1

Togo

Country Overview

Politics TogoisapresidentialrepublicinWestAfrica.PresidentFaureGnassingbéwaselectedin2005.FightingbetweentheoppositionandsecurityforcesoverGnassingbé’spresidencycausedthousandsofTogolesepeopletofleetoBeninandGhana.1Hehassubsequentlybeenre-electedtwiceforfive-yeartermswithnotermlimits.GnassignbéisthesonofpreviousPresidentEyadeam.2AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,themostrecentelectioninApril2015wasdeemed“generallyfreeandfair”byinternationalobservers.3TheU.S.DepartmentofStatenotedthattherewerelogisticalchallengeswithTogo’selections4andoppositiongroupshavereportedchangestoelectoralproceduresthatdisadvantagenon-governingparties.5 Economy TogoisclassifiedbytheWorldBankasalow-incomeeconomy.6AccordingtotheWorldBank,Togo’sGDPgrowthhasbeenrelativelyrobust,averagingapproximatelyfivepercentoverthepastthreeyears,whichishigherthantheGDPgrowthofmostsub-Saharancountries.Togo’seconomicgrowthisdrivenmostlybytheagriculturalandextractiveindustries.AgriculturealoneaccountsforapproximatelyhalfofTogo’sGDPandemploysover60percentofTogo’sworkforce.Togo’seconomyhasbeennegativelyaffectedbyNigeria’seconomicslowdownandlowercommoditypricesforsomeofitsmainexports.7Togo’smainexportcommoditiesarecotton,phosphates,coffee,andcocoa.ThreatstoTogo’seconomyincludeperiodicdroughts,waterpollution,andslash-and-burnagriculturalpracticesthathaveledtodeforestation.8Togohasbeenengagedinbusinessreformsandlargeinfrastructureprojectsinordertoattractmoreforeigninvestment,whichisahighpriorityfortheTogolesegovernment.9 Social/Human Development Thereare37tribesinTogo,thelargestbeingEwe,Mina,andKabre.10TheTogolesepopulationisgrowingandalmost60percentofthepopulationisunder15yearsofage.Educationaccessisimprovinginthecountrysincethegovernmenteliminatedenrollmentfeesforprimaryschool,butgirlsarestillunderrepresented,enrollmentinsecondaryandtertiaryschoolsremainslow,andtheeducationalqualityisquestionable.11

2

PovertylevelshavebeenslowlydecreasinginTogo,with55.1percentofthepopulationlivingbelowthenationalpovertylinein2015,comparedto58.7percentin2011,and61.7percentin2006.12Togo’sHumanDevelopmentIndexscorefor2015was0.487,rankingthecountry166outof188countries.13NeighborsBeninandBurkinaFasowererankedlowerthanTogoat167and139respectively.Ghanawasrankedhigherat139.14

U.S. Department of State TIP Report Summary (2017)

U.S. Department of State TIP Ranking: Tier 2 AccordingtotheTraffickinginPersonsReport,traffickingriskmaybefoundamongchildreninexportsupplychainsincludingtheagriculturalsector—particularlyoncoffee,cocoa,andcottonfarmsandinstoneandsandquarries.Boysarevulnerabletotraffickinginconstruction,salvageyards,theminingsector,andasmechanics.

ReadthefullTIPReportat:https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271299.htm

Migrant and Other Vulnerable Populations Togohashadanegativenetmigrationsincetheearly1980s.15InternationalmigrantsmadeuplessthanfourpercentoftheTogolesepopulationin2015.16ThelargestsourcecountriesformigrantsincludeBenin,Niger,Ghana,andNigeria.17Therewereanestimated13,279personsofconcerninTogoattheendof2016.Therewereanestimated12,491refugeesand783asylum-seekers.18

3

4

ThemostcommondestinationcountriesformigrantsfromTogoareNigeria,followedbyGhana,Côted’Ivoire,Benin,andFrance.19

Exports and Trade Togo’stopexportsin2016includephosphates,plastics,cement,cotton,beautyproducts,mineralandaeratedwater,motorcycles,andgold.20

5

ThetopimportersofallgoodsfromTogoincludeBenin,Lebanon,India,Cameroon,BurkinaFaso,andChina.21

6

Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors Analysis

Legal/Policy Risk Factors

Level of Legal Protection for Civil Liberties and Workers’ Rights

FreedomofAssociation

Thelawprovidesfortherightsofworkers(withexceptionsforsecurityforces,firefighters,andpoliceofficers)toformandorganizeunions.Thelawalsoprotectsworkers’righttobargaincollectivelyandto

7

strike.However,healthcareworkerscanbeorderedtoreturntoworkifthesafetyofthepopulationisatrisk.Therearenoexplicitprovisionsprohibitingemployersfromretaliatingagainststrikingworkers,butemployersmustreceiveauthorizationfromthelaborinspectoratebeforetheyfireworkersandworkersfiredillegallymustbereinstated.Workersinthecountry’sExportProcessingZone(EPZ)areallowedtoformtwounions.Theseworkersarenotlegallyprotectedfromanti-uniondiscrimination.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,thegovernmenthaseffectivelyenforcedfreedomofassociationlaws,especiallyoutsideoftheEPZ.22

WorkingConditions

TheminimumwagewassetatCFA35,000(USD62)permonthbyanationalcollectivebargainingagreement.Thelegalworkweekfornonagriculturalworkersis40hourswithatleastone24-hourrestperiodperweek.Agriculturalworkersarenottoworkmorethan2,400hoursperyear,whichcomesto46hoursperweek.Thelawlimitsexcessiveovertimeworkandrequiresspecificovertimecompensation,whichhasrarelybeenrespectedintheprivatesector,accordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState.23Thenumberoflaborinspectorsinthecountryhasbeenjudgedtobeinsufficient,andpenaltiesforviolationsofthelaborlawtoolowtobeeffective.24Togo’slaborlawscovermigrantworkers,buttheydonotcoverworkersintheinformalsectororinthecountry’sEPZ.25

Discrimination

Thelawprohibitsdiscriminationbasedonrace,gender,disability,citizenship,nationalorigin,politicalopinion,andlanguage.Discriminationbasedonsexualorientation,genderidentity,orcommunicablediseasestatus,includingHIV/AIDS,isnotprohibited.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,discriminationlawisnoteffectivelyenforcedanddiscriminationoccursinpractice,especiallyinrespecttogender.26

ForcedLabor

Thelawprohibitsforcedlabor,buttheU.S.DepartmentofStatereportsthatthegovernmenthasnotfullymettheminimumstandardsfortheeliminationoftrafficking.Thecountryisreportedlymakingsignificanteffortstodoso.

ChildLabor

Thelawsetsthelegalminimumworkingageat15.Childrenunder18areprohibitedfromworkingatnightandinhazardouswork.However,thereareexceptionsforhazardousworkforchildrenages16and17.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,childlaborlawshavenotbeeneffectivelyenforcedinpracticeandpenaltiesforviolationsarenotenoughtodeterviolations;minimumagerequirementshavereportedlynotbeenenforcedintheinformalsector.27Educationiscompulsoryuntilage15.28

8

CivilSocietyOrganizations

TheU.S.DepartmentofStatereportsthatdomesticandinternationalhumanrightsgroups“operatedgenerallywithoutgovernmentrestriction”andthat“governmentofficialsoftencooperated”withNGOs,thoughtheyallegedlydidnotrespondtorecommendations.29

Ratification of ILO Conventions Related to Human Trafficking or Rights of Workers and Migrants

30

Political Risk Factors Political Instability or Conflict

Togoscoresan83.9inthe2017FragileStatesIndex,placingitinthe“Alert”Category,aslightimprovementfromthecountry’sscoreof85.8in2016.Forcomparison,neighboringGhanaandBeninareonlyinthe“Warning”Categorywithscoresof69.7and77.6respectively.BurkinaFasotothenorthisinthe“Alert”Categorywithascoreof88.31Togo’spercentilerankforpoliticalstabilityandabsenceofviolence/terrorismwas40ontheWorldBank’s2015WorldwideGovernanceIndicatorsreport.32

9

Level of Crime and Violence

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,theTogolesepoliceoftendidnotrespondtoincidencesofsocietalviolence.33Togoisreportedlyanivory-traffickinghub,withivorypoachedinothercountriessmuggledoutoftheLoméport.PreviousreportinghasnotedthepresenceoftraffickingnetworksledbyChinese,Thai,NorthKorean,andVietnamesenationalsusingillicitpaymentstocorruptpoliticalelitestomoveivoryfromAfricatoAsia.34Inacalltocrackdownonpoachingandivorysmuggling,PresidentGnassingbénotedthelinksbetweenivorytraffickingandhumantrafficking.35

State Persecution

Inthe1990s,membersofSoutherntribesexperiencedethnicandpoliticalrepressionfromGnassingbéEyadema’sKabyé-dominatedgovernment.Between300,000and350,000TogolesefledtoBeninandGhanaduetothisstatepersecution,thoughmostofthemreturnedin1997.36TheKabyéethnicgroupstilldominatesthegovernmentandthesecurityservicesinthecountry,andtheÉwé,Togo’slargestethnicgroup,continuetobeexcludedfrompoliticalpositions.However,FreedomHousereportedthatethnicdiscriminationwasnotwidelyreportedin2015.37

Level of Corruption

TheTransparencyInternationalCorruptionPerceptionIndexscoresTogoasa32outof100,where0signals“HighlyCorrupt”and100signals“VeryClean.”Togoisranked116outof176onthatindex.38TheU.S.DepartmentofStatedescribescorruptionamongthecountry’spoliceforceas“endemic”andreportthatofficialsengageincorruptpracticeswithimpunity.Judicialcorruptionwasalsoanissueinthecountry,andthejudiciarywasreportedlysubjecttoundueinfluenceandcontrolfromtheexecutivebranch.TheTogoleseNationalAssemblycreatedtheHighAuthorityforthePreventionofandFightagainstCorruptioninAugust2015,butnoboardmembershadbeenappointedattheendof2016.39

Socio-Economic Risk Factors Level of National Economic Development

Togoisrankedinthelowhumandevelopmentcategory,accordingtotheUNHumanDevelopmentIndex,witharankof166outof188countriesandascoreof0.487.Togo’shumandevelopmentscoreishigherthanitsneighbors(andmigrantsendingcountries),BurkinaFasoandBenin,butlowerthanGhana.40

10

Immigration Policies Limiting the Employment Options or Movement of Migrants

TheU.S.DepartmentofStatedidnotreportanypoliciesthatlimitedemploymentoptionsformigrantsorrestrictedmigrants’freedomofmovement.Laborlaw,includingwagesandworkingconditions,appliedtomigrantworkers.41

Level and Extent of Poverty

Togohasarelativelyhighlevelofpoverty,with48.5percentofthepopulationdeterminedtobelivinginmulti-dimensionalpoverty,accordingtotheUN.Whenadjustedforinequality,theHumanDevelopmentIndexscorefallsto0.332.42Togo’sgrossnationalincome(GNI)percapitawasUSD540in2016,USD450in2010,USD290in2000,andUSD400in1990.43

Degree of Gender Inequality

TheUNDPGenderEqualityIndexgaveTogoascoreof0.840in2015,upfrom0.814in2010,and0.770in2000.44Genderequalityinemploymentisprohibitedbylaw.However,accordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,womenexperiencediscriminationinpayandpensionbenefits,especiallyintheinformalsectorandinruralareas.FormallawtechnicallyoverrulestraditionallawinTogo,butmanywomeninruralareasarestillsubjecttotraditionallaw.Traditionallawallowsahusbandtocontrolhiswife’sfreedomtoworkandherearnings.Womenalsoexperiencediscriminationineducationandinheritance.Therearenoformalrestrictionsonwomen’sabilitytosigncontracts,openbankaccounts,orownpropertyinTogo.45A2013amendmenttotheElectoralCoderequiredpartyliststohaveequalrepresentationofwomen.Seventeenofthe91NationalAssemblyseatswereheldbywomenin2015.46WomenrepresentoverhalfoftheagriculturallaborforceinTogo.47Rape,includingspousalrape,iscriminalizedinTogo.However,accordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,victimsofraperarelyreportthecrimetoauthoritiesandwhentheydo,authoritieshavegenerallyfailedtoact.Noofficialstatisticsareavailable,butobservershavereportedthatrapeiscommonandwidespreadinthecountry.DomesticviolenceisalsoawidespreadprobleminTogo,buttherearenolawstoaddressit.Sexualharassmentiscriminalized;however,therearenopunishmentsprescribedbythelaw.AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,authoritieshavenotenforcedthelawandsexualharassmentisacommonproblem.48

Landlessness and Dispossession

TherearenoreportedIDPsorstatelesspersonsinTogo,accordingto2015datafromtheU.N.HighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR).49Intheir2016/2017annualreport,AmnestyInternationalreportedprotestsagainstevictionduetophosphateextraction.Theprotestingcommunitiesweremetwithteargas,batons,andliveammunitionfromsecurityforces.50

11

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,non-TogoleseorFrenchcitizensarenotallowedtoownpropertywithoutpermissionfromthePrimeMinister.Propertyrightsarereportedlyinconsistentlyenforcedandconflictsarecommon.51Environmental Factors Togoexperiencesperiodicdroughts,aswellasdeforestationfromslash-and-burnagriculturalpractices.52

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Key Commodity Supply Chains

Phosphates Phosphates Overview

TogohaslargephosphatereservesandphosphateisacriticalexportedgoodfromTogo,butproductionhasfallenfrom5.4millionmetrictonsin1997to900,000millionmetrictonsin2013.53Phosphateminingiscontrolledbylargecompanies.54

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Phosphates

Evictionsoflocalcommunitieshavebeenreportedinassociationwithminingdevelopmentforphosphateproduction.55Phosphateminingactivitieshavereportedlyledtosoildegradationthatposeschallengesforfoodsecuritytosubsistencefarmerslivinginminingregions.56Workersataphosphateminewentonstrikein2016toprotest,inpart,unsafeworkingconditions.57

Cotton Cotton Overview

Cottonisgrownonsmall-holderfarmsinTogowithanaveragefarmsizeofonehectare.Morethan200,000peopleworkincottonproduction,withupto70percentoftheruralpopulationengaginginthepractice.58CottonproductionisoverseenbytheNouvellesociétécotonnièreduTogo,59ofwhichthegovernmentisthemajorityowner.

12

Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Cotton

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,forcedchildlaboroccursoncottonfarmsinTogo.60

Coffee Coffee Overview

TogoproducesrelativelysmallamountsofRobustacoffee,primarilyfromsmallholderfarms.Manycoffeefarmersalsoproducecocoa.Thereareanestimated40,000coffeefarmerswithanaverageofabout.3–2hectareseach.61Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Coffee

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,forcedchildlaboroccursoncoffeefarmsinTogo.62

Cocoa Cocoa Overview

CocoaproductionislimitedinTogo.Cocoaandcoffeearetypicallyproducedtogetheronsmallfarms.63Cocoaisproducedmainlyinthesouthwestregionofthecountry.64Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Cocoa

AccordingtotheU.S.DepartmentofState,forcedchildlaboroccursoncocoafarmsinTogo.65

Gold Gold Overview

GoldaccountsforoverfivepercentofTogoleseexports.66ThevastmajorityofexportedTogolesegold(73percent)isdestinedforSwitzerland,withtheremainingsharegoingtotheUnitedArabEmirates(18percent),andLebanon(8.5percent).67Importantly,Togoisnotamajorgoldproducingcountry.Therearecurrentlyfourcompaniesoperatingunderexploratorypermits,buttheonlyproductionthatiscurrentlyunderwayinthecountryissmall-scale.68Documented Trafficking in Persons Risk Factors in Gold

ThemajorityofthegoldthatTogoexportsisminedinneighboringBurkinaFasoandsmuggledacrossthebordertotakeadvantageofTogoleseexportrates.69WorstformsofchildlaborandtraffickinghavebeenreportedinBurkinabegoldmines.70

13

ThisreportwasfundedbyagrantfromtheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.Theopinions,findingsandconclusionsstatedhereinarethoseoftheauthorsanddonotnecessarilyreflectthoseoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofState.

Endnotes

1CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Togo.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html2CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Togo.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html3U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRights,andLabor.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm4U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofDemocracy,HumanRights,andLabor.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm5BBC.CountryProfiles.Togo.2016.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-141067816WorldBank.Togo.2017.http://data.worldbank.org/country/togo7WorldBank.Togo:Overview.2017.http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/togo/overview8CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Togo.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html9U.S.DepartmentofState.BureauofEconomicandBusinessAffairs.InvestmentClimateStatementsfor2016:Togo.2016.https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/investmentclimatestatements/index.htm#wrapper10CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Togo.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html11CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Togo.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html

14

12WorldBank.Povertyheadcountrationatnationale:Mauritania.http://databank.worldbank.org/data/Views/Reports/ReportWidgetCustom.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=MRT13UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).HumanDevelopmentReport2016:Togo.2016.http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/TGO.pdf14UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).HumanDevelopmentReport2016:Benin.2016.http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/BENUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).HumanDevelopmentReport2016:Ghana.2016.http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/GHAUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).HumanDevelopmentReport2016:BurkinaFaso.2016.http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/BFA15WorldBank.NetMigration:Togo.http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SM.POP.NETM?locations=TG16InternationalOrganizationforMigration.Togo.http://www.iom.int/countries/togo17UnitedNations.DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs.InternationalMigrantStock2015:ByDestinationandOrigin.2015.http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml18UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR).UNHCRStatistics:TheWorldinNumbers.2015.http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview19UnitedNations.DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs.InternationalMigrantStock2015:ByDestinationandOrigin.2015.http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/data/estimates2/estimates15.shtml20InternationalTradeCentre.Listofproductsat4digitslevelexportedbyTogoin2016.2016.http://www.trademap.org/Product_SelProductCountry.aspx?nvpm=1|768||||TOTAL|||4|1|1|2|1|1|1|1|121InternationalTradeCentre.TradeMap.www.trademap.org22U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm23U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm24U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm25U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm26U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm27U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm28U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm29U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm30InternationalLabourOrganization(ILO).RatificationsforTogo.2016.http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11200:0::NO:11200:P11200_COUNTRY_ID:10305031TheFundforPeace.FragileStatesIndex2017:Togo.2017.http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/2017/05/14/fsi-2017-factionalization-and-group-grievance-fuel-rise-in-instability/32WorldBank.WorldwideGovernanceIndicators.2015.http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/#reports33U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm34Khadka,NavinSingh.“EastAsiannetworks‘smuggleivoryacrossAfrica.’”BBC.July7,2016.http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-36717989.35Faure,Gnassingbe.“FailuretoActonPoachingwillPlaceElephantsonthePathtoExtinction.”TheIndependent.February11,2014.http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/comment/faure-gnassingb-failure-to-act-on-poaching-will-place-elephants-on-the-path-to-extinction-9121960.html

15

36CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Togo.May2017.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html37FreedomHouse.FreedomintheWorld2016:Togo.2016.https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/togo38TransparencyInternational.CorruptionPerceptionsIndex2016:Togo.2016.https://www.transparency.org/country/TGO39U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm40UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).HumanDevelopmentReports:InternationalHumanDevelopmentIndicators.March2017.http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries41U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htmU.SDepartmentofState.BureauofEconomicandBusinessAffairs.2016InvestmentClimateStatements:Togo.July5,2016.https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/investmentclimatestatements/index.htm#wrapper42UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).HumanDevelopmentReports:Togo.March2017.http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/TGO43WorldBank.CountryProfile:Togo.2015.http://databank.worldbank.org/data/Views/Reports/ReportWidgetCustom.aspx?Report_Name=CountryProfile&Id=b450fd57&tbar=y&dd=y&inf=n&zm=n&country=TGO44UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP).HumanDevelopmentReports:GenderDevelopmentIndex(GDI).2016.http://hdr.undp.org/en/indicators/137906#45U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm46FreedomHouse.FreedomintheWorld2016:Togo.2016.https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/togo47FoodFirstInformationandActionNetwork.MiningandtherighttofoodinTogo:EvictionsoflocalcommunitiesforphosphatemininginGnita.October2012.https://fian.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/FIAN_Case_Sheet_Mining_and_the_Right_to_Food_in_Togo.pdf48U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofInternationalLaborAffairs.2016CountryReportsonHumanRightsPractices:Togo.March3,2017.https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2016/af/265312.htm49UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees(UNHCR).UNHCRStatistics:TheWorldinNumbers.2015.http://popstats.unhcr.org/en/overview50AmnestyInternational.AnnualReport:2016/2017Togo.2017.https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/togo/report-togo/51U.SDepartmentofState.BureauofEconomicandBusinessAffairs.2016InvestmentClimateStatements:Togo.July5,2016.https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/investmentclimatestatements/index.htm#wrapper52CentralIntelligenceAgency.TheWorldFactbook:Togo.https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/to.html53BertelsmannStiftung(BTI).TogoCountryReport.2016.https://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/files/BTI/Downloads/Reports/2016/pdf/BTI_2016_Togo.pdf54Chemicals-Technology.com.“Eleniltotobuild$1.4bnphosphateminingandfertilisersplantinTogo.”September9,2015.http://www.chemicals-technology.com/news/newselenilto-to-build-14bn-phosphate-mining-and-fertilisers-plant-in-togo-4666397Diallo,AmadouOuryandStéphaneBallong.“Mining:Phosphate,thegreenoreglimmers.”TheAfricaReport.January25,2016.http://www.theafricareport.com/West-Africa/mining-phosphate-the-green-ore-glimmers.html55AmnestyInternational.AnnualReport:2016/2017Togo.2017.https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/togo/report-togo/56FIAN.MiningandtherighttofoodinTogo:EvictionsoflocalcommunitiesforphosphatemininginGnita.October2012.https://fian.nl/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/FIAN_Case_Sheet_Mining_and_the_Right_to_Food_in_Togo.pdf57ChannelAfrica.“Togo'sphosphateminerslaunchnewstrike.”August25,2016.http://www.enca.com/africa/togos-phosphate-miners-launch-new-strike58Ance-Togo.OrganicCottonProject.August11,2015.http://ancetogo.org/en/organic-cotton-project/

16

Mensah,NourredineAnani.UniversityofLomé,Togo.CottonpricechangeandwelfareinTogo.September5,2014.http://www.iao.florence.it/ojs/index.php/JAEID/article/download/295/14959BertelsmannStiftung(BTI).TogoCountryReport.2016.https://www.bti-project.org/fileadmin/files/BTI/Downloads/Reports/2016/pdf/BTI_2016_Togo.pdf60U.S.DepartmentofState.OfficetoMonitorandCombatTraffickinginPersons.2016TraffickinginPersonsReport:Togo.https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271299.htm61CommonFundforCommodities.MarketingandTradingPoliciesandSystemsinSelectedCoffeeProducingCountries-CountryProfile:Togo.2000.http://www.ico.org/projects/countryprofiles/countryprofileTOGOe.pdf62U.S.DepartmentofState.OfficetoMonitorandCombatTraffickinginPersons.2016TraffickinginPersonsReport:Togo.https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271299.htm63KITRoyalTropicalInstitute,AgroEco/LouisBolkInstituteandTradin.OrganiccocoaproductioninCameroonandTogo.March2010.http://www.cocoaconnect.org/sites/default/files/publication/Feasibility%20Study%20organic%20cocoa%20-%20Togo%20and%20cameroon.pdf64KITRoyalTropicalInstitute,AgroEco/LouisBolkInstituteandTradin.OrganiccocoaproductioninCameroonandTogo.March2010.http://www.cocoaconnect.org/sites/default/files/publication/Feasibility%20Study%20organic%20cocoa%20-%20Togo%20and%20cameroon.pdf65U.S.DepartmentofState.OfficetoMonitorandCombatTraffickinginPersons.2016TraffickinginPersonsReport:Togo.https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271299.htm66ObservatoryofEconomicComplexity(OEC).Togo.http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tgo/67ObservatoryofEconomicComplexity(OEC).Togo.http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tgo/68MiningEducation.GoldMineralsandGoldMininginTogo.2016.http://www.miningeducation.com/2016/04/gold-minerals-and-gold-mining-in-togo.html69BerneDeclaration.AGoldenRacket:TheTrueSourceofSwitzerland’s“Togolese”Gold.September2015.https://www.publiceye.ch/fileadmin/files/documents/Rohstoffe/BD_2015_Investigation-Gold.pdf70BerneDeclaration.AGoldenRacket:TheTrueSourceofSwitzerland’s“Togolese”Gold.September2015.https://www.publiceye.ch/fileadmin/files/documents/Rohstoffe/BD_2015_Investigation-Gold.pdf