Today’s Topics

-review (inflections vs. categories)

-Lith. problem (pers. inflecs.)

-grammatical case inflections

-word formation

Review

Inflectional morphemes vs.

inflectional categories

Infl. categories: conceptional categories

that have an inflectional paradigm

(Eng: past tense, noun sg-pl)

Inflectional paradigms

paradigm:

related set of conceptual categories

(tense: pres-past-future; number: sg-pl

inflectional paradigm:

pres-past-fut tense:

PAST -(e)d is an inflectional morpheme:

added to the verb stem

Inflectional morphemes

inflectional morpheme -(e)d: walk-walked

what about sing-sang, speak-spoke?

no inflectional MORPHEME here:

two different roots (ablaut)

Class Problem #2

Lithuanian: ‘dream’ (Class Problem #2)

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

1PSg sapnúoju sapnavaũ sapnúosiu

2PSg sapnúoji sapnavaĩ sapnúosi

3Sg sapnúoja sapnãvo sapnuõs

1PPl sapnúojame sapnãvome sapnúosime

2PPl sapnúojate sapnãvote sapnúosite

3Pl sapnúoja sapnãvo sapnuõs

Class Problem #2, cont.Answers:

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

1PSg (sap-n)-úoj-u (sap-n)-av-aũ (sap-n)-úo-s-iu

2PSg -i -aĩ -i3Sg -a -o -Ø1PPl -ame -ome -ime2PPl -ate -ote -ite3Pl -a -o -Ø

Inflections, cont.

Inflectional paradigm: well-defined set of inflectional morphemes

Kinds covered so far?

tense, number, person, gender

Inflections, cont.

4. Grammatical case

Clicker Q #1:

Does English have grammatical case?

A=Yes, B=No, C=Depends

Grammatical Case, cont.

Answer: All lgs have grammatical case.

Clicker Q #2:

Is grammatical case a conceptual category for English?

A=Yes, B=No, C=Depends

Grammatical case, cont.

Answer: A or C.

Pronouns:

Nominative—NonNominative

I me

they them...

(to, at, for, from) me

Grammatical case, cont.

Lithuanian case paradigm: 1st and 2nd declensions

tree bread

– Nominative mìs˘k-as dúon-a Subject

– Genitive mìs˘k -o dúon-os‘of’

– Dative mìs˘k-ui dúon -ai ‘to, for’

– Accusative mìs˘k -a˛ dúon-a˛ DirObj

– Instrumental mis˘k -ù dúon-a ‘with, by’

– Locative mìs˘k -è duo`n-oje‘in, on, at’

II. Word Formation

• Payne’s ‘Big Ten’ morphological processes

• (PREFIX)-ROOT-(SUFFIX)-(INFLEC. suffix) = stem

re- writ- ing -s

A. Prefixation

Eng.: re-write (*re-happy)

un-happy, un-do

anti-social (*anti-do)

Clicker Q #3:

Do any English prefixes have a grammatical function?

A =Yes, B =No

Prefixation, cont.

Answer: No.

Cf. grammatical prefixes:

ASPECTUAL prefixes (Slavic lgs)

Verbal ASPECT vs. Tense

Aspect

Example:

PERFECTIVE vs. IMPERFECTIVE

(completion, result) (anything else)

Some languages (but not English) mark this

opposition morphologically.

Aspect, cont.

Clicker Q #4: A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4

How many of the following sentences is

in the Imperfective aspect?

‘I wrote a poem today.’

‘I wrote a poem painstakingly.’

‘I was writing a poem when you called.’

‘I wrote a poem every day.’

Aspect, cont.

Clicker Q #5:

Does English mark for aspect morphologically?

A = Yes, B = No

Aspect, cont.

Answer: Yes.

PROGRESSIVE vs. HABITUALI am swimming. I swim for exercise.

PROGRES. vs. PF and IMPFI was swimming. I swam a mile.

I swam for hours.

Aspect, cont.

Clicker Q #6:

What aspect(s) does the present tense have?

A = Perfective.

B = Imperfective.

C = Both.

Aspect, cont.

Answer: Imperfective.

Back to prefixation:

PERFECTIVIZING prefixes (Slavic)

Most unprefixed verbs in Slavic are Imperfective: Russ. pisat’ ‘write’

Perfectivizing prefixes, cont.

na-pisat’ ‘write-PF’za-pisat’ ‘write down-PF’pere-pisat’ ‘rewrite-PF’pod-pisat’ ‘sign-PF’do-pisat’ ‘finish writing-PF’

Aktionsarten

B. Suffixation

English:

Nominalizing:

happi-ness from Adj.

edit-ion from Verb

edit-or Agentive, from Verb

Suffixation, cont.

Adjectival suffixes:

from verbs read-able

ed-able

from nouns child-like

child-ish

bratt-y

Suffixation, cont.

Adverbial:

from adjs.: slow-ly

from nouns:hour-ly

from verbs?swimming-ly?

Suffixation, cont.

IMPERFECTIVIZING suffixes (Slavic)

pisat-IMPF’ — za-pisat’-PF (Russ.)

‘write’ ‘write down’

IMPF of za-pisat’?

za-pis-iva(j)-t’

C. Infixation

Bontoc (Austronesian):

fikas > fumikas

'strong' 'strength'

ADJ NOUN

D. Stem Modification

Example?

Ablaut:

Eng/Ger sing-sang-(ge)sung(en)

Eng take-took-taken

Eng write-writ

E. Autosegmental Variation

English examples?

re-córd vs. réc-ord

con-vért cón-vert

per-mít pér-mit

Function? Rule? Limitations?

III. Word Formation Rules

Notation systems for showing these:

position-class diagramming

vs. process rules

Position-Class Diagramming

1. Isolate root

2. Identify affixes

3. Estimate the order of the morphemes

4. Analyze any prefixes

5. Analyze any suffixes

Class Problem #3

Russian: pisat' to write, be writingpisal(a) he(she) wrote/was writingpisanie a writingpis˘u I write/am writingpis˘es you write/are writingperepisat’ to rewrite (once)perepisal(a) he(she) rewrote (once)perepis˘u I will rewrite (once)perepis˘es˘ you will rewrite (once)perepisanie a rewriteperepisivaju I rewrite, am rewritingperepisivajes˘ you rewrite, are rewritingperepisivat' to be rewriting, rewrite a lot perepisival(a) he(she) was rewriting, rewrote a

lotperepisivanie the process of rewriting

Clicker Q #7

Which suffix is the Present Tense suffix in the forms of Russian pisat’?

A. -a-

B. -s˘-C. -u and -es˘D. -ivaj-

E. none of the above

Answer

E. None

AnswerPrefix ROOT Suffix1 Suffix2 (Suffix3)

pere- pis- -a- -nie (noun) -ivaj- -t' (inf)

-l Past -Ø MascSg

-u 1Sg -a FemSg -es˘ 2Sg

PfPrefix ROOT ImpfSuffix Nominalizing Suffix (Gender Suffix) Infinitive Suffix Past Tense Suffix Masc, Fem Sg 1PSg Suffix

2PSg Suffix

Morphophonemic changes:Process Rules

In 1-2Sg Non-Past, where no Imperfectivizing suffix:

(pere-) pis-a-t’ Inf (pere-) pis-a-l-a Past

(pere-) pis˘-u 1PSg (pere-) pis˘-es˘ 2PSg

BUT: (pere-) pis-ivaj-u Derived Impf

Consonant mutation

(pere-) pis-a-u

-es˘ > (pere-) pis˘-u-es˘

V > Ø / ___ -V

C > C’ (palatalized)

Note rule ordering here

Consonant truncation

pere-pis-ivaj-u NonPast 1PSg

-es˘ NonPast 2PSg

BUT: pere-pis-iva-t’ INF

-l(a) PAST

RULE: j > Ø /____-C

Process Rules, cont.

METATHESIS: reordering of sounds in a morphemeor across a morpheme boundary

Bg: NonPast — Imperativedu˘rz˘-a dru˘z˘-Ø

I hold/am holding hold (it)!

Clicker Q #6: What is the root?A. du˘rz˘ B. dru˘z˘ C. neither D.

both

Methathesis answer:

4. Both (or 3. neither)

More data:du˘rz˘-a NonPast1PSg dru˘z˘-Ø Imperative

2Sg -es˘ “ 2PSg -te “ 2Pl -ex PastImperfect1PSg -ka Noun ‘a handle’ -es˘e “ 2PSg

Rule

If postulate two roots: du˘rz˘ and dru˘z Cu˘rC-V Cru˘C-C

-Ø

If postulate one root: drz˘ CrC > Cu˘rC /___-V, Cru˘C /___-C

-Ø

One-root solution:

Similar to non-concatenative morphologyBiblical Hebrew ktb root 'write'

kətob Imperative

katob Infinitive

etc.

Cf. Serbian/Croatian: drz˘! ‘hold it!’ grl-o ‘throat’