tooth development - i man-kyo chung, dmd, phd ([email protected]) assistant professor department...
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Tooth Development - I
Man-Kyo Chung, DMD, PhD([email protected])
Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Neural and Pain Sciences
University of Maryland Dental School
Developmental histology of tooth
Whole organism > organ > tissue > cell > cellular organelle
Ex) human heart muscle myocyte nucleus
Gross anatomy microscopic anatomy (histology)
zygote(a cell from fertilization)
Methods) naked eyelight microscopy
electron microscopy
development
Two types of cells give rise to teeth
Proliferation(increase in
number) Migration
(change in location)
Differentiation(specialization)
Ameloblasts forming enamelOdontoblasts forming dentinCementoblasts forming cementum
epithelial cells
ectomesenchymal cells
Enamel
Dentin
Cementum
Pulp
zygote
Early embryonic development
Mesoderm (connective tissues / heart, muscle, blood cells, bone, dermis etc)
Ectoderm (tissues covering outside the body / epidermis, hair etc)
Endoderm (tissues lining inside the body / lung, stomach, intestine, liver etc)
<trilaminar germ disc>
Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988
bilaminar germ disc
<1 wk ~2 wks
~3 wks
Tissues originated from ectoderm besides epidermis
3. connective tissues of head and neck (bone, cartilage, muscles, tooth etc)
epithelium
(Ectomesenchymal origin)
embryonic connective tissue
ectodermal origin
ectoderm
neural tube
neural crest
1. brain (neuroectodermal origin)
2. sensory ganglia
Location of tooth formation
6 weeks old embryo
Maxillary process
Mandibular process
Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988
auricle
eye
Coronal section
Oral epithelium of maxillary and mandibular processes
tongue
nasal septum
Stages of tooth development
1. Bud stage
2. Cap stage
3. Bell stage
4. Appositional stage (mineralization)
5. Root formation
6. Eruption
(epithelial ingrowth into ectomesenchyme)
(further epithelial growth)
(histo- and morpho-differentiation)
(formation of enamel and dentin of crown)
(formation of dentin and cementum of root)
Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988
Bud stage
Mx
Mn
dental lamina
tooth bud
developing maxillalry bone
tongue
palate
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
• Dental lamina - outgrowth of horse shoe-shaped epithelial band from oral epithelium- one dental lamina per arch- 10 tooth buds per lamina
developing mandibular bone
Mx
Mn
vestibular lamina
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
vestibule
Bud stage
ectomesenchymal cells
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Bud stage
condensation of ectomesenchymal cellsaround tooth bud
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Bud stage
Cap stage
1. Enamel organ (=dental organ)(proliferation of epithelial cells)
2. Dental papilla(condensation of ectomesenchymal cells)
3. Dental sac (=dental follicle)(capsule like condensation of ectomesenchymal cells)
1
2
3
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Future tooth products
1. Enamel organ
2. Dental papilla
3. Dental sac1
2
3
enamel
dentin pulp
cementumperiodontal ligamentalveolar boneconnective tissues of gingiva
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Tooth germ means
1. Enamel organ
2. Dental papilla
3. Dental follicle1
2
3
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
+
+
Differentiation of enamel organTransformation of a cell mass into morphologically and functionally distinct components
Secreting proteoglycan (absorbing water increase extracellular space)
1) Outer enamel epithelium
2) Stellate reticulum
3) Inner enamel epithelium
desmosome
Flattened (squamous or cuboidal)
Star shaped
Elongated and polarized (columnar)
Enamel organ
Enamel organ of cap stage
21
3
1) Inner enamel ep
2) Outer enamel ep
3) Cervical loop
4) Stellate reticulum
5) Enamel knot
6) Enamel cord
7) Enamel navel
4
5
6
7
transient structure during cap stage
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
(inner+outer enamel ep.)
21
3
1) Inner enamel ep
2) Outer enamel ep
3) Cervical loop
4) Stellate reticulum
5) Enamel knot
6) Enamel cord
7) Enamel navel
4
5
6
7
transient structure during cap stage
root formation
generate enamel
location of cusp?
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Enamel organ of cap stage
(protect inner enamel ep.)
Tooth germ of late cap stage
Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988
(tooth bud of permanent tooth)
Bell stage
1. Tooth shape is identifiable.
2. Further differentiation of enamel organ
1) outer enamel ep.2) inner enamel ep.3) stellate reticulum4) stratum intermedium
3
2
14
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Bell stage
1. Tooth shape is identifiable.
2. Further differentiation of enamel organ
1) outer enamel ep.2) inner enamel ep.3) stellate reticulum4) stratum intermedium
3
2
14
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
stratum intermedium
inner enamel ep
basement membrane
dental papilla
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988
Bell stage
Differentiation of inner enamel ep.
Cusptip
root
differentiated to ameloblast without proliferation
Keep proliferatingand migrate downward
oldertallerpolarized
younger shorter unpolarized
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
cap stage
bellstage
appositionalstage
cap stage
bellstage
appositionalstage
Appositional stage
1. oral ep.2. outer enamel ep.3. stellate reticulum4. inner enamel ep.5. dental papilla6. cervical loop
3
2
1
5
4
6
blood vessels
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Stage of mineralization
Epithelial and mesenchymal cells interact throughout
tooth formationoral epithelium
dental lamina
mesenchymal cellsb
ud
Cap
min
era
lizati
on
bell
1
signal
proliferation
1
epithelium
mesenchyme
Epithelial mesenchyaml
interactionoral epithelium
dental lamina
inner enamel epithelium
preameloblast
mesenchymal cells
preodontoblast
1
2
2
epitheliummesenchyme
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
PreameloblastsPreodontoblasts
bu
dC
ap
min
era
lizati
on
bell
oral epithelium
dental lamina
inner enamel epithelium
preameloblast
ameloblast
mesenchymal cells
preodontoblast
odontoblast
Predentin
enamel matrix
enamel
dentin
bu
dC
ap
min
era
lizati
on
bell
1
2
3
odontoblasts preameloblasts
ameloblasts
Predentin (dentin matrix)
dentinenamel matrix
3
a. predentinb. dentinc. enamel
1. ameloblasts 2. preameloblasts3. odontoblasts4. preodontoblasts5. dental papilla6. stratum intermedium
4
2
6
a
3
1b
c
5
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Appositional stage
stratum intermedium
ameloblasts
enameldentin
predentin
odontoblasts
http://www.iob.uio.no/studier/undervisning/histologi/index.php
Developmental lobes
Initiation of mineralizationat 5 points
continued mineralizationtoward cervical direction Coalescence of 5 segments
Developmental lobes
tooth germ of mandibular molar
groove (junction of 2 lobes)
Pit (junction of >3 lobes)cusp
Biomineralization
Concrete = metal framework + cement
• Dentin = collagen + hydroxyapatite crystals• Enamel = amelogenin + hydroxyapatite crystals
resorbable
allows further packing of crystals
inorganic component, hardnessenamel >>> dentin
Essential components of calcification
Ca2+ + PO43-
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
Alkaline phosphatase (supply phosphate)
Pyrophosphatase (hydrolyze pyrophosphate)
pyrophosphate
ATP
AMP
3
21
Matrix vesiclesContain essential componentsContain seed of crystalReleased from odontoblasts to collagen matrix
Acid can reverse calcification
Ca2+ + PO43-
Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
acid acidogenic bacteria
• Dental caries decalcification of inorganic tooth substances by acid produced by bacteria
• Only very limited remineralization can occur in tooth.(cf: bone maintains a balance between mineralization and demineralization )
Appositional stage
(alkaline phosphatase )
Oral Histology and Embryology by Leslie P. Gartner, 1988
dentino-enameljunction
(collagen fibers of mantle dentin)
Aprismatic
Mantle
odontoblasts
(predentin)
Reduced stellate reticulum