tj-ningbo.materialdesignuddlayout [automatisch gespeichert]
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
1/79
H. Lindow, Dipl.Ing, Senior Adviser
u ec s n e a ures n e as ng
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
2/79
Subjects On Die Failure
Die design
Die making process
Heat treatmentSurface treatment
rocess parame ers
H. Lindow2
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
3/79
Selection Of Die Material for HPDC
Cast Metal Temperature Die Size
Chemical composition Steel production parameters Production Series Shape of the contour
H. Lindow3
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
4/79
as ng empera ures o var ous a oys
4
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
5/79
Cast Metal and Preheating Temperature
H. Lindow5
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
6/79
Die Cavity Wall Temperature
n uence on:
Cavity wall strength
H. Lindow6
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
7/79
C cles Until Visible Cracks Of 0,15mm De endent On
Surface Temperature
-
(mm)
7.000 cycles
0,15 550 620
Depth
800 cycles
2.500 cycles
670 690
Crack
400 Cycles
H13, SKD61, 1.2344HRC 44 to 47
0 2000 4000 6000 8000
H. Lindow7
Number of Cycles
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
8/79
,On Surface Temperature
(mm)
1.000.000
Dept
20.000
200,000 H13, SKD61, 1.2344HRC 44 to 47
Crac
3.000
H. Lindow8 Cycles x 1.000
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
9/79
e empera ure
Influence on:
Die cavity wall temperature thermal stress
H. Lindow9
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
10/79
Influence Of Temperature / T Stress / Strength
1500 N/mm ~HRC 45
N/
mm
1500 N/mm ~HRC 45
N/
mm
rength
rength
m/S
m/S
s
sN/
s
sN/
Str
Str
H. Lindow10
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
11/79
DIE SIZE
Influence on:
Heat treatment
material
H. Lindow11
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
12/79
Cross section
Small dies < 70 mm and their corresponding flat sizes
(42x250; 45x140; 50x100; 60x75 m)
Medium dies 70 140 mm and their corresponding flat sizes(90x300; 100x250; 120x150 mm)
Big dies > 140 mm and their corresponding flat sizes(140x230; 180x300; 200x250; 230x280)
NoteThe toughness shown at the brochures diagram demonstrates the
toughness of the steel only without considering the influence comingrom e ea rea men . ue o e sma s ze o e es -spec men(7 x 10 x 55 mm) the effect of the heat treatment is optimal.But with the increase of the cross section of a die the slower the cooling
H. Lindow12
.
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
13/79
In order to have sufficient toughness the structure shouldat least consist of 20% Martensite and 80% Bainite andas less as possible carbide precipitation. With the increase ofBainite especially coarse Bainite and with the increase of
carbide precipitation the toughness is decreasing.
If the die maker is not sure about the heat treatment and if the dieis of a big size always it is advisable to choose a material which
independent from the chosen heat treatment process.In such a case choose a die material with a better hardenability
Such materials are:
VIDAR SUPERIOR
H. Lindow13
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
14/79
Structure at ~ 6.4 640s for a Size Ran e of
380 to 45 mm (80%B/20%M) dependent on theHeat Transfer for 8407 (H13; SKD61; 1.2344)
~ 6.4
Name, Company, Date14
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
15/79
-Gives A Similar Structure as ~ 6.4 (640s)
( 380-45) for H13
~ 52 ~ 6,4
H. Lindow15
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
16/79
Reachable Diameter For H13 Dependent On Cooling
Medium and a fixed Q-Velocity of28C/minute( ~ 6.4 (640s)) at Core Area
e.g 80% B + 20%M for 8407 at core area
mm
i
n
H. Lindow16
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
17/79
Toughness Dependent On Hardenability
HRc 45
21 J
HRc 45
6 J
Name, Company, Date17
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
18/79
Toughness Comparison At Surface Of Large Size
oc s t ar ous uenc ng ates(Block Sizes 300 x 500 x 700 mm)
HRC 45
H.Lindow18
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
19/79
Reachable for 80% Bainite and 20 % Martensite in
e core area epen en on oo ng e um anVarious Types of Steels
DIEVAR
8407-2M
QRO90S
mm
in
H. Lindow19
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
20/79
Hardenability
100
60
80
20
40
%
VIDAR SUPERIOR
ORVAR SUPREMEartensite
40 60Bain
it
M20
80
50 100 200 300 400
Diameter in mm
Percentage of Martensite / Bainite in the centre at various diameters
Name, Company, Date20
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
21/79
Chemical com osition
Influence on
creeping strengt
ductility Crack initiation
hot strength toughness
Crack propagation
thermal stress Crack initiation Crack propagation+
corrosion resistance
H. Lindow21
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
22/79
uct ty
uctilit
y
072M
uper
84
D
IEVAR
V
IDAR
8
407Su
Q
RO90S
H. Lindow22
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
23/79
(Resistance To Crack Initiation)
2
00
Creeping test 0tility
0
1%, 550 C, 500 MPa, 1000 h
HRC
hxDu
1
X
100
0
trengt
HRC 45
0
eping
Cre
H. Lindow23
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
24/79
inN/m
Strengt
Super
u
o
t-Yield
8
407
D
IEVAR
VIDAR
QRO90S
HRC 45 / 46
H. Lindow24
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
25/79
Comparison Of Toughness At RT In ST
Size of specimen 7 x 10 x 55 mm (Charpy V)
J
hness.
52
.
Tou
2M
A
R
A
R,
HR
RSupe
90Su
ARSu
840
DIE
DIE
VID
QRO
OR
Name, Company, Date25
HRC 45 / 46HRC
45 / 46
HRC
52
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
26/79
ou ness epen en n ar e rec p a on
nd
s
inSeco
r
from
A
7000
Supe
ri
lingtim
0
8407
IEVAR
VIDA
QRO90S
Coo
1
H. Lindow26
H.Lindow
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
27/79
Product Of Hot-Yield Stren th 600 C And Tou hness
(Resistance to crack propagation)
ess/1
Tough
)
ngth
X
(NJ/m
072M
per
RC52
u
ie
ldStr 8
4
I
EVAR
I
DARS
IEVAR,
R
O90Su
R
VARS
Hot-Y
HRC 45 46
HRC
52
H. Lindow27
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
28/79
Temper Back Resistance At 600C - 10 Hours
RC
ness,
H
per
Hard
407
I
EVAR
I
DARS
R
O90Su
HRC 45 / 46
H. Lindow28
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
29/79
Relation Heat Conductivity / ThermalExpansion
255
245
250
r
235
240
8407
uperi
S
225
230
I
DAR
IEVA
Q
RO9
220
Kategorie 1
H. Lindow29
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
30/79
,Conductivity, - Expansion
600, a
l
n
400
500
Mtrength
/Ther
xpansi
r
3008407
RtHot
S
)x0,
vity,-
Sup
rem
Supe
ri
100DIEVA
(Produ
ughnes
o
nducti
QRO90
8
407S
VIDAR
0To
H. Lindow30
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
31/79
orros on es s ance n n - e
Al (A356)
1
000
- ,
720 C 5 h
value
e ro a on , m m n
Specimen sizeprocal
20 x 95 (100) mm
Reci
H. Lindow31
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
32/79
ro uc on parame ers
Influence on:
uc y
Toughness Residual stresses
H. Lindow32
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
33/79
Process Develo ment Re ardin Reduction Of
Total Oxygen Content
tin
pp
nconte
Oxyg
Year
H. Lindow33
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
34/79
Improvement Due To Cleaner Materials
Old ESR-process New ESR-process
Advantages
Re-melting under apro ec ve a mosp ere
Process with a staticmould
ResultMore cleaner materialBetter isotropic materialSmaller and less
rimar carbides
H. Lindow34
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
35/79
Comparison of a standard and a supreme steel
H. Lindow35
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
36/79
Micro-segregation also after ESR-and VAR-process
re
gatio
re
gatio
cro-seg
cro-seg
eofmi
eofmi
9 hours at a hightemperature
Cast condition Longer time and orhigher temperatureD
egr
Degr
9 h at high or longer time at lower temperature
Residual stress in between micro-segregation may go up to 150 N / mm
H. Lindow36
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
37/79
Homogenizing is adiffusion annealing process
Standard
temperature and a long soakingtime.The ur ose is to reducemicrosegregations and sizeof primary carbides whichwill result in improvement of:
; ductility and
; touhness in all directions
H. Lindow37 Homogenized
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
38/79
IMPACT STRENGTH VERSUS
VARIOUS PROCESSES, HRC 43/45; TL
DIEVAR
200
100
Standard ESR ESR under VAR H ESR+H
H. Lindow38
protective
gas
Material H13;
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
39/79
e ee e ec onDIEVAR
CuQRO90S
thand uper or
ORVAR S
Orvar 2MVidar Superior
tstren
ghness
g
ep-/
ho
ity-tou
Vidar Superior, Dievar
Elmax
c
tofcr
Ductil
Erosion / Corrosion Thermal Fatigue (Heat Checking)Produ
H. Lindow39
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
40/79
DESIGN
Influence on:
Erosion Soldering
Corrosion Thermal fatigue cracks Heat cracks Chipping Gross cracks
e eas ng mar s Temper back at cavity wall
H. Lindow40
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
41/79
Un-suitable Parameters Due To Wrong Design
Gate area
Make the most suitable gate design Avoid an un-suitable relation of melt volume
Avoid an un-suitable relation gate area to runner Avoid an gate opening too small or too big
, ,melt velocity, plunger diameter and its velocity
Location of the gate area
Put right relation of gate section to runner section
H. Lindow41
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
42/79
Basic Rules For Gate Location
Try to avoid premature cavity erosion Avoid creation of hot spots
Choose most direct ath what means fill awa from ate first Avoid impingement on cores Direct metal flow in line with long ribs, not across them Gate should be placed opposite the longest unhindered
metal flow path
Use only one gate for one casting. Multiple gates may causemore trouble
Avoid too thin a gate if possible Do not place the gate near very thin sections with fine details Avoid impingement on convex sections
H. Lindow42
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
43/79
g
tim
fillin
hoo
s
F
irst
H. Lindow43
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
44/79
ng me epen en n o y ng empera ureOf The Al-Alloy
Al 99 9 % 658 C 0 C Furnace tem .
DIN GB USA-ASTM ASIA-JIS EURO NORMDINDIN GBDIN GBDIN USA-ASTMGBDIN USA-ASTMGBDIN ASIA-JISUSA-ASTMGBDIN EURO NORMASIA-JISUSA-ASTMGBDIN
226 G-AlSi9Cu3 LM 24 A380,0 ADC10 (12) EN Al 46000230 G-AlSi12 LM 6 AC3A EN AL44300231 G-AlSi12(Cu) LM 20 A413 ADC1 EN Al 47100
H. Lindow44
239 G-AlSi10Mg LM 9 AC4A EN Al 43000
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
45/79
-
H. Lindow45
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
46/79
And Die Preheating Temperatures
-
Die Temp CSm mmFilling Time msAlloy
280
280
1
6
-
12 - 17
60 - 90
-
Mg-Alloy
350
350
,
2,16
3,43
50
60
Die preheating temperatures
Pb, Sn 120 C Zn 150 200 CAl 180 260 C Mg 250 330 C
Cu-Alloys 300 - 350 C
H. Lindow46
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
47/79
-
H. Lindow47
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
48/79
Average Recommendedwall thickness
mm
filling timesms
123
12 to 1725 to 4840 to 60
45
6
48 to 7055 to 80
60 to 90
H. Lindow48
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
49/79
Sm=Wa4
Cw
w , ,
Wa Zn 30 to 50 m / s; Al 20 to 60 m / s;
Mg 40 to 90 m / s; Cu 20 t0 50 m / s
H. Lindow49
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
50/79
Tem erature Increase At Cavit Wall
Dependent On Melt Velocity At The Gate
gate
locity
a
M
eltve
H. Lindow50
Temperature increase
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
51/79
Gate Velocitya g ve oc ty or parts w t t n
wall
b) Al 20 to 60 m / smin. 18 m / se.g. 33 m / s for Sm = 6 mmVacuum 15 to 30 m / s
c) Mg 40 to 90 m / smin. 27 m / s
=. .d) Zn 30 to 50 m / s
min. 12 m / s
. .e) Cu 20 to 50 m / s
Too high a velocity may damage the die by erosion, soldering, corrosion and also fatigue
H. Lindow51
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
52/79
Formula For Gate Area
Sa = V tfx waSa =Sa V=S
H. Lindow52
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
53/79
Gate Area For Parts More Than 150 g
x = gk x p a mm
b = width of gated = gate opening
Wp = velocity plunger
Agk = area plunger a= ve oc y me a ga e
H. Lindow53
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
54/79
e oc y s on
Al die casting
below 3 m s
Mg die casting
below 4,5 m / s
=g g
= =gafter gate; Agk = area plunger;
t = filling time
H. Lindow54
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
55/79
Tab
l
u
idin
3G
15
6
4
Name, Company, Date55
Relation Gate Area to Volume De endent On
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
56/79
Relation Gate Area to Volume De endent On
Average Wall Thickness, Gate Opening, Alloy
Averagewall thickness
Gateopening
Relation Sa/ V (mm / cm)Type of Alloy
u n
1,5 0,9 1,48 1,66 3,57 1,77,2,02,53 0
,1,01,11 2
,0,940,690 54
,1,040,78
,
2,411,75
,
1,160,86
3,54,0
4 5
1,31,4
1 5
0,440,37
0 32
0,490,41
0 36
,1,150,98
0 86
,0,580,49
0 435,05,56,0
1,71,82,0
0,300,270,25
0,330,290,25
0,790,710,65
0,400,350,33
H. Lindow56
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
57/79
Genera A vise For Gate Opening
Finding of gate opening (general rules)
Al die casting 1,0 to 2,5 mm
AlSi min. 1 mm
>>Si > 1 mm
AlSiCu min. 1,2 mm
Mg die casting 0,6 to 2 mm
Zn die casting 0,35 to 1,2 mm
ZnAl4 (Zamak 3) 0,35 to 0,8 mm
ZnAl4Cu1 (Zamak 5) 0,5 to 1,2 mm
Cu die casting 1,5 to 3,0 mm
H. Lindow57
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
58/79
Formula For Gate Opening In Al Die Casting
d = 0 52 + 0 28 x S
, , m(for 1 < Sm < 4,5 mm)
d = Sm
/ 3(for 4,5 < Sm < 6 mm)
H. Lindow58
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
59/79
H. Lindow59
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
60/79
20-35
H. Lindow60
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
61/79
H. Lindow61
SAL=1 5xB AK0=2 SA
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
62/79
L=1 5xB K0 A
part
B BR 35
LK0
R 0,5BSame distance
AK1=2AKo
1/3
R
/3L
Same distanceK2 K0
AK=4 AK0 = AK2
H. Lindow62
AK0=2 SA R not bigElse fills at first
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
63/79
H. Lindow63
1 / 2 D
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
64/79
/
3
H. Lindow64
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
65/79
H. Lindow65
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
66/79
Cavity wall temperature control byinternal cooling
Influence on:
Thermal fatigue cracks Thermal stress cracks Thermal ex ansion Releasing marks Soldering Erosion Corrosion
H. Lindow66
Surface Temperature
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
67/79
Surface temperature dependents on
Zn 450 CMg 670 C (low heat capacity)
AlSi12(Cu) 680 720 C (high heat Capacity)Ms 970 C
b Cavit contour and die desi n-wall thickness cores
Bad heat transfer
Good heat transferc) Die preheating Temperature
d) Frequency of cyclese) Position of joint contour of both die parts
f) Condition of die filling as filling time, melt velocity,
plunger velocity; metal flow in the cavityg) Die internal cooling heating system; lubrication;
Bad heat transfer
h) Cast system (gate, runner, bush) its design and location; number of overflows
Name, Company, Date67
decrease or increase the die life by 30 to 50 %
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
68/79
s mu a on program w e e p u or n ngwhere the cooling channels should be placed
H. Lindow68
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
69/79
Temperature profile
Simulation curves for
H. Lindow69
a en w an n rare amera
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
70/79
Hot spots
Hot s ots causin : Product orosit Solderin Earl heat checkin
H. Lindow70
Corrosion / Erosion
Tem erature Flow In Vertical Direction
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
71/79
H. Lindow71
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
72/79
a) Better to have more small cooling channels than a few big ones
b When usin water 9 to 12 mm when usin oil 12 to 15 mmc) Distance cooling channel to cavity in general 25 mm, gate area 28 mm
d) Cooling channel depending on wall thickness of the part
e Distance of coolin channels, max 3 x
H. Lindow72
n erna oo ng arrow a s
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
73/79
n erna oo ng arrow a s
n narrow areas use u- ar
connected to a cooling channel
in a cylindrical area
Use Cu-paste for heat transfer
from Cu-bar to cylindrical wall(clearance 0.05 0.1 mm,
Ra
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
74/79
H. Lindow74
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
75/79
H. Lindow75
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
76/79
They should not be put at the gate area!
H. Lindow76
Desi n Of Ventin
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
77/79
Put venting as much as possible but as less as necessary
H. Lindow77
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
78/79
H. Lindow78
-
8/2/2019 Tj-Ningbo.materialDesignUddLayout [Automatisch Gespeichert]
79/79
, .