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Delivering insight through data for a better Canada

A Data Story on Ethnocultural Diversity and Inclusion

A discussion with Statistics Canada

Anil Arora, Chief Statistician of Canada

Toronto, April 29, 2019

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Catalogue no. 11-631-X ISBN 978-0-660-30524-0

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1

Statistics Canada and

measuring diversity and inclusion


2

Statistics Canada has two primary objectives:

1) To provide statistical information and analysis about Canada’s economic and social structure;

2) To promote sound statistical practices and standards.

Who are we?


3

Measuring diversity and

inclusion

Policies and programs

Legislation

Scientific

Technological changes

Interest groups, community

organizations, sub-populations

Public opinion, opinion leaders,

media

Demographic changes

Forces at play

in defining a

measure on

diversity and

inclusion


4

Various data sources are used to measure and take into account the cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious diversity and pluralism in Canada

Census

Administrative databases

• Longitudinal Immigration Database

• Uniform Crime Reporting Survey

Thematic surveys

• General Social Survey

• Canadian Community Health Survey

• Labour Force Survey

• Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies

• Longitudinal and International Study of Adults

Surveys of specific populations

• Survey on the Vitality of Official-Language Minorities

• Aboriginal Peoples Survey

• Ethnic Diversity Survey

• Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada


5

Evolution of ethnocultural questions in the Canadian census

1871 1881 1891 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016Lieu de naissance de la personne

Citoyenneté/Nationalité

Année/Période d'immigration

Année/Période de naturalisation

Statut d'immigrant reçu

Lieu de naissance des parents

Couleur

Origine

Groupes de population

Groupes autochtones

Statut d'indien inscrit ou des traités

Membre d'une Première Nation ou bande indienne

Canadien français

Langue maternelle

Connaissance du français et de l'anglais

Connaissance des autres langues

Langue la plus souvent parlée à la maison

Langue régulièrement parlée à la maison

Langue la plus souvent utilisée au travail

Langue régulièrement utilisée au travail

Religion

Place of birth

Citizenship

Year of immigration

(Year of naturalization)

Immigrant status

Place of birth of parents

(Colour)

Origin*

Population groups/visible minorities

Aboriginal groups (Aboriginal identity)

Registered or Treaty Indian status

Membership in a First Nation or Indian band

(French Canadian)

Mother tongue

Knowledge of official languages

Knowledge of non-official languages

Language spoken most often at home

Language spoken regularly at home

Language used most often at work

Language used regularly at work

Religion 5


Key concepts in immigration and ethnocultural diversity in Canada: 2016 Census

Place of birth

• Place of birth of person

• Place of birth of parents

• Generation status

Immigration

• Landed immigrants / permanent residents

• Year of immigration

• Admission category

• Non-permanent residents

Citizenship

• Canadian citizenship by birth or naturalization; Country of citizenship

Religion

• Religious affiliation

6

Ethnic origins

Aboriginal peoples (First Nations, Métis and Inuit)

• Aboriginal ancestry

• Aboriginal identity

• Registered or Treaty Indian Status

• Member of a First Nation or Indian band

Population group / visible minorities

Language

• Mother tongue

• Language spoken at home, language used at work

• Knowledge of official languages and non-official languages

• First official language spoken

For more information, please refer to the 2016 Census dictionary.

http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/ref/dict/index-eng.cfm


Key concepts in immigration and ethnocultural diversity in Canada: Road to the 2021 Census

Place of birth

• Place of birth of person

• Place of birth of parents (2019 Census Test: modified version)

• Generation status

Immigration

• (2019 Census Test: modified version and could be replaced by administrative data)

• Landed immigrants / permanent residents

• Year of immigration

• Admission category

• Non-permanent residents

Citizenship

• Canadian citizenship by birth or naturalization; Country of citizenship (2019 Census Test: modified version)

Religion

• Religious affiliation (2019 Census Test: modified version)

7

Ethnic origins

• (2019 Census Test: modified version)

Indigenous peoples (First Nations, Métis and Inuit)

• Aboriginal ancestry

• Aboriginal identity (2019 Census Test: modified version)

• Registered or Treaty Indian Status

• Member of a First Nation or Indian band

• Métis (2019 Census Test: new question)

• Inuit (2019 Census Test: new question)

Population group / visible minorities• (2019 Census Test: modified version)

Language

• Mother tongue (2019 Census Test: modified version)

• Language spoken at home, language used at work (2019 Census Test: modified version)

• Knowledge of official languages and non-official languages

• First official language spoken

• Language rights-holders (2019 Census Test: new questions)

For more information on the road to the 2021 Census, please refer to https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/road2021-chemin2021/index-eng.cfm

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/road2021-chemin2021/index-eng.cfm


8

Portrait of ethnocultural diversity

in Ontario and Toronto


Source: Statistics Canada, Demographic Estimates Program.

-100,000

-50,000

0

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

19

71

-19

72

19

72

-19

73

19

73

-19

74

19

74

-19

75

19

75

-19

76

19

76

-19

77

19

77

-19

78

19

78

-19

79

19

79

-19

80

19

80

-19

81

19

81

-19

82

19

82

-19

83

19

83

-19

84

19

84

-19

85

19

85

-19

86

19

86

-19

87

19

87

-19

88

19

88

-19

89

19

89

-19

90

19

90

-19

91

19

91

-19

92

19

92

-19

93

19

93

-19

94

19

94

-19

95

19

95

-19

96

19

96

-19

97

19

97

-19

98

19

98

-19

99

19

99

-20

00

20

00

-20

01

20

01

-20

02

20

02

-20

03

20

03

-20

04

20

04

-20

05

20

05

-20

06

20

06

-20

07

20

07

-20

08

20

08

-20

09

20

09

-20

10

20

10

-20

11

20

11

-20

12

20

12

-20

13

20

13

-20

14

20

14

-20

15

20

15

-20

16

20

16

-20

17

20

17

-20

18

Sources of population growth in Ontario, 1971-1972 to 2017-2018

Natural increase

Net international migration

Net interprovincial migration

Net international migration is the main driver of population growth in Ontario

9


In 2016, immigrants represented nearly 29% of the total population in Ontario, compared with 28% in British Columbia, 21% in Alberta and 14% in Quebec.

10Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1971 to 2001, 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.

1,707 2,016 2,3693,024

3,611 3,852

22.223.6 23.7

26.928.5 29.1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

4,500

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2016

thousands

Number and proportion of immigrants in Ontario’s population, 1971 to 2016

Number (in thousands) Percentage

%


In Ontario, the highest proportion of immigrants is in the census metropolitan area of Toronto

Immigrants in census metropolitan areas (CMA), Ontario, 2016

11Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016.

Number of

immigrants

Proportion

(%)

Toronto 2,705,550 46.1

Hamilton 177,070 24.1

Kitchener- Cambridge - Waterloo 118,610 23.0

Windsor 74,495 22.9

Ottawa-Gatineau (Ontario part) 219,705 22.6

Guelph 30,885 20.6

London 94,690 19.5

Oshawa 67,570 18.0

St. Catharine’s-Niagara 67,190 16.9

Other CMAs 98,290 10.0

Outside CMA 198,090 8.1


Source of countries for immigration in Ontario have changed a lot over time

Top country of birth reported by recent immigrants in Ontario, 2016

India (69,330)

China (58,840)

Philippines (53,185)

Pakistan (25,435)

Iran (21,230)

12Note: “Recent immigrants “ are immigrants who received landed immigrant status or permanent resident status in Canada for the first time in the five years preceding the Census year. Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1971 to 2006, 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2016

Region of birth of recent immigrantsin Ontario, 1971 to 2016

Europe

United States of America

Caribbean, Bermuda,Central and South America

Africa

Asia (including Middle East)

Oceania and others

%


The share of immigrants from certain parts of the world could continue to grow, while those from earlier waves of immigration could continue to decline

13

Distribution of immigrants living in Ontario, by region of birth

2036 – Projected

Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016; Immigration and Diversity: Population Projections for Canada and its Regions, 2011 and 2036, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 91-551 (based on six scenarios).

2016


Although the diversity of the Ontario population has primarily been driven by various waves of international immigration, the population of people born in Canada to at least one immigrant parent is growing.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2016 Census 2036 (projected)

%

Proportion of immigrants and second-generation individuals

in Ontario

Immigrants Second generation

24.1% – 24.9%

23.0%

29.1%

53.8% to 61.0%52.1%

29.7% - 36.1%

In the Toronto CMA,

immigrants and second

generation individuals

represented 75% of the

population in 2016.

This proportion could rise to

between 77% and 81%

by 2036.

Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016; Immigration and Diversity: Population Projections for Canada and its Regions, 2011 and 2036, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 91-551 (based on six scenarios). 14


Relative proportion of the Toronto CMA population who reported a language other than English or French

as their mother tongue, 2016

Linguistic diversity in Toronto: more than 160 languages*

Mother tongue of the Toronto population (CMA)

55.5% English

1.2% French

42.9% Other language only

0.4% English-French

Mother tongue of immigrants in Toronto (CMA)

26.0% English

0.8% French

73.0% Other language only

0.2% English-French

15*Including Indigenous and immigrant languages.Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016. Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016: interactive bubble chart

http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dv-vd/lang/index-eng.cfm


Growing multilingualism in the home

16* Alone or in combination with other languages.Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.

31.4 29.8

37.6

25.9 27.1

45.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

English only Non-official language only English and non-official language

Languages spoken most often or regularly at home by immigrants, Toronto CMA

2006 2011 2016

%

In 2016, 1.4 % (or 37,625) of

immigrants in Toronto CMA spoke French at

home*


More than 250 ethnic or cultural origins were reported by the population of Ontario

0 1 2 3 4

SpanishWelsh

RussianJamaican

British Isles origins, n.i.e.Portuguese

FilipinoUkrainian

First Nations (North American Indian)PolishDutch

East IndianChinese

ItalianGerman

FrenchIrish

ScottishEnglish

Canadian

Number of responses (millions)

Top 20 ethnic origins reported in Ontario, 2016

Single response Multiple response

In 2016, 43% of the population of Ontario

reported more than one origin

in the census.

17

Note: In this chart, the total responses Is greater than the total population because a person can report more than one ethnic origin.Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016. 17


The share of Toronto’s population who report being Catholic or Protestant may continue to decrease, while the share of those with no religious affiliation could increase…

Proportion of the population, by religious group, Toronto CMA, 2011 (estimated) and 2036 (projected)

Note : The shaded area indicates the interval between the minimum and maximum values projected by the seven scenarios considered.Source: Statistics Canada. 2017. Immigration and Diversity: Population Projections for Canada and its Regions, 2011 and 2036, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 91-551.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036

No religious affiliation

Catholic

Protestant

Other Christian

Orthodox Christian

%

11

8


… and the share of some non-Christian religions could increase

Note : The shaded area indicates the interval between the minimum and maximum values projected by the seven scenarios considered.Sources: Statistics Canada. 2017. Immigration and Diversity: Population Projections for Canada and its Regions, 2011 and 2036, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 91-551 ; General Social Survey, 2017.

55%of Toronto’s population

who reported a religious affiliation

attendedreligious ceremonies

at least 3 times a year

in 2017.

Proportion of the population, by religious group, Toronto CMA, 2011 (estimated) and 2036 (projected)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

2011 2016 2021 2026 2031 2036

Sikh

Muslim

Hindu

Buddhist

Jewish

Other religions

19


In Ontario, the three largest visible minority groups as defined under the Employment Equity Act are South Asian, Chinese and Black.

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

South Asian Chinese Black Filipino Arab LatinAmerican

West Asian SoutheastAsian

Korean Japanese

Main groups defined as visible minorities in Ontario

2001 2006 2011 2016

20Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2001, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011.


21

Inclusion and equity: Challenges and issues


Context of admission and living arrangements among recent immigrants in Toronto

22Note: “Recent immigrants” are immigrants who received landed immigrant status or permanent resident status in Canada for the first time in the five years preceding the Census year. Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016.

Living arrangements in the householdNon-

immigrants(%)

Recent Immigrants

(%)

In a couple without children 12.4 10.6

In a couple with children 48.3 46.9

In a lone-parent family 10.9 5.8

Persons in multigenerational households 9.6 14.1

Living with others (relatives or non-relatives) 9.7 18.7

Living alone 9.0 3.9

Three broad admission categories for recent immigrants

• Economic immigrants (54%)

• Immigrants sponsored by family (32%)

• Refugees (13%)

• Other immigrants (2%)


Between 2006 and 2017, about 3 in 10 immigrants who intended to live in the CMA of Toronto were not able to conduct a conversation in English or French at the time of their admission in the country.

23Source: Statistics Canada, Longitudinal Immigration Database, 2016.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

year of admission

Proportion of immigrants who do not know English or French at the time of their admission

Total

Economic immigrants,Principal applicants

Immigrants sponsored byfamily

Refugees

%


In 2016, 29% of Toronto’s recent immigrants with a mother tongue other than English or French used a non-official language at work.

24

14.7 15.3 15.113.4

14.4

22.0

14.9

19.9 19.821.0

25.8

28.7

20.4

29.5

34.3 34.6

39.2

42.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Before 1981 1981 to 1990 1991 to 2000 2001 to 2005 2006 to 2010 2011 to 2016

Period of immigration

Montréal Toronto Vancouver%

* Only single responses to the question on mother tongue were consideredSource: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016.


In Toronto, the employment rate for immigrant men is now similar to that of Canadian-born men, but a gap persists for immigrant women.

Source: Statistics Canada, Labour Force Survey.

Employment rate for the core-aged group (25 to 54 years), Toronto CMA

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Women

All immigrants

Recent immigrants (less than 5 years in Canada)

Established immigrants (at least 10 years in Canada)

Canadian-born women

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Men

All immigrants

Recent immigrants (less than 5 years in Canada)

Established immigrants (at least 10 years in Canada)

Canadian-born men

%%

25


The unemployment rate of immigrants is higher than for the Canadian-born. These gaps narrow when isolating the influence of key social and ethnoculturalcharacteristics

26

Observed unemployment rates (%) of core-aged group, Toronto CMA

WomenNon-immigrants Immigrants

1996 5.7 11.62001 3.8 7.32006 4.6 7.82011 5.5 9.32016 5.1 8.1

MenNon-immigrants Immigrants

1996 5.1 8.62001 3.2 5.22006 3.9 5.02011 5.3 6.62016 5.4 5.6

* The adjusted rates isolate the influence of work experience, marital status, education, visible minority status and knowledge of official languages.Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

1996 2001 2006 2011 2016

Unemployment rate ratio (observed and adjusted*) of immigrants to Canadian-born, Toronto CMA

Women - observed Women - adjusted* Men - observed Men - adjusted*


Among women and men, the gap between the annual median salaries of immigrants and the Canadian-born is mostly due to a range of ethnocultural and socioeconomic characteristics and work experience

27

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Annual median salary ratio (observed and adjusted*) of core-aged immigrant women workers and Canadian-born

women workers, Toronto CMA, 1996 to 2016

Observed Adjusted

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1995 2000 2005 2010 2016

Annual median salary ratio (observed and adjusted*) of core-aged immigrant men workers and Canadian-born

men workers, Toronto CMA, 1996 to 2016

Observed Adjusted

* The adjusted rates isolate the influence of age, marital status, education, knowledge of official languages, visible minority status, full-time or part-time work, the number of weeks worked in a year, and the major occupation group.Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2016; National Household Survey, 2011


Median wages of immigrants rise with the number of years since admission to Canada

28Source: Statistics Canada, Longitudinal Immigration Database, 2016 : interactive app, https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2019003-eng.htm

Median wages, salaries and commissions of economic immigrants (principal applicants) in Ontario admitted in 2006

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/71-607-x/71-607-x2019003-eng.htm


29

The proportion of immigrants in a low-income situation is much higher thanthe proportion of Canadian-born.

Sources: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016.

0

5

10

15

20

25

Non-immigrants Immigrants

%

Proportion of the population aged 25 to 54 years who were in a low-income situation based on the Market Basket Measure,

Toronto CMA


The proportion of immigrants who earned a university degree outside Canada and the United States and who have a job that requires a high school diploma or less is much higher than the proportion of Canadian-born.

30Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016.

Overqualification rate among workers aged 25 years and over with university diploma, by field of study, CMA of Toronto, 2016

0 10 20 30 40 50

Science and science technology

Engineering and engineering…

Mathematics and computer and…

Business and administration

Arts and humanities

Social and behavioural sciences

Legal professions and studies

Health care

Education and teaching

Trades, services, natural resources…Women

Immigrant women with university degree from outside of Canada and the US

Canadian-born women

0 10 20 30 40 50

Science and science technology

Engineering and engineering…

Mathematics and computer and…

Business and administration

Arts and humanities

Social and behavioural sciences

Legal professions and studies

Health care

Education and teaching

Trades, services, natural resources…

Men

Immigrant with university degree from outside of Canada and the US

Canadian-born men

%%


Housing conditions for immigrants residing in Toronto CMA in 2016

31

0102030405060708090

100

Renter Unaffordable housing* Not suitable Major repairs needed

%

Non-immigrants Total immigrants Recent immigrants Established immigrants (5+ years)

*At least 30% of household income is dedicated to housing.Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2016.


In Toronto, 1 in 6 immigrants reported experiencing discrimination or being treated unfairly in the last five years

32

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ethnic orcultural

affiliation

Race or skincolour

Language Religion

Montréal Toronto Vancouver

Reasons for discrimination mentioned by immigrants%

The likelihood of reporting discrimination is similar among the second generation

Second generation

Immigrants%

Total

Ethnic or cultural affiliation

Race or skin colour

Toronto CMA

16%

Source: Statistics Canada, General Social Survey (victimization), 2014.

19%

10% 8%

8% 10%


The number of police-reported hate crimes — particularly crimes motivated by hatred of religion, race or ethnic origin — has been on the rise since 2016

20142015 2016

2017

33

0

50

100

150

200

250

Toronto

Nu

mb

er o

f h

ate

crim

es

2016 20170

50

100

150

200

250

Toronto

Nu

mb

er o

f h

ate

crim

es

Reason reported by police: Religion

295

318

519

Number of police-reported hate crimes in Toronto CMA

Source: Statistics Canada, Uniform Crime Reporting Survey.

290

Reason reported by police: Race or ethnic origin

2016 2017


Most recent analytical publications related to immigration, ethnoculturaldiversity and inclusion

Census Program

•Immigration and Ethnocultural Diversity, 2016 Census of Population

•Children with an Immigrant Background: Bridging Cultures

•Ethnic and Cultural Origins of Canadians: Portrait of a Rich Heritage

•Linguistic integration of immigrants and official language populations in Canada

Insights on Canadian Society

•The Labour Force in Canada and its Regions: Projection to 2036

•Results from the 2016 Census: Syrian Refugees who Resettled in Canada in 2015 and 2016

•Harassment in Canadian Workplaces

Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series

•Study on International Money Transfer, 2017

•Diversity of the Black Population in Canada: An Overview

•Immigration and Language in Canada, 2011 and 2016

Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series

•The Wealth of Immigrant Families in Canada

•Labour Market Outcomes Among Refugees to Canada

•Intergenerational Education Mobility and Labour Market Outcomes: Among the Second Generation of Immigrants in Canada 34

Economic Insights

•Immigrant Ownership of Residential Properties in Toronto and Vancouver

The Immigrant Labour Force Analysis Series

•The Canadian Immigrant Labour Market: Recent Trends from 2006 to 2017

Health Reports

•Healthy Immigrant Effect by Immigrant Category in Canada

•Tuberculosis-related Hospital Use Among Recent Immigrants to Canada

•Hospitalisation Rates Among Economic Immigrants to Canada

Juristat

•Violent Victimization and Discrimination, by Religious Affiliation in Canada, 2014

•Violent Victimization and Discrimination among Visible Minority Populations, Canada, 2014

•Violent Victimization, Discrimination and Perception of Safety: an Immigrant Perspective, Canada, 2014

https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/index-eng.cfm

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/75-006-X


https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/en/catalogue/11F0019M



https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/82-003-x/ahr-ars-eng.htm

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/85-002-x/index-eng.htm


35

Multiple dimensions or facets of inclusion and equity

Education Equity CultureInequality Income Vulnerable groups

Family Citizenship

Exclusion Justice Human rights

Discrimination

Health Well-being Work Volunteering Living together Civic participation


Ongoing identification of data needs

Ongoing consultation

on …

- Concepts, measures and indicators

- Data sources

with…

• Governmental and

community partners

• Academic experts

• Data users36

How to measure diversity and inclusion?

How to take into account the fluidity and complexity of identities, ethnicities and multiple backgrounds of the population?

What are the current needs and emerging issues?

Looking to the future


37




on …


- Data sources

with…

• Governmental and community partners


• Data users

Developing and collecting new data and statistics

Census of the population

- 2019 Content Test

(e.g., revision of ethnocultural content, new questions)

- Replacement of questions with administrative data (immigration)

Alternative collection methods

- Data integration

- Other approaches


38




on …


- Data sources

with…

• Governmental and community partners


• Data users

Developing and collecting new data and statistics

Census of the population

- 2019 Content Test

(e.g., revision of ethnocultural content, new questions)

- Replacement of questions with administrative data (immigration)

Alternative collection methods

- Data integration

- Other approaches

New dissemination strategy of data

Dissemination of new data, analytical and reference products

• Access and availability of disaggregated data products

• Personalized products and services (population or interest groups, specific themes, etc.)

Development of visualization tools

New Centre for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics


THANK YOU!

For more information,

visit www.statcan.gc.ca

Centre for Gender, Diversity and Inclusion Statistics

39

http://www.statcan.gc.ca/

https://www.linkedin.com/company/statcan/

https://www.linkedin.com/company/statcan/

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