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914140 3 SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY 91414 © New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2017. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority. ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY TOTAL Level 3 Earth and Space Science, 2017 91414 Demonstrate understanding of processes in the atmosphere system 2.00 p.m. Monday 27 November 2017 Credits: Four Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with Excellence Demonstrate understanding of processes in the atmosphere system. Demonstrate in-depth understanding of processes in the atmosphere system. Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of processes in the atmosphere system. Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page. You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet. If you need more room for any answer, use the extra space provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question. Check that this booklet has pages 2 –12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank. YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION. Achievement 10

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914140

3SUPERVISOR’S USE ONLY

9 1 4 1 4

© New Zealand Qualifications Authority, 2017. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced by any means without the prior permission of the New Zealand Qualifications Authority.

ASSESSOR’S USE ONLY

TOTAL

Level 3 Earth and Space Science, 201791414 Demonstrate understanding of processes

in the atmosphere system

2.00 p.m. Monday 27 November 2017 Credits: Four

Achievement Achievement with Merit Achievement with ExcellenceDemonstrate understanding of processes in the atmosphere system.

Demonstrate in-depth understanding of processes in the atmosphere system.

Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of processes in the atmosphere system.

Check that the National Student Number (NSN) on your admission slip is the same as the number at the top of this page.

You should attempt ALL the questions in this booklet.

If you need more room for any answer, use the extra space provided at the back of this booklet and clearly number the question.

Check that this booklet has pages 2 –12 in the correct order and that none of these pages is blank.

YOU MUST HAND THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

Achievement

10

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Earth and Space Science 91414'2017

The candidate has provided a correctly annotated diagram. In the written content they have described the formation of a convection cell with reference to solar heating at the equation and partial reference to the change in air density. The effect of Earth’s rotation (Coriolis effect) is used to describe the deflection of the air currents.Grade: A3

5

QUESTION TWO: VOLCANIC AEROSOLS

On27 September 2016,the Rinjani volcano on the island of Lombok in Indonesia erupted,generating a dense plume of ash, gases, and rock fragments.

The 2016 eruption caused a short-term regional climate impact; however past eruptions fromRinjani have been linked to longer-term global climate impacts. These impacts are largely due toaerosols.

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Earth and Space Science 91414,2017

The candidate describes how the climate can be cooled by the reflective ability of aerosols and cloud cover in the atmosphere. This is further linked to eruption size and the extent of cooling that can take place.Grade: A3

8

QUESTION THREE: ATMOSPHERIC FEEDBACKS

ln20l6,global temperatures wele the hottest on record since records began in the 1880s' NASA

scientists said it was showing a continuing decades-long trend in giobal temperature rise, being

driven by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere'

Global Mean Surface Temperature (January - June)

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Feedbacks in the Earth's climate system are interactions between climate variables and

elements that can control the greenhouse eflect, for example: clouds/water vapour' permafrost'

desertification, sea ice, oceans'

Explain how feedbacks can affect global warming'

In your answer You should:

. explain what the greenhouse effect is

. explain the effect of the feedbacks listed above on global warming'

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Earth and Space Science 91414,2O17

The candidate refers to the effect of greenhouse gases in “trapping” outgoing infra red radiation and warming the Earth. (The diagram shows a commonly held misconception that greenhouse gases form a layer to prevent the radiation escaping, as opposed to the fact that they are spread throughout the atmosphere.)The increase in global warming is linked to the increase in cloud cover (trapping heat) and permafrost melt (releasing methane) providing further warming. The increase in desertification is linked to an increase in the albedo effect and decreasing the effects of global warming.Grade: A4