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AP Language Toulmin Model Elements of the Toulmin Model Stephen Toulmin is a Bri2sh philosopher and teacher, best known for the model of argumenta2on that bears his name. In The Uses of Argument (1958), he proposed analyzing the kind of prac2cal arguments that people engage in every day, rather than the abstract world of philosophical debate. Toulmin believes that reasoning is less an ac2vity of inference involving the discovering of new ideas, but more so a process of tes2ng and siFing already exis2ng ideas—an act achievable through the process of jus2fica2on. Toulmin developed his theory of argumenta2on because of what he viewed as an inherent problem with formal logic. Put simply, Toulmin recognized what every person should already know: Real people do not argue in syllogisms, like the one we studied as a part of logos: Major Premise: All men are mortal, Minor Premise: Socrates was a man, Conclusion: Socrates is mortal. Toulmin realized that this form of argumenta2on is not what we encounter when we debate poli2cs, discuss the rela2ve merit of our favorite films or listen to argument in almost any context. Consequently, Toulmin developed his theory in order to explain how argumenta2on occurs in the natural process of everyday argument. Claim Think of the claim in an argument as the most general statement in the argument. It may not be a par2cularly general statement all by itself, and some claims for arguments are very narrow. But the claim in an argument is like the umbrella statement that all other parts of an argument have to fall under. If a reason (or evidence) doesn't fall under the umbrella of the claim, then it’s irrelevant. Data Data is the informa2on that generates the claim in theory. More oFen, it is searched for aFer the claim is provided, but ideally, the claim will come from careful analysis of the data. “the evidence, facts, data, and informa2on that are the reason for the claim in the first place a reasoned beginning” (Ross, 1985). Data is significant because it establishes the basis of the argument. In effect, the data is the star2ng point from which all sound arguments must begin. Types of Data: Anecdotal, Tes2mony, Sta2s2cs. Classroom Notes: Toulmin Model AP Language and Composition - LCHS, Mr. Thomas 1

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Page 1: Toulmin Model - LC English Lablcenglishlab.net/.../unit-1---foundations/toulmin-model.pdf · 2018-05-01 · AP Language 1.1 - Chart of Toulmin 1.2 - Example of Toulmin Classroom Notes:

AP Language

Toulmin ModelElements of the Toulmin Model   Stephen  Toulmin  is  a  Bri2sh  philosopher  and  teacher,  best  known  for  the  model  of  argumenta2on  that  bears  his  name.  In  The  Uses  of  Argument  (1958),  he  proposed  analyzing  the  kind  of  prac2cal  arguments  that  people  engage  in  every  day,  rather  than  the  abstract  world  of  philosophical  debate.  Toulmin  believes  that  reasoning  is  less  an  ac2vity  of  inference  involving  the  discovering  of  new  ideas,  but  more  so  a  process  of  tes2ng  and  siFing  already  exis2ng  ideas—an  act  achievable  through  the  process  of  jus2fica2on.   Toulmin  developed  his  theory  of  argumenta2on  because  of  what  he  viewed  as  an  inherent  problem  with  formal  logic.  Put  simply,  Toulmin  recognized  what  every  person  should  already  know:  Real  people  do  not  argue  in  syllogisms,  like  the  one  we  studied  as  a  part  of  logos:

• Major  Premise:  All  men  are  mortal,  • Minor  Premise:  Socrates  was  a  man,• Conclusion:  Socrates  is  mortal.

  Toulmin  realized  that  this  form  of  argumenta2on  is  not  what  we  encounter  when  we  debate  poli2cs,  discuss  the  rela2ve  merit  of  our  favorite  films  or  listen  to  argument  in  almost  any  context.  Consequently,  Toulmin  developed  his  theory  in  order  to  explain  how  argumenta2on  occurs  in  the  natural  process  of  everyday  argument.

Claim   Think  of  the  claim  in  an  argument  as  the  most  general  statement  in  the  argument.  It  may  not  be  a  par2cularly  general  statement  all  by  itself,  and  some  claims  for  arguments  are  very  narrow.  But  the  claim  in  an  argument  is  like  the  umbrella  statement  that  all  other  parts  of  an  argument  have  to  fall  under.  If  a  reason  (or  evidence)  doesn't  fall  under  the  umbrella  of  the  claim,  then  it’s  irrelevant.

Data   Data  is  the  informa2on  that  generates  the  claim  in  theory.  More  oFen,  it  is  searched  for  aFer  the  claim  is  provided,  but  ideally,  the  claim  will  come  from  careful  analysis  of  the  data.

• “the  evidence,  facts,  data,  and  informa2on  that  are  the  reason  for  the  claim  in  the  first  place-­‐  a  reasoned  beginning”  (Ross,  1985).

• Data  is  significant  because  it  establishes  the  basis  of  the  argument.  In  effect,  the  data  is  the  star2ng  point  from  which  all  sound  arguments  must  begin.

• Types  of  Data:  Anecdotal,  Tes2mony,  Sta2s2cs.

Classroom Notes: Toulmin Model

AP Language and Composition - LCHS, Mr. Thomas 1

Page 2: Toulmin Model - LC English Lablcenglishlab.net/.../unit-1---foundations/toulmin-model.pdf · 2018-05-01 · AP Language 1.1 - Chart of Toulmin 1.2 - Example of Toulmin Classroom Notes:

AP Language

Warrants These  are  the  assump2ons  or  presupposi2ons  underlying  the  argument.  Warrants  are  generally  accepted  beliefs  and  values,  common  ways  our  culture  or  society  views  things;  because  they  are  so  commonplace,  warrants  are  almost  always  unstated  and  implied.  The  author  and  audience  may  either  share  these  beliefs,  or  the  author’s  warrants  may  be  in  conflict  with  audience’s  generally  held  beliefs  and  cultural  norms  and  values.  Warrants  are  important  because  they  are  the  "common  ground"  of  author  and  audience;  shared  warrants  invite  the  audience  to  par2cipate  by  unconsciously  supplying  part  of  the  argument.  Warrants  are  also  important  because  they  provide  the  underlying  reasons  linking  the  claim  and  the  support.  You  can  infer  the  warrants  by  asking,  "What’s  causing  the  author  to  say  the  things  s/he  does"  or  "Where’s  the  author  coming  from?”  Warrants  can  be  ethical  statements  like  “humans  should  respect  animals  rights”  or  factual  arguments  like  “Congress  has  the  authority  to  pass  na2on-­‐wide  laws.”

Backing   These  are  the  assump2ons  or  presupposi2ons  underlying  the  argument.  Warrants  are  generally  accepted  beliefs  and  values,  common  ways  our  culture  or  society  views  things;  because  they  are  so  commonplace,  warrants  are  almost  always  unstated  and  implied.  The  author  and  audience  may  either  share  these  beliefs,  or  the  author’s.

Rebuttal   The  Rebuaal  (or  Reserva2on)  is  an  excep2on  to  the  claim  presented  by  the  arguer.  In  Toulmin’s  model,  arguments  are  not  considered  to  be  true  without  analysis.  The  rebuaal  demonstrates  how  arguments  can  be  strengthened  (and  made  more  correct)  by  acknowledging  the  limits  of  the  argument.

Qualifier   The  Qualifier  is  recogni2on  of  the  rebuaal.  AFer  analyzing  one’s  argument  and  acknowledging  its  limits,  the  rhetor  should  signify  his/her  new  statement  with  the  qualifier  statement.  Qualifiers  are  oFen  words  like

•Except  •Unless  •Other  than

Classroom Notes: Toulmin Novel

AP Language and Composition - LCHS, Mr. Thomas 2

Page 3: Toulmin Model - LC English Lablcenglishlab.net/.../unit-1---foundations/toulmin-model.pdf · 2018-05-01 · AP Language 1.1 - Chart of Toulmin 1.2 - Example of Toulmin Classroom Notes:

AP Language

1.1 - Chart of Toulmin

1.2 - Example of Toulmin

Classroom Notes: Toulmin Novel

AP Language and Composition - LCHS, Mr. Thomas 3