothepoli?cal ecologyofminingresistances Miningconictsandenvironmentaljus?ce Keyresults Mappingoftheinterconnec?vityofdierentminingopera?ons, companiesandenvironmentaljus?ceorganisa?ons(EJOs) PaZernsinminingconictsacrosstheworld: Whatmakesenvironmentaljus?ceserved? Inwhichcaseaconictismoreintense?Whenisadisrup?veprojectstopped? MeasuringEJsuccessorfailure Keyinsightsandrecommenda?ons Inthispresenta7on
4. 4. Bergama,TURKEY RosiaMontana,ROMANIAElPeasquito,MEXICO Intag,ECUADOR
5. 5. Hundredsofminingconictsaroundtheworld Mining-related conflicts, including exploration, extraction and processing; 27/07/2015 Source: https://ejatlas.org
6. 6. Environmentaljus0ce(EJ) Mul?-dimensional,expandingframework (Scholsberg,2007,2013) Fruihulcollabora?onbetweenac?vism&science (Marjnez-Alieretal.,2011,2014) Socialmovements Poli0calecology Newresearchques7onsevalua7ngEJevidenceengaging withtheintentsofEJOsinvolvedinminingconicts Miningconictsandenvironmentaljus7ce (Bebbingtonetal.,2008) (Escobar,1997) (Bridge,2008) (Tetreault.,2012) Collabora0vesta0s0calapproach tothepoli0calecologyofEJ-conicts (Temperetall.,forthcoming) Networkanalysis:comparison ofcompany/EJOsnetworks Sta?s?calanalysis:intensityof conicts,EJsuccess,paralised projects Qualita?veanalysis:what doesEJsuccessmeansfor EJOs?
7. 7. Miningconictsstudied byregion Region Frequency Percent South America 161 46.5 Meso America+ Dominican Republic 61 17.6 Africa 43 12.4 European 41 11.8 South Asia (India + Bangladesh) 28 8.1 South East Asia and Oceania 6 1.7 USA and Canada 6 1.7 Total # of cases 346 100
8. 8. Network of Mining Companies The Mining Resistance Network The primary component Mappingoftheinterconnec7vity ofdierentminingopera7onsandcompanies
9. 9. Companiesin theprimary component
10. 10. 346 Cases MINING CONFLICTS The project Commodity type (gold, cold, uranium etc.) Commodity group (precious, base etc.) Country of origin for companies (local vs. foreign) Number of companies; company network Financial institutions Concrete Outcomes Is environmental justice served? (no; not sure; yes) Project status (proposed, planned, in operation, stopped) Impacts Health, socio-economic, environmental impacts Short-midterm term vs. long-term impacts Potential vs. Observed impacts Conflict in a Nutshell Intensity of conflict (high, medium, low) By region (Latin America, Europe etc.) By income group (high, upper-middle etc.) By production chain (access, extraction, process, waste Resistance/Activism Population type (rural, semi-urban, urban) Timing of mobilisation (preventive, in reaction etc) Groups mobilising (organisations, local people, economic actors, excluded/marginalised) Repertoires of actions (legal, illegal, degree of contention) Pathways to conflict resolution (positive, negative)
11. 11. Explanatoryfactors EJ-YES (R/no,notsure) EJ-NO (R/yes,otsure) Averageeigenvectorcentralityofcompanies -* Loworlatentintensity -*** +* Stopped +*** -*** Healthimpact-longterm-observed +** Socio-economicimpact-immediate-observed -* Preven0ve +*** -*** Lowincome +** Nega0vepathways -* +** Interna0onalnancialins0tu0ons +** What makesEJ served? Thecentralityofthecompanyinthenetwork Conictintensity Timeofmobiliza?on Projectstatus
12. 12. Inwhichcaseaconictismoreintense? Withimmediatepoten?alimpacts -socioeconomic(e.g.,displacement,landdispossession,lackofworksecurity) -environmental(e.g.,surfacewaterpollu?on,cropdamage,soilcontamina?on) Withlong-termhealthimpacts (e.g.,infec?ousorenvironment-relateddiseasesandexposuretounknown/uncertainrisks) Wheneconomicactorsandmarginalisedgroupsareinvolved Explanatoryfactors Conictintensityhighormedium (Rela?vetoloworlatent) Environmentalimpact-immediate-poten0al + * Socio-economicimpact-immediate-poten0al + *** Socio-economicimpact-longterm-poten0al - *** Healthimpact-longterm-observed + *** Socio-economicimpact-longterm-observed - * Preven0ve + * Middle-higherincome - ** Waste + ** Excluded-marginalised + *** Economicactors + * LocalPeople - **
13. 13. Whenisadistrup7veprojectstopped? Unliketheothertworegressions,itisnotpossibletodis?nctly pinpointwhenadisrup?veprojectwillbestopped Allcorrelatesobtainedhereintheanalysisarenega?ve Resultsprovideinsightsonwhenprojectscon?nue ratherthanonwhentheyarestopped Explanatoryfactors Stopped (Rela?vetoothers) Averageeigenvectorcentralityofcompanies - ** Healthimpact-immediate-poten0al - ** Socio-economicimpact-immediate-observed - * Lowincome Nega0vepathways - ***
14. 14. Isthereapercep7onofEJsuccess? 35 % 11 % 28 % 5 % 8 % 13 % 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 Numberofcases Level of success No Not sure Yes
15. 15. LevelofperceivedEJsuccess indierentregionsoftheworld 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Africa South East Asia & Oceania South America Europe South Asia (IN, BD) Meso America & DO USA & Canada 0 1 2 3 4 5
16. 16. Why? KeystoEJinMiningConicts PROJECT The project suspended or ceased Latency of new threats Partial closure Planning of new projects or expansion of existing ones In operation or construction IMPACTS Improved processes Satisfactory compensation Presence of non-compensable impacts Absence of compensation Lack of action or damage mitigation Observed impacts INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSE Legislative improvements Governmental support Successful legal actions Motion for protected areas Lack of compliance with law Insufficient governmental response COMMUNITY POWER RELATIONS Consolidation of network / activism Results not directly related to activism Unattended demands Lack of representation / participation Weakening of the social fabric Criminalization and repression + - + - + - + -
17. 17. Recommenda7onsforEJOs(someinsightsfrom) ...Quan7ta7veanalysis Startthetheresistanceassoonas youcanandtrytohavemoreopen expressionofit! Dontreactonlyinfaceofstrong/ observedimpactswithintense conict.Itmaybetoolate! Callforsuporters,likeacademics, economicactors,lawyers,tobe involvedinatanearlystageaswell! Trytoavoidnega?vepathwaysas muchaspossible.Thisworksagainst EJandEJOspurposes. ...Networkanalysis TheEJmovementaroundmining conictsneedstodevelopamore resilientac?vistnetworkforEJsuccess Themostvulnerableconicts, surroundedbyintertwinedbigplayers, shouldbesupported Thereisagradientof interconnectedness,fromloneliness ofresidentstoglobalnetworks: EJOsoftheworld,cooperate Usetheinfofromthemanyindividual stories.Linkisprovidedtoejos
18. 18. Orcontactusdirectly: BeatrizRodrguez-Labajos beatriz.rodriguez@uab.cat BegumOzkaynak begum.ozkaynak@boun.edu.tr FindmoreinourEJOLTreportsonminingconicts: Towardssuccessfulresistance: Ansystema?cassessmentofcontemporaryminingconicts Thankyou! www..org/reports ClaudioGaribay UNAM,Mexico IvonneYnez,GloriaChicaiza AccinEcolgica,Ecuador MarianaWalter,MartaConde UAB,Spain TodorSlavov,Desislava Stoyanova ZaZemiata,Bulgaria Lidijaivi Focus,Slovenia RenanFinamore Fiocruz,Brazil BertchenKohrs EarthLife,Namibia AllEJOLTmembers