Product Design:Fundamentals andMethods

N. F. M. RoozenburgJ. EekelsDelft University of Technology, The Netherlands

JOHN WILEY & SONSChichester • New York • Brisbane • Toronto • Singapore

Contents

Preface xi

Part I Product Design and Design Methodology

1 Introduction 3

1.1 Product Design 31.2 Design Methodology 51.3 The Division of this Book 7References 8

2 Product Development 92.1 Introduction 92.2 The Product Life Cycle 92.3 The Structure of the Innovation Process 112.4 Product Planning 14

2.4.1 The Idea for a New Business Activity 142.4.2 Idea Finding 152.4.3 Product Policy 16

2.5 Strict Development 182.5.1 The Technical Development Process 182.5.2 Technical Development as an Iterative

Process 202.5.3 The Commercial Development Process 212.5.4 Product Development as a Whole 232.5.5 Closing Remarks 25

References 27

3 Design Methodology 293.1 Introduction 293.2 What is Design Methodology? 293.3 Science and Technology; Logic and

Methodology 323.4 The Key Methodological Problem 35

Contents

3.5 What is a Method? 373.5.1 Characteristics of Methods 373.5.2 The Concepts 'System' and 'Structure' 393.5.3 The Concept 'Method' 403.5.4 Heuristic and Algorithmic Methods 423.5.5 Method and Organization 45

3.6 The Effectiveness of Design Methods 47References 48Further Reading 48

Part II Design Problem and Design Process

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The Structure of the Design Process 835.1 Introduction 835.2 Designing as Problem Solving 84

5.2.1 The Empirical Cycle 84

What is Design?4.14.2

4.3

4.4

IntroductionThe Design Problem4.2.14.2.24.2.34.2.44.2.54.2.6

From Function to FormFormPropertiesFunctionThe Kernel of the Design ProblemThe Dual Functioning of Products

The Structure of Technical Action4.3.14.3.24.3.3

ActionMakingTechnical Action and Designing

Patterns of Reasoning4.4.14.4.24.4.34.4.44.4.54.4.64.4.74.4.8

References

IntroductionThe Material ImplicationDeductive and Reductive ReasoningDeductionInductionAbductionInnoductionAn Example of the Four Patterns ofReasoning

Further Reading

VII

5.2.2 The Basic Design Cycle 875.3 The Phases of the Product Design Process 93

5.3.1 Introduction 935.3.2 Foundations of Phase Models 945.3.3 Three Phase Models - One Thought 102

5.4 The Phases of the Product DevelopmentProcess; Concentric Development 111

5.5 Comparison of the Basic Cycles of Designand Empirical Scientific Inquiry 115

References 125

Part HI Methodics: Methods, Rules, Recommendations

Analysis: from Design Problem to DesignSpecification6.16.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

IntroductionProblem Definition6.2.1 What is a Problem?6.2.2 Defining ProblemsTypes of Objectives in the Design Specification6.3.1 Goals and Objectives6.3.2 Scaling and Non-scaling Objectives6.3.3 Requirements and Wishes6.3.4 Standards6.3.5 Performance Specifications and Form

Specifications6.3.6 Means and EndsDesirable Properties of the Design Specification6.4.1 Validity6.4.2 Completeness6.4.3 Operationality6.4.4 Non-redundancy6.4.5 Conciseness6.4.6 Practicability6.4.7 Which Desirable Properties of the

Design Specification are Most Important?Making a Design Specification6.5.1 A Procedure6.5.2 Checklists6.5.3 Operationalizing ObjectivesQuality Function Deployment6.6.1 Introduction

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Contents

6.6.2 How does the QFD Method Work? 156References 159Further Reading 160Example I Design Specification: Plastic Radiator 161Example II Design Specification: Touring-car Seat 165Example III Quality Function Deployment: Attache

Case 172

Synthesis: Thinking Up a 'Provisional' Design 1777.1 Introduction 1777.2 Creativity Methods 177

7.2.1 Classification of Creativity Methods 1777.2.2 Three Components of Creativity 1787.2.3 The Application of Creativity Methods 1797.2.4 Free Choice of Methods 180

7.3 Association Methods 1817.3.1 Associations 1817.3.2 Brainstorming 1817.3.3 Variants of Brainstorming 185

7.4 Creative Confrontation Methods 1877.4.1 Analogies and Chance 1877.4.2 Synectics 1897.4.3 Simple Creative Confrontation Methods 193

7.5 Analytic-systematic Methods 1937.5.1 Introduction 1937.5.2 Function Analysis 1947.5.3 The Morphological Method 1997.5.4 Analysis of Interconnected Decision

Areas (AIDA) 210References 214Further Reading 216Example IV Brainstorming: Margarine Packaging 217Example V Creative Confrontation: Tube for a

Vacuum Cleaner 219Example VI Function Analysis: Beverage Vending

Machine 222Example VH Morphology: Rice Cultivation Tractor 227Example VHI Analysis of Interconnected Decision

Areas (AIDA): Pay Phone 232

Simulation: Predicting the Properties of a Design 2358.1 What is Simulation? 235

8.1.1 Introduction 235

IX

8.1.28.1.38.1.4

The Simulation ProcessBehaviourSimulation and Prediction

8.2 Models8.2.18.2.28.2.38.2.48.2.5

8.3 What8.3.18.3.28.3.38.3.48.3.58.3.68.3.7

ReferencesExample IX

ReferencesExample X

Classification of ModelsStructure ModelsIconic ModelsAnalogue ModelsMathematical Models

is Simulated in Product Design?IntroductionTechnical SimulationSimulation of Product FormErgonomic SimulationBusiness Economic SimulationSocial and Ethical SimulationSimulation of Environmental Effects

Technical Simulation with a ScaleModel: Quadractor

Technical Simulation with a

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Mathematical Model: CouplingDevice

Example XI Design For Assembly (DFA) -Simulating the Assembly Process:

269

Window CleanerReferencesExample XII Concept Testing - Simulating

Consumer Behaviour: Coffee-makerReferencesExample XIII A User's Trial - Simulating the Actual

Usage of a New Product:Coffeecreamer Cup

ReferencesFurther Reading

Evaluation and Decision Making: What is the BestDesign?9.1 Introduction9.2 Multi-criteria Decisions

9.2.1 What is a Decision?9.2.2 Design Decisions

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Contents

9.2.3 Heuristic Decision Rules 2969.2.4 Decision Methods 297

9.3 Ordinal Methods 2989.3.1 Introduction 2989.3.2 The Majority Rule 3009.3.3 The Copeland Rule 3019.3.4 The Rank-sum Rule 3019.3.5 The Lexicographical Rule 3029.3.6 The Datum Method 3029.3.7 New Product Profiles 304

9.4 Cardinal Methods 3069.4.1 The Weighted Objectives Method 3069.4.2 The Additive Value Function 3089.4.3 Measuring Effectiveness 3129.4.4 Estimating the Weighting Factors 316

9.5 Summary and Final Remarks 323References 327Further Reading 329Example XIV The Datum Method: Gyroscope 330Example XV New Product Profiles: Plastic Radiator 333Example XVI The Weighted Objectives Method:

Minibus 335Example XVII Hypothetical Alternatives: Garden

Chair 338

Part IV Case Histories

IntroductionA Shoe Polish PackagingB Twin Sheet Forming: Tractor Cabin RoofC BiocarD BIBOB

Author IndexSubject Index

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