today - harvey mudd college · 2010. 1. 5. · astronomy 101 lecture #1 ecliptic to equatorial...

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Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1 Today: Introduction        Coordinate Systems        Transformations        Astrometry Reading: Ch. 1, 4  

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Page 1: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Today: Introduction       Coordinate Systems       Transformations       Astrometry

Reading: Ch. 1, 4

 

Page 2: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Altitude – Azimuth  Coordinate System

alt (a) = altitude

az (A) = azimuth

z = 90o – a    = zenith distance

Page 3: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Equatorial  Coordinate 

System

  Declination    DEC or  δ

Right Ascension        RA or  α

Page 4: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Ecliptic in Equatorial Coordinates

Page 5: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Does Sun move in the direction of increasing or decreasing RA?

Increasing RA

Page 6: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Galactic Coordinate System

Page 7: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Galactic Coordinate System

Page 8: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Hour Angle (HA) is measured westward from the observer's Meridian.  It is analogous to RA. HA = 0 on the meridianHA < 0 E of meridianHA > 0 W of meridian

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Page 9: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Horizon to Equatorial Coordinate 

Transformation

Equivalent  to a rotation by angle (90o – .

 = latitude of observer

Page 10: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation

1. (alt, az)  to (HA, DEC)

2. (HA, DEC)  to  (alt, az) 

cosDEC⋅sinHA=cos alt⋅sin az

cosDEC⋅cosHA=cos⋅sin altsin⋅cos alt⋅cosazsinDEC=sin⋅sin altcos⋅cos alt⋅cosaz

cosalt⋅cos az=−cos⋅sinDECsin⋅cosDEC⋅cosHAsin alt=sin⋅sinDECcos⋅cosDEC⋅cosHA

cosDEC⋅cosHA=cos⋅sin altsin⋅cos alt⋅cosazsinDEC=sin⋅sin altcos⋅cos alt⋅cosaz

cosDEC⋅cosHA=cos⋅sin altsin⋅cos alt⋅cosazsinDEC=sin⋅sin altcos⋅cos alt⋅cosaz

Page 11: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Galactic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation

1. (l, b)  to (RA, DEC)

2. (RA, DEC)  to  (l, b) 

cos b⋅cos l−33o =cosDEC⋅cos RA−282.25o

cosDEC⋅sin RA−282.25o=cosb⋅sin l−33o⋅cos 62.6o−sin b⋅sin 62.6o

sinDEC=cos b⋅sin l−33o⋅sin62.6osin b⋅cos 62.6o

cos b sin l−33o=cosDEC⋅sin RA−282.5o⋅cos 62.6osinDEC⋅sin 62.6o

sin b=sinDEC⋅cos 62.6o−cosDEC⋅sin RA−282.5o⋅sin62.6o

Page 12: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Hipparcos Space Astrometry Mission  Launch: August 1989Terminated: August 1993

Hipparcos Catalog (1996):       120,000 stars        1 milliarcsec

Tycho Catalog (1996):       1 million stars       20­30 milliarcsec       2 colors

Tycho­2 Catalog (2000):       2.5 million stars       2 colors

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Page 13: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Sun

N

Period = 25,750 years

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Page 14: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Correcting for Precession

         (0, 0)  are coordinates at some epoch E         (, )  are coordinates at epoch E0 +T          T is measured in years          = 50.29'' yr­1 is the precession rate          = 23o27'8'' is the obliquity of the ecliptic

=0T cossin sin0 tan 0

= 0T sin cos 0

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Page 15: Today - Harvey Mudd College · 2010. 1. 5. · Astronomy 101 Lecture #1 Ecliptic to Equatorial Coordinate Transformation 1. (alt, az) to (HA, DEC) 2. (HA, DEC) to (alt, az) cosDEC⋅sinHA=cosalt⋅sinaz

Astronomy 101                                                  Lecture #1

Atmospheric Refraction

Shift is less than 1” if z<60o