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Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016 / 2017 Soil water

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Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira

Hydrology, environment and water resources

2016 / 2017

Soil water

Soil, pedosphere and lithosphere

• Rock >> regolith >> soil

• Soil: Superficial layear (1-2 m) of the geologic substract (pedosphere),

that holds:

– Minerals: Sand, silt and clay - mineral nutrients

– Humus: provides nutrients, as well as the soil structure and its

ability to hold water and nutrients;

– Air: source of oxygen and CO2 requited by micro organisms

– Water: provides the environment where the chemical reactions

that hold life can occur Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 2

desagregation+ water

+ organic matter

Solo

Lito

sfe

ra

Pe

do

sfe

ra

~2

00

m

~2 m

Regolith

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 3

<Earth

Moon>

Soil

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 4

Elements that condition soil production

• Parent rock

• Time – allows for the parent rock desegregation and for the adding and mixing of

water, organic matter, and for the degradation of organic matter:

– More time leads to thicker soils with distinctive characteristics from the parent rock

• Climate – determines the physical and chemical processes that act over the

primary rock, its reaction times, as well as the types of plants and animals that

interact with the soil:

– Precipitation enables parent rock desegregation and provide conditions for the

movement of oils particles by percolation. Excessive precipitation may carry all minerals

to inferiors layers, leaving only insoluble material in the upper layers.

– High temperatures facilitates chemical desegregation of the parent rock and provides

conditions for a faster degradation of the organic matter.

• Plants and animals – provides the organic matter to the soil (mainly

plants) and the microorganisms required for its degradation.

Topography – determines the erosion and conditions the amount of water and

solar energy available to the soil:

– Steep slopes lead the thinner and less developed soils

– Gentle slopes lead to humid soils with a high percentage of organic matter

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 5

Soil profile

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 6

Soil characterization

• Texture: related to the sediment particles dimension distribution / Textura : diz respeito à distribuição da dimensão das partículas

• Structure: related to the geometric organization of the sediment

particles / Estrutura: diz respeito à disposição geométrica das partículas

• Chemical composition (including pH) / Composição química (incluindo acidez)

• Depth of soil / Profundidade

• Porosity / Porosidade

• Soil usage capacity / Capacidade de uso

• A fertile soil has / Um solo fértil tem:

– Organic matter to provide nutrients and water retention capacity / Humus

(matéria orgânica) para proporcionar nutrientes e capacidade de retenção de água

– Clay to retain water and nutrients / Argila para reter água e nutrientes

– Nutrients (N, C, K, P and Ca) / Nutrientes (N, C, K, P e Ca)

– Good drainage / Boa drenagem

– Good porosity / Boa porosidade para facilitar o arejamento e crescimento de

plantasHydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 7

Soil texture

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 8

1

3

4

9

8

7

111012

2

5 6

Zona USDA Name Nome

1 Clay Argiloso

2 Sandy Clay Argilo-arenoso

3 Silty Clay Argilo-siltoso

4 Sandy Clay Loam Franco-argiloso-arenoso

5 Clay Loam Franco-argiloso

6 Silty Clay Loam Franco-argiloso-siltoso

7 Sandy Loam Franco-arenoso

8 Loam Franco

9 Silt Loam Franco-siltoso

10 Sand Arenoso

11 Loamy Sand Arenoso-franco

12 Silt Siltoso

Particle size (mm) / Tamanho das partículas (mm)

StandardPadrão

ClayArgila

SiltSilt

SandAreia

GravelSeixo Calhau Pedra

International Society of Soil Science < 2 < 20 < 2000

US Dep. of Agricuture < 2 < 50 < 2000

British Standards Institution < 2 < 60 < 2000 < 60000 < 150000

DIN < 2 < 60 < 2000

Soil texture

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 9

Soil texture

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 10

Loam (Solo franco)

- 20% of clay (argila)

- 40% of silt (silt)

- 40% of sand (areia)

Good soils for plant growth because

they can hold water and nutrients

and provide them to plants;Bons para suportar plantas porque tem a

capacidade de disponibilizar água e

nutrientes em quantidades adequadas.

Argila – Clay

Silt – Silt

Areia – Sand

Loam - Franco

Soil structure

It conditions the

capacity to farm the soil

and its susceptibility to

erosion / Condiciona a facilidade

de cultivo do solo e a sua

susceptibilidade à erosão.

Basic structures /Estruturas

básicas:

• Granular / Granular

• Prismatic / Prismatica

• Massive / Massiva

• Single grain / Esferoidal

• Blocky /Blocos

• Platy / Placas

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 11

Soil density

• Solids density / Massa volúmica

dos sólidos:

•Wet or bulk density / Massa

volúmica aparente do solo:

• Dry density / Massa volúmica

aparente do solo seco:

•Water density / Massa volúmica

da água:

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 12

Soil particle Partícula de solo

Air / Ar

Water / Água

Soil

particles

Water

Air

Vt

Vf

Vs

Vw

Va

Mt

Ms

Mw

Ma 0

s

ss

V

M

t

tt

V

M

t

s

dV

M

w

ww

V

M

Porosity, water content and degree of saturation

• PorosityPorosidade

• Water content (in volume) Teor volúmico de humidade

• Degree of saturationGrau de saturação

• Water content (in mass) Teor mássico de humidade

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 13

t

f

V

Vn

t

w

V

V

f

w

V

VS

s

w

M

Mw

s

dn

1

d

ww

w

dt

Sólidos

Água

Ar

Vt

Vf

Vs

Vw

Va

Mt

Ms

Mw

Ma 0

Sn

Field capacity and wilting point

• Field capacity: Ratio between the water volume in soil after

draining by gravity and total void volume / Capacidade de campo:

relação entre o volume de vazios ocupados pela água e o volume total

de vazios, depois de um longo periodo de drenagem.

• Wilting point: ratio between the water volume in soil when

plants cannot abstract more water from the soil and total void

volume Ponto de emurchecimento permanente: relação entre volume

de vazios ocupados pela água e o volume total do solo, quando as

plantas não podem retirar mais água do solo.

• Efective porosity: ratio between voids volume that may be

ocuppied by water and the soil volume / Porosidade efectiva:

relação entre o volume de vazios ocupáveis pela água que circula por

gravidade e o volume total do solo.

• Available water capacity / Capacidade utilizável:

• Minimum water content / Máxima dessecação do solo:

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 14

t

cc

ccV

Vw

t

e

eV

Vn f

epccu

t

r

rV

Vw

𝜃𝑤𝑝 =𝑉𝑡𝑤𝑝

𝑉𝑡

Available water capacity

Field capacity <Saturated water content / Capacidade de campo < Teor de saturação

Wilting point > 0 (depends on suction capacity of plants) / Ponto de emurchecimento (depende da

capacidade de sucção das plantas)

Available water capacity:In thory is equal to field capacity minus wilting points / Volume

utilizável (teórica)/ Capacidade de campo – Ponto de emurchecimento

Useful soil depth = root depth (from 0,5 m (shrubs) to 2.5 m (large trees))/ Profundidade útil =

Profundidade radicular / que é a profundidade atingida pelas raízes das plantes que varia entre 0,5 m (herbáceas) e

2,5 m(árvores de grande porte).

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 15

Precipitation

Saturated soil

Saturated soil

Soil at field

capacitySoil at field

capacity

Percolation

Soil at field

capacity

Soil at wilting

point

Average water content values

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 16

s ccep r epcc

(adaptado de Rawls et al, 1993; citado por Hipólito e Vaz, 2011)

Sand

Sandy Loam

Loamy Sand

Loamy Clay Sand

Loam

Silt

Loamy clay

Loamy silt

Clay Sandy

Loamy Clay Silt

Clay Silt

Clay

SaturationField

capacityWilting point

Moisture content at Available

soil

capacityMinimum

Average water content values

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 17

Exercise

Consider a soil with a bulk dry density of1750 kg m-3 and a solid density

of 2500 kg m-3. Determine the soil porosity and the bulk density when

saturated.

A massa volúmica aparente de um solo seco é 1750 kg m-3 e a massa volúmica dos sólidos é

2500 kg m-3. Determine a porosidade do solo e a sua massa volúmica aparente quando

saturado.

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 18

Exercise

Consider a soil sample in a cylinder with 5 cm of radius and 10 cm of

height. Knowing that the wet and dry masses of the sample are 331,8 g

and 302,4 g, respectively and that the solid density is 2650 kg/m3,

determine the sample water content (in volume) and saturated sample

water content (in volume).

Uma amostra de solo ocupa um cilindro de 5 cm de diâmetro e 10 cm de altura. Sabendo

que as massas húmidas e secas são, respetivamente, 331,8 g e 302,4 g e que a massa

volúmica dos sedimentos é 2650 kg/m3, determine o teor volúmico de saturação e o teor

volúmico de humidade da amostra.

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 19

Exercise

A contained with a hole at the bottom contains 5 l of a soil with a water

content (in volume) of 0.15. Knowing that the soild filed capacity is

0.28, compute the water quantity that drains through the bottom hole

when 1 liter of water is added to the container.

Um vaso, munido de um orifício no fundo, contém 5 l de um solo com um teor volúmico de

humidade de 0.15. Sabendo que a capacidade de campo do solo é 0.28, calcule a

quantidade de água que sairá pelo orifício quando se deitar no vaso 1 l de água.

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 20

Exercise

An agricultural field with 1 ha is planted with a crop with a root depth of

0.5 m. Assuming the field capacity of the soil is 0.45 and that minimum

soil water content for crop production is 0.24, compute the water

requirements to raise the water content from that minimum to the field

capacity. Assuming the average evapotranspiration is 3 mm/day,

estimate the maximum time interval between irrigation.

Num terreno com 1 ha encontra-se instalada uma cultura agrícola com a profundidade

radicular de 0.5 m. Sabendo que o solo tem uma capacidade de campo de 0.45 e que o

mínimo teor volúmico de humidade admissível para produção é 0.24, estime o volume de

água de rega para passar desse mínimo à capacidade de campo. Sabendo que a

evapotranspiração média é de 3 mm/d estime também o intervalo de tempo entre duas

regas sucessivas.

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 21

Exercise

An agricultural field with 1 ha has a soil with 30% sand, 60% silt and 10%

clay. Knowing that the optimal crop production requires that the soil

water content is kept higher than 50% of the available water capacity,

compute the irrigation volume, in m3, to raise the water content from its

minimum to field capacity.

Num terreno com 1 ha, o solo é fundamentalmente constituído por 30% de areia, 60% de

silte e 10% de argila e a cultura instalada tem uma profundidade radicular de 0,5 m.

Sabendo que para uma produção ótima o teor de humidade não deve baixar de 50% da água

total utilizável pelas plantas, estime o volume de rega em m3 necessário para passar do

mínimo teor admissível à capacidade de campo.

Hydrology, environment and water resources 2016/17: @Rodrigo Proença de Oliveira 2016/17 22