TONGUE TWISTERTONGUE TWISTERPeter Piper picked a peck of Peter Piper picked a peck of

pickled pickled pepper. pepper.

Did Peter Piper pick a peck of Did Peter Piper pick a peck of pickled pickled pepper? pepper?

If Peter Piper picked a peck of If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled pickled pepper, where’s the pepper, where’s the peck of peck of pickled pepper pickled pepper Peter Piper Peter Piper picked?picked?

Review on Figures of Review on Figures of SpeechSpeech

_____1. The cold clams close their _____1. The cold clams close their shells. shells.

_____2. Blood is thicker than water._____2. Blood is thicker than water.

_____3. My heart has turned to stone._____3. My heart has turned to stone.

_____4. I wandered lonely as a cloud._____4. I wandered lonely as a cloud.

_____5. She sells a sea shell on the _____5. She sells a sea shell on the shore. shore.

POETRYPOETRY

it is an art of it is an art of condensation condensation and and

implication.implication.it concentrates it concentrates meaning meaning and and distill distill

feelings.feelings.

POETRYPOETRY

a kind of language a kind of language that says more and that says more and says it more intensely says it more intensely than does ordinary than does ordinary language.language.

ELEMENTS OF ELEMENTS OF POETRY:POETRY:

Voice: Speaker and ToneVoice: Speaker and Tone Musical DeviceMusical Device SoundSound Diction (choice of words)Diction (choice of words) ImageryImagery Rhythm and MeterRhythm and Meter Figures of SpeechFigures of Speech Denotation and ConnotationDenotation and Connotation ThemeTheme

VOICE: VOICE: Speaker and Speaker and ToneTone

The speaker is the one speaking The speaker is the one speaking in the poem. It is this voice that in the poem. It is this voice that conveys the poem’s tone.conveys the poem’s tone.

Tone is an abstraction we make Tone is an abstraction we make from the detail of a poem’s from the detail of a poem’s language: the use of meter and language: the use of meter and rhyme; inclusion of certain kinds of rhyme; inclusion of certain kinds of details.details.

Tone , in literature, may be Tone , in literature, may be defined as the writer's or speaker's defined as the writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the attitude toward the subject, the audience, or toward audience, or toward herself/himself.herself/himself.

Musical DeviceMusical Device Verbal music is one of the Verbal music is one of the

important resources that important resources that enable the poet to do enable the poet to do something more than something more than communicate mere communicate mere information.information.

Essential elements in all music Essential elements in all music are are repetitionrepetition and and variationvariation. .

SOUND: SOUND: RhymeRhyme

The most familiar element of The most familiar element of poetry is rhyme, which can poetry is rhyme, which can be defined as the matching be defined as the matching of final vowel and consonant of final vowel and consonant sounds in two or more words.sounds in two or more words.

DICTIONDICTION Poems include “ the best words Poems include “ the best words

in the best order”in the best order” It is necessary to know what the It is necessary to know what the

word meansword means Denotative and connotative Denotative and connotative

meaning of words, ex: blood meaning of words, ex: blood which is something red, but it which is something red, but it could be war, life or or battle.could be war, life or or battle.

IMAGERYIMAGERY

Poems are grounded in the Poems are grounded in the concrete and the specific--in concrete and the specific--in the details that stimulate our the details that stimulate our senses.senses.

An image is a concrete An image is a concrete representation of a sense of representation of a sense of impression, feeling, or idea. impression, feeling, or idea.

It triggers our imaginative re-It triggers our imaginative re-enactment of sensory experience enactment of sensory experience by rendering feelingsby rendering feelings

Images may be visual, aural, Images may be visual, aural, tactile, olfactory and tactile, olfactory and gustatory.gustatory.

visual imagery visual imagery is the most is the most frequently occurring kind of frequently occurring kind of imagery in poetry.imagery in poetry.

RHYTHM and RHYTHM and METERMETER

Rhythm refers to any wave like Rhythm refers to any wave like recurrence of motion or sound. recurrence of motion or sound.

Meter is the kind of rhythm we can Meter is the kind of rhythm we can tap our foot to. Metrical language tap our foot to. Metrical language is called is called verse;verse; non metrical non metrical language is language is proseprose..

RHYTHM and METERRHYTHM and METER

The The footfoot is the metrical unit by is the metrical unit by which a line of poetry is measured; which a line of poetry is measured; it usually consists of one it usually consists of one stressedstressed or accented ( ' ) and one or two or accented ( ' ) and one or two unstressedunstressed or unaccented or unaccented syllables.syllables.

Name of footName of foot Name of MeterName of Meter MeasureMeasure

iambiamb iambic iambic ( - ‘ )( - ‘ )trocheetrochee trocheec trocheec ( ‘ - )( ‘ - )anapestanapest anapestic anapestic (- - ‘ )(- - ‘ )dactayldactayl dactylic dactylic ( ‘ - - )( ‘ - - )spondeespondee spondaic spondaic ( ‘ ‘ )( ‘ ‘ )pyrrhuspyrrhus pyrrhic pyrrhic ( - - )( - - )

Metrical NamesMetrical Names

monometer – one footmonometer – one foot

dimeter – two feetdimeter – two feet

trimeter – three feettrimeter – three feet

tetrameter – four feettetrameter – four feet

pentameter – five feetpentameter – five feet

hexameter – six feethexameter – six feet

heptameter – seven feetheptameter – seven feet

octameter – eight feetoctameter – eight feet

The process of measuring verse is The process of measuring verse is referred to as referred to as scansionscansion. To scan a . To scan a poem we do these three things: poem we do these three things:

1. we identify the prevailing 1. we identify the prevailing metermeter, ,

2. we give a 2. we give a metrical namemetrical name to to the number the number of feet in a line, of feet in a line, and and

3. we describe the stanza 3. we describe the stanza pattern orpattern or rhyme-rhyme-schemescheme..

FIGURE OF SPEECHFIGURE OF SPEECH Figures of speech are another way of Figures of speech are another way of

adding extra dimensions to language. adding extra dimensions to language. Broadly defined, Broadly defined, a figure of speecha figure of speech is is

any of saying something other than any of saying something other than the ordinary way, and some the ordinary way, and some rhetoricians have classified as many rhetoricians have classified as many as 250 separate figures. as 250 separate figures.

Figurative language is language that Figurative language is language that cannot be taken literally.cannot be taken literally.

MetaphorMetaphor and and similesimile are both used are both used as a means of comparing things that as a means of comparing things that are essentially unlike.are essentially unlike.

PersonificationPersonification SynecdocheSynecdoche ApostropheApostrophe Symbol and Allegory:Symbol and Allegory: A symbol A symbol

may be roughly defined as may be roughly defined as something that means more than something that means more than what it is. what it is. AllegoryAllegory is a narrative or is a narrative or description that has a second description that has a second meaning beneath the surface one.meaning beneath the surface one.

ParadoxParadox is an apparent contradiction is an apparent contradiction that is nevertheless true. that is nevertheless true.

OverstatementOverstatement, or , or hyperbolehyperbole, is simply , is simply exaggeration but exaggeration in the exaggeration but exaggeration in the service of truth.service of truth.

Like paradox, Like paradox, ironyirony has meanings that has meanings that extend beyond its use merely as a figure extend beyond its use merely as a figure of speech. It is saying the opposite of of speech. It is saying the opposite of what one means, is often confused with what one means, is often confused with sarcasm and with satire.sarcasm and with satire.

AllusionAllusion, a reference to something in , a reference to something in history or previous literature, is, like a history or previous literature, is, like a richly connotative word or a symbol, a richly connotative word or a symbol, a means of suggesting far more that it means of suggesting far more that it says.says.

DENOTATION and DENOTATION and CONNOTATIONCONNOTATION

DenotationDenotation is the dictionary is the dictionary meaning(s) of the word; meaning(s) of the word;

connotationsconnotations are what it suggests are what it suggests beyond what it expresses: its beyond what it expresses: its overtones of meaning. It acquires overtones of meaning. It acquires these connotations by its past history these connotations by its past history and associations, by the way and the and associations, by the way and the circumstances in which it has been circumstances in which it has been used.used.

THEMETHEME

Defined as abstraction or Defined as abstraction or generalization drawn from the generalization drawn from the details of a literary work.details of a literary work.

Refers to the idea or Refers to the idea or intellectually apprehensible intellectually apprehensible meaning inherent and implicit meaning inherent and implicit in a work.in a work.

Analyze the poem by Analyze the poem by identifying the elements of identifying the elements of poetry. Analyze it according to poetry. Analyze it according to its:its:

- voice- voice

- diction- diction

- imagery- imagery

- figures of speech- figures of speech

- sound- sound

-theme-theme

ASSIGNMENT:ASSIGNMENT:

Have a copy of one of Have a copy of one of the sonnets of the sonnets of Shakespeare. Try to identify Shakespeare. Try to identify the elements in it. the elements in it.