Tone Melodies AnswersːYoruba tone melodiesVCV nouns (6 contrastive)CVCV nouns (4 contrastive)H k�pak�pa ‘field’M ɔ"bɛ" ‘knife’L ag�ba ‘adult’HL buru ‘news’HM rir ,u " ‘pain’ML ak�po ‘sack’LH ak�pa ‘arm’ baba ‘father’LM aga ‘chair’MH ɔ"g�ba ‘stick’

Tone Melodies AnswersːYoruba tone melodiesCV verbs (3 contrastive) CVCV verbs (4 contrastive)H fɛ2 ‘to want’M fi ‘to put’L fɔ4 ‘to wash’ dʲoku ‘to sit’HL g�babɛ4 ‘to sweep’ML k�pamɔ4 ‘to keep’LH g�badɛ2 ‘to meet’

Tone Melodies Review

How do we know when there is a difference in the underlying tone of words?

Tone Melodies Review

How do we know when there is a difference in the underlying tone of words?

[ 2 2 3] [2 3 3] [4 4 p]kʊ–t�ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’ kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’ kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’

If all the factors that can affect tone are taken out, so that the words have analogous environments for tone, then any different surface tone melodies must be because of different underlying tone phonemes.

Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3)

17. Study the Tone System A. Decide how many tone melodies there areB. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes

(contrastive tone heights)C. Find the tone phoneme distributionD. Predict the environment for any tone neutralization

and tone allophonesE. Find how to predict tone changes across

morpheme and word boundariesF. Find differences in words and grammar

made only by toneG. Find the functional load of toneH. Decide if/how to write tone in the orthography.

Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone

(3 of 3)17. Study the Tone System

A. Decide how many tone melodies there areB. Decide how many underlying level tone phonemes

(contrastive tone heights) there areC. Find the tone phoneme distributionD. Predict the environment for any tone neutralization

and tone allophonesE. Find how to predict tone changes across morpheme and

word boundariesF. Find differences in grammar made by toneG. Find the functional load of toneH. Decide if/how to write tone in the orthography.

Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3)

17. Study the Tone System B. Decide how many underlying level tone

phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there are

1. By the number of melodies2. By contrast in analogous

environments

How many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there?

There can only be 4 contrastive tone melodies when there are 2 underlying level tone phonemes (unless there is both falling and rising in the word).H L HL LH (HLH) (LHL)

There can only be 9 contrastive tone melodies when there are 3 underlying level tone phonemes.H M L HL HM ML LH LM MH

We find the following in CHUMBURUNG Ghana (Snider)kV-CVCV has 3 contrastive tone melodies when said by themselves[2 3 3] [2 2 3] [4 4 p]kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’ kʊ–t�ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’ kɪ-ɲapʊ

‘breast’kɪ–bak�pa ‘shoulder’ kɪ–d�ʒafʊ ‘fish scale’ ki–t�ʃini ‘vein’kɪ–ɲarɪ ‘name’ ku–kuti ‘orange’ kɪ–fʊrɪ ‘rock’ki–feri ‘month’ kɪ–parɪ ‘pool’ kɪ–pɪnɪ ‘mortar’

kV-CVŋ has 4 contrastive tone melodies when said by themselves[2 3] [2 i] [4 p] [2 a]ku–suŋ ‘work (n)’ kɪ–baŋ ‘paddle’ kɪ–laŋ ‘hip’ kɪ–paŋ

‘cutlass’kɪ–laŋ ‘jug’ kɪ–t�ʃaŋ ‘room’ kɪ–

d�ʒaŋ ‘hut’

After looking at all other analogous groups, we find none has more than 4 tone melodies. So, we can claim there are only 2 underlying level tones, High and Low

Constrative Tone Melodies in ‘BELI SudanCV has 5 melodies CVCV has 7 melodies CVCVCV has 6 melodies[4] [4 4] [4 4 4]dKa ‘meat’ ɲɔrɔ ‘poison’ kʊɾʊɓʊ ‘dove’

[3 3] ceɾe ‘star’

[2] [2 a] [2 2 a]ha ‘cow’ m�bala ‘song’ t Kɪmaɾa ‘crocodile’[p] [4 a] [4 4 a]bi ‘dog’ g�baⁿdKa ‘cassava’ kɪlɪja ‘stick’

[4 3] hɔlɔ ‘buttock’[2 4] [2 4 4]kabɪ ‘roof’ dKɔhajɪ ‘land’

[B] [2 3] [2 3 3]də ‘grandparent’ g�bɛt Kɪ ‘child’ akaca ‘donkey’[C] [3 4] [3 4 4]pɪ ‘bamboo’ ᵐbaja ‘wing’ kɔᵐbɪlɪ ‘finger’ There are two many melodies for only 2 underlying level tones. There

must be 3 underlying level tones: High, Mid, Low.

Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3)

17. Study the Tone System B. Decide how many underlying level tone

phonemes (contrastive tone heights) there are

1. By the number of melodies2. By contrast in analogous

environments

Important Factors for Contrast in Analogous Environment for tone melodies

1. Same part of speech2. No borrowed words or compounds3. Same noun class or verb class4. Same syllable structure5. Same type of consonants (only in some languages)

Important Factors for Contrast in Analogous Environment for tone phonemes

1. Same part of speech2. No borrowed words or compounds3. Same noun class or verb class4. Same syllable structure5. Same type of consonants (only in some languages)6. Same surface tone before and after the tone in contrast

How many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there?

In the following words, there are 3 phonetic tone heights, but only 2 contrastive heights in the analogous environment of the second syllable.

CHUMBURUNG Ghana[ 2 2 3] [2 3 3] [4 4 p]kʊ–t �ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’ kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’ kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’

If instead ‘breast’ had the follow tone, it would be a third contrastive height.

[2 4 3]

*kɪ-ɲapʊ ‘breast’

Contrast in Analogous Environments for Segmentskaβɪk ‘rain’ŋaɽa ‘glass’

1. The words differ in meaning2. Differ in sound at same beginning position of the word3. The difference in sound between [-aβɪk] and [-aɽa] cannot

cause the sound difference between /k/ and /ŋ/.So, /k/ and /ŋ/ have Contrast in Analogous Environments. They are both segment phonemes.

Contrast in Analogous Environments for Tones[ 2 2 3] [2 3 3] kʊ–t �ʃɔrɪ ‘horn’ kɪ-sɪbɔ ‘ear’ L M

1. The words differ in meaning2. Differ in tone at the same position of the word3. The other differences in sound between the words cannot

cause the L and M tone difference for the syllables /t �ʃɔ/ and /sɪ/.

So, L tone on /tʃɔ/ and M tone on /sɪ/ have Contrast in Analogous Environments.

They are both from different underlying tone phonemes. (However, M tone is an allophone of H tone.)

Exercise 1: In the following words, how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there?

‘BELI Sudan words said by themsevles[2 a] [2 3] [2 4]m�bala ‘song’ g�bɛt Kɪ ‘child’ kabɪ ‘roof’

Exercise 1: In the following words, how many underlying level tone phonemes (contrastive tone heights) are there?

‘BELI Sudan words said by themselves[2 a] [2 3] [2 4]m�bala ‘song’ g�bɛt Kɪ ‘child’ kabɪ ‘roof’

There are 3 phonetic pitches, and 3 contrastive heights in the analogous environment of the second syllable. (However, L falling tone is an allophone of Low tone.)

Class Assignmentː1. Say how many underlying level tone phonemes

(contrastive tone heights) there are in Yoruba. Give the evidence.

Reading AssignmentTone Analysis for Field Linguists (2.3) pg. 29-33