tomato
DESCRIPTION
by qadriranaTRANSCRIPT
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Tomato • Lycopersicon esculentum
Family
Solanaceae
• Chromosome 2n = 2X = 24
• Wild type tomato species are thought to be native of western part of South America and specifically in the dry coastal desert of Peru.
• The tomato is the tropical and subtropical plant which is perennial in its natural habit, but elsewhere behaves as annual.
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Importance • Important vegetable crop, can be grown:
– in most home gardens
– by market gardeners
– by truck farmers
– Out of season (vegetable forcing)
• Have important role in health and vigour.
• Helpful in healing wounds because ripe fruit have antibiotic properties.
• Good source of vitamin A, B and C.
• Have high β-carotene, precursor of vitamin A.
• Have lycopene that imparts red colour.
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Tomato can be
• Baked,
• Fried,
• Juiced,
• Processed into ketchup,
• Culinary purpose and
• Salad purpose.
Uses
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Area and Production
In Pakistan (FAOSTAT, 2012)
Area = 55 thousand hectares
Production = 560 thousand tonnes
Average Yield = 10.18 tonnes/hectare
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Plant Parts Nature
Annual to perennial
Roots
• It has a tap root about 2 ft. long with several laterals bearing fibrous roots.
• Adventitious roots also develop from stem portion.
Stem
• The main stem is erect up to a height of 1-2 ft (in determinate varieties).
• Branches arise from the axils of the leaves which bear secondary branches or laterals.
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Plant Parts Flowers
• Tomato flower is normally perfect.
• 4-8 flowers in each compound inflorescence.
•
• There is a tight protective anther cone surrounding stigma leading to self pollination.
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• The tomato fruit is fleshy.
• Botanically it is a berry having seeds
within a fleshy pericarp.
• The shape of the fruit varies from round,
oblate, elongated, to pear shape.
• Color lemon yellow, orange, pink or
mostly red
• The young fruit is green due to the
presence of chlorophyll.
Fruit
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FRUIT COLOUR
Carotenoid Level
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Plant Growth Habit Determinate
• Flower clusters are borne with one or two leaves (nodes) between them.
• After several flower clusters, shoot will terminate in a terminal inflorescence.
• Compact and small (dwarf) plants, with short internodes suited for caging.
• Fruit tend to ripe at one time or over a short period of time.
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Plant Growth Habit Indeterminate
• Three to four leaves are produced between flower clusters.
• Shoot does not terminate in inflorescence.
• Plant continue to grow in a vine fashion.
• Suited for staking.
• Fruit ripe gradually throughout the season.
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Indeterminate Growth Habit
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Climate • Warm season crop, sensitive to frost.
• It requires long season to produce profitable crop.
• Require 80-120 days from seeding to bearing.
• Low temperature without actual freezing inhibit fruiting.
• Blossom and fruit drop during high temperature and drought spell.
• High temperature inhibit pollination and fruit setting.
• Temperature – Nights: 15-20 °C
– Days: 25-30 °C
• Difficult to get crop from mid May to June and in rainy season due to insect and disease attack.
Frost damage
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Soil
• All types.
– Sandy soils for early crop.
• Loam, clay loam and silt loam with high
organic matter produce high yields.
• pH 5.5 to 7.5.
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Seed Rate and Spacing
• 500-600 g/ha.
• Channels 1.0 m apart.
• Seedlings on both sides of beds 60 cm
apart.
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Time of Sowing
• Nursery sown in July/Aug – Transplanted in Aug./Sept.
• Nursery sown in Sept. – Transplanted in Oct.
• Nursery sown in Nov. – Transplanted in Feb./March
• Nursery sown in March/April – Hill crop
– Transplanted in May/June
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Fertilizers
• FYM-----20-25 tonnes/ha
• N----100 kg/ha in 3 splits
• P---80 kg/ha
• K---40 kg/ha
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Irrigation
• Depends on soil type and climatic conditions.
• Warm season – 5-6 days on sandy soil
– 10-12 days on heavier soils
• Fortnight application during cold periods.
• When temperature gets high--- weekly irrigation.
• Period of drought followed by sudden heavy irrigation cause fruit to crack.
• Plant is susceptible to wet feet.
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Varieties
• Determinate • Lyallpur Selection I
• Naqeeb
• Roma
• Red top
• Nagina
• Riogrande
• Indeterminate • Sahil
• Salar
• Money maker
• Marglobe
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Variety Selection
• Purpose to raise crop (type of gardening).
• Length of growing season.
• Yield.
• Ability to withstand handling during transport and marketing.
• Susceptibility to diseases and insect-pests.
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Harvesting and Yield • Yield can be 20-24 Tonnes/ha
• Fruit can be picked after every 2 to 3 days.
• Should be picked when start changing colour.
• Stage of maturity at which fruit should be picked depends on purpose for which they are grown. – Immature green
– Mature green
– Turning
– Half-ripe/pink
– Ripe
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Diseases
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Wilt • Both Fusarium and Verticillium
wilt attack tomato.
• Soil borne pathogens survive for
many years.
• Plants are affected through roots.
• Rotation for 2-3 years.
• Use resistant varieties.
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Fusarium wilt
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Root and crown rot caused by
Fusarium causing Wilt
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Early Blight • The leaf spots are generally dark brown to black, often
numerous and enlarging, and usually developing in concentric rings, which give the spots a target-like appearance.
• Lower, senescent leaves are usually attacked first, but the disease progresses upward and make affected leaves turn yellowish, become senescent, and either dry up and droop or fall off.
• Dark sunken spots develop on branches and stems of tomato plants.
• Stem lesions developing on seedlings may form cankers, which may enlarge, girdle the stem, and kill the plant.
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Early Blight
• Controlled primarily through the use of resistant
varieties, disease-free or treated seed, and
chemical sprays with appropriate fungicides.
• Adequate nitrogen fertilizer generally reduces
the rate of infection by Alternaria.
• Crop rotation, removal and burning of plant
debris, and eradication of weed hosts
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Early Blight
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Late Blight • Symptoms appear at first as water-soaked spots, usually at the
edges of the lower leaves.
• In moist weather, the spots enlarge rapidly and form brown, blighted areas with indefinite borders.
• Fuzzy growth on the underside of leaf lesions is produced by the pathogen under moist conditions and consists mostly of spores.
• Soon entire leaves are infected, die, and become limp.
• Under continuously wet conditions, all tender aboveground parts of the plants blight and rot away.
• Tomato leaves, stems, and fruit are also attacked.
• Entire tomato fields may be destroyed.
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Late Blight
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Bacterial Spot on Leaves and Fruit
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Sclerotium rot of fruit
(post-harvest problem)
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Pests
• Borers
• White-fly
• Aphids
• Jassids
• Thrips
• Cutworms
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Borer in the Fruit
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Whitefly • Adult feeding is usually of very
little direct consequence
• Adults of B. argentifolii can cause light spotting of small fruit.
• Adults may transmit viruses, particularly geminiviruses, that cause very serious diseases.
• The most noteworthy is tomato yellow leaf curl virus, which reduces new growth so severely that there is little or no subsequent yield.
Irregular ripening
(tissue whitening) due to
feeding of nymphs on fruit
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Aphids • Cause cupping and yellowing of leaf
margins
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Cutworm • Cut stem of young seedlings at soil line.
• Active at night.
• Hide under soil or under debris during day time.
• May climb and feed on green fruit as well.
• Physical barriers around stem.
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Viruses • Tobacco Mosaic Virus
• Cucumber Mosaic Virus
• Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus