title-improve years of food...english biscuits manufacturer ebm, karachi. r&d profile 17. mr....

50 YEARS OF FOOD SCIE�CE A�D TECH�OLOGY I�

�ORTH WEST FRO�TIER PROVI�CE (�WFP) PAKISTA�

(1947-97)

By: WASEEM TAHIR (M.Sc.Honours) (NWFP EDITION)

DEPARTME�T OF FOOD SCIE�CE & TECH�OLOGY

�WFP AGRICULTURAL U�IVERSITY

PESHAWAR, PAKISTA�.

MAY, 2002

50 YEARS OF FOOD SCIE�CE A�D TECH�OLOGY I�

�ORTH WEST FRO�TIER PROVI�CE (�WFP) PAKISTA�

(1947-97)

By

WASEEM TAHIRWASEEM TAHIRWASEEM TAHIRWASEEM TAHIR

A special report submitted to �WFP Agricultural University Peshawar

Reviewed By:

Co-Advisor: Dr. Javidullah

Assistant Professor

Advisor: Professor (Rtd) Dr. Rafiullah Khan

DEPARTME�T OF FOOD SCIE�CE & TECH�OLOGY

�WFP AGRICULTURAL U�IVERSITY

PESHAWAR, PAKISTA�.

MAY, 2002

CONTENTS

S.�O CHAPTER PAGE �O

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

PREFACE

1. I�TRODUCTIO�........................................................................................................1

1.1 Scope of the study. .............................................................................................1

1.2 Research Methodology. .....................................................................................2

2. HUMA� CAPITAL POTE�TIAL I� FOOD SCIE�CE A�D

TECH�OLOGY FROM EDUCATIO�AL A�D RESEARCH

I�STITUTES OF �ORTH WEST FRO�TIER PROVI�CE (�WFP) .................7

Educational Institutes

2.1 Department of Food Science and Technology, NWFP Agricultural

University Peshawar. .......................................................................................11

2.2 Department of Food Technology, University College of Agriculture

Rawlakot, Azad Kashmir. ................................................................................27

2.3 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal

University, D.I.Khan. .......................................................................................29

Research Institutes

2.4 Food Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture

(NIFA), Tarnab. ..................................................................................................... 30

2.5 Fruit Technology Section, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial

Research, Peshawar. ............................................................................................... 73

2.6 Food Technology Section, Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab. ................ 100

2.7 Post Production Technology Unit, Agricultural Research Institute (North)

Mingora, Swat. ..................................................................................................... 143

2.8 Food Technology Section, Agricultural Research Institute, D.I.Khan .............. 148

2.9 References ............................................................................................................ 156

3. DEVELOPME�T OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I� PAKISTA� ................................160

3.1 Industrialization of Pakistan. .........................................................................160

3.2 Growth of Food Industry in Pakistan. ............................................................170

3.3 Major Food Industries of Pakistan. ................................................................194

3.4 References. .....................................................................................................219

4. DEVELOPME�T OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I� �ORTH WEST

FRO�TIER PROVI�CE (�WFP) .........................................................................221

4.1 Present position / situation. ............................................................................221

4.2 Size, Employment and Growth up to 1997. ...................................................222

4.3 List of Food Industries in NWFP. ..................................................................237

4.4 References ......................................................................................................299

5. PROSPECTS A�D PROBLEMS OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I� �ORTH

WEST FRO�TIER PROVI�CE (�WFP) ............................................................301

5.1 Sugar Industry ................................................................................................301

5.2 Vegetable Ghee Industry ................................................................................320

5.3 Fruit and Vegetable Processing Industry .......................................................322

5.4 Food Grains ....................................................................................................356

5.5 Dairy Industry ................................................................................................361

5.6 Other Food Industries ....................................................................................368

5.7 References. .....................................................................................................397

LIST OF TABLES

Table-3.1 Growth of Manufacturing ..............................................................................162

Table-3.2 Statement Showing Number of Registered Factories in Pakistan,

1948-53. ............................................................................................................... 171

Table-3.3 Number of Workers in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1948-53. ..............171

Table-3.4 Number of Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1954-57. .................................172


Table-3.6 Value of Fixed Capital in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1954-57. ..........173



Table-3.9 Value of Fixed Capital in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1962-65. ..........175



Table-3.12 Value of Fixed Assets of industry in Pakistan, 1969-70. ...............................178

Table-3.13 Contribution of Manufacturing Sector in GNP at Current Factor Cost .........180


Table-3.15 Number of Workers in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1975-80 ...............182

Table-3.16 Value of Fixed Capital in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1975-80 ...........182



Table-3.19 Value of Fixed assets in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1980-90. ............187

Table-3.20 Number of Reporting Establishments By Industry Major Groups in

Pakistan, 1995-96 Over 1990-91. ..................................................................189

Table-3.21a Employment of Reporting Establishments By Industry Major Groups

in Pakistan, 1995-96 Over 1990-91. ..............................................................190

Table-3.21b Employment Size of Reporting Establishments By Industry Major

Groups in Pakistan, 1995-96 Over 1990-91. .................................................191

Table-3.22 Number of Registered Factories, Employment and Value of Fixed

Assets in Pakistan, 1995-96. ..........................................................................193

Table-4.1 Number of Registered Factories, Employment and Investment in ...............222

Table-4.2 Number of Registered Factories, Employment and Investment in

NWFP, 1957-70. ............................................................................................223

Table-4.3 Number of Registered Factories, Employment and Value of fixed

assets in NWFP, 1969-70 ...............................................................................224


NWFP, 1970-80. ............................................................................................225

Table-4.5 Number of Registered factories, Employment and Value of fixed assets

in NWFP, 1969-70. ........................................................................................226

Table-4.6 Sarhad Development Authority Projects, 1980. ............................................230

Table-4.7 Units Established by FATA Development Corporation, 1980. .....................232


NWFP, 1981-90. ............................................................................................232

Table-4.9 Number of Registered Factories, Employment and Value of Fixed

Assets by Industry in NWFP, 1981-90. .........................................................232

Table-4.10 Food Industry and Types of Employment Size in NWFP, 1990-91. .............233

Table-4.11 Number of Industries, Employment and Investment in NWFP, 1991-96. .....235

Table-4.12 Number of Industries, Employment and Value of Fixed Assets in

NWFP, 1996. .................................................................................................235

Table-4.13 Profile of Industrial Estates in NWFP, 1997. ................................................236

LIST OF A��EXURE

Annexure-1.1 Statement showing the Number of Registered Factories in Pakistan,

1948-53. ..................................................................................................402

Annexure-1.2 Statement showing the Number of Workers in Registered Factories

in Pakistan, 1948-53. (By Industries) ......................................................402

Annexure-1.3 Statement showing the Number of Registered Factories by Major

Groups and Industries. 1954-57. ..............................................................403

Annexure-1.4 Employment in Registered Factories by Major Groups and

Industries in Pakistan. 1954-57. ...............................................................404

Annexure-1.5 Value of Fixed Assets in Registered Factories by Major Groups

and Industries in Pakistan. 1954-57. ........................................................405

Annexure-1.6 Statement showing the Number of Registered Factories by Major

Groups and Industries. 1962-65. ..............................................................406

Annexure-1.7 Number of Workers in Registered Factories by Major Groups and

Industries. 1962-65. .................................................................................407


and Industries. 1962-65. ...........................................................................408

Annexure-1.9 Number of Registered Factories by Major Groups and

Industries in Pakistan. 1969-70. ...............................................................410

Annexure-1.10 Number of Workers in Registered Factories by Major

Groups and Industries in Pakistan. 1969-70. ...........................................411

Annexure-1.11 Value of Fixed Assets in Registered Factories by Major

Groups and Industries in Pakistan. 1969-70. ...........................................412

Annexure-1.12 Number of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in

Pakistan, 1975-80. ....................................................................................413


Industries in Pakistan, 1975-80. ...............................................................414


and Industries in Pakistan, 1975-80. ........................................................416

Annexure-1.15 Number of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in

Pakistan, 1981-90. ....................................................................................418


Industries in Pakistan, 1981-90. ...............................................................420

Annexure-1.17 Fixed Capital of Registered Factories by Major Groups and

Industries in Pakistan, 1981-90. ..............................................................422

Annexure-1.18 Number of Registered Factories by Major Groups & Industries in

NWFP, 1981-1990. ..................................................................................424

Annexure-1.19 Number of Registered Factories by Major Groups & Industries in

NWFP, 1981-1990. ..................................................................................425

Annexure-1.20 Fixed Assets in Registered Factories by Major Groups & Industries

in NWFP, 1981-1990. ..............................................................................426

Annexure-1.21 Investment, Capacity and Employment by Major Groups and

Industries in NWFP, 1983........................................................................427





Annexure-1.24 Statement showing Sector-wise Number of Industries, Investment

& Employment in NWFP upto December, 1996. ...................................431

Annexure-1.25 Accumulative Progress in Number of Industries, Employment

and Investment in NWFP upto December, 1996. ....................................432

Annexure-1.26 Accumulative Progress in Number of Industries, Employment and

Investment in NWFP upto December, 1996. ..........................................433

Annexure-1.27 Sector-Wise % Position of Industrial Units Established in NWFP

upto December, 1996. ..............................................................................434

Annexure-1.28 Summary Statistics By Industry Major Groups and Industries in

Pakistan, 1995-96. ....................................................................................435


Punjab, 1995-96. ......................................................................................436


Sind, 1995-96. ..........................................................................................437


NWFP, 1995-96. ......................................................................................438


Balochistan, 1995-96. ..............................................................................440


Islamabad, 1995-96. .................................................................................440

Annexure-1.34 Comparative data for 1995-96 and 1990-91 for Pakistan, its Provinces

and Federal Capital Territory of Islamabad. ............................................441

Annexure-1.35 Performa for the Research Institutes. .......................................................442

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ACK�OWLEDGEME�TS

All praise to almighty Allah, I would like to acknowledge

the efforts of those agencies and persons without their co-

operation this work would not have completed.

S.�o. Agencies / Personalities Contribution

I. �WFP Agricultural University, Peshawar

1. Mr. Yar Mouhammad Khan

Ex-Vice Chancellor

Research Fund

(Co-Curriculum

activities)

2. Prof. (Rtd) Dr. Rafiullah Khan

Ex-Chairman, Department of Food Science &

Technology

Basic Idea and Backup

3. Dr. Javidullah

Assistant Professor, Department of Food Science &

Technology.

Accompanying the

author in visits to Food

Industry, Nestle, Vita

& Mitchells Lahore.

Imran Shamsi (Editor Khirman)

4. Imran Shamsi & Sohail Nazar

M.Sc. (H) Students.

Visit to Dept. of Food

Technology, Barani

Agri. University,

Rawalpindi.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

5. Yousaf Khan Tareen

B.Sc.(H)

Visit to Federal Bureau

of Statistics, Islamabad.

6. Izahar Hussain & Zahid Mehmood

M.Sc.(H) Students.

Visit to different

research institutes.

II. DIRECTORATE OF I�DUSTRIES, �WFP.

7. Nasrullah Jan Afridi

Asstt. Director (Statistics)

Provided Directory of

Industrial

Establishment, NWFP.

III. �UCLEAR I�STITUTE FOR FOOD & AGRICULTURE (�IFA)

TARA�AB, PESHAWAR.

8. Dr. Abdus Sattar

(Ex-Director NIFA)

Provided Record

9. Mr. Taufeq Ahmad Provided Record

10. Mr. Shafqatullah

(Liaison Officer) Pakistan Council of Scientific &

Industrial Research, Peshawar.

Provided Record

11. Mr. Badshah Waheed

Food Technologist, Agricultural Research Institute

Mingora, Swat.

Provided Record

12. Mr. Siddique Awan

Chairman, Dept. of Food Technology, University

College Agriculture Rawalakot, Azad Kashmir.

Provided Record

IV. FOOD I�DUSTRIES

13. Mr. Shahid Siddiqi

Manager Corporate Affairs Nestle, Lahore.

Annual Report

14. Dr. Azhar M. Sayed

Manager QC, R&D Ahmad Food Industries, Karachi.

Product Profile

15. Dr. M. Aslam and Sheikh Irfan Aziz (HRM)

Consultant, National Foods Limited, Karachi.

R&D Profile

Sponsorship

16. Dr. Abdul Ghaffar Katiya

English Biscuits Manufacturer EBM, Karachi.

R&D Profile

17. Mr. Tahir

Corporate Law Authority, Peshawar.

List of Food Industries

in Pakistan.

Author

CHAPTER 1

1.1 Scope of the study.

1.2 Research Methodology.

1.2.1 Phase I.

1.2.2 Phase II.

1.2.3 Phase III.

1.2.4 Phase IV.

1.2.5 Sample Design for Educational and Research Institutes of

Pakistan.

1.2.6 Sample Design for Food Industry of Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION 1

CHAPTER 1

I�TRODUCTIO�

Pakistan celebrated its Golden Jubilee in 1997. Remarkable progress is

marked in different sectors of Pakistani society. Huge progress itself is subject to

criticism in playing its role in the development of the country.

Golden Jubilee celebrations on the other hand forced the analysts to evaluate

the fifty years progress in different fields of life. Analyzing fifty years require in-

depth knowledge of the topic, ability to reach conclusions and forecasting for future.

New millennium forecasts are important for the development planners,

researchers and analysts. Review of development in fifty years of Pakistan enable

critics to focus on the key points of development strategy. It provides back ground for

modifying policies, their implementation and prospects of development in future.

Agriculture sector and agricultural industry played vital role in the

development of country and expected to share the same in new millennium.

Development in Agriculture, investment in Agriculture education, research and Agro-

based industry needs detailed review and proper understanding of their linkage with

each other.

New millennium inherits the problems of Hunger, Poverty and Food in

security. Focus on agriculture and Agro-based industry directly address these

problems. This report provides review of the relevant field for the challenging task of

addressing these problems.

1.1 Scope of the Study

Literature is available on the development of different fields of Science and

Technology but the unavailability of literature on the development background of

Food Science and Technology is realized by Food Science and Technology

researchers. This was the basic idea in the mind of the investigator.

To review the related research and development work done in the field of

Food Science and Technology, Educational / Research institutes having Food

Technology departments or sections while Food industry having Research and

Development Sections were contacted in Pakistan.

The objective of study was to investigate and compile information from:

1. Agricultural Universities having Food Technology Department for List of total

number of Graduates: Review papers, Thesis and Publications along with teaching

staff.

2. Research Institutes for Research Staff, Projects, Research students accommodated

at Institute and expenditure.

3. Food Industry to inquire about recent problems.

INTRODUCTION

2

The information will help to estimate the human capital potential for Food

Science. These estimates along with current production and household consumption

data of fresh and processed food commodities will enable to predict prospects of Food

Industry in Pakistan.

1.2 RESEARCH PLA� / METHODOLOGY

This study was divided into four phases.

1.2.1 PHASE-I

(a) This phase was devoted to the investigation of human capital potential in Food

Science and Technology from educational and research institutes of Pakistan.

(b) A review of the work done in the field of Food Science and Technology was

included in this phase. For this purpose, information was obtained from

official records and publications of institutions. It was tried to gather

information from the establishment of the institutions up till 1998.

(c) A review of the major projects concluded and ongoing in institutions, and

training courses arranged in Food Technology were also included in this

phase.

(d) An estimate of the project budget, its percentage utilization was also done

subject to the evaluation of the projects.

1.2.2 PHASE-II

This phase was concerned with the development of food industry in Pakistan.

In the industrial sector, size of food industry, employment, investments and related

aspects were studied. The information was collected from different Government

agencies and literature search was carried out in this phase.

1.2.3 PHASE-III

A review of prospects and problems of food industry in Pakistan was included

in this phase. The present report presents a detailed review of literature on prospects

and problems of food industry with special reference to NWFP.

1.2.4 PHASE-IV1

This phase included the compilation of acreage and production statistics of

major crops, fruit & vegetable grown in Pakistan. The report provides information

with respect to NWFP and in total with Pakistan.

The information was compiled from the various issues of agricultural statistics

of Pakistan. It covers the time period from 1947 to 1998.

1 This phase is not included in the current report.

INTRODUCTION

3

1.2.5 A. SAMPLE DESIG� FOR EDUCATIO�AL A�D

RESEARCH I�STITUTES OF PAKISTA�

(1) Educational Institutions

At the time of initial inquiry seven educational institutes were selected from different

provinces of Pakistan. These were

�WFP & AZAD KASHMIR: 3

i. Department of Food Science and Technology, NWFP Agricultural

University Peshawar.

ii. Department of Food Science and Technology, University College of

Agriculture Rawlakot, Azad Kashmir.

iii. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture,

Gomal University, D.I.Khan.

SI�D: 2

i. Department of Food Technology, Sind Agriculture University, Tandojam.

ii. Department of Food Technology, Karachi University, Karachi.

PU�JAB: 2

i. Department of Food Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad.

ii. Department of Food Technology, Barani Agriculture University, Rawalpindi.

The questionnaire designed for the study was first mailed along with official

letter to the selected educational institutions. It was followed by telephonic contacts

and official reminders were issued quite a number of times. Although persuaded only

two institutions provided the required information. This report only covers NWFP.

Other provinces will be covered in the future special reports compiled by the

Department of Food Science and Technology, NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar.

(2) Research Institutes

Seventeen research institutes were contacted through mail inquiries from

various provinces of Pakistan. These were

PU�JAB: 6

i. Food Technology Section, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

Laboratories, Lahore.

ii. Biological Chemistry Section, Nuclear Institute for Agriculture and Biology,

Faisalabad.

iii. Post Harvest Technology Center, Ayub Agriculture Research Institute, Faisalabad.

INTRODUCTION

4

iv. Food Technology Section Laboratories, National Agriculture Research Center,

Islamabad.

v. Dairy Technology Laboratories, National Agriculture Research Center, Islamabad.

SI�D: 4


Laboratories, Karachi.

ii. Food Technology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Tandojam.

iii. Date Palm Research Station, Khairpur, Sind.

BALUCHISTA�: 2


Laboratories, Quetta.

ii. Food Technology Section, Agriculture Research Institute, Quetta.

�WFP: 5

i. Food Technology Section, Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab.

ii. Food Science Division, Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), Tarnab.

iii. Fruit Technology Section, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,

iv. Peshawar.

v. Post Production Technology Section, Agricultural Research Institute (North)

Mingora, Swat.

vi. Food Technology Section, Agricultural Research Institute, (South) D.I.Khan

The initial inquiry resulted in negative response from all of the research institutes.

After 2 months, to collect information covering NWFP hit and run program was

launched and repeated visits were paid to the research institutes of NWFP.

This report includes the information obtained from these five institutes from their

official records and publications in the form of annual reports.

1.2.6 B. SAMPLE DESIG� FOR FOOD I�DUSTRY OF

PAKISTA�

Food Industries To review the research and development work done in food industry 33 major

food industries from three provinces of Pakistan were contacted. They numbered

province wise as

NWFP: 20

PUNJAB: 9

SIND: 4

PAKISTAN: 33

Only 8 major industrial units responded and returned the mailed Performa

duly filled. The industrial units mentioned the limitation of not publishing the R & D

work. They only perform R & D work on applied aspects of food technology. These

industries are briefly introduced in the report.

INTRODUCTION

5

List of food industries contacted is given below.

�ORTH WEST FRO�TIER PROVI�CE

S.�o/Sub

S.�o

REF �O ADDRESS

1 1 135 FST/AUP Hattar Fruits Products Ltd.

Plot No 33-34, Phase III, Industrial Estate, Hattar.

2 2 134 FST/AUP Tops Food & Beverages

Plot 14/1-Phase-III I.E, Hattar, NWFP.

3 3 133 FST/AUP Khazana Sugar Mills

Charsadda Road, Peshawar.

4 4 132 FST/AUP Bilour Industries. Ltd.

I.E. Peshawar.

5 5 131 FST/AUP International Ghee Industries Ltd.

I.E. Peshawar.

6 6 130 FST/AUP Pakistan Tobacco Company Ltd.

Akora Khattak, Nowshera.

7 7 129 FST/AUP Pakistan Flour & General Mills Ltd.

G.T. Road, Peshawar.

8 8 128 FST/AUP Universal Flour & General Mills (Pvt.) Ltd.

Gulbahar Colony, Peshawar.

9 9 127 FST/AUP Makk Beverages

Charsada Road, Peshawar.

10 10 126 FST/AUP Rakaposhi Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.

I.E. Jamrud road Peshawar.

11 11 125 FST/AUP Premier Sugar Mills & Distillery Co. Ltd.

Mardan.

12 12 124 FST/AUP Bannu Sugar Mills Ltd.

Serai Naurang, Bannu.

13 13 123 FST/AUP Chasma Sugar Mills Ltd.

University Road, D.I.Khan.

14 14 122 FST/AUP Frontier Sugar Mills & Distillery Company

Ltd.

Takhtbhai, Mardan.

15 15 121 FST/AUP Associated Industries

Amangarh, Nowshera.

16 16 120 FST/AUP Dargai Vegetable Oil Processing Industries

Ltd.

Malakand Division.

17 17 119 FST/AUP Sarhad Ghee Mills Ltd.

Gadoon Amazi, Swabi.

18 18 118 FST/AUP Pakistan Mineral Water Bottling Plant Ltd.

19 19 117 FST/AUP Khyber agro Ltd.

Gadoon Amazi, Swabi.

20 20 139 FST/AUP Dane Food Ltd.

Plot No. 31/1- Phase I & II, Industrial Estate,

Hattar.

INTRODUCTION

6

PU�JAB

S.�o/Sub

S.�o

REF �O ADDRESS

21 1 116 FST/AUP �estle Milkpak Ltd.

308-Upper Mall, Lahore.

22 2 115 FST/AUP Shezan International

Bund Road, Lahore.

23 3 114 FST/AUP Chaudry Dairies Ltd.

Al-Firdous, 135-Ferozepur Road, Lahore.

24 4 113 FST/AUP Teterapak Ltd.

316-Upper Mall, Lahore.

25 5 112 FST/AUP Mitchell’s

Renala Khurd, Okara.

26 6 111 FST/AUP Haidri Beverages (Pvt.) Ltd.

C.D.A Industrial Triangle, Kahuta Road,

Islamabad.

27 7 136 FST/AUP Rafhan Best Foods Ltd.

Rukh Canal, East Road, Faisalabad.

28 8 137 FST/AUP Rafhan Best Foods Ltd.

52-KM, Multan Road, Bhai Pheru, Lahore.

29 9 138 FST/AUP Vita Juices

Blessing Food (Pvt.) Ltd., V-9, 12 KM, Thokar

Niaz Baig, Multan Road, Lahore.

SI�D

S.�o/Sub

S.�o

REF �O ADDRESS

30 1 109 FST/AUP Lever Brothers Pakistan Ltd.

Avari Plaza, Fatima Jinnah Road, Karachi.

31 2 108 FST/AUP Ahmed Food Industries (Pvt.) Ltd.

D-112, Naurus Road, Sind Industrial Trading

Estate, Karachi.

32 3 110 FST/AUP �ational Foods Ltd.

F-133, F / 160-C, S.I.T.E Karachi.

33 4 140 FST/AUP English Biscuits Manufactures

Plot 1-4, Sector –23, Korangi Industrial Area,

Karachi.

HUMAN CAPITAL POTENTIAL IN FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FROM EDUCATION AND RESEARCH INSTITUTES OF NWFP

7

CHAPTER 2

HUMA� CAPITAL POTE�TIAL

I� FOOD SCIE�CE A�D TECH�OLOGY

FROM EDUCATIO�AL A�D RESEARCH I�STITUTES OF

�ORTH WEST FRO�TEIR PROVI�CE (�WFP) Human resources refer to the population of a country. The population on one hand is asset and a vital factor in the development of a country. On the other hand rapid growth has hampered development in many less developed countries of the world including Pakistan. The role of human resources can be studied from two different aspects. a) Quantitative aspect b) Qualitative aspect

Human Capital Formation Human capital refers to the productive qualities embodied in the labor force. The productive qualities are education, health, skills, and nutrition of the labor force. If the people of a country are well educated, well nourished, skilled and healthy, it is said to have more human capital and greater is the productivity of the country.

Investment in Human Capital Human capital formation in a wider sense refers to the act of increasing the productive qualities of the labor force by providing more education and by increasing skills, health and nutrition levels. It implies expenditure on education and training. There are five methods of developing human resources. 1. Providing health facilities, which increases the life expectancy, vigor and vitality

of the people. 2. Arranging on the job training. 3. Provision of education at primary, secondary and higher levels. 4. Organizing study and extension programs for the adults. 5. Allowing migration to individuals for changes of jobs. In less developing countries, the productivity of the labor is low because the people do not have the necessary skill and knowledge. Human capital formation is needed for a developing country to make the best use of imported physical capital. Pakistan comprises an agro-based economy. Achievement of self-sufficiency in food in this resource category is the cherished goal of all. Post harvest losses of food commodities are know to be enormous. One vital aspect that remains to be exploited is the application of processing technologies in the food marketing farming practices are losing the race to ever-increasing population growth. Therefore, preservation of whatever the agricultural efforts yield and value addition to the raw produce are the two options that deserve the highest priority in national development plans. Most important, through, is the build up of technology absorption and dissemination capacity.


8

Progress in technological capability depends on simultaneous advancement in social infrastructure’s education and research. Only when a critical knowledge base is created, the outflow of technology can begin through extension. The diversity of food materials and the variety of products that these can be converted into require a wide based technical expertise. Thus a trained work force in large numbers at all levels of management and production, is necessary to meet the growing needs of agriculture and for running the multidimensional food business enterprises. Trained personnel are needed to manage the government regulatory functions and evaluate technical feasibilities for bank and government loans. Food processing industry is thus a discrete technical area with opportunities for professional carrier development as managers and operators of different skills at various stages of the ladder from SME’s to corporate structure. Critical shortage of qualified and experienced personnel in Pakistan (North West Frontier Province) is indicated for rooting the technology option. This can be overcome by educational efforts at many levels. Technological advances in the field of Food Science and Technology have achieved a particular stage. North West Frontier Province of Pakistan is still lagging behind in the industrial growth. Apart from other factors lack of trained manpower played a major role in its slow development. Although food industry of the province employs maximum labor force but this is only a smaller portion of the working population. The population of the province prefers to be employed in service oriented jobs.

EXISTI�G EDUCATIO� SYSTEM The Universities, colleges and institutes imparting under graduate and higher education in agriculture, animal husbandry, and forestry are shown in Fig-2.1. While in agriculture universities at Faisalabad and Peshawar are linked to there respective agriculture departments of the provinces, the Sindh Agriculture University (SAU) at Tando Jam is still a part of the education department of Sindh. Responsibilities of Agriculture universities regarding research and extension and their linkage with the agriculture or education departments in the provinces, is still a subject of considerable controversy, although efforts are being made to establish closer linkage of universities with provincial and national efforts in agricultural research and extension. Besides the three agricultural universities, there are several agricultural colleges that are not an integral part of these universities. The Balochistan Agricultural College, located at Quetta is under the administrative control of the agriculture department , Government of Balochistan, which also provides funds for the College. The College is affiliated to the University of Balochistan (a general university) for purposes of award of degrees. The situation of the Punjab Barani Agricultural College is also similar which is under the administrative control of the agriculture department, Government of Punjab, and is affiliated to the University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The proposed agricultural college at Dokri will also be administered by the Sindh Government and affiliated to SAU. Colleges of agriculture at Multan and Rawla Kot (AJ&K) and the Faculty of Agriculture in D.I.Khan are constituent institutions of the general universities of Multan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Muzaffarabad), and Gomal (D.I.Khan) respectively. These


9

universities fund and administer the colleges and faculty similar to the faculties in the universities and also award degrees. Prior to the creation of agricultural universities, the above agriculture colleges and research institutes were following the "Land Grant College" approach, where education, research and extension were carried out in an integrated manner by one agency. Subsequently, when universities were created research and extension were separately organized without any linkage between these components, although their administrative control was together with the respective provincial agricultural departments. However, when the Education Commission (1959) revised the overall education sector in the country including general and professional education, it concluded that professional education in agriculture, engineering and technology, and medicine should also be brought with in the purview of education sector, rather than the specialized sectors of agriculture, engineering, and health departments, which according to the Commission gave professional education a parochial narrow bias. In retrospect, this decision to separate agricultural education from applied agricultural research and extension, and its transfer from agriculture to education department resulted in loosed contact of agricultural education with the real world of agriculture in farmers field resulting in rapid deterioration of the quality and relevance of agricultural education. RETUR�S TO I�VESTME�T I� AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

Several studies world-wide have shown over 100 percent rates of return from investment in human capital development. India, Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand are excellent examples of Asian countries that heavily invested in agricultural education with commensurate benefits to their national economies through agricultural development. However, in Pakistan, investment in agriculture education has not only been inadequate but also it has been declining in real terms over the years. Instead of improving quality of indigenous education. Pakistan has been heavily relying on overseas training. It costs US $ 150,000 to 200,000 for training a Ph.D. in agricultural sciences in USA. Although the returns on this large investment on overseas education are open to scrutiny, there is no argument about upgrading the local education facilities and rapidly transferring the accruing benefits to agriculture sector. Pakistan has so far been unable to cater to its domestic training needs and continues to heavily rely on foreign training, although considerable infrastructure exists and several teacher training programs were initiated under US AID supported TIPAN an d MART projects. To reform the domestic education system, drastic changes have to be made in agriculture education policy over the next decade. However, the practical value of reform proposals will be inter alia contingent on the seriousness of government to realize the need for a solid education foundation to meet the challenges of modern agriculture.


10

Map showing Existing Agricultural Education System of Pakistan

DEPARTMET OF FOOD SCIECE & TECHOLOGY,

WFP AGRICULTURAL UIVERSITY PESHAWAR


11

EDUCATIO�AL I�STITUTIO�S

2.1 DEPARTME�T OF FOOD SCIE�CE & TECH�OLOGY,

�WFP AGRICULTURAL U�IVERSITY PESHAWAR.

1. Full name of Section/Department/Lab Department of Food Science & Technology.

2. Address NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

3. Telephone 9216558 Location Peshawar.

4. Status: Provincial Year Established 1980

5. Primary Function Education and Research

6. Parent Organization NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

7. Year Established (Parent Organization) 1980.

8. Chief Officer Prof. Dr. Rafiullah Khan.1

9. Grade:BPS 21 Year in position: 1999 to date

10 Highest Education Ph.D. Univ. of Illinois, USA.

1 Mr. Bakhtiar Hussian is Chairman in 2002.


12

I�TRODUCTIO� Agricultural education in the North West Frontier Province (NWFP) started in 1933 from Islamia college. In 1950s, a Department of Agriculture was formally established in the University of Peshawar. In the 1960s, a separate campus for the college of Agriculture with special acres for farms was built at the edge of the University of Peshawar. The college was upgraded to a Faculty of Agriculture in 1974. With increased enrollment and teaching staff, the Faculty of Agriculture became a separate University called the NWFP Agricultural University (NWFP-AUP) in 1981. Expansion and modernization of the NWFP Agricultural University was made possible by the USAID/GOP/GONWFP/TIPAN project 1984-94. Under the project, the agriculture research system of the NWFP with its 14 research stations through out the province has been merged with the NWFP Agricultural University. Institute of Business Management and Computer Science was established in 1998. Institute of Biotechnology became a separate department. Intermediate classes were also initiated in 1998.


13

TEACHI�G STAFF Seven Staff members are currently serving the department, 5 staff members have served up to 1999 thus 12 staff members remained engaged with the department. Teaching Staff Department of Food Science and Technology, �WFP Agricultural University Peshawar.

S.�O �AME QUALIFICATIO� DESIG�ATIO� YEARS / DURATIO�

1. Mr. M.S. Roghani (Rtd.) M.S Australia. Professor

2. Prof. Dr. M. Saeed (Rtd.) M.S Colorado, Ph.D. Univ. of Illinois, USA. Professor

3. Prof. Jan Muhammad (Rtd.) M. Sc. Peshawar., M.S Pol. California, USA. Professor

4. Prof. Dr. Rafiullah Khan Ph.D Illinois Univ.USA. Professor

5. Mr. Bakhtiar Hussain M.Sc. (H) Pesh. Associate Professor

6. Dr. Alamzeb Ph.D (UK) Associate Professor

7. Mr. Javid Durrani (Rtd.) M. Sc. (Hons) Pesh. Assistant Professor

8. Dr. Samiullah (Rtd.) Ph.D. Punjab. Assistant Professor

9. Mr. Shamsul Munir M.Sc(H) Pesh. Assistant Professor

10. Dr. Javid Ullah Ph.D (Thailand) Assistant Professor

11. Mr. Said Wahab M.Sc(H) Assistant Professor

12. Mr. Ayub Khan M.Sc(H) Lecturer


14

LIST OF REVIEW PAPERS (1984-85 TO 1999)

List of Review Papers and Thesis Department of Food Science and Technology, �WFP Agricultural University Peshawar.

S.�O �AME OF STUDE�T TITLE YEARS

1. Niaz Mohammad Khan SPOILAGE OF FOOD 1984-85

2. Javid Ullah CANNING OF MEAT 1984-85

3. Mohammad Ilyas Khan FREEZING OF MEAT 1984-85

4. Habib Ur Rehman Khattak

GLASS CONTAINERS 1984-85

5. Hameed Khan FREEZING OF FISH 1984-85

6. Ishfaq Ahmed Haidri CHANGES IN POTATOES DURING STORAGE 1984-85

7. Habib Ahmed khan Rathore

THE ROLE OF PECTIC SUBSTANCES IN GELS (JELLIES) MAKING

1984-85

8. Tariq Shah TYPES OF DEHYDRATORS (DRIERS) 1984-85

9. Aman Ullah Khan VITAMIN C (STORED TOMATO) 1984-85

10. Mohammad Hanif FOOD ADDITIVES 1984-85

11. Mohammad Ghaus GLASS AND TIN CONTAINER FOR PRESERVED FOODS 1986

12. Mohammad Yunus Jan DIFFERENT METHODS IN FOOD PRESERVATION 1986

13. Amjad Ali ROLE OF MICROBES IN FOOD PRESERVATION 1986

14. Ovais Ahmad PRESERVATION OF FOOD BY LOW TEMPERATURE AND ITS SCOPE IN PAKISTAN

15. Mian Akbar Khan MILLING OF WHEAT

16. Ayaz Pervaiz THE EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE “ON THE QUALITY OF FOODS”


15


17. Iftikhar Ahmad MILK FORMATION, COMPOSITION

18. Javid Iqbal CANNING OF POULTRY

19. Nighat Parveen EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS ON LEGUMES 1990

20. Tahira Hameed SPOILAGE OF BREAD AND ITS CONTROL 1992

21. Jamila Zohra SPOILAGE OF MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS AND ITS CONTROL

1992

22. Mohammad Hanif Khan THE EFFECT OF CANNING, DRYING AND FREEZING ON THE QUALITY OF SOME FOODS

1993

23. Abid Khan SPOILAGE OF SOYBEAN OIL 1993

24. Alhamia Zaib PROCESSING OF SOYBEAN OIL 1994

25. Ihtesham Ul Haq FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF CEREAL GRAIN COMPONENTS IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF VARIOUS PRODUCTS

1994

26. Mohammad Tahir Khan SPOILAGE OF CANNED FOODS AND EFFECT OF pH ON THE PRESERVATION OF FOODS

27. Mohammad Shahnawaz RECENT ADVANCES IN DRYING AND DEHYDRATION OF FRUIT

1995

28. Ghulam Nabi Nasir STUDY OF BOTTLED KINOW ORANGE JUICE AT DIFFERENT STORAGE TEMPERATURE

1996

29. Ijlal Hussain FREEZE DRYING VS OTHER DRYING METHODS 1996

30. Imran Ahmad MICROBIAL EVALUATION OF HONEY 1997

31. Haider Zaman Khan Khattak

PREPARATION AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF YOGURT STABILIZED WITH PECTIN AND GELATIN

1997

32. Shandana Shahrayar METHODS AND TECHNIQUES USED IN VINEGAR PREPARATION

1997


16


33. Shaukat Khalil RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER ACTIVITY AND DETERIORATIVE REACTIONS ON FOOD

1997

34. Imran Aslam PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF CITRUS JUICES 1998

35. Asaf Fahmee FOOD PACKAGING, FOOD PROTECTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT

1998

36. Tahir Yosaf Khan FOOD PRESERVATION BY IRRADIATION 1998

37. Sajjad Umar PRESERVATION OF MEAT BY FREEZING 1998

38. Shafi Ullah Zaman EFFECT OF FREEZING ON FRUITS & VEGETABLES 1998

39. Mohammad Iqbal Bazai SUITABILITY OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF POTATO FOR DEHYDRATION

1998

40. Mohammad Hassan INFLUENCE OF SUNDRYING AND DEHYDRATION ON NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FRUITS

1998

41. Humera Ashraf THE EFFECT OF LIGHT AND PACKING MATERIAL ON THE OVERALL QUALITY OF CITRUSES

1998

42. Sadia Rehman AFFECT OF CANNING ON THE OVERALL QUALITY OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLE

1998

43. Urooba Pervaiz THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT STORAGE CONDITIONS ON THE OVERALL QUALITY OF APPLES

1998

44. Malik Irfan Jalil PREPARATION AND PRESERVATION OF SOFT AND HAND HARD CHEESE

1999

45. Nadia Mumtaz ROLE OF FOOD ADDITIVES IN THE PRESERVATION OF FRUIT JUICES

1999

46. Ihsan Mabood Qazi SOY MILK SOYMEAT SOY YOGHURT SOY CHEESE SOY PROTEIN CONCENTRATE SOY FLOUR

1999


17


47. Raheel Khan Afridi PREPARATION, PROCESSING AND STORAGE OF APPLE JUICE 1999

48. Mohammad Kamran RESPONSE OF BANANA TO DIFFERENT STORAGE TECHNIQUES FOR THE PROLONGATION OF ITS SHELF LIFE

1999

49. Akhtar Hussain FOOD IRRADIATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON FOOD QUALITY 1999

50. Ali Gohar khan FRUITS AND VEGETABLES PRESERVATION BY IRRADIATION 1999

51. Mian Hamayon STORAGE TECHNIQUES FOR SWEET ORANGES 1999

List of Thesis (1965-99)

1. Mohammad saeed SUITABILITY OF POLLINIZING VARIETIES OF PEAS FOR DEHYDRATION

1965

2. Akram Khan VARIETAL SUITABILITY OF SOME PEACH VARIETIES FOR CANNING PURPOSES

1966

3. Mohammad Afzal CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SWEET ORANGES AT VARIOUS STAGES OF MATURITY

1967

4. Amjad Hussain SUITABILITY OF PEAS VARIETIES FOR FREEZING 1968

5. Jan Mohammad Mian Kheel

TO STUDY THE CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BOTTLES KINNOW ORANGE JUICE AT DIFFERENT STORAGE TEMPERATURE

1970

6. Baz Mohammad SUITABILITY OF DHAKKI DATES FOR DEHYDRATION 1972

7. Syed Noorul Hadi ENRICHMENT OF WHEAT FLOUR WITH SOYBEAN FLOUR 1973

8. Ihsan-Ul-Haq SUITABILITY OF TOMATO VARIETIES FOR CANNING 1975

9. Ajab Khan THE EFFECT OF VARIETY, METHOD OF EXTRACTION, TYPE OF CONTAINER, STORAGE TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON THE RETENTION OF ASCORBIC ACID IN SINGLE STRENGTH TOMATO JUICE

1976


18


10. Ghulam Jilani Malik EFFECT OF VARIETY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF DEEP FRIED POTATO CHIPS

1976

11. Mohammad Jawaid STUDY OF GRAPEFRUIT AND SWEET ORANGE JUICE CONCENTRATES AT DIFFERENT STORAGE TEMPERATURE

1979

12. Iqbal Husain STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ANTISPROUTING CHEMICALS ON THE SHELFLIFE OF ONIONS

1980

13. Bakhtiar Hussain FRUIT FLAVORED BUFFALO WHOLE MILK 1980

14. Mohammad Ishaq Yousafzai

STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ANTISPROUTING CHEMICALS ON THE SHELF LIFE OF POTATOES

1981

15. Shamsul Muneer QUALITY CHANGES AND ACCEPTABILITY OF SOY MILK AFFECTED BY PROCESSING METHODS AND STORAGE

1982

16. Jan Mohammad Khan STUDIES ON THE CHEMICAL CONTROL OF POST HARVEST DECAY OF POTATO

1983

17. Yousaf Mohammad EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SIZE GRADES ON THE QUALITY OF CANNED SWEET ORANGE JUICE DURING STORAGE

1985

18. Dawood Khan EFFECT OF LIGHT AND GAMMA IRRADIATION OF OXIDATION OF DRY NUT OILS

1985

19. Ejaz Begum STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES OF DRYING ON THE QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF LECONTE PEARS

1985

20. Jehanzeb Khan INFLUENCE OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON SOME PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF POTATOES

1985

21. Tajammal Hussain EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FRYING MEDIA TIMES AND TEMPERATURES ON THE QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF POTATO CHIPS

1985


19


22. Iqbal Mohammad EFFECT OF HEATING AND ADDITION OF PECTIN ON CLOUDINESS/SETTING AND OTHER PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CITRUS SQUASH DURING STORAGE

1985

23. Nasir Ahmad A STUDY ON THE CONTROL OF RANCIDITY IN POTATO CHIPS

1985

24. Hassoni Sadeq Muhilan EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION AND PACKING MATERIAL ON THE EXTENSION OF STORAGE LIFE OF DATES

1985

25. Misal Khan Khattak EFFECT OF DIFFERENT SIZE GRADES AND ADDED ASCORBIC ACID ON THE QUALITY OF BOTTLED SWEET ORANGE JUICE

1985

26. Fazli Rahim STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIGHT INTENSITIES ON THE SYNTHESIS OF TOTAL GLYCOALKALOIDS (SOLANINE) IN POTATO CULTIVARS DURING STORAGE AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

1986

27. Rafiq Mohammad Khattak

EFFECT OF LIGHT AND PACKAGING MATERIAL ON ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT AND ORGANOLETPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CITRUS SQUASH DURING STORAGE

1986

28. Faizullah Khan EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ROT INCIDENCE OF DIFFERENT POTATO CULTIVARS

1986

29. Mohammad Aslam Marwat

EFFECT OF STORAGE ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL SQUASHES

1986

30. Mohammad Ashraf EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON FUNGAL INFESTATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIZE

1986


20


31. Manzoor Nazli FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF TOMATO KETCHUP AND ITS SHELF LIFE

1986

32. Ghani Mohammad Malakandi

STUDIES ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF MANGO DRINK THROUGH BLENDING, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO VARIETIES IN NWFP

1986

33. Tariq Ahmad Jan EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PASTEURIZATION ON THE CLOUD STABILITY IN ORANGE SQUASH

1986

34. Gohar Badshah EFFECT OF STORAGE ON THE KEEPING QUALITY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CANNED MANGO JUICE

1986

35. Inayatullah Abid EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF SOYBEAN

1986

36. Mazullah Khattak SOME STUDIES ON POSTHARVEST LIFE OF PERSIMMON FRUIT

1986

37. Shams-Ur-Rehman Afridi EFFECT OF STORAGE ENVIRONMENT ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF APRICOTS AND RAISINS

1986

38. Javid Ullah FLAVORED SOYMILK FOR ADULT USE 1986

39. Tariq Shah EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PACKAGING MATERIAL ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF MUSAMBI ORANGES DURING STORAGE

1986

40. Hameed Khan Khattak EFFECT OF BLANCHING TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTIVITY OF CATALASE AND PEROXIDASE ENZYMES IN DEHYDRATED PEAS DURING STORAGE

1986

41. Shehnaz Begum EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PREFRYING TREATMENTS ON QUALITY OF POTATO CHIPS DURING STORAGE

1986

42. Zahir Shah EFFECT OF VARIOUS TYPES OF PACKAGING MATERIALS ON 1986


21


THE PHYSICO-CHEMICAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD RED ORANGES DURING STORAGE AT ROOM CONDITIONS

43. Mohammad Rahim Khattak

EFFECT OF REPLACEMENT OF SUCROSE WITH LIQUID GLUCOSE ON THE QUALITY OF CITRUS SQUASH

1986

44. Qudsia Sultana UTILIZATION OF GUAVA AND PEAR WASTE (PEELS & CORES) FOR JELLY MAKING

1986

45. Murad Ali EFFECT OF PROCESSING AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE ON THE QUALITY OF CANNED TOMATO JUICE DURING STORAGE

1987

46. Shaukat Ali STUDIES ON THE SUPPLEMENTATION OF MAIZE FLOUR WITH SOYBEAN FLOUR ON THE QUALITY OF MAIZE BREAD

1987

47. Hamid Javed EFFECT OF POST HARVEST TREATMENTS ON THE QUALITY OF SWEET ORANGES (BLOOD RED) DURING STORAGE

1987

48. Mohammad Ilyas Khan COMPARATIVE EFFICIENCY OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF EXTRACTION OF SOYMILK & CHANGES DURING STORAGE

1987

49. Khan-i-Aman EFFECT OF PEELING METHODS ON NUTRITIONAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC CHARACTERISTIC OF DEHYDRATED POTATOES

1987

50. Shakil Ahmad EFFECT OF IRRADIATION ON THE KEEPING QUALITY OF FEUTRELL’S EARLY

1987

51. Mohammad Haleem EFFECT OF LIGHTS AND DIFFERENT PACKAGES ON THE QUALITY OF BUFFALO BUTTER

1987

52. Said Wahab COMPARATIVE QUALITY STUDY OF TOASTED CORN AND SOYBEAN

1987


22


53. Raja Mohmaad Imran EFFECT OF GAMMA IRRADIATION ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF CHICK PEA (GRAM)

1987

54. Zahir Shah THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT LIGHT CONDITIONS AND PACKAGES ON THE QUALITY OF LIQUID MILK

1987

55. Mohammad Ismail CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND MINERAL CONSTITUENTS OF RAW, AUTOCLAVED, AND ROASTED CHICKPEA VARIETIES GROWN IN NWFP

1987

56. Mohammad Hanif EFFECT OF PLAIN AND LACQUERED CANS ON THE QUALITY OF SINGLE STRENGTH CANNED TOMATO JUICE DURING STORAGE AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

1987

57. Mohammad Arif EFFECT OF PRE-STORAGE TREATMENTS ON THE POST HARVEST BEHAVIOR OF TOMATOES

1987

58. Imtiaz Ahmad EFFECT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE AND PRE-STORAGE TREATMENTS ON THE POST HARVEST BEHAVIOUR OF TOMATOES

1987

59. Mohammad Khalid Khan STUDIES ON THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND LIKING QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME RICE CULTIVARS

1987

60. Iftikhar Ahmad EFFECT OF STORAGE ON THE QUALITY OF CANNED PEACHES IN SYRUPS IN PLAIN AND LEQUERED CANS, STORED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

1987

61. Mohammad Yasin QUALITY CHARACTERISTIC AND STORAGE STABILITY OF INTERMEDIATE MOISTURE (IM) ON CARROTS GLAC’E

1987

62. Waheedul Haq Khattak HEAVY METALS IN MAJOR RAW AGRICULTURE CROPS IN THE NWFP

1987


23


63. Saeed Khan EFFECT OF STORAGE ON THE QUALITY OF SINGLE STRENGTH ORANGE JUICE (TETRA BRICK) STORED AT AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

1987

64. Roohullah Jan EFFECT OF PACKAGING MATERIALS ON THE STORAGE STABILITY OF GUAVA SYRUP

1987

65. Qaiser Ali Khan Shinwari QUALITY EVALUATION OF TETRA PACKED MILKS DURING STORAGE

1987

66. Rab Nawaz Khan PHOTO-CHEMICAL CHANGES IN PACKAGED ORANGE JUICE DURING STORAGE

1987

67. Alamgeer PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF DATE SYRUP 1987

68. Abdur Rashid EFFECT OF STORAGE ENVIRONMENTS AND IRRADIATION ON THE STORAGE LIFE OF DRIED FIGS AND DATES

1988

69. Hamayoun Huma EFFECT OF LOW TEMPERATURE STORAGE OF POTATO VARIETIES ON THE NON ENZYMATIC BROWNING OF DEHYDRATED DICE AND FRIED CHIPS AN RECONDITIONING AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES

1988

70. Ayaz Pervaiz STUDIES ON THE SUITABILITY OF RED BLOOD ORANGES FOR COMMINUTED SQUASHES AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR

1989

71. Hayatullah Mohmand PHYTATE PROTEIN INTERACTION IN CHICKPEA SEED 1989

72. Ovais Ahmed EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PACKAGING MATERIALS AND FUNGICIDE ON THE POST HARVEST BEHAVIOUR OF PEAR DURING STORAGE (AMBIENT)

1989

73. Syed Iqbal Shah ASSESSMENT OF NUTRITIVE VALUE AND ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF WHEAT BREAD SUPPLEMENTED WITH

1989


24


POTATO FLOUR

74. Mohammad Naseem Khattak

STORAGE LIFE EXTENSION OF GUAVA FRUIT BY IRRADIATION AND WAXING

1989

75. Jehad Ali STUDIES ON THE PREPARATION OF SOY YOUGHURT FROM WHOLE SOYBEANS, ITS NUTRITIONAL QUALITY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR

1989

76. Mohammad Yunus PHYTATE PROTEIN INTERACTION IN SUN FLOWER SEED 1989

77. Mushtaq Ahmad COMPARATIVE QUALITY EVALUATION OF COTTAGE AND PESHAWARI CHEESE PREPARED FROM COW’S AND BUFFALO’S MILK

1989

78. Niaz Mohamamd Khan EFFECT OF DIFFERENT IRRADIATION DOSES ON THE QUALITY AND STORAGE BEHAVIOUR OF FRESHLY HARVESTED PEAS

1989

79. Habib Ahmad Khan Rathore

STUDIES OF THE INFLUENCE OF PACKAGING MATERIALS ON THE COMPOSITIONAL CHANGES IN POTATOES DURING STORAGE

1991

80. Raad Razaq EFFECT OF FERMENTATION pH, TEMPERATURE ON PHYTIC ACID CONTENT OF CHICKPEA

1992

81. Mohammad Liaqat PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OIL OF DIFFERENT CULTIVARS OF CANOLA UNDER PAKISTANI CONDITIONS

1994

82. Mohammad Ayub EFFECT OF SOLUTE AND SOLUTE CONCENTRATION ON THE WATER ACTIVITY AND SHELF LIFE STABILITY OF OSMOTICALLY DEHYDRATED GUAVA

1994

83. Zakirullah Khan EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF 1995


25


THIABENDAZOLE ON THE PHYSIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FEUTELL’S EARLY FRUITS STORED AT ROOM CONDITIONS

84. Muhammad Hanif Khan ACCEPTABILITY OF COW AND BUFFALO FLAVORED MILK 1996

85. Jamila Zohra EFFECT OF pH ON PHYTATE PROTEIN INTERACTION IN PIGEON PEA

1996

86. Sartaj Ali INFLUENCE OF NATURAL FERMENTATION AT VARIOUS pH, TEMPERATURE AND TIME ON PHYTIC ACID CONTENT IN KIDNEY BEAN

1996

87. Ihtishamul Haq EFFECT OF FLORAL TYPE, GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND HONEY BEE SPECIES ON THE WATER ACTIVITY AND OTHER PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF HONEY

1997

88. Mohammad Shahnawaz EFFECT OF SELECTED FOOD ADDITIVES ON PHYTIC ACID CONTENT OF SOYBEAN DURING SOAKING

1997

89. Naveed Iqbal INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MILK AND STABILIZERS ON WHEY SEPARATION AND QUALITY OF YOGHURT

1998

90. Malik Mazhar Hussain QUALITY COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BREADS OF UHT MILK AS FRESH AND INCUBATED AT 37OC

1998

91. Sartaj Ali EFFECT OF POTASSIUM METABISULFITE ON TANNIN CONTENT, NUTRITIONAL MICROBIAL AND ORGANOLEPTIC EVALUATION OF SUNDRIED PERSIMMON

1999

92. Maqsood Ahmad QUALITY APPRAISAL OF GUAVA STORED AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES

1999

93. Mohammad Iqbal THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PROCESSING TIME AND 1999


26


STORAGE TEMPERATURES ON THE QUALITY OF CANNED GUAVA

94. Jehanzeb EFFECT OF DIFFERENT POST HARVEST TREATMENTS ON THE CONTROL OF ROT AND QUALITY OF 6-A PEACH DURING COLD STORAGE

1999

Teaching Staff

Total : 7 Ph.D. : 3 M.Sc(H) : 4 Total number of Review Papers from 1984 to 1999 : 50 Total number of Thesis from 1965 to 1999 : 95 According to the available records more than 50 Reviews papers and 95 Theses research has been conducted in more than 15 years. The present staff position is very weak. The department of Food Technology lacks the qualified staff. Averagely more than 5 students per year enroll in the department which are difficult to accommodate and focused on.


27

2.2 DEPARTME�T OF FOOD TECH�OLOGY,

U�IVERSITY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE

RAWLAKOT, AZAD KASHMIR The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir was established in 1980, comprises four campuses in different districts. The University College of Agriculture is situated at Rawlakot having various disciplines including Food Technology. For B.Sc.(Hons) Agric. Degree program Food Technology is being offered as a major subject since 1987. Master degree program is not started yet. However and industrial training report is compulsory for B.Sc.(Hons ) students.

TEACHI�G STAFF

Food Technology department employs 2 staff members while 2 staff members have served the department up till 1988. Teaching Staff Department of Food Technology

S.�0 �AME QUALIFICATIO� DURATIO�

1. Mr. Sabir Z. Siddiqui M.Sc.(Hons) UAF 30-3-83 To 30-9-86 2. Dr. Javaid Aziz Awan Ph.D (UAF) 27-12-86 To 8-4-88 3. Mr. Muhammad Siddique

Awan M.Sc.(H) 13-4-85 To Date

4. Mr. Habib Ahmad Rathore M.Sc. 15-3-87 to Date

Total : 2. M.Sc : 2. Number of Technical Reports from 1987 to 1999 : 42.


28

LIST OF STUDE�TS

List of Students

S.�O. �AME OF STUDE�T S.�O. �AME OF STUDE�T

1. Farooq Akbar 22. Raja Mumtaz 2. Nasir Mahmood 23. Tanveer Ahmad 3. Sudhir Ahmad Tariq 24. Muhammad Ishfaq 4. Atiq Ahmad 25. Muhammad Qaddafi Khan Wali 5. Sulman Ahmad Lodhi 26. Syed Amjad Hussain 6. Akif Nadeem 27. Miss Shagufta Naz 7. Muhammad Bilal Khan 28. Hamad Abdul Aziz 8. Sohail Ashraf 29. Miss Summyia Rubab 9. Mushtaq Ahmad 30. Zahoor Ahmad 10. Sartaj Ali 31. Imran Hayat 11. Muhammad Amir Khan 32. Abid Hussain 12. Junaid Ghafoor 33. Muhammad Zafar Hafiz 13. Tariq Mahmood 34. Muhammad Shaheen 14. Shahid Shakeel 35. Miss Sabeen Naz Gilani 15. Zeeshan Butt 36. Imtiaz Hussain 16. Tanveer Abbasi 37. Muhammad Irshad Khan 17. Zulfiqar Ali Khan 38. Rehan Majeed 18. Tariq Bashir 39. Liaqat Ali 19. Amir Hameed Mughal 40. Masood Sharif 20. Akhtar Javed 41. Muhammad Iqbal Khan 21. Muhammad Dawood 42. Ahmed Bilal

Forty Two (42) students have graduated from the department with major as Food Technology.


29

2.3 DEPARTME�T OF FOOD TECH�OLOGY FACULTY OF

AGRICULTURE, GOMAL U�IVERSITY, DERA ISMAIL KHA�

TEACHI�G STAFF

Three (3) Staff members are employed at Food Technology department.

Teaching Staff Department of Food Technology

S.�o �ame

1. Dr. Ahmad Khan Baloch (Rtd.) 2. Saifullah 3. Mirza Ali Khan. (Chairman)

FOOD SCIECE DIVISIO UCLEAR ISTITUTE

FOR FOOD AD AGRICULTURE (IFA), TARAB


30

RESEARCH I�STITUTES

2.4 FOOD SCIE�CE DIVISIO� �UCLEAR I�STITUTE

FOR FOOD A�D AGRICULTURE (�IFA), TAR�AB

1. Full name of Section/Department/Lab:

Food Science Division

2. Address: NIFA, G.T. Road, Tarnab, Peshawar, NWFP, PAKISTAN.

3. Telephone: (091)2964060-2 Location: Tarnab

4. Status: Federal Year Established: 1982

5. Primary Function: Research and Development in Food Science & Technology.

6. Parent Organization: Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture.

7. Year Established (Parent Organization):

1982

8. Chief Officer: Dr. Abdus Sattar.2

9. Grade:BPS 20 Year in position: 1982 to 1999

10. Highest Education: Ph.D. Gulep, CANADA.

2 Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry is Head of Division in 2002.


31

I�TRODUCTIO� The Nuclear Institute for Food & Agriculture Peshawar started functioning in 1982. The institute has two research divisions, namely, Nuclear Agriculture and Food Science. The Nuclear Agriculture Division comprises research groups of Mutation Breeding, Soil Science and Entomology. The Food Science Division comprises research groups of Food Chemistry, Food Engineering, Food Microbiology and Nutrition. A Technical Services Division provides repair, maintenance and other such facilities.

Manpower The number of scientists at the institute during 1997-98 was 34: Two Chief Scientific Officers, 14 Principal Scientific Officers, 12 Senior Scientific Officers, 3 Scientific Officers and 3 Technical Officers. The non-scientific officers included an Administrator, and Accounts Officer, a Superintendent Principal Engineer (Cival) and an Assistant Librarian. The number of supporting scientific/technical staff was 43 and of parascientific staff was 98 thus making a total of 177.

SUMMARY OF RESEARCH WORK

FOOD SCIE�CE DIVISIO�

1982 TO 1992

Post harvest food losses in Pakistan and other tropical countries are enormous. In order to minimize these losses, research studies were carried out on selected projects involving irradiation and other preservation techniques. Food irradiation is a new technology employed for preserving a wide variety of food materials. Experiments on potatoes and onions revealed that a dose of 0.1 kGy of gamma radiation completely inhibited sprouting and significantly reduced storage loses occurring due to sprouting, dehydration and rottage of these vegetables. Radiation treatment increased the storage life of potatoes for more than 6 months when stored at 20oC and of onions for more than 8 months when stored at ambient conditions under shade. In the case of dried fruits and nuts, radiation dose of 1 kGy was found sufficient to kill all the infesting insects without adversely affecting the nutritional value and sensory quality of the product. Complete microbial decontamination of spices was achieved at an irradiation dose of 10 kGy. For poultry meat a dose of 3 kGy was found optimum in reducing the bacterial load to a significantly low level as compared to un-irradiated control during storage for 5 months at - 20oC. Radiation dose of 1 kGy was found suitable for insect disinfestation of cereals and legumes. Application of low doses of gamma irradiation ( 0.10, 0.20 kGy) to cereals and pulses with subsequent soaking/germination significantly improved their nutritional value by lowering the antinutrients (phytic acid, trypsin inhibitor) and increasing the vitamins such as ascorbic acid, riboflavin, thiamine an niacine. Irradiation treatment of legumes (3.00 kGy) markedly improved their physio-chemical and cooking characteristics. Research and development studies on rapeseed were conducted. Chemical composition of Pak-cheen, single zero and double zero rapeseed cultivars revealed wide variations in potential nutrients, erucic acid, phytic acid, glucosinolates and poly-phenolic compounds. The result showed that radiation (1.0 klay) Plus outoclaving


32

(121oC, 15 PSI) treatment was most useful in removing glucosinolates while germination was the best and simple method for eliminating phytate related biochemical factors. Rapeseed protein was found to posses best profile of essential amin acids when compared with other legumes and cereals. Its protein comprises of about 80% albumins and globulins. The solubilization of protein at the alkaline pH and subsequent precipitation at pH 4-5 can be used to obtain an isolate with low levels of phytic acid. Rapeseed proteins were sequentially extracted with water, salt solution, propanol, alkali, acetic acid and SDS borate solvents. Characterization of proteins by polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis revealed that protein patterns were significantly affected by radiation doses and the type of cultivar. A procedure for identification of rapeseed varieties on the basis of protein patterns by electrophoresis was standardized. Determination of polyphenolic compounds such as sinapine, catechin, tannic acid, procyanidine-proanthocynadine and flavan-4-pls in the major fractions of rapeseed cultivars (cotlyledons and husk) revealed significant variations depending upon the cultivar and the fraction. Concentration of aflatoxins in rapeseed development of higher levels of B1 and G1 (46 and 30 ug/k) in cottonseed meal than rapeseed meal (30 and 20 ug/kg). Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed meal protein was carried out by in vitro and in vivo assays. The meal fed as a sole source of protein did not support growth in poultry chicks. However, its replacement with wheat protein to the extent of 50% significantly improved the growth. Autoclaving of the meal for 30 minutes improved its feed value. The use of multi enzymes instead of single enzyme in the In vitro tests revealed much better reproducibility. Nutritional evaluation of different foods, feeds and forages indicated higher food value of oilseed meals than food grains and forages. The studies on stability of rapeseed and other oils indicated that brown colored glass, plastic and polyethylene packages were better in protecting the quality against oxidation than the respective un-colored (clear) packages. Post-harvest studies on fresh fruits were conducted and methods were standardized to prepare squashes, comminuted drinks and syrups from citrus, mango, guava and persimmon. Persimmon was not found suitable for preparing squashes and other drinks. A procedure for preparing comminuted guava drink with base: water: sugar/acid ratio of 1:2:3 was found superior to other formulations in respect of sensoric and storage quality. Storage of fruit products indicated profound losses in the vitamin C content while other quality parameters were little affected. Packaging of these products in amber colored glass bottles reduced the loss of ascorbic acid significantly and improved acceptability during storage compared to clear (transparent) glass bottles. Shelf life extension of citrus and persimmon fruits were tried. Packaging of these fruits in newspaper did not extend their shelflife instead the fruits were infested with various microorganisms. Polyethlylene packaging checked the weight loss and retained natural flavor of oranges during 5 weeks storage. Detailed experimentation on packaging of persimmon revealed that bulk and unipackaging of unripe but fully mature fruit in polyethylene (0.045 mm) increased the storage life by about 10 and 15 days respectively over control. (Newspaper).

1993-94 During the course of studies on oilseed research and development, low fat and high protein oilseed flours were prepared by an improved procedure (disregarding prior soaking) in order to minimize protein losses. Protein content was highest in soybean


33

flour (61.7%) and lowest (48.1%) in sunflower flour. Chapaties were prepared from wheat flour fortified with 5-10% oilseed flours. The organoleptic results showed that all the chapaties attained acceptable scores except those made from sunflower which were disliked due to their blackish color. As for the functional properties, the soybean flour absorbed a maximum water followed by rapeseed flour whereas foaming capacity and foam stability were highest in sunflower followed by soybean flour. Influence of

antioxidants i.e. BHT, BHA, TBHQ and α-Tocopherol on oxidation of rape and palm oils was studied. The antioxidants greatly reduced peroxidation of these oils and BHT was found to be most effective. Palm olein was found to be more stable to oxidation than corn, soybean, and sunflower oils under fluorescent light conditions. Irradiation treatment of palm products, at doses of 2.5 to 10.0 kGy, resulted in decrease in iodine values but slight increase in peroxide values. In another, experiment, soaking of rapeseed in water for few hours helped remove some polyphenols. The phenolic extracts appeared to possess insect repellent properties; the methanol extract of rapeseed-leaves proved more effective than the water extract. The nutritional value of rapeseed meal for broiler chicks was improved by subjecting the meal to irradiation and autoclaving; weight gain and feed consumption per chick were more but dressing percentage was lesser with 10 kGy irradiated meal than other treatments. Autoclaving the seeds before oil-extraction was found better than autoclaving after oil-extraction. In the second project on post-harvest technology and biochemistry of fresh fruits and vegetables, effect of gamma irradiation (0.5-4.0 kGy) on shelf-life extension of pears was studied. Radiation treatment (3 kGy) slightly increased the storage life but losses in vitamin C and texture were more. The heavy metal contents of road-side fruit orchards were studied as a function of distance from the road. The lead, cadmium and copper contents of pear fruits near kotla Jugian decreased with increasing distance of trees from the road. Leaves of the tree were more contaminated with lead than fruits. Water washing of the fruits only partially remove the heavy metals (20-40%). Pleurotus and Agaricus mushrooms exhibited increased enzymatic activity (O-DPO) during first 2-4 days which drastically decreased during later storage. Stipe portion exhibited concentration of O-PDO than the lamella and pileus portions. Gamma irradiation inhibited the growth and spore production in mushrooms and extended their storage life for 4 days. During storage under different conditions, solar dried persimmons lost maximum vitamin C at room temperature (20.7%) followed by refrigerated (13.0%) and frozen conditions (7.0%). Similar pattern was observed for development of browning in the samples. The experiments on identification of irradiated foods were conducted under an IAEA Research Contract. The chemiluminescence (CL) measurements using luminol and lucingenin indicated wide variations depending upon the fruit, nut or spice. The UV-V is spectra of the steam distillates showed clear variation between irradiated and unirradiated cumin and red chili as well as other radiated and unirradiated samples and the same was true for EC values. The acidity values of distillates from fruits didn’t give conclusive indications; but plant nuts an spices showed marked variation between the treated and untreated samples. In order to develop label dosimeters for irradiated foods, polyethylene and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in different thickness and colors were irradiated and evaluated for desired linear response with increasing absorb doses


34

using spectrophotometric technique. Polyethylene samples did not give encouraging results but plastic-glass samples, the red and the clear ones, showed promise. In order to corroborate the beneficial effects of irradiation of poultry feed, another experiment was conducted with broiler chicks. The commercial feed irradiated at 5 Kgy yielded maximum live (22% more over control) and dressed weights (17% more over control) compared to other treatments.

1994-1995 Studies on development of detection methods and label dosimeters for irradiated foods under and IAEA coordinated research project continued. Chemiluminescence (CL) measurements on the mineral matter of dried fruits (apricot, raisin, date) and plant nuts (almond, walnut, peanut, pinenut) using luminol lucigenin photosensitizing reactions indicated linear response in relation to the irradiation doses of 0.1-1.5 kGy. However, stability of CL measurements during storage period of 3 months was inconsistent except for the lucigenin values in dried fruits and plant nuts. Among the label dosimeters, clear and red PMMA (2mm) gave linear specific absorption in the irradiation dose range of 0.1-3.0 kGy. However, during 3 to 9 month storage, specifid absorption. Changed to almost non-linear form. The work on aflatoxin (B1, G1) levels and fungal counts of commercial feeds was initiated. The irradiation treatment indicated some encouraging results for their control. Shelf life extension of fresh persimmon was tried using nitrogen, carbon dioxide, ethonol and ammonia atmospheres. The samples kept under ammonia and ethanol atmosphere as for 3 days became astringent, discolored and off-flavored, however, the fruits kept under nitrogen and carbon dioxide exhibited no astringency on removal and remained in very good condition with respect to browning and sensory test parameters. R & D work on soil seeds with emphasis on rapeseed was carried out. The flours of soybean, sunflower, rapeseed and peanut were prepared and the corn flour was fortified with these flours at 5 and 10% level for improving protein content of corn bread. With 5% fortification, the protein content increased by 9% and slightly higher increase occurred with 10% fortification. The sensoric quality of resultant bread made with soybean flour was the best while that made with rapeseed and sunflower flour was the worst because of being blackish in color. Heating of oilseed-flours at 100oC for 5 and 10 minutes improved some functional properties while others were not affected. Composition of rapeseed varieties for different phenolic compounds was determined. The synthetic (BHT) and natural (clove oil) antioxidants proved to be identical in limiting peroxidation of corn and soybean oils. The frying quality of rape oil was found better than sunflower, soybean and corn oils for preparing potato-chips. Use of charcoal and magnesium oxide @1.0% for restoring quality of fried oil for reuse gave some encouraging results. The effect of feeding irradiated rapeseed meal @0, 15, 20, 25% of the whole diet to broiler and layer chicks was studied. Irradiation treatment exhibited no adverse influence on the dressed weight, liver weight, feed consumption or blood haemoglobin level of broilers. The unirradiated rapeseeed meal upto 15% level did not affect any tested parameter while at 25% level, the live dressed weights decreased. The laying performance of layers was also not affected by rapeseed meal upto 25% level.


35

The heavy metal content of vegetables grown with city sewage effluent was determined. All the vegetables especially spinach had significantly higher levels of led, cadmium and copper. The soils of the test sites and samples of sewage effluent also contained considerably higher levels of these metals especially lead and copper. Some common edibles (edible oil) and non-edible (different brand of snuff) were analyzed for heavy metal content. A few snuff samples contained these elements above the accepted levels.

1995-96 The chemiluminescence (CL), thermoluminescence (TL) and gas chromatography techniques were tried for identifying irradiated fresh/dried fruits and tree nuts. The TL data revealed clear differences among the irradiated (0.5-1.5 kGy) dried fruits (apricot and raisin) and tree nuts (almond, pinenut and walnut), however the effect was not dose dependent. For fresh fruits (apple and mango), electrical conductivity measurements were inconsistent. Similarly, fatty acid composition of tree nut oils did not show meaningful differences between irradiated and unirradiated samples. As regards label dosimeters, clear and red PMMA (2mm) showed promise for one month in the dose range of 0.1-3.0 kGy. The flexible polymers (polyethylenes, PVS) were also tested but their optical response was not linear even immediately after irradiation. The commercial broiler ration No. 5 was found to contain high bacterial and fungal load, the radiation treatment significantly reduced it and kept, it low throughout storage. Aflatoxin (B1 and G1) in poultry feed and feed ingredients were also high (B1 = 20-36 ug/Kg, G1 = 165-215 ug/Kg) but their levels remained quite low in the irradiated samples. Among the oilseed meals, corn meal contained highest while rapeseed-meal the lowest amounts of aflatoxins B1 and G1. Irradiation treatment of cereals (rice, maize, wheat) and their flours greatly reduced the fungal load and there by the development of aflatoxins during storage for 12 months. In order to minimize the use of sulfur dioxide (SO2) as an antibrowning and antifungal agent in processed foods. Alternate treatments such as ascorbic acid (2%), citric acid (2%) and different heating time/temperature (50oC) combinations were tried for solar dehydration of persimmon fruit. The overall results showed that although the changes in vitamin C and moisture contents were variable, the SO2 treated samples were always rated better than the other treatments for color, flavor and taste. Persimmon contains appreciable quantities of polyphenols and treatment of the fruit with combination methods (ascorbic acid and citric acid 2%) decreased the phenolics more than SO2 treated samples during 3-months storage. In case of vegetables, solar dehydration of onion was tried and the rehydration rations were determined. The influence of synthetic (BHT) and natural antioxidants (sesame and clove oils) on the oxidative and photooxidative deterioration of sunflower and soybean oils was studied. The results on quality indices showed that although BHT was a better antioxidant, sesame and clove oils reduced development of rancidity appreciably. Sesame oil being an edible product can be mixed safely with oils to enhance their shelf life. A series of studies carried out to substitute rapeseed meal for costly protein concentrates in poultry rations of broiler and layer chicks revealed that rapeseed meal upto 15% level did not hamper the performance of the birds and reduced the feed


36

content upto 9%. Inclusion of rapeseed meal upto 25% level did not exert any adverse effect on egg laying efficiency or egg size in the layers, irrespective of the breed used.

1996-97 Research work on the development of identification methods and label dosimeters for irradiated foods (fresh/dried fruits and tree nuts as well as meat, poultry and fish) was continued. The thermoluminescence technique was found suitable for identifying and measuring absorbed dose in all the tested dried fruits and tree nuts but the GC-pyrolysis showed slight differences. The electron spin resonance (ESP) method was useful in distinguishing irradiated test materials but was not suitable for measuring the absorbed dose. The clear PMMA of 4-10mm thickness was found suitable as a label dosimeter for dried fruits/nuts treated with 0.1-1.0 kGy and for meat, poultry and fish treated with 1.0-5.0 kGy. For decontamination of commercial poultry feed, ammonia (1%) and calcium propionate (0.05%) treatments were evaluated against irradiation (5 Kgy) treatment. The results showed that ammoniation and irradiation were equally effective in decontaminating the feed as well as enhancing the biological performance of broilers by rendering the feed more palatable and digestible. Development of astringent taste in persimmon, a nutritious but highly perishable fruit grown abundantly in NWFP, is a major problem in its acceptability. Removal of astringency through treatment with ethanol (2.5 ml/litre) and nitrogen (50%) was attempted. The treatment with both the compounds effectively reduced total phenols and some other antinutrients causing astringency. The treated samples were found to be firmer than the untreated controls. Solar dehydration of persimmon can extend its marketable life. To avoid browning and fungal infestation during solar drying, conventional method involving sulphur dioxide was substituted with different combinations of citric acid, ascorbic acid and sodium phosphate. The color of the samples treated with combination method was comparable to sulphur dioxide treated material but the taste was bitter. The browning of the dried product increased in almost all the samples except the combination method single treatment (ascorbic acid + citric acid + sodium phosphate) where it increased after one month and then remained almost constant during further storage. Oils and fats are integral part of our diet and are considered important factors in heart related ailments. In the collaborative research project with PORIM, Malaysia, the diets deriving normal (30%) and high (40%) fat energy from selected edible oils were evaluated using male albino rats. Preliminary assays for lipid profile of blood serum indicated low levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, LHL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and phospholipids in the diet with 30% fat energy than that with 40% level. The red palm oil (a new product of PORIM) resulted in lower levels of these lipid parameters than other oils and vegetable fat. Rapeseed is a rich source of oil (39-45%) and (22-26%) of high nutritional quality but its utilization for food/feed is limited due to presence of hazardous compounds like glucosinolates, phytates and phenolics. Studies were conducted on detoxification of rapeseed by dry heating, wet heating (autoclaving) and irradiation for use in poultry feed. It was observed that irradiation at < 5 kGy did not effect the


37

glucosinolates significantly. The dry heat treatment also did not bring large changes while autoclaving reduced the total glucosinolated by 48 and 61% in 10 and 30 minutes treated samples, respectively. Influence of dry as well as wet heat on phytic acid content was negligible but autoclaving and dry heating (for 20 min) significantly reduced phenolic contents. It was established that for broilers, rapeseed meal could be safely added into the diet at a level of 15%. In case of layer hens, egg chemistry in relation to dietary rapeseed cake was studied. The protein content of egg-white slightly decreased with an increase in dietary rapeseed cake. The maximum protein content in egg yolk was noted in 15% rapeseed cake group (59.7%) and minimum in 25% RSC group (48.2%). Generally egg white contained higher protein than egg yolk. The egg-yolk on the other hand had higher content of iron zinc, copper and manganese than egg-white. Environmental pollution of food and water supplies is of great concern to human health. A project was initiated to assess season related environmental effects on the heavy metal content of biological materials. Samples of vegetables grown around the city of Peshawar were collected and analyzed for iron, copper, lead, cadmium, zinc and phosphorus. The levels of iron and copper were irregular. Significant levels of leads were found in the vegetables grown near the edges of road and those irrigated with sewerage water. The drinking water samples obtained from Gulbahar, Dalazak Road and the NIFA premises had higher EC values while those from Hayatabad area had the lowest EC values.

1997-98

Work on the development of analytical detection methods and label dosimeters for irradiated foods was continued. Analysis of the data revealed that like dried fruits, the thermoluminescence method was equally suitable for identifying and measuring absorbed dose in irradiated meat, poultry and fish. Six-month stability studies established that clear PMMA could be used as a label dosimeter in the dose range of 0.1-5.0 kGy gamma irradiation. A newly developed label dosimeter, Sterin indicators supplied by the IAEA, was found generally reliable but did not change color/transparency abruptly and was also affected by environmental conditions during extended storage. Ammoniation and gamma irradiation have been found effective for decontamination of commercial poultry feeds. An experiment conducted on biological performance of day-old broilers showed that the ration treated with 1% ammonia yielded maximum live and dressed weight/chick with a feed efficiency ratio of 2.5 followed by irradiation treatment. Controlled atmosphere (CA) treatment facility was developed in a small room with the help of M/s. Roshan Enterprises Ltd. Lahore and compared with dessicator treatment, for astringency removal in persimmon. The samples kept in the dessicators under nitrogen atmosphere were completely non-astringent whereas those kept in the newly developed CA room facility were 50-60% non-astringent. For future experiments, a steel box will be used to treat the fruit with nitrogen gas for removal of astringency. Stability of food colors was studied for 6 weeks by dissolving the colors in different solvents such as ammonium hydroxide, sodium benzoate and sodium hydroxide solutions. The stability varied depending on the solvent.


38

In view of implications of dietary fat in heart related diseases, a bilateral project with PORIM, Malaysia was undertaken for nutritional evaluation of Red Palm Oil, Vanaspati Ghee, Sunflower oil and soybean oil using rat bioassays. The results of four independent experiments revealed that red palm oil (Carotino) was hypolipemic as compared to Vanaspati ghee, sunflower oil and soybean oil because of its unique

nutritional quality with regard to β-carotene, vitamin A and vitamin E contents. Separate experiments with broiler and layer chicks corroborated the earlier results that rapeseed meal/cake from medium glucosinolate varieties can be incorporated into their feed upto a level of 15%. This makes the feed useful and economical and can replace the expensive imported soybean meal as well as other feed ingredients. In a related experiment, addition of citrus peel, a waste from citrus industry, @5% to the layer diet increased some minerals in egg white and caused no adverse effect on quantity or quality of eggs. Nutritional evaluation of practical diets from low income three households in a selected area of Peshawar showed that the intake of nutrients by these groups invariably met 60 to 80% of the nutrients recommended by international agencies. Analysis of various types of water samples (i.e. drinking, sewerage, canal) and industrial effluents collected from different localities around Peshawar showed that levels of toxic elements i.e. cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and Copper (Cu) in most samples of drinking water exceeded the safe limits set by WHO.


39

RESEARCH STAFF3

Food Science Division employed 37 researchers, currently 14 scientists are serving the Division. Food Science Division

Research Staff from Establishment up to 1999

S.�O �AME QUALIFICATIO� DESIG�ATIO� YEARS/DURATIO�/

REMARKS

1. Dr. Ismail Khan M.Sc.(Hons) Agric. Peshawar. Dr. Sc. Gottingen, W. Germany

Director

Principal Scientific Officer

1982 to 1990

2. Mr. Maqbool Ahmad M.Sc.(Hons) Agr. Eng & Technology, Faisalabad. Senior Scientific Officer 1982 to 1991

3. Dr. Abdus Sattar M.Sc. (Agri) Faisalabad, M.Sc., Ph.D. Gulep, Canada. Head Food Science Division

Senior Scientific Officer


Chief Scientific Officer

Head NIFA

1982

1983

1997 to 1999

1999 to date

4. Dr. Muhammad Wahid M.Sc.(Hons) Agric. Peshawar. D. Hort. Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.



1982

1991 to 1996

Retired in 1996.

5. Mr. M. Ashraf Chaudry M.Sc.(H) Agri.Eng. & Technology, Faisalabad. Scientific Officer



1982

1984

1993 to date.

6. Mr. Fazal Mahmood M.Sc.(Chem) Peshawar Assistant Scientific Officer

Scientific Officer


1982

1985

1991 to date.

3 Dr.Mazullah Khan is employed as Senior Engineer (Agri) from 2001.


40


REMARKS

7. Mr. Muhammad Jan M.Sc. Agri. Peshawar. Assistant Scientific Officer

Scientific Officer


1982

1985

1991 to date.

8. Mr. Faizullah B.Sc. (Hons) Agri. (Food Technology), Peshawar. S.A. Agriculture 1982 to 1990

9. Miss Neelofer M.Sc. Chemistry Senior Scientific Assistant 1982 to 1996

10. Mrs Tasnim Sharafat M.Sc., M. Phil Senior Scientific Assistant

Technical Officer

1982 to 1988

1993 to date.

11. Miss Shaheen Atta M.Sc. Chemistry

M. Phil. (Bio-Chem)

Senior Scientific Assistant

Scientific Officer


1982

1997 to date.

12. Mr. Anwar Ahmad M.Sc. Chemistry Senior Scientific Assistant

Technical Officer

1982

1993 to date

13. Mr. Shahid Khan Durrani M.Sc. Chemistry, Peshawar. Scientific Officer 1983 to 1991

14. Dr. Aurangzeb M.Sc.(Hons) Agri. Peshawar. Scientific Officer


1984

1991 to date

15. Mr. Zahid Ali B.Sc. Scientific Assistant-I 1982

16. Mr. Muhammad Amjad B.Sc. Scientific Assistant-I 1982 to 1984

17. Miss Nizakat Bibi M.Sc. Chemistry, Peshawar.

M. Phil (Phys- Chem)

Assistant Scientific Officer

Scientific Officer


1984

1990

1992 to date

18. Mr. Noor Muhammad B.Sc. (Hons) Agic. Scientific Assistant-I 1985

19. Mr. Misal Khan M.Sc.(Hons) Scientific Assistant-I

Scientific Officer

1985

1997 to date

20. Mr. Amal Badshah M.Sc. Agri. Peshawar Scientific Officer


1985

1991


41


REMARKS

Principal Scientific Officer 1996 to date.

21. Mr. Taufeq Ahmad M.Sc. Chemistry Scientific Officer


1992

1993 to date

22. Mr. Shamsud Zuha M.Sc. Senior Scientific Officer 1994 to date

23. Dr. Ihsanullah M.Sc., Ph.D. Principal Scientific Officer 1997 to date

Total : 14 Ph.D. : 3 M.Phil : 3 M.Sc : 8 NIFA employs strong and well-qualified research staff in Food Science Division. Number of titles worked on from 1982 to 1998 : 265.

LIST OF PROJECTS / SCHEMES UP TO 1998 Six (6) Projects were concluded up to 1998 while on Project is ongoing (PORIM). These projects were allocated US.$ 119,400. List of Projects

S.�O Title of Project Duration Allocation Principal

Investigator

Remarks

IAEA Research Projects (contracts)

1. Technological and economic feasibility of radiation preservation of potatoes. (No. 3016/RB)

1981-83 US $ 17000/- Dr. Ismail Khan Concluded


42

S.�O Title of Project Duration Allocation Principal

Investigator

Remarks

IAEA Research Projects (contracts)

2. Radiation preservation of dried fruit (PAK/5/019)


3. Commercial trials on radiation of onion under tropical conditions (4216/AG)


4. Food Irradiation process control and acceptance (5958/DP)

1990- US $ 15000/- Dr. Abdus Sattar Concluded

5. Standardization of detection methods for Irradiated dried fruits and tree nuts. (No. 7777/R2/RB)

1994-98 US $ 5000/- Dr. Abdus Sattar Concluded

IAEA Research Contracts 6. Development of analytical methods and label

dosimeters to verify absorbed dose in fresh / dried fruits and tree nuts in trade. (No. 7777/RB)

1996-98 US $ 5000/- Dr. Abdus Sattar Concluded

PORIM (Palm Oil Research Institute of

Malaysia) Project

7. Nutritional and physiological evaluation of red palm oil (carotino)

1996- US $ 8000 Dr. Abdus Sattar Ongoing

LIST OF TRAI�I�G COURSES More than 27 training courses were organized and more than 470 trainees participated in these courses. List of Training courses

S.�o Course Offered Duration Year Target Trainees Total �o. Of

Trainees


43


Trainees

1. Use of Nuclear & other advanced techniques in food and agricultural research.

2-week 1984-85 Scientists/Teachers 25







4.2 Practical Training (Internship facilities) 2-months 1987-88 Agriculture Students

32

5.1 Use of Nuclear & other advanced techniques in food and agricultural research.

2-week 1988-89 Scientists 23

5.2 Different Disciplines of Agriculture (Food) - 1988-89 Afghan Refugees - 6.1 Use of Nuclear & other advanced techniques in

food and agricultural research. 2-week 1989-90 Afghan Refugees 28

6.2 Food and Nutrition 2-week 1989-90 Army Officers 12 7.1 Use of Nuclear & other advanced techniques in

food and agricultural research. 2-week 1990-91 Scientists/Teachers 36

7.2 Food and Nutrition 2-week 1990 Army Officers 12 8.1 Use of Nuclear & other advanced techniques in

food and agricultural research. 2-week 1991-92 Scientists/Teachers -

8.2 Food and Nutrition 2-week 1991-92 Scientists/Teachers - 9.1 Use of Nuclear & other advanced techniques in


9.2 Food and Nutrition 2-week 1992-93 Army Officers 10 9.3 Food and Nutrition 2-week 1993-94 10 10.1 Use of Nuclear & other advanced techniques in

food and agricultural research. 2-week 1993 Scientists/Teachers 25


44


Trainees









14.2 Radiation protection and safety measures in the use of Radiation in Agriculture.

2-week 1998 NIFA Workers 07

14.3 Computer Training Course in Office System 6-week 1997 NIFA Officials 06


45

LIST OF RESEARCH TOPICS/TITLES (FROM ESTABLISHME�T UPTO 1999) Work on more than 185 titles in the 16 years was completed. List of Research Topics

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 1982-83 A.FOOD CHEMISTRY 1 Radiation Disinfestation of Dried Fruits. I.Khan, M.Wahid, M.Jan, Shaheen Atta, Neelofar, Anwar Ahmad & A.Sattar. 2 Technological and Economical Feasibility of Radiation Preservation of

Potatoes. I.Khan, M.Wahid, M.Jan, Neelofar, S.Atta, T.Akhtar and A.Sattar.

3 Chemistry and Technology of Soybean. M.Wahid, Neelofar, S.Atta. T.Akhtar, A.Sattar and I.Khan. B.FOOD ENGINEERING 1 Processing of Fruits and Vegetable Products Maqbool Ahmad, M.A.Chaudry and I.Khan. 2 Dehydration of Fruits and Vegetables. Maqbool Ahmad, M.A.Ashraf and I.Khan. C.FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1 Identification of spoilage causing micro-organisms in some Fruits and

Vegetables. T.Akhtar, M.Jan, A.Sattar and I.Khan.

D.NUTRITION 1 Technological and Nutritional Evaluation of Cereals, Pulses and Grain

Legumes. Maqbool Ahmad, Fazal Mehmood and I.Khan.

2 Installation Standardization of Amino Acid Analyser. Maqbool Ahmad, Fazal Mehmood and I.Khan. 1983-84 A.FOOD CHEMISTRY 1 Technological and economic feasibility of radiation preservation of potatoes. I.Khan, M.Wahid, Neelofar, S.Atta, T.Akhtar and A.Sattar. 2 Radiation disinfestation and Chemistry of dried fruits and nuts. M.Wahid, A.Ahmad, S.Atta, Neelofar, M.Jan, A.Sattar and I.Khan. Composition for potential nutrients. Irradiation and temperature effects during storage. Effect of irradiation doses. Photochemical and Packaging effects during storage. 3 Bioenrichment and degradation of antinutrient in Food grains. A.Sattar. F.Mahmood, S.K.Durrani, Neelofar and I.Khan. Composition for potential nutrients of different food grains. Influence of germination on nutrients and antinutrients. Effect of soaking and heating on antinutrients and nutrients. B.FOOD ENGINEERING


46

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 1 Standardization, quality evaluation and storage stability of Squashes. M.A.Charudry, Maqbool Ahmad and I.Khan. Mango Squash Orange Squash Guava Squash 2 Effect of Irradiation on the post-harvest life of fruits and the quality of their

products Maqbool Ahmad, M.A.Chaudry and I.Khan.

Persimmon. Guava. 3 Dehydration of Vegetables. Potatoes Turnip C.FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1 Microbiological spoilage of foods and its control using radiation and

combination methods. Tasnim Akhtar, M.Jan, A.Sattar and I.Khan.

Fusarium rot in potatoes in relation to plant extracts. Fungal spoilt of maize grains and flour. D.NUTRITION Maqbool Ahmad, M.A.Chaudry, Aurangzeb and I.Khan 1 Nutritional and Technological Evaluation of Cereals and Pulses. Important nutrient composition of Cereals and Pulses grown in NWFP. Influence of inter cropping and inorganic nitrogen on the protein content of

maize.

Effect of plant growth regulators on the protein content of wheat. 2 Technological studies on the quality of Soybean and Soybean products. Aurengzeb, Maqbool Ahmad, M.A.Chaudry and I.Khan. Physico chemical characteristics of soybean grain. Effect of date of sowing on the protein and fat contents of Soybean Effect of phosphorus fertilization on the protein contents of soybean. Effect of micro nutrient application on the protein contents of Soybean. Standardization of Soy-milk. 1984-85 A.FOOD CHEMISTRY 1 Technological and economical feasibility of radiation preservation of potato. I.Khan, A.Sattar, M.Wahid, M.Han, Neelofar, S.Atta, and T.Akhtar. 2 Radiation disinfestation and Chemistry of dried fruits and nuts. M.Khalid, A.Sattar, Neelofar, S.Atta, A.Ahmad, M.Jan and I.Khan. 3 Biochemistry of sprouted foods. A.Sattar, S.K.Durrani, F.Mahmood, Neelofar, S.Atta, A.Ahmad and I.Khan. B.FOOD ENGINEERING


47

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 1 Studies on the improvement of quality of citrus squash. Maqbool Ahmad, M.Ashraf Chaudry and I.Khan. Studies on cloud retention in citrus squash. 2 Standardization of comminuted beverages. M.Ashraf Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad and I.Khan. Guava Comminuted Drink. Persimmon Comminuted Drink. 3 Dehydration of Vegetables. (Turnips) M.Ashraf Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad and I.Khan. 4 Effect of waxing on amino acid contents of Kinnows. Maqbool Ahmad. C.FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1 Fungal and chemical spoilage of food grains. Tasnim Akhtar, A. Sattar, A.Ahmad, M.Jan and I.Khan. D.NUTRITION 1 Important nutrient composition and physico-chemical characteristics of pulses

and legumes. Maqbool Ahmad, Aurengzeb and I.Khan.

Mash and Lentil. Chick pea. Soybean. 2 Seed protein improvement studies. Aurengzeb, Maqbool Ahmad and I.Khan. Mung bean. Barley. Wheat. 3 Studies on supplementation of bread with chickpea flour. 1985-86

FOOD CHEMISTRY 1 Commercial trials on radiation preservation of onions under tropical

conditions. I.Khan, A.Sattar, M.Wahid, M.Jan, A.Ahmad and S.Atta.

2 Insect disinfestation and chemistry of dried fruits and nuts. M.Wahid, M.Jan, A.Sattar, A.Ahmad, S.Atta and I.Khan. 3 Plastics as radiation dosimeters. Shahid K.Durrani, A.Sattar and I.Khan. 4 Radiation biochemistry of sprouted food grains. A.Sattar, S.K.Durrani, F.Mahmood, S.Atta and I.Khan. 5 Amino acid and heavy metal contents of food. F.Mahmood, S.K.Durrani, A.Sattar and I.Khan. 6 Mushroom production and research. M.Wahid, A.Sattar, S.Atta, F.Mahmood, S.K.Durrani and I.Khaan. FOOD ENGINEERING 1 Effect of different preservatives on the retention of natural and added Ascorbic

Acid in orange squash. Mohammad Asharaf Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismail Khan.

2 Ascorbic Acid and quality retention in orange squash as related to exposure to light and container type.

Maqbool Ahmad, Mohammad Ashraf Chaudry and Ismail Khan.


48

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 3 Effect of Replacement of sucrose with liquid glucose on the quality of Mango

squash. Maqbool Ahmad, Mohammad Ashraf Chaudry and Ismail Khan.

4 Some post harvest shelf life extension studies on citrus fruits. Maqbool Ahmad, Mohammad Ashraf Chaudry and Ismail Khan. 5 Effect of hot water treatment on the quality of persimmon during storage. Maqbool Ahmad, Mohammad Ashrafd Chaudry and Ismail Khan. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1 fungal and chemical spoilage of maize. T.Akhtar, A.Sattar, M.Jan and I.Khan. D. NUTRITION 1 Chemical composition and nutritive value of wheat bread supplemented with

soybean flour. Maqbool Ahmad, Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi and Ismail Khan.

2 Effect of Gamma Irradiation on fungal infestation physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of Maize.

Aurengzeb, Maqbool Ahmad, Amal Badshah & Ismail Khan.

3 Effect of different doses of fertilizers on quality of Wheat. Amal Badshah, Aurengzeb, Maqbool Ahmad & Ismail Khan. 4 Physicochemical quality characteristic of Rice. Nizakat Bibi, Aurengzeb, Maqbool Ahmad and I.Khan. 5 Effect of various spices on the cholesterol metabolism in Rats. Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi, Maqbool Ahmad and I.Khan. 6 Proximate composition and important mineral contents of some of the

common feeds available in NWFP. Maqbool Ahmad, Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi, Amal Badshah and Ismail Khan.

1986-87 FOOD CHEMISTRY 1 Commercial trials on radiation preservation of onions under tropical

conditions. I.Khan, A.Sattar, M.Wahid, M.Jan and A.Ahmad.

2 Radiation disinfestation and chemistry of dry fruits and nuts. M.Jan, A.Sattar, M.Wahid, A.Ahmad and I.Khan. 3 Studies on the biochemistry of food materials. 1. Biochemcial Factors in Food. A.Sattar, S.K.Duranni, F.Mahmood, A.Ahmad and I.Khan. 2. Environment pollution and heavy metals in food. S.K.Durrani, A.Sattar and I.Khan. 4 Mushroom research and production. M.Wahid, A.Sattar, F.Mahmood, A.Ahmad and I.Khan. 5 Decontamination of spices by gamma irradiation. M.Wahid, A.Sattar, F.Mahmood, A.Ahmad and I.Khan. FOOD ENGINEERING 1 Cloud loss studies in citrus squash. Mohammad Ashraf, Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismail Khan. A. Effect of different pasteurization temperatures on the quality of orange

squash.

B. Effect of chemical additives on cloud loss in orange squash. C. Effect of type of juice extraction on cloud loss in citrus squash. 2 Technological studies on Mango fruit and its squash. Maqbool Ahmad, Mohammad Ashraf Chaudry and Ismail Khan. A. Physicochemical characteristics and mineral composition of Pakistani


49

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR mangoes.

B. Varietial effect on the quality, storage stability and cost economics of mango squash.

3 Some studies on comminuted guava drink. Maqbool Ahmad, Mohammad Ashraf Chaudry and Ismail Khan. 4 Effect of peeling methods on the quality of dehydrated potatoes. Mohammad Ashraf Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismail Khan. 5 Effect of film packaging on the post harvest life of persimmon fruit. Mohammad Ashraf Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismail Khan. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1 Fungal and chemical spoilage of spices. T.Akhtar, A.Sattar and I.Khan. 2 Biochemical and microbiological quality of spices. F.Mahmood, A.Sattar, M.Jan, S.K.Durrani, M.Wahid and I.Khan. NUTRITION 1 Effect of Supplementation of maize flour with soybean flour on the quality of

maize bread. Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismail Khan.

2 Effect of gamma irradiation on physico-chemical characteristics of soybean. Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismail Khan. 3 Nutritional and Technological evaluation of mungbean. Amal Badshah, Nizakat Bibi, Aurengzeb, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismail Khan. 4 Technological and Nutritional studies on Wheat. Nizakat Bibi, Amal Badshah, Maqbool Ahmad, Aurengzeb and Ismail Khan. 5 Studies on the grain quality characteristics of rice. 1987-88 FOOD CHEMISTRY 1 Commercial trials on irradiation preservation of onions under tropical

conditions. I.Khan, A.Sattar, M.Wahid and M.Jan.

2 Radiation preservation of dry fruits and nuts. M.Wahid, A.Sattar, M.Jan, A.Ahmad and I.Khan. 3 Biochemical factors in Cereals on oilseeds. F.Mahmood, A.Sattar and I.Khan. FOOD ENGINEERING 1 Cloud loss studies in orange squash. M.Ashraf Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismail Khan. A. Cloud loss as affected by type of juice extraction method. B. Effect of chemicals on cloudiness in orange squash/ 2 Studies on the standardization of comminuted fruit drinks. Maqbool Ahmad, Ashraf Chaudry and Ismail khan. a. Mango Drink. b. Guava Drink. 3 Effect of individual seal packaging with polyethylene film on the post harvest

life of persimmon fruit. M.Ashraf Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad and Ismil Khan.

4 Solar dehydration of fruits and vegetables. Maqbool Ahmad, M.Ashraf Chaudry and Ismail Khan. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1 Influence of storage on fungal infestation in spices. T. Akhtar, A.Sattar and I.Khan.


50

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 2 Biochemical and Microbiological quality of spices. A.Sattar, F.Mahmood, M.Wahid, M.Jan and I.Khan. NUTRITION 1 Relationship between physicochemical characteristics and cooking time in

chick pea. Amal Badshah, Maqbool Ahmad, Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi and Ismail Khan.

2 Effect of Gamma Irradiation on the physico chemical and cooking characteristics of chickpea.

Aurengzeb, Maqbool Ahmad, Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi and Ismail Khan.

3 Technological studies on the quality of Rice. Maqbool Ahmad, Amal Badshah, Nizakat Bibi, Aurangzeb and Ismail Khan. 4 Comparative quality study of Toasted corn and soybean. Nizakat Bibi, Maqbool Ahmad, Aurangzeb, Amal Badshah and Ismail khan. 1988-89 FOOD CHEMISTRY 1 Irradiation preservation of onions on commercial scale. I.Khan, A.Sattar, M.Wahid, A.Ahmad and Mohammad Jan. 2 Radiation preservation of dry fruits on semi-commercial scale. M.Wahid, A.Sattar, M.Jan, A.Ahmad and I.Khan. a. Dry Fruits. b. Dry Nuts. 3 Biochemical factors in cereals and oilseeds. Fazal Mahmood, A.Ahmad and Abdus Sattar. 4 Mushroom Research and Production. M.Wahid and A.Sattar. 5 Characterization of Rapeseed oil. M.Wahid, F.Mahmood, M.Jan, A.Sattar and I.Khan. FOOD ENGINEERING 1 Post harvest shelf life Extension of Fresh Persimmon. M.Ashraf Chaudry and Maqbool Ahmad. 2 Development of Kinnow Drink. Maqbool Ahmad and M.Ashraf Chaudry. 3 Preparation of Mixed Fruit squashes. M.Ashraf Chaudry and Maqbool Ahmad. 4 Quality of Mango squash prepared by 2 different methods. M.Ashraf Chaudry and Maqbool Ahmad. 5 Solar Dehydration of fruits and vegetables. Maqbool Ahmad and M.Ashraf Chaudry. i. Bitter gourds ii. Potato and Onion iii. Turnip iv. Persimmon v. Apple 6 Biochemical and Technological studies on Rapeseed. Maqbool Ahmad, M.A.Chaudry and Amal Badshah. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1 Radiation preservation of spices. Amal Badshah, Tasnim Akhtar, Misal Khan, A.Sattar and I.Khan. 2 Radiation preservation of cooked foods. Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi, Amal Badshah and I.Khan. NUTRITION 1 Effect of Irradiation and other processing methods on Nutritional and Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi, Maqbool Ahmad, A.Sattar and I.Khan.


51

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR Technological qualities on foods.

A. Mungbean B. Vegetables. 2 Biological studies on Rapeseed. Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi, A.Sattar and I.Khan. 1989-90 FOOD CHEMISTRY 1 Rapeseed Research and Development. A. Composition and detoxification of rapeseed. F.Mahmood, A.Sattar, A.Ahmad and M.Jan. B. Development of rapeseed protein products. A.Sattar, F.Mahmood, M.Jan and A.Ahmad. C. Stability of Vegetable oils. M.Wahid and A.Sattar. 2 Radiation preservation of dry fruits and nuts. M.Jan, A.Sattar, M.Wahid, A.Ahmad and I.Khan. FOOD ENGINEERING 1 Studies on shelf life extension of persimmon. M.A.Chaudry, Maqbool Ahmad, N.Bibi, A.Sattar. 2 Effect of packaging materials and fluorescent light on the quality of Guava

Drink. M.A.Chaudry, Faizullah Khan, N.Bibi, A.Sattar.

3 Solar drying of Persimmon fruit. M.A.Chaudry, F.Khan, N.Bibi and A.Sattar. 4 Characterization of rapeseed by polycrylamide gel electrphoresis (Page). M.A.Chaudry, A.Sattar and N.Bibi. 5 Phenolics of Rapeseed. N.Bibi, A.Sattar and M.A.Chaudry. FOOD MICROBIOLOGY 1 Radiation decontamination of spices. Misal Khan, Tasnim Akhtar, A.Sattar and I.Khan. 2 Aflatoxins in oilseed meals. Misal Khan, Tasnim Akhtar, A.Sattar and I.Khan. FOOD NUTRITION 1 Nutritional Evaluation of rapeseed. Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah, N.Bibi and A.Sattar. A. Effect of heat treatment on protein quality of rapeseed. Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah, N.Bibi and A.Sattar. B. Protein quality of rapeseed when used as sole source of protein. Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah, N.Bibi and A.Sattar. C. Effect of processing methods on nutritional quality of rapeseed. Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah, N.Bibi and A.Sattar. D. Effect of autoclaving on the quality of rapeseed fed to broiler chicks. Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah, N.Bibi and A.Sattar. E. In vitro rapeseed protein digestibility. Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah, N.Bibi and A.Sattar. F. Effect of processing on nutritional quality of rapeseed. Amal Badshah, Aurengzeb and A.Sattar. 1990-91 A. Research and development Studies on Oil seeds. 1 Effect of processing and packaging on stability of Rapeseed and other

vegetable oils. M.Wahid and A.Sattar.

2 Studies on proteins and amino acids of rapeseed. Abdus Sattar, M.Jan, F.Mahmood and A.Ahmad.


52

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 3 Concentration of phenolic compounds in rapeseed varieties. Nizakat Bibi, A.Sattar and M.A.Chaudry. 4 Detoxification of rapeseed and meal. Fazal Mahmood, A.Sattar, M.Jan and A.Ahmad. 5 Nutritional evaluation of rapeseed. Amal Badshah and Aurengzeb. i. Effect of soaking time and germination on ascorbic acid content of rapeseed

cultivars.

ii. Effect of gamma irradiation and germination on ascorbic acid content of rape seed.

iii. Effect of processing on in vitro digestibility of rapeseed using multi enzyme technique.

6 Electrophoretic studies on rape seed proteins. M.Ashraf Chaudry, A.Sattar and N.Bibi. B. Post harvest Technology and biochemistry of Fresh Fruits. 1 Post harvest shelf life extension of fresh persimmon. M.A.Chaudry, N.Bibi and A.Sattar. 2 Solar dehydration of persimmon fruit. M.A.Chaudry, N.Bibi, F.Khan and A.Sattar. 3 Phenolic compounds in persimmon during maturation and on tree ripening. N.Bibi, A.Sattar and M.A.Chaudry. 4 Effect of fluorescent light and packages on the quality of guava drink. M.Ashraf Chaudry, F.Khan, A.Sattar & N.Bibi. C. Radiation Food Processing. 1 Irradiation Processing of potatoes, Onions and garlics. M.Jan, A.Sattar, M.Wahid, A.Ahmad & I.Khan. 2 Radiation decontamination of spices. Tasnim Akhtar, A.Sattar, M.Khan and I.Khan. Radiation decontamination of frozen chicks. Misal Khan, T.Akhtar, A.Sattar and I.khan. 1992-93 A. Research and Development studies on Oil seeds. 1 Quality and Oxidative stability of vegetable oils. Taufiq Ahmad, Shaheen Atta and Abdus Sattar. 2 Protein product development and its utilization in Bakery Products. Mohammad Jan, Anwar Ahmad, Yousaf ali and Abdus Sattar. i. Chemical composition of flours formulations. ii. Chemical composition of processed and unprocessed seed and flour. iii. Utilization of Oilseed flours in bakery Products. 3 Influence of heat processing on phenolic compounds of Rape seed. Nizakat Bibi, Abdus Sattar and Tariq N.Khattak. i. Detoxification of Rape seed. 4 Nutritional Evaluation of Rape seed meal. Amal Badshah and Abdus Sattar. i. Effect of Irradiation on Nutritional Quality. B. Post Harvest BioChemistry and Technology of Fresh Fruits. 1 Solar Drying. Mohammad Wahid, Abdus Sattar and Faizullah Khan. i. Persimmon Faizullah Khan, Mohammad wahid, Abdus Sattar and Tariq N.Khattak. ii. Apricot


53

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 2 Shelf life Extension of Pears. Faizullah Khan, Mohammad Wahid and Abdus Sattar. 3 Heavy Metal content of on Tree Road-Side Fruits. Shaheen Atta, Taufiq Ahmad and A.Sattar. 4 Mushroom research and development. Mohammad Wahid, Abdus Sattar and Mumtaz Ahmad. C. FOOD IRRADIATION PROCESSING 1 Food Irradiation process control and acceptance. Abdus Sattar, Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan and A.Ahmad. 2 Effect of irradiation-Decontaminated feed on broilers. Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan, Abdus Sattar and Tasnim Sharafat. 1993-94 I. Rape seed Research and Development. A. Preparation and utilization of Oil seed flours in food products. M.Jan, Yousaf Ali and A.Sattar. a. Improved procedure for preparation of oil seed flours. b. Nutrient levels of oil seed flours. c. Nutrient levels of oil seed and common cereal flours. d. Protein solubility of oilseed flours using different solvents. e. Nutritional composition of chapaties made from oilseed flours. B Functionality of Oilseed flours. Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry, Muhammad Jan, Nizakat Bibi & Abdus Sattar. C Phenolics of rapeseed and their stability. Nizakat Bibi and Abdus Sattar. 1. Effect of treatments on phenolics contents of rapeseed. 2. Aphid repellency and storage stability of rapeseed phenolics. D Quality and storage stability of Oils and Fats. Taufiq Ahmad, Abdus Sattar, Shaheen Atta and Shamshad Ali. 1. Effect of light and temperature on quality of some common edible oils. 2. Effect of antioxidants on stability of rapeseed oil. 3. Effect of gamma Irradiation on quality of Oil. E Nutritional Evaluation. 1. Effect of incorporating irradiated rapeseed meal in the broiler feed on their

growth performance. Amal Badshah, Aurengzeb and Nizakat Bibi.

2. Effect of Pre-and Post-extraction autoclaving on the nutritional value of rapeseed meal for broiler chicks.

Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah, Nizakat Bibi and Abdus Sattar.

II. Post harvest biochemistry and technology of fresh fruits and vegetables. A Storage stability of solar dried persimmon. Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry, Faizullah Khan and Abdus Sattar. B Effect of Irradiation on Post-harvest life of pears. Mohammad Wahid, Faizullah Khan and Abdus Sattar. C Heavy metal pollution of on-tree pear fruit and selected common edible

materials. Shaheen Atta, Abdus Sattar, A.Ahmad, Taufiq Ahmad and Zara Ali.

D Biochemical changes in mushrooms during growth on storage. M.Wahid, Abdus Sattar and Mumtaz Ahmad. III. Food Irradiation Processing.


54

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR A Standardization of detection methods for Irradiated dried fruits and tree nuts. Abdus Sattar, Anwar Ahmad, Shaheen Atta and Taufiq Ahmad. B Effect of Irradiated feed and combination treatments on shelf life of poultry

meat. Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan, Abdus Sattar and Tasnim Sharafat.

C Effect of Irradiation alone and in combination of other decontaminating treatments on spices.

Tasnim Sharafat, Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan and Abdus Sattar.

1994-95 A. Oil Seed Research and Development. 1 Chemical and Technological Evaluation of oilseed Flours. Muhammad Jan, Abdus Sattar and Yousaf Ali. 2 Functionality of Oilseed Flours. Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry, Nizakat Bibi, Daulat Khan and Abdus Sattar. 3 Studies on polyphenols of Rapeseed. Nizakat Bibi, Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry, Abdus Sattar and Zahid Ali. i. Phenolics of Rapeseed Mutants. ii. Stability of phenolic Extract prepared from Rapeseed. ii. Studies on Astringency Related Phenolics in Fresh Persimmons. 4 Quality and Storage stability of Edible Oils. Taufiq Ahmad, Abdus Sattar, Shaheen Atta and Shamshad Ali. i. Effect of Natural and Synthetic Antioxidants on stability of oils. ii. Effect of Frying on Quality of Oils. iii. Effect of Adsorbents on Improvement of Quality of Fried oils. 5 Effect of Feeding increased levels of irradiated Rapeseed meal on the

Performance of Broiler Chicks. Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah and Abdus Sattar.

6 Effect Feeding Increased levels of Heat Processed Rapeseed meal on the Performance of Broiler Chicks.

Aurengzeb, Amal Badshah and Abdus Sattar.

7 F. Effect of Feed composition, Irradiation and Processing on Growth and Laying Performance of poultry birds.

Amal Badshah, Aurengzeb, N.Bibi and M.A.Chaudry.

B. Post Harvest Technology and Biochemistry of Fruits and Vegetables 1 Solar Drying of Persimmon. M.A.Charudry, N.Bibi, Faizullah Khan and Abdus Sattar. 2 Studies on removal of Astringency from Fresh Persimmon. M.A.Chaudry, N.Bibi, Daulat Khan and Abdus Sattar. 3 Heavy metal contamination of Biological materials. Shaheen Atta, Abdus Sattar, Taufiq Ahmad and Zar Ali. C. Food and Feed Irradiation Processing 1 Identification of Irradiated Foods. Anwar Ahmad, Abdus Sattar and Shaheen Atta. 2 Effect of Radiation Decontaminated Feed on performance of Broiler chicks. Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan, Tasnim Sharafat and Abdus Sattar. 3 Aflatoxins in poultry Feed and Feed Ingredients. Tasnim Sharafat, Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan and Abdus Sattar. 4 2-Benzylpyridin as an Extractant for Thiocyanate complexes of Zinc (II) from

Aqueous Mineral Acids. Shamsud-Zuha and Ali Rusheed.

1995-96


55

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR A Food and Feed Irradiation Processing 1 Development of Analytical methods and label Dosimeters for Irradiated Food. Abdus Sattar, Anwar Ahmad and Shaheen Atta. a. Analytical Detection Tests. I. Dried/Fresh Fruits and tree nuts. II. Meat, Poultry and Fish. b. Label Dosimeters. 2 Irradiation decontamination of aflatoxins. a. Cereals, grains and flours. Fazal Mahmood, T. Sharafat, Misal Khan and A. Sattar. b. Decontamination of poultry feed and its major ingredients. T.Sharafat, F.Mahmood, Misal Khan and A.Sattar. B. RapeSeed Research and Development. 1 Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Fats and Oils. Taufiq Ahmad, Abdus Sattar and Shamshas Ali. 2 Storage stability of RapeSeed Phenolic compounds. N.Bibi, M.A.Chaudry, Zahid Ali and Abdus Sattar. 3 Possibilities and Limitations of Feeding Rapeseed Meal to Poultry. Aurangzeb, Amal Badshah and Abdus Sattar. 4 Utilization of Rapeseed meal/cake in Poultry Feed. Amal Badshah, Aurengzeb, Nizakat Bibi, Sajjad Ali and M.A.Chaudry. C Post Harvest Research on Fruits and Vegetables 1 Solar Drying of Fruits and Vegetables M.Ashraf Chaudry, Nizakat Bibi, Daulat Khan, Faizullah Khan & Abdus

Sattar. a. Persimmon. b. Onion. 2 Phenolics of Solar dried Persimmon Fruit. Nizakat Bibi, M.A.Chaudry, Zahid Ali and Abdus Sattar. D Food Nutrition and Pollution 1 Nutritional Evaluation of common Diets and Dietary components. M.Jan, A.Sattar and Y.Ali. A. Nutrients levels of major food groups. i. Cereals. ii. Meat. iii. Vegetables. iv. Fruits. 2 Contamination of Foods by Synthetic Dyes/Colors. M.A.Charudry, N.Bibi, Daulat Khan and Abdus Sattar. 3 Environmental contamination of Vegetables grown on sewerage water and

Industrial Effluents. Shamsud-Zuha, Abdus Sattar, Shaheen Atta and Tariq Nawaz Khattak.

1996-97 A Food and Feed Irradiation Processing. 1 Development of Detection methods and Label Dosimeters for Irradiated

Foods. Anwar Ahmad, Shaheen Atta and Abdus Sattar.


56

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 2 Decontamination of commercial poultry Feeds. Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan, T.Sharafat and A.Sattar. 3 Studies on Mycotoxins of plant and Tree nuts. Tasnim Sharafat, Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan and Abdus Sattar. B Research and Development on Fats and Oils. 1 Chemical and Biological evaluation of Fats/Oils. Taufiq Ahmad, Abdus Sattar and Shamshad Ali. A. Chemical Evaluation. B. Biological Evaluation. 2 Nutritional Evaluation of Pakistani Diet. M.Jan, A.Sattar and Y.Ali. a. Nutrient content of Breakfast. b. Nutrient contents of Lunch. c. Nutrient contents of Dinner. 3 Utilization of Rapeseed meal/cake in Poultry Diet. a. Detoxification of rapeseed meal. Aureng Zeb, Nizakat Bibi and Abdus Sattar. I. Amino Acid Profile. II. In vitro protein digestibility. III. Total glucosinolate. IV. Phytic Acid. V. Phenolics. b. Use in Diet of Layer Chicken. Amal Badshah, N.Bibi, M.A.Chaudry and A.Sattar. C Post-Harvest Research on Fruits and Vegetables. 1 Removal of Astringency in Fresh Persimmon Fruit. Nizakat Bibi, Muhammad Ashraf Chaudry, Zahid Ali and Daulat Khan. 2 Solar Drying of Persimmon Fruit. M.Ashraf Chaudry, Nizakat Bibi, Daulat Khan, Zahid Ali and Faizullah

Khan. D Food Nutrition and Pollution. 1 Environmental Pollution of Food and Water Supplies. Ihsanullah, Shamsud Zuha, Abdus Sattar and Tariq Nawaz Khattak. 1997-98 A Food and Feed Irradiation Processing 1 Development of Label Dosimeters and Analytical Methods to verify absorbed

dose in Irradiated foods. Abdus Sattar, Anwar Ahmad and Shaheen Atta.

a. Evaluation of Sterin Indicator. b. Intercomparison studies on PMMA. 2 Influence of irradiation and plant extracts on mycotoxins in dried fruits and

plant nuts. T.Sharafat, M.Khan, F.Mahmood and A.Sattar.

3 Irradiation decontamination of commercial poultry feeds. Fazal Mahmood, Misal Khan, Tasnim Sharafat and Essa Khan. B Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Fats and Oils. Taufiq Ahmad, Shamshad Ali and Abdus Sattar.


57

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE RESEARCHERS/ DURATIO�/YEAR 1 Chemical Evaluation; Effect of RPO on stability of Sunflower & Soybean Oil. 2 Nutritional and Physiological Evaluation of Red Palm Oil (Carotino);

Bioassays.

C Post-Harvest Research on Fruits and their by-Products. 1 Pilot Scale astringency removal in persimmon fruit. M.Ashraf Chaudry, Nizakat Bibi, Daulat Khan and Abdus Sattar. 2 Studies on solar drying of persimmon fruit. 3 Utilization of citrus peel in poultry diet. M.A.Chaudry, N.Bibi, Daulat Khan, Sajjad Ali and Abdus Sattar. 4 Citrus waste utilization for by-product development. N.Bibi, M.A.Chaudry, Zahid Ali, Daulat Khan and Abdus Sattar. 5 Studies on food colors and their stability. M.A.Chaudry, N.Bibi, Daulat Khan and Abdus Sattar. D Nutritional Evaluation of Food and Feed. 1 Nutritional value of selected practical selected diets. M.Jan, A.Sattar and Y.Ali. 2 Studies on feeding rapeseed meal to Broilers. Aureng Zeb, Abdus Sattar, Amal Badshah and Nizakat Bibi. A. Relationship between growth performance of broiler chicks and

glucosinolates content.

B. Thyroid hormone levels of broiler chicks fed rapeseed meal in diet. E Pollution of Food and Water Supplies. 1 Chemical contamination of water supplies. Ihsanullah, Shamshud Zuha, Abdus Sattar, T.Nawaz Khattak. 2 Microbial assessment of food and drinking water. Misal Khan, Fazal Mahmood, T.Akhtar and A.Sattar. 3 Characterization of contamination in Effluents of Ghee Industries in NWFP. Shamsud Zuha, Ihsanullah, Abdus Sattar, Tariq Nawaz Khattak.


58

LIST OF PUBLICATIO�S The Publications from Food Science division exceeds the number of 231 in 16 years from 1982-98. 1982-83

1. Ahmad, M. And Z.M. Khalid (1983). Effect of some postharvest treatments on the physico-chemical and organoleptic characteristics of mangoes. J. Engg. & App. Sci., 2(1) 39-46.

2. Akhtar, T., I. Khan, A. Sattar and S. Khan, 1983.

Growth and other characteristics of Aspergillus niger in relation to culture media. J. Engg. & App. Sci.

3. Ali, S; M.S. Chaudry, and A. Sattar. 1982.

Effect of simultaneous removal of fines & bran on certain minerals, phytic acid and chapati quality of wheat flour. Lebensm Wiss. Technol; 15, 255-257.

4. Farooqi, W.A. and M. Ahmad (1980).

Postharvest studies on citrus and mangoes. Proc. Nat. Seminar, Dehydration and Preservation of vegetables and fruits at AARI, Faisalabad, NOV, 23, pp. 40-46.

5. Farooqi, W.A. and M. Ahmad (1983).

Availability of mandarins and oranges throughout the year. 21st Nat. Science Conf., Bahawalpur, Dec. 31- Jan 5. Pp. 19-21.

6. Farooqi, W.A., M. Ahmad, S.A. Khan and Z.M. Khalid (1981)

Physiological and biological studies on the shelf life extension of citrus fruits. Proc. Agri. Res. Conf. PARC, Islamabad, Feb. 23-26. p.65.

7. Khan, I.

Radiation Preservation of Food-Present status and Future strategy in Pakistan. J. Sci. Tech.

8. Khan, I., A. Sattar, M. Wahid, S. Atta, Neelofar and T. Akhtar (1983)

Technological and economic feasibility of radiation preservation of potatoes (abstract urdu). 21st National Sci. Conf. held at Bahawalpur Dec. 31-Jan. 5, PAKISTAN. 19-20 (Agric).

9. Khan, I. and M. Wahid (1977).

Feasibility of Radiation Preservation of Potatoes, Onion and Garlic in Pakistan. Proc. Int. Symp. Food Preservation by Irradiation. Nov; 1977 Wagnengen, IAEA.

10. Khan, I., M. Jan, M. Wahid, Neelofar, S. Atta, T. Akhtar and A. Ahmad (1981).

Radiation preservation of dried fruits (FAO/IAEA Seminar Tokoyo 1981. IAEA-SR-60/12). Food Irradiation for Developing Countries in Asia and the Pacific IAEA-TECDOC-271, Vienna, 1982.

11. Khan, I., M. Wahid, S. Atta, Neelofar and M. Jan (1983).

Preservation of dried fruits by gamma irradiation (abstract urdu). 21st National Sci. Conf. held at Bahalwalpur, Dec. 31-Jan. 5, p.19-20 (Agric.).

12. Khan, I., and T. Akhtar (1980).

New strategies in vegetable preservation. Proc. Nat. Seminar Dehydration and preservation of vegetables and fruits. Faisalabad, Nov., 1980.

13. Sattar, A., A.A.L. Zaidan and A. Asghar (1981).


59

Effect of packaging materials on light induced oxidation of edible oils and butter. Sudan J. Food. Sci. Technol. Vol. 14.

14. Sattar, A., M.M. Tahir, and M.S. Chaudry, 1983.

Effect of extraction rate and subsequent removal of fines on the nutrients of wheat flour. Phillipine J. Sci.

15. Sattar, A., Z. Aslam and G.R. Sandhu (1981).

Effect of growth stage on the concentrations of mineral elements and other nutrients in pasture grasses. Philippine J. Sci. 110, 87-90.

16. Sattar, A., Z. Aslam and G.R. Sandhu (1983).

Mineral elements in rices and translocation of Zn in seedlings under different systems. Pak. J. Agric. Res.

17. Sattar, A., Z.M.Khalid and M.A. Chaudry (1982).

Trace element concentrations and other dietary essential nutrients of feed and fodders. Pak. J. Sci. Res. Vol: 32:

18. Shah, A.H., I. Raza and A. Sattar. 1982.

Effect of different chemical preservatives on the microflora and quality of orange squash. Sudan J. Food Sci. Tech.

19. Wahid, M., 1980.

Effect of gamma irradiation and storage on the catalase and peroxidase activities of mushrooms. Lebansm. Wissen Tech. 13: 291.

20. Wahid, M., 1980.

Gamma Irradiation of mushrooms and its effects on polyphenol oxidases. J. Sci. Techno. 4: 1.

21. Wahid, M., 1981.

Nutritive value of mushrooms and prospects of its growing in Pakistan Progressive Farming 1: 24.

22. Wahid, M., 1981.

Effect of irradiation and storage on the cytokinins of mushrooms stipe(Agricusoisporus) as a function of irradiation. J. Sci. Res. 24, 23.

23. Wahid, M., and E. Kovacs, 1980.

Shelf-life extension of mushroom by gamma irradiation, Acta Alimentaria, 9, 357. 24. Wahid, M., and E. Kovacs, 1981.

Effect of gamma irradiation on the cytokinin of mushrooms. Acta Alimentaria, 10, 37. 25. Wahid, M., M.A. Darwish, 1981.

Effect of gamma irradiation on the appearance and composition of edible mushrooms, J. Sci. Technol. Vol: 5.

1983-84 26. Ahmad, M., 1984.

Physicochemical properties of rice grain. J. Engg. & App. Scs. 3: 84-88. 27. Ahmad, M., 1983.

A note on the control of anthracnose rot in mangoes by postharvest treatments including irradiation. J. Engg. & App. Scs. 2: 51-33.

28. Ahmad, M. and Shahid Khan., 1983.

Determination of soil salinity in Mardan District. Pak. J. Sci. Res.


60

29. Akhtar, P., A. Asghar, A.S. Sheikh and A. Sattar., 1983.

Effect of proxy radical scavangers on fluorescent light induced oxidation in some edible oils J. Pure & Appl. Sci.

30. Haq, I., M.A. Chaudhry, M.J. Qureshi and A.M. Hussain., 1984.

Control of drip loss in Rahu fish (Labeo rohita) during storage. Archiv Fuer Lebensmittellygiene, 35 3.

31. Khan, I., 1984.

Technological and economic feasibility of radiation preservation of potatoes. Food Irrd. News letter 8(1), 7-8.

32. Khan, I., T. Akhtar and A. Sattar., 1984.

Wholesomeness of irradiated foods. The Nucleus 20(3). 33. Khan, I., A. Sattar, M. Wahid and M. Jan., 1983.

Radiation disinfestation of dried fruits. In Abstracts Intern. Confr. Radiation disinfestation of food and Agric. Products, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Nov. 14-18.

34. Sattar, A., M.H. Sardarabadi, I. Khan and A.H. Shah., 1984.

Effect of packaging materials on photocatalysed oxidation of buffalo butter. Chem. Microbial. Technol. Lebensmittel. 8:118-120.

35. Sattar, A., Z. Aslam, M.A. Kausar and R.H. Qureshi., 1984.

Nutritional quality of grasses in relation to different cuttings during the vegetative growth stage. Egyption J. Soil Sci.

36. Sattar, A., M.A. Nasir and B. Ahmad., 1983.

Aflatoxins in biological materials. Pak. J. Pharm. Vol. 3. 37. Sattar, A., R. Tavanger and S. Ahmad., 1983.

Effect of packaging materials on photochemical changes in buffalo milk. Z. Lebensm., Unters. Forsch. 177: 121-123.

38. Sattar, A,. Z. Aslam and R.H. Qureshi., 1983.

Wet digestion of biological materials for the determination of Zn, Cu and Mn by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Philippine J. Sci.

39. Shah, S.A.H., I. Raza and A. Sattar., 1983.

Effect of different chemical preservation on microflora and quality of orange squash. Sudan. J. Food Sci. Tehcnol. Vol. 15.

40. Wahid, M., and Y.M.A. Darwish. 1981.

Effect of gamma irradiation on the appearance and composition of edible mushroom. J. Sci. & Tech. 5(1-2): 1-5.

41. Ahmad, M. and khalid, Z.M. 1984-85.

Studies on grain quality characteristics of rice. Sarhad J. Agr. 42. Akhtar, T. and Khan, I. 1985.

Use of radiation in food preservation. zaarat Sarhad (in urdu) Vol. (8-90), 19-21. 43. Akhtar, T., Khan, I. and Sattar, A. 1985.

Fungal and chemical spoilage of maize in relation to storage time and temperature. The Nucleus Vol. 22(1).

44. Durrani, S.K., Wahid, M., Sattar, A., Mahmood F. and Khan, I. 1985.

Dosimetry of Co-60 irradiator (Isseledovatel) at NIFA, Peshawar. J. Phys. Chem. 4(1), 45-52.


61

45. Hussain, A.M., Haq, I. and Chaudry, M.A. 1985.

Radiation preservation of dried Rahu fish. IAEA-Symposium - 271/35 p. 57, March 4-8, Washington, U.S.A.

46. Khan, I. 1984.

Technological and economic feasibility of radiation preservation of potatoes. Food Irrad. Newsletter 8(1), 7-8.

47. Khan, I., Sattar, A., Wahid, M. and Jan, M. 1985.

Semi-commercial trials on radiation preservation of potatoes under tropical conditions. IAEA Intern. Symp. Food Irradiation Processing, IAEA, S.M-27 Washington, D.C. March 4-8, p. 120-121.

48. Khan, I., Sattar, A., Wahid, M. and Jan, M. 1984.

Radiation disinfestation of dried fruits. Abstracts International Conference on Radiation Disinfestation of Food and Agril. Products. Nov; 14-18, 1983, Hawaii, U.S.A.

49. Khan, I., Akhtar, T. and Sattar, A. 1985.

Wholesomeness of irradiated foods. The Nucleus, 21(4) 31-35. 50. Khan, I. 1985.

The role of Atomic Energy in Agriculture Research in: Compilation of lectures delivered to the participants of the Twelfth Refresher Course (Oct. 21-25, 1984) of Pakistan Tobacco Board, Peshawar.

51. Sattar, A., Mahmood, F., Khan, S., Neelofar and Khan, I. 1985.

Effect of irradiation and germination on selected nutrients of corn. Food Chem. (U.K) 17,183-192.

52. Sattar, A., Hamid, A. Sarwar, G. and Asghar, A. 1984.

Effect of nitrogen fertilization on yield, concentration of proteins and rheological properties of wheat. Agric. Biol. Chem. Japan.

53. Wahid, M. and Khan, I. 1985.

Radiation preservation of dried fruits. J. Sci. Tech. Peshawar. 1985-86 54. Ahmad, M.

Effect of picking time and storage conditions on the physico-chemical characteristics of citrus fruit. Citrus and Veg. Mag. (U.S.A.) 50:26, 4.-42, 50-52 (1986).

55. Ahmad, M.

Evaluation of early flowering mutants of Basmati varieties for grain quality characteristics. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 28:48-50 (1986).

56. Ahmad, M., Chaudry, M.A. and Khan, I.

Studies on the standardization and storage stability of citrus and mango squashes. The Nucleus 23(1), 1986.

57. Ahmad, M. and Khalid, Z.M.

Some studies on grain quality characteristics of rice. Sarhad j. Agri. 1: 123-128, (1985). 58. Ahmad, M., Aurangzeb and Khan, I.

Technological studies on the soybean and soymilk. The Nucleus, 22: 75-78 (1985). 59. Akhtar, T., Khan, I., and Sattar, A.

Fungal and chemical spoilage of maize in relation to storage time, temperature and humidity. The Nucleus, 22: 29-33 (1985).


62

60. Akhtar, T., Khan, I., Sattar, A., and Khan, S.

Growth and other characteristics of Aspergillus niger Van, Teghem, in relation to culture media. J. Sci. and Technol. 15: 50-52 (1983).

61. Akram, M., Cheema, A.A., Awan, M.A. and Ahmad, M.

Effect of planting date and fertilizer level on grain yield and protein content of rice. Pakistan J. Agric. Res. 6: 165-167 (1985)

62. Ashraf, M., Ahmad, M., Aurangzeb and Hussain, B.

Effect of gamma irradiation on fungal infestation, physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of maize. Sarhad J. Agr. 2: 105-111 (1986).

63. Aurangzeb, Ahmad, M. and Baksh, B.

Effect of different dietary vegetables and proteins on blood glucose level in chicks. J. Sci. Technol. 9: 1985.

64. Farooqi, W.A. and Ahmad, M.

Physiological disorders of some deciduous fruits. Punjab Fruit J. 38: 44-47, (1985). 65. Hussain, A.M., Chaudry, M.A. and Haq, I.

Effect of low doses of ionizing radiation on shelflife of Mackerel (Restrelliger Kanazurta). Lebensm. Wiss U-Technol. 18; 273-276 (1985).

66. Hussain, A.M., Haq, I. And Chaudry, M.A.

Radiation preservation of dried Rahu fish (Labeo rohita). Extended synopsis international symposium on food irradiation processing held at Washington, D.C. March, 4-8, IAEA, SM-271/3P(1985).

67. Jan, L., Hussain, T., Iqbal, P. and Sattar, A.

Phytic acid and potential nutrients in wheat corn and soybean. pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 28; 331-333.

68. Khan, I., Akhtar, T. and Sattar, A.

Factors affecting survival and activity of microorganisms in food. The Nucleus, 22: 79-83 (1985).

69. Khan, I., Sattar, A., Wahid, M. and Jan, M.

Radiation preservation of dry fruits. Proc. Int. Conf. On ‘Radiation disinfestation of Food and Agriculture products.” Honolulu, USA pp. 207-213 (1985).

70. khan, I., Wahid, M. and Sattar, A.

Semi-commercial trials on radiation preservation of potatoes under tropical conditions. J. Food Process. Preserv. USA. 1986.

71. Khan, I., Sattar, A., Wahid, M., Jan, M.

Semi-commercial trials on radiation preservation of potatoes under topical conditions. proc. Int. Symp. Food Irradiation Processing, Washington, D.C., 4-8 March, 1985. IAEA/FAO, Vienna, 1985.

72. Manan, F., Ahmad, M., Iqbal, P. and Hussain, T.

Effect of cooking on phytic acid contents and nutritive value of chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Sarhad J. Agr. 1: 405-410 (1985).

73. Sattar, A., Delincee, H. and Diehl, J.F.

Detection of gamma irradiated pepper and papin by chemiluminescence. Radiat. Phys. Chem. W. Germany 1986.

74. Sattar, A. Jan, M., Ahmad, A., Wahid, M. and Khan, I.


63

Radiation disinfestation and biochemical assessments of dry nuts. J. Stored Products Res. U.K.

75. Sattar, A., Nasir, M.A., Ahmad, B. and Jamshaid, M.

Aflatoxin in biological materials. J. Pharm; 4, 83-93 (1983). 76. Tila Mohammad, F. Mehmood, A. Ahmad, A. Sattar and I. Khan.

Introduction of high lysine and high yielding mutants in wheat (Triticum aestivum) through gamma radiation. Mutation Breeding Newsletter, IAEA, Vienna, Austria 1986.

77. Wahid, M., Sattar, A. and Khan, I.

Status of food irradiation in Pakistan. The nucleus. 22: 85-89 (1985). 78. Wahid, M., Sattar, A., Khan, I., Neelofar, Atta, S., Jan, M.

Technological feasibility of radiation preservation of potatoes. Frontier J. Agric. 10: 182-190 (1984)

79. Wahid, M., Sattar., A., Neelofar, Atta, S., Khan, I. and Ehlerman, D.A.E.

Radiation disinfestation and quality of dried fruits. Acta Alimentaria-Hungary 1986. 80. Khan, I.

Radiation preservation of food-present status and future strategy in Pakistan. The Nucleus, 21 (1-2) 203-210 (1984).

81. Akhatar T., Sattar, A. and Khan, I.

Antifungal activity of some Plant extracts against potato dry rot Fusarium coeruleum (Lib) Sacc. S. J. Agric. 2(1): 187-191 (1986).

82. Ahmad, M., Chaudry, M.A. and Ismail Khan. (1986-87).

Studies on the quality evaluation of citrus and mango squashes. Pak. J. Sci. 38: 25-38 (1986).

83. Ahmad, M., Chaudry, M.A. and Ismail Khan.

Studies on the standardization and storage stability of citrus and mango squashes. The Nucleus, 23; 45-48 (1986).

84. Ahmad, M., Kaif, N.S., Chaudry, M.A. and Habib, N.

Physical characters and chemical and nutrient composition of Pakistani mangoes. Sarhad J. Agr. 2: 647-654 (1986).

85. Ahmad, M., Chaudry, M.A. and Ismail Khan.

Technological studies on citrus and other fruit based drinks. The Nucleus, 23: (3,4) 41-45 (1986).

86. Ahmad, M., Mahmood, F. and Khan, I.

Effect of washing on free amino acids on kinnow mandarins (Citrus reticulata Blanco) during storage. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 235-238 (1987).

87. Javed, H., Chaudry, M.A., Hussain, B. and Ahmad, M.

Effect of waxing on the physico-chemical characteristics of Blood Red oranges during storage. Sarhad J. Agri. 31: 51-60 (1987).

88. Khan, I.

Radiation Preservation of Food Prospects in Pakistan. Proceeding of the First National Seminar on Technology Transfer, NCTT, Islamabad, 22-24 July (1985).

89. Khan, I., Wahid, M., Sattar, A., and Jan, M.

Semi-commercial trials on radiation preservation of potatoes under tropical conditions., J. Fd. Proc & Pre. (USA), 10: 239-249 (1986).


64

90. Muhammad, I., Chaudry, M.A., Ahmad, M., Muhammad, J. and Ismail Khan. Effect of heating and addition of pectin on cloudiness and other physiochemical characteristics of citrus squash during storage. The Nucleus, 23 (3,4): 15-18 (1986).

91. Salem, S.A.Rehman, Aurangezeb, Ahmed, M., S. Basit Ali Shah and Ismail Khan.

Nutrient ecompostion of some common feeds available in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan. The Nucleus, 23(3,4):27-32(1986).

92. Sattar, A., Hamid, A., and Sarwar, G.

Rheological properties of wheat in relation to nitrogen fertilization. Pak. J. Agric. Sci: 23: 82-87 (1986).

93. Sattar, A., Alam, Z., Qureshi, R.H. and Kansar, M.A.

Nutritional quality of grasses in relation to different cutting during the vegetative growth stage. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 24 (1), 1-7 (1987).

94. Sattar, A., Khan, D., Jan, M., Ahmad, A., and Khan, I.

Effect of gamma irradiation and peroxidation of dry nuts and other edible oils and fats. Sarhad J. Agric. 3: 61-66 (1987).

95. Wahid, M., Jehanzeb, K., Hussain, B., and Saeed, M.

Changes of sugar and sensory qualities in potatoes during storage. Sarhad J. Agric. 2; 113-120 (1986).

96. Zeb., A., Sattar, A., and Mohammad J.

Effect of soaking and heating on selected nutrients and phytate contents of soybean and mungbean. Sarhad j. Agric. 3. 179-184 (1987).

1987-88 97. Afridi, S.R., H. Bakhtiar and M. Wahid. 1988.

Effect of storage environments on the keeping quality of dried apricots. Sarhad J. Agric. 4(1), 27-34.

98. Akhtar, D., N. Begum and A. Sattar. 1987.

Effect of dietary phytate on bioavailability of iron. Nutr. Res. (Canada), 7; 833-843. 99. Akhtar, T. and Khan, I. 1987.

Environmental factors affecting aflatoxin production and its preventive measures. The Nucleus 24(1-2), 37-41.

100. Ahmad, M. and Khan, I. 1987.

Effect of waxing and cellophane lining on the chemical quality indices of citrus fruits. Plant Food for Human nutrition (The Netherlands) 37: 47-57.

101. Ahmad, M., Albert, R., Aurang Zeb, Bibi, N., Habib, N. and khan, I. 1987.

Nutritional and organoleptic evaluation of wheat roties supplemented with soybean flour. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 615-618.

102. Ahmad, M., Chaudry, M.A. and Khan, I. 1987.

Development of a process for preparing comminuted guava drink. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 636-638.

103. Ahmad, M., Chaudhry, M.A., Khan, I. Kaif, N.S. and Habib, N. 1987.

Effect of substitution of sucrose with liquid glucose on the quality of mango squash. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 789-791.

104. Aurang Zeb, Ahmad, M. and Baksh, R. 1987.

Effect of dietary protein source on lipid metabolism in chicks. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 825-827.


65

105. Aurang Zeb, Ahmad, M. and Baksh, R. 1987.

Comparison of hypolipidemic effect of onion, garlic an ginger in Chicks. Pak. J. Med. Res. 26: 82-86.

106. Aurang Zeb, Ahmad, M., Bibi, N. Badshah, A. and Khan, I. 1987.

Hypocholesterolemic and hypoglycemic effect of different spices in albino rats. Pak. J. Med. Res. 27: 140-144.

107. Badshah, A., Ahmad, M., Aurang Zeb, Bibi, N. Mohammad, T. and Khan, I. 1987.

Relationship between physicochemical characters and cooking time in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum L.). Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 789-791.

108. Chaudry, M.A., Ahmad, S., Hussain, B. and Ahmad, M. 1988.

Effect of low doses of gamma radiation on the quality of Futsell’s early mandarins. Sarhad J. Agri. 4: 133-141.

109. Jan, M., D.Is. Langerak and J. Farkas. 1988.

Effect of packaging on the keeping quality of walnuts treated at disinfestation dose. Act Alim 17: 13-31 (Hungary).

110. Khan, A.D., M. Wahid, and S. Akbar 1988.

Sunflower cultivation. Pak. Aric. 10(2), 32-35. 111. Muhammad, R., Ahmad, M., Chaudhry, M.A., Khan, I. and Hussain, B. 1987.

Ascorbic acid and quality retention in orange squash as related to exposure to light and packaging material. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 480-483.

112. Sattar, A., H. Delincee and J.F. Diehl. 1987.

Detection of gamma irradiated pepper and papain by chemiluminescence, Radiet, Phys. Chem. 29: 215-218 (U.K).

113. Wahid, M., A. Sattar, Neelofar, S. Atta, I. Khan and D.A.E. Ehlermann. 1987.

Radiation disinfestation and quality of dried fruits. Acta Alim. 16 (2), 159-166 (Hungary).

114. Zeb, A., A. Sattar and J. Mohammad. 1987.

Effect of soaking and heating on selected nutrients and phytate content of chickpea. Sarhad J. Agric. 4: 21-26.

1988-89 115. Afridi. S.R., Bakhtiar, H. and Wahid. M. 1988.

Effect of storage environments and combination treatments on keeping quality of dried apricots. Sarhad J. Agric. 4: 27-34.

116. Auranzeb, Ahmad, M. and Bakhsh, K. 1986.

Effect of different dietary vegetables and proteins on blood glucose levels in chicks. J. Sci. Tech. 9: 74-77.

117. Ahmad, M; Wahab, S; Aurangzeb and Hussain, B; 1989.

Comparative quality of toasted corn and soybean. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 32: 47-49. 118. Ahmad, M., Ismail, M., Chaudry, M.A., and Hussain, B; 1988.

Effect of different preservatives on the retention of natural and added ascorbic acid in orange squash. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 9: 198-201.

119. Badshah, A., Ahmad, M. Aurangzeb, Bibi, N., Mohammad, J. and Khan, I. 1987.

Relationship between physicochemical characters and cooking time in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 30: 795-798.


66

120 Chaudry, M.A., Ahmad, S., Hussain, B. and Ahmad, N. 1988.

Effect of low doses of gamma irradiation on the quality of Feutrell’a Early Mandarins. Sarhad J. Agric. 4: 133-141.

121. Mahmood, F., Sattar, A., Ahmad, A. and Khan, I. 1989.

Protein and amino acid profiles of common cultivars of legumes. Sarhad J Agric. 5: 255-260.

123. Mohammad, T., Mehmood, F., Ahmad, A., Sattar, A. and Khan, I. 1988.

Induction of high lysine and high yielding mutants in wheat (Triticum aestivum) through gamma radiation. IAEA Mutation Breed. News Letter No. 32 pp. 14.

124. Sattar. A., Delincee, H. and Diehl, J.F. 1988.

Irradiation of Industrial enzyme preparations:-Characterization of irradiated papain by gel filtration, gel electrophoresis and thin-layer isoellectric focusing. Lebensm-Wiss. Technol. (Switzerland) 21: 319-323.

125. Sattar. A., A., Querishi. R.H. and Kausar, M.A. 1988.

Nutritional quality of grasses in relation to different cuttings during the vegetative growth stage. Egypt. J. Soil. Sci. (Egypt) 28: 197-203.

126. Sattar. A., Aslam, Z., and Qureshi, R.H. 1988.

Wet digestion of biological materials for the determination of Zn, Cu and Mn by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Malays. Agric. J. (Malaysia) 54: 157-163.

127. Sattar, A., Durrani, J., Khan, R.N. and Hussain, B. 1989.

Effect of different packages and incandescent light on HTST-pasteurized single strength orange drink. Chem. Microbial. Technol. Lebensm. (West Germany) 12: 41-45.

128. Sattar, A., Jan, M., Ahmad., A., Wahid, M. and Khan, I. 1989.

Irradiation disinfestation and biochemical quality of dry nuts. Act Alimentaria (Hungary) 18: 45-52.

119. Sattar, A., Khalid, Z.M., Chaudry, M.A., Ahmad, B. and Jamshaid. M; 1988.

Trace elements and other essential nutrients of biological materials. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 25; 87-94.

1989-90 130. Ahmad, M., Shah, Z., Durrani, J., Chaudry, M.A. and Khan, I. 1989.

Effect of film packaging on physico-chemical characteristics of Blood-red oranges during storage at room conditions. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 10: 66-73.

131. Akhtar, D., Hashmi, H.S., and Sattar, A. 1989.

Microbial and physicochemical quality of household milk during post-boiling cooling and refrigerated storage. Pak. J. Med. Res. 28: 205-209.

132. Aurangzeb., Ahmad, M., Bibi, N., Badshah, A. and Khan, I. 1988.

Relationship between physico-chemical characters and cookability in mungbeans. The Nucleus, 25: 35-38.

133. Ahmad, M., Bibi, N., Badshah, A., Chaudry, M.A. and Khan, I. 1989.

Nutrient composition of some commercial bakery products. Pak. J. Sci. Res. 32: 464-468.

134. Badshah, A. 1988.

Protein content and quality of major cereals. The Nucleus, 25: 11-14. 135. Bibi, N., Ahmad, M., Aurangzeb, Badshah, A., and Khan, I. 1988.


67

Variability and relationships among various physicochemical characteristics of wheat. The Nucleus, 25: 15-18.

136. Chaudry, M.A., Ahmad, M., and Khan, I. 1988.

Technological studies on mango squash; cultivar effect and cost economics. The Nucleus 25: 7-10.

137. Chaudry, M.A., Hussain, B., Aman, K., and Ahmad, M., 1989.

Effect of peeling methods on the nutritional and organoleptic characteristics of dehydrated potatoes. Sarhad J. Agric. 5: 597-601.

138. Hussain, M.A., Haq, I., and Chaudry, M.A. 1989.

Radiation preservation of dried fish indigenous to Asia. IAEA Tech. Reports. Series No. 303, IAEA, Vienna.

139. Hussain, B., Khan, S., Ismail, M. and Sattar, A. 1989.

Effect of roasting and autoclaving on phytic acid content of chickpea. Die Nagrung 33: 345-348.

140. Khan, I. 1990.

Food Irradiation Development in Pakistan. Rad. Phys. Chem. 35 (1-3), 245-247. 141. Khattak, A.B., and Klopenstein, C.F. 1989.

Effect of gamma irradiation on the nutritional quality of grain and legumes. I. Stability of Niacin, Thiamin and Riboflavin. Cereal Chem. 66: 169-170.

142. Khattak, A.B. and Klopenstein, C.F. 1989.

Effect of gamma irradiation on nutritional quality of grain and legumes. II. Changes in Amino acid profiles and available lysine. Cereal Chem, 66: 171-172.

143. Khattak, H.M., Durrani, M.J., Wahid, M. and Hussain, B. 1990.

Relationship of blanching time on the catalase, peroxidase and sensory factors of dehydrated peas during storage. Sarhad J. Agric. 6, 241-247.

144. Mohammad, T., Sattar, A., Shah, S.A., Mahmood, F. and Khan, I. 1989.

Improvement of bread wheat for agronomic and quality characters through gamma radiation. Proc. Third Nat. Conf. plant Scientists, Nov. 7-11, 1987, Peshawar.215-218.

145. Nawaz, A., Wahid, M., Inayatullah, H., and Shah, A.H. 1988.

Effect of Maleic hydrazide spray and irradiation on the storage of onions. The Nucleus, 25: 39-42.

146. Sattar, A., Asghar, A., Iqbal, J., Anjum, F.M., Ahmad, B. and Jamshaid, M. 1989.

Biochemical and technological quality evaluation of wheats and triticale. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 8: 1-6.

147. Sattar, A., Durrani, M.J., Khan, R.N. and Hussain, B. 1989.

Effect of packaging materials and fluorescent light on NTST-pasteurized single strength orange drink. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 188; 430-433.

148. Sattar, A., Durrani, S.K., Mahmood, F., Ahmad, A. and Khan, I. 1989.

Effect of irradiation and germination temperatures on selected nutrients and antinutrients of mungbean. Food Chem. (U.K), 34: 111-120.

149. Sattar, A., Khattak, W.H., Durrani, M.J., Durrani, S.K. and Hussain, B. 1989.

Potentiometric stripping analysis for selected heavy metals in tropical cereals and legumes. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 26: 229-235.

150. Wahid, M., Sattar, A., Durrani, S.K., Ahmad., Mahmood, F. and Khan, I. 1989.


68

Biochemical composition of wild and cultivated mushrooms in Pakistan. Proc. Third Nat. Conf. Plant Scientists, Nov, 7-11, 1987, Peshawar. 187-190.

1990-91 151. Akhtar, D., Hashmi, H.S. and Sattar, A. 1990. Effect of post boiling cooling and refrigerated

storage on microbial and physico-chemical quality of market milk. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 9: 17-21.

152. Badshah, A., and Klopenstein, C. F. 1989. Effect of gamma irradiation on the nutritional quality

of grain and legumes. I. Stability of miacin, thiamin and riboflavin. Cereal Chem. (USA) 66: 169-170.

153. Badshah A., and Klopfenstein, C.F. 1989. Effect of radiation on the nutritional quality of grain

and legumes. II. Changes in amino acid profiles and available lysine. Cereal Chem. (USA) 66: 171-172.

154. Jan, M., Wahid, M. and Sattar, A. 1990. Preservation of potatoes and onions by radiation. Zaraat-

e-Sarhad, 8: 10-12. 155. Mahmood, F; A. Sattar, A. Ahmad and I. Khan. 1989. Protein and amino acid profiles of common

cultivars of legumes. Sarhad J. Agric. 5: 255-260. 156. Muhamed, A. A. M., Ahmad, M. Chaudry, M.A. and Inayatullah M. 1989. Effect of gamma

irradiation on the postharvest quality of blood-red oranges. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 32: 626-628.

157. Sattar, A: J. Mohammad, J.A. Saleem: Jan, M., and Ahmad, A. 1990. Effect of fluorescent light,

gamma radiation and packages on oxidation deterioration of dry nuts. Sarhad J. Agric. 6: 235-240.

158. Sattar, A; Ahmad, B. and Jamshaid, M. 1990. Simultaneous determination of zinc, cadmium, lead

and copper in water by potentiometric stripping analysis. Pak. J. Agric. Sci. 27: 156-162. 159. Sattar, A; Durrani, M.J., R.N. Khan and B. Hussain. 1989. Effect of different packages and

incandescent light on HTST pasteurized single strength orange drink. Chem. Microbial. Technol. Lebnesm. (Germany) 12: 41-45.

160. Sattar, A; Wahid, M. and Durrani, S.K. 1989. Concentration of selected heavy metals in spices,

dry fruits and plant nuts. Plant Food Human Nutr. (The Netherlands) 39: 279-286. 161. Sattar, A; Neelofar; and Akhtar, M.A., 1990. Irradiation and germination effects on phytate,

protein and amino acids of soybean. Plant Food Human Nutri. (The Netherlands) 40: 185-194.

162. Sattar, A; Atta, S., Wahid, M., Ahmad B. and Akhtar, M.A. 1990. Radiation effect on

biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and riboflavin germinating chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Nucl. Sci. Techniques, China 1: 222-228.

163. Sattar, A; Jan, M., Ahmad, A. and Durrani, S.K., 1990. Peroxidation and heavy metals of dry nut

oils. Acta Alimentaria (Hungary) 19: 225-228. 164. Sattar, A., Wahid, M. and Jan, A. 1990. Preservation of dry fruits by gamma irradiation. Zaraat-e-

Sarhad. 10: 21-23.

165. Sattar, A., Jan, M., Saleem, A. Jan, M. and Ahmad. A. 1990. Effect of fluorescent light, gamma irradiation and packages on oxidative deterioration of dry nuts. Sarhad J. Agric. 6: 235-240.


69

166. Wahid, M., Sattar. A. Jan, M., and Khan, I. 1990. Effect of combination methods on insect disinfestation and quality of plant nuts. Nucl. Sci. Techniques, China 1: 229-233.

167. Wahid, M., Khan, A.R., Hussain, B. and Sattar, A. 1990. Effect of radiation disinfestation and atmospheric storage on dry dates. Pakistan J. Pharmacy 3: 31-37.

168. Wahid, M; A. Sattar and A. Iqbal. 1990. Chemical composition of Volvariella volvaceae grown in Pakistan. Mushroom J. Tropics. (Hong Kong) 9: 59-64.

1992-93

169. Ali, S; T. Hussain; S. Khan and A. Sattar 1993. Nutritional value of low and high erucic acid and

glucosinolate cultivars of rapeseed. Scientific Khyber 6: 35-41.

170. Badshah, A; C.F. Klopfenstein, R. Burrough and A. Sattar 1992. Effect of gamma irradiation on field and storage fungi of wheat maize and soybean. Food Chem. Mikrobiol. Technol. Lebensm. (Germany) 14: 57-61.

171. Badshah, A; Aurangzeb, A. Sattar and N. Bibi 1993. Effect of irradiation and other processing methods on in vitro digestibility of rapeseed protein. J. Sci. Food Agric. (UK) 6: 273-275.

172. Sattar, A. 1992. Food Irradiation Process Control and Acceptance. 3rd FAO/IAEA Res. Coord. Meeting on Food Irradiation (RPFI Phase-III) Beijing, China Sep. 21-25.

173. Sattar, A; Atta, M.A. Akhtar; M. Wahid and B. Ahmad 1991. Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid and riboflavin in radiated germinating chickpea. Inter. J. Vit. Nutri. Res. (Switzerland) 61: 149-154.

174. Sattar, A; and M. Wahid 1992. Process Control, Transportation, Marketing and Acceptance of Irradiated Potatoes, Onions, Spices and Meat. The 8th Int. Meet. Rad. Proc. Beijing, China Sep. 13-18.

175. Sattar, A; N. Bibi and M.A. Chaudry 1992. Phenolic compounds in persimmon during maturation and on-tree ripening. Die Nahrung (Germany) 36: 466-472.

1993-94

176. Ahmad, T; S. Atta and A. Sattar, 1993. Stability of edible oils in relation to irradiation and antioxidants. Proc. 2nd All Pakistan Sci. Conf. Lahore, Dec. 26-30 pp. 183-184.

177. Akhtar, D: A. Sattar and F. Rabi, 1993. Boiling and storage effect on seasonal quality of milk. Scientific Khyber 6: 21-27.

178. Akhtar, D; A. Sattar and F. Rabi, 1993. Effect of processing temperatures on chemical and microbial quality of milk. Scientific Khyber 6: 167-172.

179. Atta, S; A. Sattar, T. Ahmad and A. Ahmad. 1993. Potentiometric stripping analysis of heavy metals in road side on-tree fresh persimmon fruit. Proc. 2nd All Pakistan Sci. Conf. Lahore Dec. 26-30 pp. 185-186.

180. Bibi, N; A. Sattar and M.A. Chaudry, 1993. Variations of phenolic compounds in rapeseed varieties grown at Peshawar. Pak. J. Sci. Ind. Res. 36: 195-198.

181. Khan, H.M; I.A. Bhatti, A. Sattar and A. Ahmad. 1993. Evaluation of different techniques for the detection of irradiated food-stuffs. Proc. 2nd All Pakistan Sci. Conf. Lahore. Dec. 26-30 pp. 187-188.

182. Mahmood, F; M. Khan, T. Akhtar and A. Sattar, 1993. Biological performance of gamma irradiated feed. Proc. 2nd all Pakistan Sci. conf. Lahore Dec. 26-30 pp. 181.182.


70

183. Sattar, A. 1993. Food Irradiation Process Control and Acceptance. Final Research

Coordination Meeting (RPFI Phase-III) Taejon, Republic of Korea Sep. 20-24.

184. Sattar, A; F. Mehmood, M. Wahid, M. Jan and S. Atta, 1993. Studies on food irradiation processing in Pakistan. Proc. 2nd All Pakistan Sci. Conf. Lahore Dec. 26-30 pp. 178-180.

185. Sattar, A; N. Ahmad and L.A. Khan, 1993. Potentiometric stripping analysis of selected heavy metals in common biological materials. Die Nahrung-Food 37: 220-225.

186. Wahid, M; M.N. Khan, B. Hussain and A. Sattar. 1993. Radiation and waxing effect on shelf life of guava fruit. Nucl. Sci. Techniques, China. 4: 61-64.

187. Wahid, M; S.A. Malik and A. Sattar. 1993. Effect of growth media on yield and composition of Pleurotus florida grown in Pakistan. First Int. Conf. on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Product, Hong Kong Aug. 23-26 Abstract 0-8-5.

188. Wahid, M; S.A. Malik and A. Sattar, 1993. Biodegradation of lignocellulose and changes in bioelements in straw-substratum during mushroom’s growth. Int. Symp. Biotechnology for Sustainable Development, Dec. 15-20, NIBGE, Faisalabad, Pakistan.

1994-95

189. Akhtar, T., A. Sattar, I. Khan and A. Ahmad. 1989. Effect of storage temperature on the fungal and chemical spoilage of maize grains and flour. The Nucleus 26: 67-70.

190. Ali, S; T. Hussain, S. Khan and A. Sattar. 1993. Nutritional value of low and high erucic acid and glucosinolate cultivars of rapeseed. Scientific Khyber 6: 35-41.

191. Aurangzeb, N. Bibi, A. Badshah, A. Sattar, I. Khan, 1991. Nutritional value of rapeseed meal in relation to different processing conditions. The Nucleus 27: 41-44.

192. Chaudry, M.A., M. Jan and A. Sattar, 1995. Functionality of different defatted oilseed flours. 2nd Int. Conf. on `Impact of Food Research on new Product Development’, 28-31 Jan. Univ. Karachi.

193. Khan, J., S.F. Mabood, A. Sattar, M. Wahid and A. Khatoon. 1992. Carotene and ascorbic acid changes in apple, persimmon and potato during the post-harvest storage. J. Sci. & Tech. 16: 17-22.

194. Sattar, A. 1993. Studies on food irradiation process control and acceptance. Proc. First Int. Conf. On Impact of Food Research on New Product Development, Karachi. Univ., pp. 62-72.

195. Sattar, A., A. Ahmad and S. Atta. 1994. Standardization of detection methods for irradiated dried fruits and tree nuts. FAO/IAEA Res. Coordination Meeting, 5-9 Sep. Istanbul, Turkey.

196. Sattar, A. 1994. Oils and fats scenario in Pakistan with special emphasis on palm and palm kernel oils and their products. In 14th Palm Oil Familiarization Programme. Sep. 20-30, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

197. Sattar, A., A. Badshah and Aurangzeb 1995. Biosynthesis of ascorbic acid in germinating rapeseed cultivars. Plant Food Human Nutr. (Netherlands). 47: 63-70.

198. Sattar, A., A. Ahmad, and S. Atta. 1995. Development of detection methods and label dosimeters for gamma irradiated food. 2nd Int. Conf. on `Impact of Food Research on New Product Development’, 28-31 Jan. Univ. Karachi.

199. Wahid, M., S.A. Malik, A. Sattar and Aurangzeb. 1994. Cytokinin changes in mushrooms due to storage and irradiation. Proc. 3rd All Pakistan Sci. Conf. Bara Gali, 11-15 Sept. 1994.


71

200. Wahid, M., S.A. Malik, A. Sattar and A. Zeb. 1995. Research and development studies on

mushrooms. 2nd Int. Conf. on `Impact of Food Research on New Product Development’. 28-31 Jan. Univ. Karachi.

201. Zeb, A., S.A. Mushtaq, A. Sattar, and H.U. Rashid, 1994. Effect of gamma irradiation and cooking methods on the nutritional and organoleptic properties of two vegetables. Proc. 3rd All Pakistan Sci. Conf. Bara Gali, 11-15 Sept. 1994.

1995-96

202. Ahmad, A., A. Sattar and M.Z. Iqbal 1995. Detection of irradiated dried fruits and plant nuts. Pak. J. Food Sci. 5: 23-25.

203. Akhtar, T., M. Khan, F. Mahmood and A. Sattar 1995. Decontamination of spices by gamma irradiation. The Nucleus 32: 87-89.

204. Chaudry, M.A., M. Jan, N. Bibi and A. Sattar 1993. Functionality of oilseed flours. In: Impact of Food Research on New Product Development (Ed. R. Ali, P.J. Barlow, J.R. Whitaker). Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. University of Karachi.

205. Khan, J., S.F. Mabood, A. Sattar, M. Wahid, A. Khatoon and R. Ahmad 1995. Peroxidase activity in apple, persimmon and potato during post-harvest storage. Pak. J. Sci. Res. 47: 32-39.

206. Khan, J., S.F. Mabood, A. Satar, M. Wahid, A. Khatoon and R. Ahmad 1995. Catalase activity in apples, persimmon and potato tissue during post harvest storage. Pak. J. Sci. 47: 60-62.

207. Khan, H.M., I.A. Bhatti, A. Sattar, T. Ahmad and A. Hussain 1995. Identification of gamma irradiated spices by determining radiation induced chemical changes. Sci. Int. (Lahore) 7: 239-240.

208. Mahmood, F., M. Khan, T. Sharafat, A. Sattar and M.T.J. Khan 1996. Bacterial decontamination of poultry feed and meat by gamma radiation and combination methods. Pak. J. Pharm. 6: 61-67.

209. Sattar, A. 1995. Food irradiation processing in Pakistan. Pak. J. Food Sci. 5: 1-4.

210. Sattar, A., T. Ahmad and S. Atta. 1995. Stability of palm and palm kernel oils to gamma and visible light irradiation. Proc. 1993. PORIM Int. Palm Oil Congress update and vision(Ed. Basiron et al) PORIM, Malaysia pp. 98-99.

211. Sattar, A., A. Ahmad, S. Atta and T. Ahmad 1995. Development of detection methods and label dosimeters for gamma irradiated dried fruits and tree nuts. In: Impact of Food Research on New Product Development (Ed. R. Ali, P.J. Barlow, J.R. Whitaker). Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Univ. Karachi.

212. Sattar, A., S. Atta. M.A. Akhtar and T. Ahmad 1995. Effect of gamma irradiation and subsequent germination on the amino acid content of chickpea. Pak. J. Food Sci. 5: 33-35.

213. Wahid, M., S.A. Malik, A. Sattar and A. Zeb. 1995. Effect of irradiation and storage on growth and o-diphenol oxidase of mushrooms. Pak. J. Food Sci. 5: 17-21.

214. Zeb, A., A. Sattar, A. Badshah., N. Bibi and U. Meulen. 1995. Effect of feeding rapeseed meal in the diet on growth performance and sensory quality of meat of broilers. Pak. J. Food Sci. 5: 37-40.

1996-67 215. Ahmad, A., A. Sattar. A., A. Hussain and M.Z. Iqbal 1997. Effect of irradiation on lipid

characteristics of plant nuts Sains Malaysiana. 26: (3) 43-56.


72

216. Ahmad, A., A. Sattar, I. Ali and M.Z. Iqbal 1997. Irradiation effect on thermoluminescence

values in dried fruits. J. Rasio Anal & Nucl. Chem. 227(1).

217. Ahmad, T., A. Sattar., Saeed A. Nagra 1997. Effect of dietary oils and fats on digestibility, blood and hepatic cholesterol contents in albino rats. Pak. J. Food Sci. 7: 17-19.

218. Atta. S., A. Sattar., T. Ahmad and S. Sattar 1997. Heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown on sewerage and canal water. J. Pure and Appl. Sci. 16: 71-75.

219. Ihansullah, F., Jan, M., Shafiq, S.D. Orfi, and M.A. Atta 1997. Measurement of radioactive contamination in the food stuffs by gamma spectroscopy. The Nucleus 34: 145-148.

220. Sattar, A. 1996. Irradiation preservation of onions, potatoes, spices and poultry meat. In: Food irradiation with emphasis on process control and acceptance in Asi. IAEA. TECDOC-871, pp 51-68.

221. Sattar. A., A. Ahmad., M.Z. Iqbal 1997. Identification of irradiated dried fruits and tree nuts in trade proc. FAO/UNDP Nat. Conf. on `Post-harvest Technology of Horticultural Commodities’, Deciduous Fruits Dev. Centr Quetta. 10-12 Sep 96, pp 94-100.

222. Sattar, A., A, Ahmad and S. Atta 1997. Evaluation of different techniques to identify irradiated meats, Chicken and fish In: Impact of food Research on New Product Development (Ed. R. ali, P.J. Barlow, J. R. Whitaker) proc. 3rd Int. Conf. 3-6 June, Univ. Karachi.

223. Sattar, A., A. Ahmad and M.Z. Iqbal 1997. Analytical detection methods for gamma irradiated fresh apples. Pak. J. Food Sci. 7: 53-55.

224. Sharafat, T., F. Mehmood. M. Khan and A. Sattar 1997. Effect of combination treatments on fungal spoilage of stored maize and flour. The Nucleus. 34: 157-160.

225. Zeb, A., A. Sattar and U. Ter Meulen 1997. Influence of irradiation and germination on single enzyme in vitro digestibility of rapeseed protein. Presented at 4th Int. Conf. Soc. Biochem. & Molecular Biol. Peshawar.

1997-98

226. Ahmad, A., A. Sattar., A. Hussain and M.Z., Iqbal. (1997). Effect of irradiation on lipid characteristics of plant nut oils. Sains Malaysiana. 26(2) 43-51.

227. Ahmad, T; A. Sattar and S.A. Nagra (1997) Effect of dietary oils and fats on digestibility, blood and hepatic cholesterol contents in albino rats. Pak. J. Food Sci. 7: 17-20.

228. Akhtar, T., M. Khan, F. Mahmood and A. Sattar(1995). Decontamination of spices by gamma irradiation. The Nucleus 32; 87-89.

229. Atta, S; A. Sattar, T. Ahmad, S. Sattar and Shamsud Zuha (1997). Heavy metal contamination of vegetables grown on sewerage and canal water. J. Pure Appl. Sci. 16: 71-75.

230. Chaudry, M.A; N. Bibi, F. Khan and A. Sattar (1998). Phenolics and quality of solar dried persimmon during storage. Italian J. Food Sci. 10, 3.

231. Ihsanullah, F. Jan, S.D. Orfi (1997). Measurement of radioactive contamination in the foodstuffs by gamma spectrometry. The Nucleus 34: 145-148.

232. Sattar, A; A. Ahmad, M. Jan and M.Z. Iqbal (1997). Analytical detection methods for gamma irradiated fresh apples. Pak. J. Food Sci. 7: 53-60.

233. Sharafat, T.F. Mahmood, M. Khan and A. Sattar (1997). Effect of combination treatments on fungal spoilage of stored maize grains and flour. The Nucleus 34: 157-161.

FRUIT TECHOLOGY SECTIO

PAKISTA COUCIL OF SCIETIFIC & IDUSTRIAL

RESEARCH LABORATORIES (PCSIR), PESHAWAR


73

2.5 FRUIT TECH�OLOGY SECTIO�

PAKISTA� COU�CIL OF SCIE�TIFIC & I�DUSTRIAL

RESEARCH LABORATORIES (PCSIR), PESHAWAR

1. Full name of Section/Department/Lab: Fruit Technology Section.

2. Address: PCSIR Labs, Jamrud Rd., Peshawar.

3. Telephon: 9216240-42 Location: Peshawar.

4. Status: Federal Year Established: 1964

5. Primary Function: Research & Development.

6. Parent Organization: PCSIR., Science & Technology Ministry.

7. Year Established (Parent Organization): 1956.

8. Chief Officer: Mrs. Surraya Wadud.

9. Grade:BPS 20 Year in position: 27-2-1997 to date.

10. Highest Education: M.Sc.


74

CHRO�OLOGY

1955 Established with a few rooms donated by the University of Peshawar. 1961 Permanent building constructed. 1965 Creation of four research divisions. 1984 The Divisions were reorganized.

I�TRODUCTIO�

The Peshawar Laboratories of the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial

Research were initiated in 1955 with a view to especially investigating raw material resources of the region and assisting in its industrial development. As such, the Laboratories comprise the following four Divisions, with one supporting section: 1. Natural Drugs Division. 2. Mineral Technology Division. 3. Agro-based & Rural Technology Division. (a) Fruit Technology Section. (b) Rural Technology Section. 4. Pilot Plant Studies Division. 5. General Services (Workshop).

AGRO-BASED A�D RURAL TECH�OLOGY DIVISIO�

FRUIT TECH�OLOGY SECTIO�

The Fruit Technology Division (now section) was established in 1959 with the following objectives in view: I. Development of processes for the economic utilization of indigenous fruits and vegetables and the utilization of wastes of the fruit processing industry. II. Providing technical assistance and laboratory service to the food industry. III. Furnishing scientific and technological support for the development of food

industries based on indigenous food raw material.

The Division consists of three sections viz. (a) Quality Control, (b) Microbiology, and (c) Process development and pilot plant.

Capabilities

The division is fairly well equipped to cover a wide range of R&D work on

food in general, and fruits and vegetables in particular. Some of the facilities available consist of equipment for high voltage electrophoresis, paper chromatography, flame photometery, microbiological examination and food analysis. The pilot plant


75

equipment comprises facilities for fruit washing, grading, peeling, slicing, dehydration, canning, bottling, vacuum filling, spray drying, roller drying, blanching, carbonation, vacuum concentration, dehydration, centrifugation, citrus oil extraction, process development, heat penetration studies.

R&D Activities and Achievements 1. Process for the production of pectin concentrate

Citrus peel as waste of the citrus processing has been successfully utilized for

the production of liquid pectin, which is, otherwise, imported in large quantities for use in food and pharmaceutical industries. The process was leased out to Messrs Benz Fruit Juice Industry, Lahore and after slight modification has also been leased to Messrs United Industry, Karachi. 2. Production of garlic and onion powder

Large quantities of onion and garlic go waste during the glut season. Processes

were evolved to produce free flowing powder from onion and garlic, duly preserving their essential constituents. These powders are subsequently mixed with common salt to serve as food ingredients. The process has been leased to Messrs A.K.Khattak, Peshawar. 3. Studies on the utilization of mango peel

Large quantities of mango are being processed in Pakistan for the production

of various mango products, but the peels go waste. In fact, the disposal of peel itself is a problem of the industry. Work was, therefor, undertaken for the utilization of the peel and the following products have been developed. (A) Mango sauce or ketchup:

An edible product has been prepared from the mango peel. The product has the taste and aroma of fresh mango fruit. It is both delicious and appetizing. The product can be used for daily use in breakfast, snacks and is comparable to tomato ketchup.

(B) Production of a natural and flavor enhancer:

A product based on the mango peel has the property of imparting thickness, clouding and improving the color of mango products.

4. Process for the production of carbonated and pulped beverages based on

guava

With a view to utilizing the surplus guava fruit, a process has been developed

for the production of a clear, shining, carbonated beverage from this fruit. The product has the taste and aroma of fresh guava; it is both refreshing and rich in natural vitamin C. The process has been leased to Messrs Saif Beverages, Peshawar.


76

Another product developed from the guava is the pulped guava beverage. Unlike the carbonated guava drink, it is cloudy in appearance with a good mouth feel, besides being delicious and appetizing, the process has been leased to Messrs S.T.Industries, Karachi, on non-exclusive basis. 5. Production of Ovaltine like hot drink

Since large quantities of malt extract are imported for use in food and pharmaceutical industries, a process has been developed for the production of a malt extract powder employing the foam mat drying method. The malt powder has also been successfully utilized for the production of an Ovaltine like hot beverage. 6. Development of process for the production of apple beverage

Although the production of apples has increased in the country, some of these apples are of low quality and do not fetch good price. A process ha since been developed for the conversion of these low quality apples into a refreshing beverage. This process has been leased to Messrs Saif Beverages, Peshawar, for commercial exploitation in NWFP only. 7. Instant tomato ketchup

Amongst the different fruits and vegetables tomato occupies a unique position

not only from the point of view of its high annual production but also the taste and readiness with which it is processed and transformed into various product. Although progress in developing new products from tomato continues, the main products recently marketed are tomato juice, puree paste and ketchup.

It was conceived that by avoiding the costly containers and the bulk of the product, its cost could be appreciably reduced. In the first instance a reasonable good quality of tomato ketchup in powdered form has been prepared. The product is also more convenient in handling and transportation because of the reduced bulk. It is expected to have a shelf life of around a year. Other fruit juices like mango, citrus and guava have also been successfully transformed into powders of reasonable good quality. Efforts are being made to maintain the quality and extended the shelf life of these highly hygroscopic products in order to make them feasible for commercial exploitation.

8. Studies on natural pigments and their potential as food colorant

There is a strong need to investigate and isolate coloring pigments which occur naturally in the plant kingdom, and to utilize them as substitutes for artificial food colorants. Some basic work in this direction has been undertaken and the common characteristics of the coloring material from Reptonia bausifolia are begin studied. Efforts are being made to isolate the natural coloring material from different natural sources and to examine its potentiality as food colorant in lieu of artificial coloring materials.


77

9. Preparation of nutritious protein rich products from soybean Since Soybean contains 20-22% oil and 40-45% protein which make it a rich source of high quality protein at low cost, the Government is too keen to develop Soybean as commercial edible oil crop to meet deficiency of animal proteins in the country. In view of the importance of the crop a number of projects which have since been completed include soymilk, cheese, tempeh, tempeh kabab, sugar-coated soybean, soy dal, soynuts, cookies and gulab jamuns. More products like soyflakes, soy sauce and meat analogues are in the offing. A process for the preparation of plain and flavored soymilk has also been developed. The nutritional value of soymilk is as high as that of cow milk. It has the added advantage of containing appreciable amounts of polyunsaturates which help in lowering blood cholesterol. Besides, it is a boon for children who can not digest any kind of milk including their mother's milk because of deficiency of the enzyme lactase. Soy youghurt prepared from soymilk has the same advantage and tastes like youghurt prepared from buffalo milk. Soy cheese, another product of PCSIR, is of creamish white color, and possesses delicate flavor, and taste and texture resembling that of cheese. With its high nutritive value and low cost, the soy cheese is free from cholesterol and low in saturated fats. It contains water insoluble protein (45-46%) and fat (4.3%) on wet basis and is also a rich source of calcium. A process for the preparation of tempeh and tempeh kabab has been developed. Fermentation of soybean improves its taste, destroys the bad flavor and develops tasty products. After fermentation soybeans are converted into a firm white cake, which tastes like meat. Kababs prepared from tempeh are delicious. Their nutritional value is equal to that of the meat kababs. A distinct advantage of tempeh lies in controlling flatulence which is normally caused by the common pulses. Processes for the preparation of soymilk, soy youghurt and tempeh kabab has been leased to (1) Messrs Shafique Engineering Co., Multan., (2) Messrs United Industries Ltd., Karachi and (3) Mujeeb's Low Cost Food Programme, Karachi. 10. Production of date vinegar on village level

Dates are grown abundantly in various parts of Pakistan, particularly in the

Bahawalpur and Multan Division, in the Punjab, Khairpur Division in Sind, Makran and Panjgur in Baluchistan as well as D.I.Khan in NWFP. The total crop is estimated to be about 132,000 tons. At least 30% of this crop, in the shape of under-ripe and low quality dates is reported to go waste.


78

A process for making good quality vinegar from low quality dates has been developed. The technology needs very small capital investment and can be operated easily at village level. The process has been such devised that it retains all the trace elements and nutritive values of dates and is free from artificial color and flavor. It contains the standard amount of acetic acid (4%), and has been pasteurized to eliminate harmful pathogenic bacteria, if any. 11. Utilization of soybean and sunflower seed cakes

After extraction of oil from soybean and sunflower 75-80% and 50-65% cakes rich in protein content are produced respectively. Work has recently been started to utilize these seed cakes for the preparation of various food products.


79

RESEARCH STAFF Fruit Technology Section, PCSIR Laboratories Peshawar employed 124 scientists in 1999. Research Staff of Fruit Technology Section (1998)

S.�O �AME QUALIFICATIO� DESIG�ATIO� YEARS/DURATIO�

1. Mrs. Suraya Wadood M.Sc. Chief Scientific Officer 24-07-1967 to date

2. Dr. Faqir Muhammad Ph.D. DAAD Post, Graduate Training, Food Microbiology.

Principal Scientific Officer 19-3-1966 to date

3. Miss Saeeda Kosar M.Sc. Senior Scientific Officer 27-11-1965

4. Mrs. Hasan Ara Fazal M.Sc. Senior Scientific Officer 10-8-1967

5. Mr. Nisar Khan Alizai M.Phil. Senior Scientific Officer 18-8-1987

6. Mrs. Sherin Iqbal M.Sc. Senior Scientific Officer 1-7-1976

7. Mrs. Hamida Abid M.Sc. Senior Scientific Officer 8-10-1980

8. Ejazuddin M.Sc. Scientific Officer 1-7-1970

9. Mr. Rauf Khan M.Sc. Scientific Officer 1-1-1977

10. Miss Azra Yasmin M.Phil. Scientific Officer 18-5-1986

11. Mr. Saeed Akhtar M.Sc. Scientific Officer 15-10-1980

12. Mr. Shamsur Rehman M.Sc. Scientific Officer 14-6-1987

Total : 12 Ph.D : 1 M.Phil : : 1 M.Sc : 9 PCSIR labs have considerable manpower but it cannot covers the needs of private food industry of the province.

4 Significant staff shortage was felt and PCSIR employed Mr. Ahmad Bilal (M.Sc.(Ho)) in 2000.


80

Research Project from 1960 to 1998 Fruit Technology Section conducted more than 124 studies/projects from 1962 to 1986. Research Projects

S.�O. �ame of Research Study/Project Brief Objectives Year

APPLIED RESEARCH

COMPLETED

1. Survey of fruit in the North Western Region of W.Pakistan.

Assessment of quality and quantity of different fruits grown in the region.

1962

2. Studies on the preparation of new products from guava fruit.

Economic utilization of guava fruit. 1963

3. Studies on proteolytic enzymes. Essay of proteolytic enzymes. 1967

4. Studies on the composition of preservation of sour oranges.

Utilization of sour oranges. 1963

5. Studies on the composition of citrus fruit growing in the country.

Quality evaluation of citrus fruit growing in the country. 1963

6. Isolation and utilization of Pectin esterase from cannery waste.

Utilization of Agro. Industrial wastes. 1964

7. Process standardization for the production of tomato juices.

Process standardization. 1964

8. Production of whole fruit drink and their blending value.

To determine blending value in certain fruits for drink production.

1965

9. Studies on the preparation of fruit Nectars.


10. Preparation of Strawberry cardinal. Process standardization. 1965


81


11. Studies on preparation of orange flavored milk shake.

To evaluate storage stability/preservation of orange flavored milk shake.

1965

12. Studies on the preparation of whole sangtara products.

Preparation of food products from whole sangtara. 1965

13. Changes in the composition of oranges during ripening.

Determination of physico chemical changes occurring in oranges, during ripening.

1965

14. Analysis of vegetables grown in Peshawar Region.

Analytical survey of vegetables. 1965

15. Identification of sugars in fruit juices. Identification of free sugars in fruit juices. 1966

16. Studies on the packing requirements of instants tea mix.

Determination of moisture equilibrium for packing of Instant tea mix.

1966

17. Studies on the preparation of Guava Ketchup.

New product development. 1967

18. Studies on the caning of Pea. Evaluation of the suitability of pea varieties for caning. 1967

19. Studies on chemical composition of Nyphea lotus.

Utilization of Nyphea lotus. 1967

20. Studies on the preparation of Jam from locally grown plums.

To assess the suitability of plum varieties for Jam making. 1967

21. Production of a blended product from beans and tomato.

New high protein product. 1967

22. Canning of pea. Process standardization. 1968

23. Studies on fermented pickles. Process standardization. 1968

24. Studies on the composition of some edible wild seeds and their oil.

Determination of nutritive value of wild plants. 1968


82


25. Studies on the composition of some edible wild seeds and their oil.

Characterization oil occurring in some wild seeds. 1969

26. Studies on utilization of dates. Utilization of dates for production of vinegar. 1969

27. Studies on the seasonal changes occurring sour oranges.

Studies on the physico-chemical changes occurring in sour oranges during ripening.

1970

28. Studies on the phenolic and related oxidative systems.

Biochemistry of plants disease resistance occurring due to phenalic and related oxidative systems.

1970

29. Studies on the proteolytic activity of Bacillus sp.

Determination of protein hydrolysis activity of Bacillus substilus.

1970

30. Studies on ripening of Banana. To standardize process for ripening of Banana. 1971

31. Studies on the development of new sorghum products. (USDA sponsored project)

Studies on the utilization of sorghum for the preparation of food products.

1975

32. Studies on physico-chemical changes occurring in peach fruit.

Physico chemical changes occurring in peach varieties. 1973

33. Studies on the purification of pectin esterase from sour oranges.

Isolation of pectin esterase. 1974

34. Dehydration of fruits & vegetable in the North Areas.

Development of process for dehydration of fruit in the rural areas.

1975

35. Studies on the composition of Reptonai busifolia fruit.

Utilization of edible wild fruit. 1975

36. Studies on storage stability of guava juice.

Determination of stability of guava juice during storage. 1975

37. Effect of different methods of extraction on the activity of pectin

To standardise optimum conditions for the extraction of 1976


83


esterase. pectin esterase from fruits.

38. Dehydration of Nympea lotus Barsanda.

Dehydration and rehydration characteristics

39. Studies on the enzymatic clarification of guava juice.

To determine optimum conditions for the enzymatic clarification of guava juice and studies on its utilization for beverage production.

1976

40. Microbiology of indigenous preserved food.

Assessment of microbial spoilage occurring in commercial food products.

1976

41. Sun drying of Apricots. Preservation of apricots in Northern Areas. 1977

42. Studies on the Dehydration of pea. To determine the economics of peas dehydration. 1975

43. Studies on production of instant sauces.

Product development. 1975

44. Instant sauces based on apple. Product development. 1981

45. Studies on the infant feeding practices in Pakistan (Collaborative studies with EMRO/FAO)

Assessment of the food value of baby feeds in Pakistan. 1982

46. Study on the "Gur" making technology in Pakistan.

Composition of gur produced in Pakistan. 1983

47. Studies on the preparation of Intermediate moisture foods.

To determine optimum conditions for the production of Intermediate moisture foods.

1985

48. Foam mat drying of tomato ketchup. Assessment of the suitability of foam mat drying for preparation of Instant tomato Ketchup.

1986

49. Studies on the suitability of various apple varieties for the preparation of food products.

Quality assessment of Apple varieties. 1986


84


WORK I� PROGRESS

1. Studies on the preparation of fruit juice concentrate.

Standardization of optimum for the production of fruit juice concentrates.

2. Studies on the isolation and application of Natural pigments occurring fruits and plants.

Isolation of anthocyanin pigment aiming at their possible utilization as natural food colorants.

3. Studies on composition, nutritional evaluation and contaminates in some commercially produced food products.

To determine the wholesomeness of locally produced food products and detection of adulterants added.

4. Studies on the composition of indigenous honey.

Composition of honey produced in different parts of Pakistan with a view to lay down standard for evaluation of honey.

5. Studies on the production of a foaming agent.

Studies aiming at determining the optimum condition of hydrolysis of Soya protein and production of a whipping agent. (Egg white substitute).

APPLIED RESEARCH

COMPLETED

1. Preparation of Jam, Mango Squash, and Pome granate syrup.

Analysis of local fruits and to study their suitability for production of various fruit products.

1960

2. Studies on the different varieties of citrus fruit.

Periodical analysis of available varieties of citrus with a view suggesting standard of maturity for harvesting.

1960

3. Studies on the citrus peel oil. Utilization of peel for extraction of oil. 1960

4. Studies on the utilization of guava Economic utilization of surplus fruit. 1963


85


fruit.

5. Studies on fermented pickles. Process standardization for the preparation of fermented pickles.

1963

6. Preparation of Tomato Juice. Process standardization for the preparation/preservation of Tomato juice.

1964

7. Studies on the physico chemical changes associated with ripening of pears, peaches and plums.

To assess the development of fruit leading to optimum maturity.

1964

8. Standardization of process for the production strawberry cordinal.

Processing trials for the production of strawberry cordinal. 1965

9. Studies on peach & Apricots Nectars. Process development/process standardization. 1965

10. A method of preparation whole citrus fruit beverages for red blood matter.

Product development studies. 1965

11. Studies on the utilization of guava fruit for the preparation of beverage.

Economic utilization of fruit/product development.

12. Process standardization for production of various food product.

Process standardization.

13. Production of Pectin citrus peel. Economic utilization of citrus peel for production of Pectin (imported substituted).

1967

14. Heat penetration studies of various low acid foods.

Process evaluation of low acid canned foods, to determine optimum conditions for their preservation.

1967

15. Microbiology of local preserved foods. Assessment of microbial status of preserved foods. 1967

16. Production of a carbonated beverage based guava.

Economic utilization of surplus guava fruit. 1972


86


17. Dehydration of fruits and vegetables. Process development. 1970

18. New products from Mango. Process for production of Noval mango product developed.

1972

19. Production of flavor enhancer/thickner from mango peel.

Utilization of mango peel. 1972

20. Development of new products from guava.

Economic utilization of fruit. 1972

21. Utilization of date. Utilization of dates for the preparation of date syrup. 1973

22. Studies on dehydration of Onion & Garlic.

Dehydration / Preservation of Onion & Garlic. 1974

23. Studies on the canning preservation of tomato sauce.

Waste utilization. 1974

24. Studies on the utilization of seed cake. Waste utilization. 1974

25. Studies on the utilization of date stone. Waste utilization. 1979

26. Studies on the preparation of Olive pickle.

Economic utilization of fruits. 1975

27. Standardization of methods for the canning of local fruits & vegetables.


28. Studies on sorghum, with a view utilize the same for food purposes.

A PL-480 USDA Sponsored project.

29. Studies on the canning preservation of tomato puree.

Process development studies. 1974

30. Solar dehydration of fruits and development of solar dryers.

Rural development / extraction work. 1974


87


31. Utilization of low quality dates for the production of vinegar.

Economic utilization of low quality date. 1972

32. Studies on the production of new high protein food from Soy bean.

Production of high protein foods based on vegetable protein to combat malnutrition.

1976

33. Survey of gur production in NWFP. Rural development / improvement in gur making technology.

34. Studies on the production of citric acid from orange waste.

Orange waste utilization. 1978

35. Studies with production of soymilk from soybean.

Development of milk substitute for lactose intolerant children.

1980

36. Studies on the utilization residue left after preparation of soymilk.

Residue successfully utilized for making various products. 1980

37. Bacteriological examination of drinking water.

Water purification project for rural areas. 1980

38. Preparation Soya cheese from soybean. Production of new high protein food from Soya. 1982

39. Studies on the preparation of peanut butter.

Production of butter substitute from peanut. 1982

40. Preparation of meat substitute from soybean.

Preparation of meat substitute from vegetable source. 1982

41. Preparation of Hydrolysed vegetable protein.

Proper utilization of oil seed cake for production of low cost high protein foods.

1983

42. Studies on the production of Soya sauce.

Import substitute. 1984

43. Studies on the enzymatic clarification Process development. 1983


88


of pulpy guava beverages.

44. Studies on the preservation of sugarcane juice.

Process development. 1984

45. Studies on the production of malt concentrate and foam mat dried malt powder.

Import substitute 1984

46. Exploratory studies on the production and preservation of mixed fruit drinks.

Development of processes for the production natural mixed fruit drinks.

1985

47. Canning of papaya pulp and Nectar. Canning preservation of papaya products. 1985

48. Foam mat drying of tomato ketchup. Process development. 1986

49. Studies on the production of Intermediate moisture foods.

Process development for low moisture preserved foods. 1986

50. Studies on the production of Sugar cane juice concentrate.

Production of a golden syrup a cheep substitute of crystalline sugar.

1986

51. Studies on dehydration fig. Process development. 1985

52. Pilot plant studies on the production of carbonated guava beverage.

Process development.

53. Pilot plant studies on the production of carbonated beverage based on enzymatically clarified apple juice.

Process development.

54. Studies on the canning of fruits and vegetables.

Improvement in the canning for preservation of fruit and vegetables.

1986

55. Studies on the production of homogenized fruit based beverages.

Process development for the production of stable fruit juice having natural cloud.

1986


89


56. Studies on the production of high degree brix concentrated fruit juices.

Production of fruit juice concentrates/process developed. 1986

57. Studies on the production of high degree brix date syrup.

Utilization of date for production of date syrup. 1986

58. Research Extension Activities. Fruit Preservation in Northern areas.

Rural development project work carried out in Chitral & Gilgit areas.

-

I� PROGRESS

1. Studies on Pilot Plant production of Apple and Guava beverages and establishment of cold storage facility.

Details have been given in part A of the proforma to be completed by Group/Section.

2. Preparation of fruit juice concentrates. do

3. Development of fruit juice powders. do

4. Investigations on Natural pigments for Food colors.

Do

5. Studies on the composition, Nutritional Evaluation, Quality and contamination status of some commercially produced food products.

Do

6. Studies on the composition of Indigenous Honey.

Details have been given in part A of the proforma to be completed by Group/Section.

7. Studies on the canning of local fruits & vegetables.

Do

8. Studies on the Feasibility of the process for the production of Foaming Agents on pilot plant scale.

Do


90


9. Improvement on the Fermentation process of soysauce and preparation of its substitute.

Do

10. Preparation of Hydrolysed vegetable proteins.

Do

11. Development of fruit products. Do

12. Establishment of fruit preservation laboratory at Skardu.

Do

Number of titles worked from 1955 to 1999 : 205.


91

AGROBASED A�D RURAL TECH�OLOGY DIVISIO�

LIST OF PUBLICATIO�S 1963-1998

Fruit Technology Section published more than 135 publications in different national and international journals. 1. New fruit products form Guava: N.A. Sufi, M.B. Bhatti. Sci. & Ind., 1.1963.

2. Role of proleolytic enzymes in fruit tech. Hujjatullah, A.Jabbar, Sci.& Ind.2,

3, 1963. 3. Survey of fruits in the North Western Region of West Pakistan. N.A. Sufi, J.N.

Khattak, Jr.Sci.Ind.Res. 6, 1963. 4. Chemical composition and preservation of sour oranges. N.A.Sufi and M.I.

Khattak, Sci. & Ind. 1, 1963. 5. Proximate composition of citrus fruits grown in citrus area of West Pakistan

N.A Sufi, Pak. Jr.Sci.Ind.Res. 6, 1963. 6. Studies on isolation and purification of pectin esterase from wastes of the fruit

processing: Hujjatullah, & A. Khan. Jr.Sci.Res., 10, 1964. 7. Standardized process for the production of tomato juice N. Qureshi, & M.B.

Bhatti, Sci. & Ind. 2, 1964. 8. Blending value of certain whole fruits for drink production, M.B. Bhatti and

A. Sattar, Agri.Pak. 15, 1964. 9. Studies on peach and apricot nectars, Samiullah and N. Ahmad Sci. & Ind. 3,

1965. 10. Preparation of strawberry cordial: M.B. Bhatti & A. Sattar Sci. & Ind., 3,

1965. 11. Studies on the preparation and storage, stability of orange flavored milk shake.

M.B. Bhatti, A. Sattar, A. Khan and M.A. Chaudry: Agri.Pak. 16, 485, 1965. 12. Studies on the utilization of whole sangtra fruit for the production of purees

and puddings. M.B. Bhatti, Agri. Pak., 16, 477, 1965. 13. Changes in composition of some varieties of sweet oranges during ripening.

Samiullah and M.A. Khattak. Sci. & Ind. 3, 158, 1965. 14. Analytical survey on the vegetables of Peshawar Region. Hujjahitullah and A.

Japer. Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res. 17, 1965. 15. Soft drink by F. Rehman Sci. Charicle Vol. 4, No. I-28, 1965.


92

16. Studies on the identification of sugars in fruit juices by paper partition chromatography. Samiullah and F.M. Khan; Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res., 8, 178, 1966.

17. Packing requirements of ready to serve instant tea mix in relation to moisture

equilibrium M.B. Bhatti & M.R. Chaudry, Pak. Jr. Agri. Sci. 3, 1966. 18. Pilot Plant trials on the manufacture of Guava Ketchup. A Novel product from

guava; M.B. Bhatti and M.R. Chaudhry: Jr. Agri. Sci. 19, 1967. 19. Canning of fruit and vegetables to see the suitability of Pakistani varieties of

peas for canning; W.H. Shah, Pak. Jr. Sci. 19, 1967. 20. Organoleptic evaluation of canned peas; W.H. Shah, Pak. Jr. Sci. 19, 24, 1967. 21. Chemical composition and utilization of the roots of ymphea lotus Linn.

Hujjatullah, A.K. Baloch, & A. Jabbar, Jr. Food, Sci. Agri. 10, 1967. 22. Composition and jam making qualities of plum varieties; N.A. Sufi & M. A.

Saeed, Sci. & Ind. 5, 1967. 23. Studies on the evaluation and composition of a blended product from beans

and tomatoes; M.B. Bhatti, A. Asghar & A. Sattar. Agri. Pak. 18, 1967. 24. Production of canned peas; W.H. Shah, Sci. & Ind. 6, 111, 1968. 25. Studies on fermented pickles; Samiullah & Ahmad, Sci. & Ind. 2, 226, 1968. 26. Nutritive value of edible wild plants in the Frontier Region of West. Pak.

Hujjatullah, B. K. Baloch, Sci. Ind. 9, 87, 1968. 27. Chemical composition of some edible wild seeds and characteristics of their

oils. Hujjatullah, Sci. Ind. Jan. 1968. 28. Studies on date vinegar manufacture; Samiullah, Surraya & Hussan Ara, Pak.

Jr. Sci. 21, 126, 1969. 29. Research in Food technology by F. Rahman, Finance and Industry Vol. 8, No.

5, 43, 1969. 30. Seasonal changes in sour oranges some Biochemical studies by F. Rahman &

M. I.D. Chaughati, Pak. Jr. Of Bio/chem. Vol. 3 No. 1 & 2, 1970. 31. Biochemistry of Plant Disease Resistance: Phenolics and the Related

Oxidative systems, Zafar, S.I. Bioligia 17, 143-220, 1971. 32. Studies on proteolytic Activity of Bacillus Subtilus. Surraya, Samiullah &

Hussan Ara, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res. 14, 4-5, 1971.


93

33. Food Preservation Problems of local Canneries, Samiullah , Pak. Jr. of Sci. Vol. 23. No. 384, 1971.

34. Banana Ripening. Samiullah Sci. Chronicle June, 1971. 35. Sour Oranges and their utilization. Samiullah; Sci. Chronicle. December,

1971. 36. Studies on the development of New Sorghum Foods (USDA) sponsored PL-

480 Project. Annual Report, 1971. 37. Coryneum Blight and Other diseases on Apricot in NWFP. S.I. Zafar & N.A.

Sufi, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res; 15, 193-195, 1972. 38. Seasonal changes occurring in the pectin esterase (PE) Activity of Sour

Oranges, F. Rahman and M.I.D. Chaughtai,; Pak. Jr. of Bio-Chem., vol. 2, p.49, 1972.

39. Process Evaluation for low acid canned vegetables, Samiullah, S.Wadud &

Hussan Ara, Sci.Ind.; Vol. 9. pp. 72-79, 1972. 40. Jam manufacturing in Pakistan. F. Rahman, Sci. Chronicale; No. 4, Dec. 1972. 41. Studies on the development of New Sorghum foods (USDA) sponsored PL-

480 Project. Annual Report, 1972. 42. Some physiochemical changes occurring in different varieties of peaches, F.

Rahman., Tasneem Tariq, & Saida Kosar. Pak. Jr. Sci.; Vol. 25. No. 4-6, 1973. 43. The pectic enzymes, F. Rahman & M.I.D. Chaughtai, Pak. Jr. Sci.; 25, 1-3, 99,

1973. 44. Extraction of pectin esterase from sour oranges (Citrus auratium) F. Rahman

& M.I.D. Chaughati, Pak. Jr. of Bio-chem.; Vol. 1-2, p. 1, 1973. 45. Food Hazards, F. Rahman, Pak. Jr. Sci; Vol. 25, 1-3, p. 61, 1973. 46. Studies on the development of New Sorghum Foods (USDA) Sponsored PL-

480 Project. Annual Report. 1973. 47. Studies on the Cultivation & chemical composition of soybean. Proceeding all

Pak. Annual Sci. Conference; 1972. 48. Dehydration of fruits of Gilgit etc. by F. Rahman, Pak. Sci. Expedition for

Northern Areas 1974. 49. Preservation of Fruits. (Northern Areas) by F. Rahman, Pak. Sci; Expedition

for Northern Areas. 1974.


94

50. Purification of pectinesterase (PE) of sour oranges (Citrus auratim Linn). F. Rahman & M.I.D. Chaughati, Pak. Jr. Biochem.; Vol. VII, No. 2, 1974.

51. Fruits production and processing by F. Rahman proceeding of the symposium

of Nutritional Deficiencies and their remedies, held in 1974. 52. Studies on the development of New. Sorghum foods (USDA) sponsored PL-

480 project. Annual Report 1974. 53. Dehydration of vegetables by F. Rahman, Appropriate Tech. Organization

1975. 54. Composition of Gurgura (Reptonia buxifolia) fruits and its seed oil. A. Jabbar,

F. M. Khan. Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 18, No. 6, 1975. 55. Studies on storage stability of Guava Juice, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; W. H. Shah

& N. A. Sufi, Vol. 18, No. 3-4, 1975. 56. Pectin esterase activity as related to different methods of citrus juice

extraction. F. Rahman, S. Kosar & Tasneem Tariq, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; 19, 3-4, 1976.

57. Studies on the dehydration and rehydration characteristics of Bhes. (Nymphea

Lotus) L.W.H. Shah, S.I. Zafar & S. Kosar. Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; 19, 3-4, June-Aug. 1976.

58. Scientific Administration and creativity by F. Rahman, Pak. Jr. Sci. Vol. 28,

1976. 59. Production and Storage stability of a Carbonated Guava beverages, N.A. Sufi

& J.M.M- Wale. Zambia. Jr. of Sci. & Tech; Vol. I, No. 4, 1976. 60. Studies on the composition and processing of Bauhinia Sp. Kachnar. W.H.

Shah, A. Jabbar & S. Kosar, 30, 1977. 61. The microbiology of Indigenous Preserved Foods, Samiullah, MID.

Chaughtai. Pak. Jr. of Biochem; Dec. 1977. 62. Fruit production in the Northern Areas of Pak. F. Rahman, Pak. Jr. of Sci.;

Vol. 29, 1977. 63. Physico-chemical and organoleptic properties of mango varieties growing in

Zambia, N.A. Sufi & J.M.M. Wale. Proceeding of the Seminar on mango production and utilization in Zambia, 18-19, 1977.

64. Control of post-harvest spoilage of mango. Zambia. Jr. Sci. & Tech; Vol. 2,

No. 4, 1977. 65. Identification and determination of sugars in masuku (Uapaca Kirakiana)

fruit. N.A. Sufi & M.T. Kaputo. Zambia Jr. of Sci. & Tech; Vol. 2, 1, 1977.


95

66. Processing and possible mango products. N.A. Sufi & J.M.M. Wale.

Proceeding of the Seminar Mango Production and utilization in Zambia 18-19, Nov. 76, Lusaka, May, 1977.

67. Microbial spoilage in Indigenous Canned Foods. Volume of Pak. Jr. of

Biochem; 1978. 68. Chromatography of polyhydroxy compounds on callulose impregnated with

Tungstate. Determination of Posodostability constants of complexes. H. Weigel & N.A. Sufi. Carbohydrate Research (UK) 66, 1978.

69. Protein Requirement with special reference to Pakistan. S.M. Ali, Pak. Jr.

Med. Agroe.; 28(2) 20, 1978. 70. Aflatoxin - The Deadly Poison, S.M. Ali, 28(9), 135, 1978. 71. Sun drying of apricots of Northern Areas of Pakistan by F. Rahman Pak. Jr.

Sci., Vol. 30, 1978. 72. Economics of the production of dehydrated peas. W.H. Shah and N.A. Sufi.

Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; 31 (3-6) 1979. 73. Effect of maturity and pricking on dehydration and rehydration characteristics

of Peas. Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; 31 (3-4), 1979. 74. PL-480 Project Final Report. Studies on the Development of New Sorghum

Foods by Supplementation of Grain Sorghums with indigenous Protein Rich Vegetables Materials, vitamins and Minerals to improve the Food. Vol. of sorghum products and thus stimulate increased sonsuruption. (PL-480 FINAL REPORT) published and submitted to USDA) in 1980.

75. Studies on the development of New Sorghum Foods N.A. Sufi, Amjad

Hussain and Sherin Iqbal. (USDA Sponsored Pl-480 project; 1980). 76. Preparation, Organoleptic and chemical evaluation of some instant sauces. Jr.

Sci. & Tech.; Univ: Pesh: Vol. 5, No. 1-2, 1981. 77. Preparation, Organoleptic and chemical evaluation of some apple Based

instant sauces. Jr. Sci. & Tech.; Univ: Pesh: Vol. 5, No. 1-2, 1981. 78. Infant Feeding and Weaning practices in Pakistan (a collaborative study

financed by EMRO/FAO) 1982. 79. Composition of various varieties of "Gur" (an inspissated sugar can juice)

produced in Pakistan. Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; 27, 3, 1984. 80. Studies on the preparation of tampeh and tempeh products. Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind.

Res.; 29, 3, 1986 by S. Wadud, Saeeda and Hussan Ara.


96

81. Preliminary studies on the preparation of intermediate moisture guava slices, Jr. Sci. Tech. Univ: Pesh: N.A. Sufi. A. Jabbar and M. Rauf Khan.

82. Foam-Mat Drying of Tomato Ketchup. N.A. Sufi. Samiullah and M. Rauf

Khan, Sarhad Jr. of Agri; Vol. 2. No. I, 1986. 83. Studies on Sorghum I chemical composition and Amino acid analysis. Amjad,

Sherin, N.A. Sufi. & S.M. Ali. Pak. Jr. of Bio-chem. 1982. 84. Studies on sorghum II, Preparation, Organoleptic and nutritional studies of

some sorghum based products. Sherin, Amjad, Hujjatullah & S.M. Ali, Pak. Jr. Biochem. 1982.

85. Effect of salting (Partial Dehydration) Green Peas Prior to the dehydration on

the quality of dehydrated peas, W.H. Shah, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; 1979. 86. Pattern of Fruit Consumption in the Northern Areas of Pak. F. Rahman, Jr. of

Sci. & Tech.; Univ. 87. Fruits as a source of Nutrients and calories for improving the National Diet. F.

Rahman. Jr. Sci. & Tech.; Pesh.; Univ: 88. Pectinesterase(s) from sour oranges Citrus Aurartium Linno, F. Rahman Pak.

Jr. of Biochem; 89. Preliminary studies on the preparation of intermediate moisture Guava, M.

Rauf & N.A. Sufi. 90. Non-Enzymatic Browning in dehydrated vegetables. N.A. Sufi, Jr. Sci. &

Tech.; 91. Effect of different methods of juice extraction on the quality in N.W.F.P.,

N.A. Sufi. A. Jabbar, Sherin. Sarhad Jr. Agi;. 92. Effect of different methods of juice extraction on the quality of sour orange

juice as related to pectin esterase activities, F. Rahman. Pak. Jr. Bio-Chem; 93. Aflatoxin content of some common feeding stuffs used in the preparation of

poultry feed. S.M.M Ali & M. A. Nunjahi, Pak. Jr.; Univ: of Peshawar. 94. Quality characteristics of commercial apple (Pyrus mulus) cultivars grown in

N.W.F.P. A. Jabbar, Sherin Iqbal, N. A. Sufi, Pak. Jr. Sci. & Tech.; 95. Technical Report on the redesigning. Installation and operation of dehydration

plant at Basin. Gilgit, N. A. Sufi and S. A. Qureshi. 1980. 96. A process for the Pilot Plant Production of Tempeh, Surrya Wadud, Saida

Kosar, Hussan Ara and Hamida Abid, Pak. Jr. of Sci. & Ind. Res. Vol. 31, No. 6. pp. 435-438 (1988)


97

97. Development of a process for the preparation of Soy cheese (Tofu) Surrya Wadud, Hussan Ara, Saida Kosar and Hamida Abid, Pak. Jr. Sci. & Ind. Res. Vol. 32, No. 8. pp. 564-567 (1989).

98. A process for the preparation of Soyflakes, Surruya Wadud, Saida Kosar,

Hussan Ara and Hamida Abid, Pak. Jr. Sci. and Ind. Res. Vol. 32.No. 10pp. 713-715(1989).

99. Dehydration studies on the preparation of Tempeh, Surruya Wadud, Saida

Kosar, Hussan Ara and Hamida Abid, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 33. pp. 509-511. No. 11. June 1990.

100. Studies on the preparation of Meat substitute from Soybean, Surruya Wadud,

Saida Kausar, Hussan Ara Fazal and Hamida Abid, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 35, pp. 258-260. No. 6, June 1991.

101. Bacteriological status of drinking water in Rural Areas of Peshawar, Surraya

Wadud, Saida Kosar, Hussan Ara Fazal and Hamida Abid, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 35, pp. 348-351. No.9September, 1992.

102. Process for the preparation of Olive Pickle, Surrya Wadud, Hussan Ara, Saida

Kosar, Sarhad journal of Agriculture. Vol. 14(1) pp. 83-87(1988). 103. Isolation of an Active foaming whipping agent from Soybean Meal, Surruya

Wadud, Hussan Ara Fazal, Saida Kosar and Haimida Abid, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 39. No..1-4. 1996.

104. Optimization of conditions for the preparation of Soysauce, Surruya Wadud,

Saida Kosar, Hussan Ara and Hamida Abid, Sarhad Journal of Agriculture Vol. XII(6) pp.687-692(1996).

105. Studies on the Germination Soybean. Surruya Wadud, Saida Kosar, Sarhad

J.Aric. Vol. XIII (6) 1997. 106. Biodegradation of cellular and Acellualar constituents of Aescullus. Indeca

Seeds under normal storage condition, Fitoterapia, Vol. LXIV N, I Page. 31-34, 1993, L. Khan, N. Ahmad, S. Farooq, K. D. Ahmad and Surruya Wadud.

107. Food Biotechnology and its potentials, M.N. Alizai and Surruya Wadud. Pak.

Jr. of Science, Vol. 47, No. 3-4, Page 75-81, 1995. 108. Pollution studies of Kabul river and its Triluntaries for the assessment of

organic strength and fecal coliform. A.R. Khan, M. Akif, Surruya Wadud and Karim Khan. Jr. of the chemical society of Pakistan.

109. Studies on Sorghum I chemical composition and amino acid analysis of some

indigenous varieties of sorghum, Sherin Iqbal, Amjad Hussain and N.A. Sufi, Pak. Jr. of Sci. Res. Vol. 39, (1-4) 1987-88.


98

110. Quality characteristics of some citrus fruits grown in NWFP., Abdul Jabbar, M. Rauf khan, sherin Iqbal and N.S. Sufi. Techn. Univ. of Peshawar Vol. 12(1988).

111. Natural Sodium an Potassium content of Citrus fruits grown in NWFP. Abdul

Jabbar, M. Rauf Khan, Sherin Iqbal and N.A. Sufi, Jr. Sci. Tech. Univ. of Peshawar. Vol. 12(1988).

112. Quality Characteristics of Commercial apple cultivars grown in NWFP.,

Abdul Jabbar, M. Rauf Khan, Sherin Iqbal and N.A. Sufi, Jr. Sci. Tech.Univ. of Peshawar. Vol. 12(1988).

113. Quality characteristics of some Guava varieties grown in NWFP. Abdul

Jabbar, m. Rauf Khan, Sherin Iqbal and N.A. Sufi, Jr. Sci. Tech. Univ. of Peshawar. Vol. 12(1988).

114. Influence of Variety on the quality of canned Cauliflower. M. Rauf Khan,

Sherin Iqbal and N.A. Sufi, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 31, No. 4, 275(1988). 115. Studies on the Nutritive value of processed Tomato seeds, N.A. Sufi, Sherin

Iqbal and Azra Yasmin, Abstract published in 2nd National Chemistry Conference, Karachi. (1990).

116. Studies on Sorghum II Preparation and Organoleptic Evaluation of some

Sorghum based products., Amjad Hussain, Sherin Iqbal and Hujjatullah, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 43, 1991.

117. Studies on the Physico chemical Properties of Guava Seed Oil, Sherin Iqbal,

Azra Yasmin, N.A. Sufi and Altaf Hussain (NIAB), Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 34, No. 4, Page 143(1991).

118. Studies on Pear juice Part I, Enzymatically clarified juice and its concentration

to produce high degree Brix concentrate, N.A. Sufi, Sherin Iqbal, M. Rauf Khan and Azra Yasmin, Pak. Jr. Sci. Ind. Res.; Vol. 35, No. 12, 1992.

119. Composition of Apricot Karnal Oil, Sherin Iqbal, Azra Yasmin, M. Rauf Khan

and N.A. Sufi, Sarhad Jr. of Agric. Vol. IX. No. 2(1993). 120. A comparison of physico chemical and organoleptic properties of canned and

bottled guava nectar, Sherin Iqbal and Azra Yasmin, Sarhad Jr. of Agric. Vol. XII.No. 4, pp. 481-485(1996).

121. Foam-mat drying of Tomato Ketchup. Muhammad Rauf Khan, Samiullah and

N.A. Sufi. Sarhad Journal of Agric.2(1)121-126, (Abstracted Pak. Sci. Abstract Vol. 27 No.3(1987)).

122. Preliminary studies on the preparation of intermediate moisture guava slice.

Muhammad Rauf Khan, Abdul Jabbar and N.A. Sufi. Jr. of Sci. and Tech. Vol.12. pp. 49-53.(1988).


99

123. Quality characteristics of some citrus fruits grown in NWFP. Abdul Jabbar, M. Rauf Khan, N.A. Sufi and Sherin Iqbal. Jr. of Sci and Tech. Vol. 12, pp.41-44.(1988).

124. Quality characteristics of some commercial apple cultivars grown in NWFP.

Jabbar, M. Rauf Khan, N.A. Sufi and Sherin Iqbal. Jr. of Sci. and Tech. Vol.12, pp.37-40.(1988).

125. Quality characteristics of some Guava varieties grown in NWFP. Abdul Jabbar,

M. Rauf Khan, N.A. Sufi and Sherin Iqbal. Jr. of Sci. and Tech. Vol.12, pp.45-47.(1988).

126. Biochemical composition of Dates and Date syrup. Abdul Jabbar, M. Rauf Khan

and N.A. Sufi. Pak. Jr.Sci.Ind.Res.31(4), 312-314.(1988). 127. Influence of variety on the quality of canned cauliflowers. Muhammad Rauf

Khan, Sherin Iqbal and N.A. Sufi. Pak.Jr.Sci.Ind.Res.31(4), 275-278.(1988). 128. Non-Enzymatic browning in dehydrated vegetable during storage. M. Rauf Khan

and N.A. Sufi. Jr. of Sci. and Tech.Vol.13, pp.81-83.(1989). 129. Natural Sodium and Potassium content of Citrus Fruits. M. Rauf Khan, Abdul

jabbar, Sherin Iqbal and N.A. Sufi. Jr. of Sci.& Tchn.Vol.13.pp.77-80. 130. Effect of storage on the quality of dehydrated Guava. Tasneem Tariq, M. Rauf

Khan and F. Rahman. Pak.Jr.Sci.Ind.Res.33(8),pp.333-334.(1990). 131. Studies on Pear Juice Part-I preparation of Enzymatically clarified pear juice and

concentration to produce high degree brix concentrate. N.A. Sufi, Sherin Iqbal, M. Rauf Khan and Azra Yasmin. Pak. Jr. Sci.Ind.Res.35(12),508-510.(1992).

132. Fatty acid composition of Apricot Kernal Oil. Sherin Iqbal, Azra Yasmin, M.

Rauf Khan and N.A. Sufi. Sarhad journal of Agric.IX(2)113-116.(1993) 133. Carrot Juice Waste and Citrus Juice Waste as a potential source of Dietary

Fibers. Muhammad Rauf Khan and N.A. Sufi. Pak.Jr.Sci.Ind.Res.38(9-10),396-397.(1995).

134. Sugarbeet by product as potential source of dietary fibers. Muhammad Rauf

Khan & M. Yaqub. Journal of the chemical society of Pakistan Vol.19, No.1,83-84.(1997).

135. Nutritive value of sprouted barley. Muhammad Rauf Khan. Journal of the

chemical society of Pakistan.(1999).

FOOD TECHOLOGY SECTIO

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ISTITUTE, TARAB


100

2.6 FOOD TECH�OLOGY SECTIO�

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH I�STITUTE, TAR�AB.

1. Full name of Section/Department/Lab: Food Technology Section

2. Address: Tarnab, G.T. Road, Peshawar.

3. Telephone: 2964053 Location: Tarnab, Peshawar.

4. Status: Provincial Year Established: 1947

5. Primary Function: Research and Development in Food Science & Technology.

6. Parent Organization: Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab.

7. Year Established (Parent Organization): 1908

8. Chief Officer: Fazli Karim5

9. Grade:BPS 18 Year in position: 1985 to Date

10. Highest Education: M.Sc

5 Mr. Fazli Rahim is currently serving as Head of Section.


101

I�TRODUCTIO�

Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, is one of the premier research institutions of Pakistan and caters for the needs of the farming community in Peshawar region. The history of the Institute can be grouped under the following well-marked periods. 1. Pre-Independence Period (1908-1947). 2. Post-Independence Period (1948-1962). 3. Reorganization of the Agriculture Department (1962). 4. Merging of Agriculture research and Agricultural University (1986-87).

Pre-Independence Period (1908-1947) Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, situated at a distance of nine miles from Peshawar on Grand Trunk Road, was established in 1908 with an area of about 200 acres and was known as Tarnab Farm. Mr. Brown was the first Agricultural Officer who had an Agricultural Assistant and a laborer with him. The work primarily centered around fruit plants and selection and introduction of better varieties of cereals through field experimentation. With the passage of time new problems arose and different sections were created as and when the necessity was felt. Fruit preservation work started in 1934-35 and with in five years the regular staff, generally comprising one graduate, on field and one laboratory assistant, was provided for Horticulture, Economic botany, Sugarcane, Mycology, Entomology and Chemistry Sections. However, major attention was paid to fruit preservation and dehydration of meat due to the exigencies of World War II. The efforts of the staff resulted introducing better varieties of deciduous fruits, sugarcane, wheat and maize crops. This had a tremendous impact on the economic welfare of the farming community of Peshawar area.

Post Independence Period (1948-62) After the inception of Pakistan in 1947 nine separate research sections were created: Horticulture, Food Technology, Economic Botany, Sugarcane, Mycology, Entomology, Chemistry, Engineering and Statistics. The Farm Superintendent looked after the general affairs, maintenance of stores, livestock, etc. Pasture section was added later in 1953. Bach of these sections was headed by a Class II officer. Sugarcane section was shifted to Mardan in 1950-51. For the improvement of maize crop a coordinated scheme on Maize Research was started in 1955 in order to evolve better maize varieties. Due to integration of the province of West Pakistan in 1955 the Director of Agriculture, NWFP was redesigned as Deputy Director of Agriculture, Peshawar Region, as was put under the Director of Agriculture, West Pakistan, Lahore.


102

Reorganization of the Agriculture Department (1962) The department of Agriculture was reorganized in 1962 and West Pakistan divided into three Regions: the Northern, Central and Southern. The research and extension wings of the department were created in each region, with separate directorates. Thus the Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab, came into being in 1962 on the rock bed of Tarnab Farm to be the seat of agricultural research for the Northern Region of Pakistan. There were twenty research sections besides the Directorate, each section, except Pasture, Statistics and the Farm Superintendence, headed by a Class I Officer. The staff in these sections has also increased manifold. In 1970 there were 72 Class II Officers and 197 research assistants.

Merging of Agricultural Research with Agricultural University

(1986-87)

The research was merged with Agricultural University in 1986-87 with its 14 research stations.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 1955-70 The summarized position of the research work conducted and the achievements from 1955 to 1970 are as under: 1. Canning of Orange Juice, Grapefruit Juice, Tomato Juice, Preparation of Orange

Squash having different doses of Potassium metabisulphite, preparation of concentrated orange squash effect of plain versus colored bottles on orange squash effect of canning and bottling on color, consistency and vitamin ‘C’ content of Tomato Juice, freezing of Tomato concentrated Juice.

The result revealed that juice stored at 40oF were good in color, flavor and taste and had more vitamin ‘C’ as compared to all other treatments. The colored bottle of Orange Squash retained more vitamin ‘C’ as well as original color. The orange squash prepared with one oz. of Pot. metabisulphite per 100 lbs. was well preserved and was good in all its organoleptic tests.

2. Canning of winter and summer Tomatoes, canning of Sarda, Kulachi Melons,

Canning of carrots, Guava, Fruit cocktail, Peach slices, Dacki Dates, Bers, Water melon rind, Keiffer Pears and Bannu Figs.

The results revealed that local Peshawar variety of tomato is not suitable for obtaining standard canned products. The addition of Cacl2 helped in obtaining better results. Experiments are continued to find out suitable variety for obtaining standard tomato canned products. The Sarda Kulachi Melons canned in 40obrix sugar syrup acidified was judged to be the best products. The lye peeling of carrots gave encouraging results. The fully dried solid packed Dakki Dates steamed for 5 minutes and processed for 10 minutes gave promising results. The canned products of water melon rind was of good color flavor and taste, the whole ber blanched in 2.5 percent Cacl2 solution and


103

packed in 40obrix syrup was judged to be the best products. The fruit picked from 3-15 years old trees of Kieffer pears gave canned product without any discoloration. While fruit picked from 24 years old trees gave discolored products. The Figs canned in 40obrix syrup retained its original color, flavor and texture.

3. Preparation of tomato jam, tomato marmalade, ber jam, fig jam, apple jam,

and dates jelly was done during the period under report. The results obtained so far showed that Tomato Jam prepared with addition of

artificial pectin and Tomato Marmalade prepared by addition of 50% sugar were the best in all its organoleptic tests while Ber Jam was soft and Gummy with good color and flavor. Fig and apple Jams and Dates Jelly were excellent products.

4. Drying of different varieties of Peaches, Apricots, Pears, Dates, Peas, Potatoes

and Onions was undertaken which gave encouraging results specially glace of Peaches and Pears were judged to be the excellent products.

Experiments on the preparation of Nectars of different fruits like Guava,

peaches, Plums, Pears, Ber and Mulberry were conducted and some of the treatments of Guava Nectar and Peach Nectar gave promising results.

Impact The work on food preservation was started in 1934-35 and it was due to this

exploratory work on different fruit and vegetables that certain commercial enterprises were established for the supply of canned, dried and processed vegetables, fruits and meat to the Armed forces from 1939-47.

During the pre-independence period the Food Technology Laboratory was ill

equipped with meager staff working in it but with the establishment of Research Institute in 1962 Government paid due attention for strengthening and expansion of Food Technology. The results of the experimental work was published in the form of 41 Technical papers, 34 Technical bulletins in English and 37 Technical bulletins in Urdu.

In order to develop Food Processing on Cottage Industry basis, one year diploma course was started. Annually 15 to 20 thousands containers of standardized fruits and vegetable products were being prepared for training and demonstration. Staff was being deputed for practical training and demonstration of preparation of different preserve products on home scale. The day to day problems of Food Processing Industries are being attending and necessary technical advice on these problems was given at the spot or after conducting detail studies. Annually 200 samples of different preserved and stored products were being analyzed and technical report submitted to the Management. Annually Research Projects of two post graduate students were supervised and necessary guidance is afforded in the successful completion of their projects.


104

1964-65 A. Canning of Fruits. 1. Canning of Dakki dates: In this experiment full dried dates, solid pack, 5 minutes

steaming and 10 minutes sterilization gave good results. 2. Canning of fruit Cocktail: An experimental technique was evolved for canning of

fruit cocktail i.e. peaches, pears, grapes white and black. 3. Canning of Peaches 6-A Slices: A method for the canning of peaches 6-A slices

was worked out. 4. Canning of guava: A processing technique of canning of guava was evolved.

Fruit packed in 40.0 per cent syrup having 0.5 per cent citric acid gave good results out of the 3 treatments.

5. Preparation of guava jelly: This experiment was started in order to develop a technique for the preparation of guava jelly from whole fruit and from its waste peels and seeds. Jelly from the waste product of canning i.e. peels and seeds was of good quality.

6. Canning of pears Kieffer-discoloration -effect of age: 3 years old tree fruit and 15 years old tree fruit did not discolor and fruit from 24 years fruit tree gave pink discoloration.

B. Canning Vegetable: 1. Canning of Sweet corn: A method for the processing of sweet corn was worked

out. 2. Canning of potatoes varieties: Three varieties were included in the experiment

i.e. Local, USA. 5, Ultimus. Out of these 3, USA. 5. gave good results, followed by Ultimus and local.

3. Canning of peas varieties: Australian variety and one local peas were included in this trial.

C. Preparation of fruit juices and squashes. 1. Preparation of orange squash to find minimum quantity of water essential for its

preparation.

Out of 4 treatments it was found that we can reduce the quantity of water from 12.5 to 5 percent in order to have an increased food value.

2. Preparation of concentrated orange squash by using high doses of sugar. In the 3 treatments it was found that we can increase the sugar contents upto 120

lbs. 3. To find out minimum dosages of preservatives in orange squash. In the 3 treatments it was found that we can reduce the addition of potassium

metabisulphite from 1 oz to 3/4 oz per 100 lbs of squash. 4. Effect of storage of orange squash in white and colored bottles. Preservation of orange squash in colored bottles, had better color and retention of

vitamin ‘C’ contents.


105

5. Preparation of falsa squash. In this experiment formula for the preparation of falsa squash in D.I. Khan

Division have been worked out. 6. Canning and bottling of malta Juice varietal. Experiment has been carried on the canning and bottling of different varieties

malta of juices. D. Preparation of Jam and Marmalades. 1. Preparation of tomato Jam (a new product). In this experiment a new product has

been prepared from tomato in the form of jam. 2. Preparation of tomato marmalade (a new product). A processing techniques for the preparation of Tomato marmalade has been

evolved successfully. E. Drying of fruits and vegetables. 1. Preparation of dried pears Glace product. A new dried product from pears as glace product have been produced which has

retained better color and texture. Absorption and retention of sulphur dioxide was more and rehydration qualities were better.

2. Drying of pears Lecont-sulphuring technique. In this experiment a new technique for sulphuring of pears have been worked

out. 3. Drying and dehydration of banana. Different methods of drying of banana have been carried out. 4. Varietal drying of potatoes. Experiments were carried out on drying of 3 varieties of potatoes, i.e.

local, USA. 5, and Ultimus. In this experiment USA.5., gave good results. 5. Drying of Tomatoes. An experiment was carried out to find suitable method for drying of tomatoes

and to give a ready material to housewives. 6. Dehydration of Cauliflower. Different ways of drying cauliflower has been worked out in this experiment. 7. Sundrying of sweet corn. Sweet corn has been dried in a way, which when reconstituted will give as good

product as sweet corn canned. 8. Olive pickling. Experiment have been carried out, with success on the pickling of olives. F. Microbiological. Due to appointment of Asstt. Microbiologist on 1-5-65 work on the setting up of

a laboratory for this purpose was started. 1965-66 Part-I

Canning 1. Dakki Dates


106

Several methods of canning of Dakki dates at different stages of maturity were tried. It was found that fully matured dates, solid pack, steamed for five minutes and processed for 10 minutes gave the best results.

2. Peach Slices Peach slices canned in 40 Brix Syrup, exhausted at 190oF and processed at 212oF

for 30 minutes gave the best results. 3. Guava Guava exhausted at 185oF and processed at 212oF for 30 minutes in 40 Brix

syrup and 0.5 percent citric acid gave the best product. 4. Kulachi Melons Kulachi melons in 50 Brix syrup, exhausted at 190oF and processed at 212oF for

30 minutes resulted in the best product. 5. Malta juice Malta juice pasteurized at 190oF and bottled and canned showed that the canned

product had better color retention and the vitamin C content. Dehydration 6. Gla’ce Products Glace products from plums and apricots were prepared for the first time. The

process is almost the same as developed for pears as already described. 7. Tomato jam and marmalade Tomato jam and marmalade were introduced as a new product. It is a good

utilization of the tomatoes when its market price falls to rock bottom. Freezing Preservation 8. Tomato Juice Tomato juice was concentrated from 5 to 20 percent solids, packed in two ounce

polyethylene bags and stored in a freezer. The juice when diluted with four times water, results in a delicious drink.

Utilization of Agricultural Waste 9. Pear and Guava waste Pear jam was prepared from cores and peelings of pears. Guava jelly was

prepared from the peelings and portions containing the seeds. In fact, the jelly so obtained is better in quality than the jelly obtained from the whole fruit.

1965-66 Part-II

1. Sundrying of pears in Peshawar region. 2. Cut out brix in canned peaches and pears. 3. Glace fruits drying of peaches and pears. 4. New products of tomatoes. 5. Preparation of new products from water melon rinds. 6. High temperature ripening of peaches 6-A. 7. Canning of tomatoes for obtaining standard drained weight.


107

8. Quality of orange squash prepared under different formulae. 9. Drying of peas in Peshawar region. 10. Preservation of guava and utilization of its waste products. 11. Cold storage of Summer tomatoes. 12. Canning and drying of sweet corn in Peshawar region. 13. Preservation of potatoes. 1966-67

A. Fruits. 1. Canning of ber: The product is still under observation. 2. To see the effect of age of fruiting trees discoloration in canned Keiffer pears. 3. Canning of English figs. (Bannu). Squashes, Juices and Nectars. 1. Preparation of malta melon squash. This year the squash was prepared on the following amended treatments.

Melon juice Malta juice Sugar

50 lbs 25 lbs 75 lbs

2. Preparation of ber nectar. 3. Canning and boiling of different grades of malta juice valentia variety. Drying and dehydration 1. Preparation of peaches glace product. 2. Preparation of Lecont pear glace product. 3. Preparation of apricot glace product. 4. Preparation of plum glace product. 5. Preparation of fig glace product. 6. Development of pears sulphuring technique. Jams and jellies. 1. Preparation of ber jam. 2. Preparation of fig jam from low quality fruit. 3. Preparation of jelly from low quality dates. Miscellaneous 1. Preparation of ber pickle. 2. High temperature ripening of peaches. 3. Preparation of frozen concentrated sweet orange juice. 4. Preparation of frozen concentrated sweet orange juice. Part-II Vegetables (Canning) 1. Varietal canning of peas. 2. Varietal canning of tomatoes. Vegetable juices.


108

1. Effect of canning and bottling on color, consistency and Vitamin ‘C’ contents of tomato juice.

Vegetables jam and marmalade. 1. Preparation of tomato jam. 2. Preparation of tomato marmalade. Freezing 1. Freezing of concentrated tomato juice. 2. Varietal suitability of peas for freezing. Drying and dehydration 1. Suitability of different new varieties of peas for drying. 2. To develop a technique for drying and dehydration of tomatoes. Pickling of Vegetables. 1. Olive pickling. Part-III Utilization of Agricultural wastes. 1. Preparation of water melon rind glace product. 2. Preparation of water melon rind pickle. 3. Canning of water melon rinds. 4. Preparation of lemon jam. Part-IV Microbiological work. 1. Microbiological Examination of fresh fruits. 2. Microbiological Examination of empty bottle. 3. Microbiological Examination of empty jars. 4. Microbiological Examination of 2 1/2 A size empty can. 5. Microbiological Examination of bottle cork. 6. Microbiological Examination of an enameled bucket and aluminum cooking

degchi. 7. Microbiological Examination of processing table. 8. Microbiological Examination of laboratory machines. 9. Microbiological Examination of orange squash. 10. Microbiological Examination of canned orange juice.

1. Pasteurized at 190oF 4 microbes per ml juice.

2. Pasteurized at 140oF 22 microbes per ml. Juice.

11. Microbiological Examination of canned pears.

A. Pears processed at 212oF for 18 minutes

1. Standard nutrient agar

5 organism per ml. Syrup.

2. Protease peptone Nil

B. Pears processed at 250oF for 3 minutes

1. Standard nutrient 3 organism per ml. Juice


109

agar 2. Protease peptone 6 organisms per ml.

Syrup.

12. Microbiological Examination of canned peas 13. Microbiological Examination of canned sweet corn. 1967-68 Part-I 1. Fruit processing on Semi-commercial Scale and Training in Diploma Course. 2. Development of Pink Coloration in canned Pears Variety Keiffer. 3. Preparation of the Better Malta juice. 4. Glace products. 5. Preparation of frozen concentrates. 6. Advice rendering to other organizations. 1967-68 Part-II Part-I A. Canned Products. 1. Canning of Fig (Bannu). 2. Canning of Kiefer Pears. 3. Canning of Ber. B. Squashes, Nectars and juices. 1. Varietal canning and bottling of different grades of Malta juice Jaffa and

Valentia late. 2. Preparation of Ber Nectar. C. Drying and Dehydration. 1. Drying of Peaches 6-a glace product. 2. Drying of Leconte Pears glace product. 3. Drying of Plum glace product. 4. Drying of Fig glace product. 5. Drying of Pears Sulphuring techniques. D. Jams and Jellies. 1. Preparation of Fig jam. 2. Preparation of Mulberry Jam. 3. Preparation of Ber Jam. 4. Preparation of Apple Jam. 5. Preparation of Dates Jelly from low quality dates. Miscellaneous. 1. Preparation of Ber-Pickle. 2. Preparation of frozen concentrated sweet orange juice. Part-II Vegetable A. Canning.


110

1. Canning of peas. 2. Varietal canning of tomatoes. B. Vegetable Juices. 1. Effect of color consistency and vitamin C. content on canning and bottling of tomato juice. C. Vegetable Jam and Marmalade. 1. Preparation of tomato marmalade. 2. Preparation of tomato jam. D. Freezing. 1. Preparation of frozen concentrated tomato juice. 2. Freezing of peas. E. Drying and Dehydration. 1. Suitability of different New varieties of peas for drying. 2. Drying and dehydration of tomatoes. F. Pickling of Vegetable. 1. Olive Pickling. Part-III A. Utilization of Agricultural wastes. 1. Drying of waster-melon rinds Glace products. 2. Water melon rind Pickle. 3. Canning of water-melon rind. 4. Preparation of Melon Lemon Jam. Part-IV A. Microbiological Work. 1. Microbiological Examination of Fresh Fruits.

S.�o FRUIT BEFORE WASHI�G AFTER WASHI�G

1. Fresh Swaber 24,74,625 microbes per fruit. 2,875 2. Fresh Oranges 1,24,507 microbes per square

inch. 6,333 microbes per square inch.

3. Fresh Apricot 370,475 microbes per fruit. 73,500 microbes per fruit. 4. Fresh Plum 11,8800 microbes per fruit. 89,250 microbes per fruit. 5. Fresh

Tomatoes 12,7000 microbes per square inch.

14,005 microbes per square inch.

6. Fresh Mangoes 12,515 microbes per square inch.


7. Fresh Peaches 13,55,000 microbes per square inch.


8. Fresh Pear Leconte



2. Microbiological Examination of 21/2 A size empty cans.


111

1. Unwashed 21/2 A size can 15,63,000 microbes per can. 2. Washed 21/2 A size can 150,250 microbes per can. 3. Sterilized Can. 3. Microbiological Examination of Bottle Cork No. 7. 1. Unwashed corks-17,2,333 microbes per cork. 2. Washed corks-72,773 microbes per cork. 4. Microbiological Examination of Orange Squash.

S.�o Treatment �o. of microbes per ml. squash.

1. One ounce preservative per 100 lbs. Squash. 2 microbes per ml. 2. 3/4 ounce preservative per 100 lbs. Squash 10 microbes per ml. 3. 1/2 ounce preservative per 100 lbs. Squash 12 microbes per ml.

5. Microbiological Examination of Canned Malta Juice.

Pasteurized at 190oF 7 micro-organisms per ml juice. Pasteurized at 140oF 34 micro-organisms per ml. juice.

6. Microbiological Examination of Canned Pears.

Dextrose tryptone broth. Nil. Dextrose tryptone agar. Nil. Standard Nutrient agar. Nil

. 7. Microbiological Examination of Pears.

Dextrose tryptone broth test tubes. Nil. Dextrose tryptone agar plates. Nil. Standard Nutrient agar. Nil. Protease peptone. Nil

8. Microbiological Examination of Canned Sweet Corn.

Dextrose tryptone broth. Nil. Dextrose tryptone agar plates. Nil. Standard Nutrient agar. Nil.

1968-69

1. Food Processing on Semi-commercial Scale and Training in Diploma Course. 2. Glace Products. 3. Soybean Products. 4. Potato Products. 5. Guava Products. 6. Advice rendered to Food Processing Industries. 1982-83 Project-1 Discoloration in Orange Squash.

In order to check the discoloration in orange squash during storage, five different chemicals were tried for this purpose. It was found out during the course of study that among the chemicals, sorbic acid and benzoic acid gave encouraging results


112

followed by sorbic acid alone. Chemicals ascorbic acid and EDTA were noticed to be least effective respectively. Project-2 Apple syrup.

The apple syrup was kept at room temperature for the record of various chemical and organoleptic studies. It was observed that apple syrup could be prepared commercially for market. Project-3 Suitability of new peach varieties for processing.

Some of the newly introduced peach varieties such as Flordasun, Red top and spring dust were tested for processing suitability. It was observed that both Flordsun and spring dust peach varieties were half cling and fully clingstone varieties and unfit for canning. The varieties like other peach varieties contained less pectin content and lacked the qualities of firm jam setting. Red top variety maintained better texture and flavor as compared to Flordasun canned peaches. Project-4 Processing Characteristics of Potato Varieties/Clones.

In order to evaluate the suitability of US clones/verities for the preparation of Potato chips, flour, nuts etc. The US clones and five promising potato varieties were taken and analyzed for the record of physical and chemical data. The chips of each US clones /varieties were prepared. It was found out that clone B-9562-2 and Cardinal Potato variety were of high specific gravity and produced better color and quality chips. Project-5 Persimmon Products.

New recipes and formulations were successfully developed for the preparation of various persimmon products such as persimmon squash and jam. It was observed that persimmon squash and jam having guava pulp was better in organoleptic qualities compared to other recipes. Project-6 Cold storage of Kinnow fruit.

Chemical benlate was found effective to check of spoilage in Kinnow fruit during commercial storage as compared to Tecto-40. 1983-84 Project-1 Control of post-harvest losses of Kinnow fruit during commercial

cold storage.

Tecto-40 was found to be effective in checking the rate of spoilage, maintaining attractive color and texture in cold stored kinnow fruit kept at 40oF, after 3 months period as compared to fruit treated with chemical, Benlate. The check samples showed 60% spoilage, whereas 32% and 51% spoilage was recorded in samples treated with Tecto-40 and Benlate respectively. Project-2 Standardization of process and technique for the preparation of

commercial acceptable persimmon products.

New recipes and formulations were successfully developed for the preparation of various persimmon products such as squash, jam and chutney. It was observed that persimmon squash and jam having guava and apple pulp were better in organoleptic properties compared to other recipes.


113

Project-3 Control of post harvest losses during commercial cold storage.

Benlate was found to be ineffective to control the rage of spoilage in cold stored Guava fruit. Project-4 The effect of storage conditions and type of containers on the quality of

bulk stored juice.

It was observed that plastic containers were found superior for bulk packaging and storage of Lisbon lemon juice as compared to glass Carboys containers. Project-5, 6 &7 Time and temperature correlation for the inactivation of

catalase and peroxidase enzymes in sundried turnips and Cauliflowers.

The slices of turnips and Cauliflowers blanched for 2 minutes and then dried showed positive response for the inactivation of catalase and peroxidase enzymes, whereas 4 minutes blanching was found sufficient for the complete inactivation for these enzymes. The enzymes remained inactive through out the period in dried samples of turnips and cauliflower. Project-8 Utilization of Sugar cane for Beverage making.

The preliminary research work undertaken for the preparation of sugarcane beverage indicated that sugarcane juice could be successfully utilized for beverage making. It was also observed that among the different chemicals used for preservation of juice, the samples having potassium metabisulphite, plus sodium benzoate maintained better color and organoleptic qualities after 4 months storage period at room temperature. Project-9 To study the suitability of newly introduced peach varieties for processing. It was observed that newly introduced peach varieties namely spring dust, Sanfree, Nectarine and NJ-238 were of cling-stone nature and un-economical for canning, these can be utilized for the preparation of peach jam, nectar and squash etc. Project-10 Time and temperature correlation for the inactivation of

catalase/peroxidase enzymes in sun-dried egg-plant.

It was observed that one minute blanching was sufficient for the inactivation of catalase/peroxidase enzymes in egg-plant for drying. Throughout the storage period these enzymes were found inactive in the dried samples of egg-plant. Project-11

It was observed that among the seven different combination of preservative added to kinnow juice, the sample of juice preserved with pot. sorbate plus sod. benzoate remained good in quality compared to other treatments for 5 months storage period at room temperature.

1985-86

Project-1 Studies on the effect of different light intensities on the bio-synthesis

of total Glycoalkaloids (Solanine) in potato varieties during storage at room

temperature.


114

It was observed that in dark (control) storage the original TGA contents decreased gradually, while in all lights it increased with the passage of time. Fluorescent light was most favorable for TGA synthesis followed by 200 watts bulb, diffused day light and 100 watts bulb respectively in this study. Peel portion of all varieties and all light intensities in all storage intervals contained the maximum quantity of TGA than the whole tubers while the flesh had the minimum quantity of TGA. Project-2 Utilization of sugarcane juice for beverage making.

The physico-chemical observations at the end of six month storage at room temperature showed that T1 was better than T2 as far as color, taste and general acceptability was concerned while T3 developed fermented taste after 120 days storage at room temperature. Project-3 To study the suitability of newly introduced peach varieties for

processing.

It was observed that the peach canned variety NJ-241 showed no significant changes in its color, flavor and taste at the end of 240 days storage period at room temperature.

Project-4 Studies on the development of pear juice.

Among the pear products, pear nectar was preferred due to its good color, flavor and taste followed by pear squash No. 1 significant changes in total soluble solids, percent acidity and pH were observed during the entire storage period. Project-5 Dehydrofreezing of carrots.

It was observed that on thawing no significant change occurred upto 120 days storage interval in deep freezer, ad during cooking after thawing a slight change occurred in the color of the products. Project-6 Inhibition of sprouting in onion by the use of chemical maleic

Hydrazide.

It was observed that 1000 ppm maleic hydrazide solution effectively inhibited sprouting in onion during the entire storage period followed by root burning of the bulbs. The incidence of not attack after two months storage at room temperature was less in treated samples as compared to control ones. Project-7 Time and temperature correlation for the inactivation of catalase

and peroxidase enzymes in dehydrofrozen brinjals and cauliflower.

As is evident from the data, negligible losses in SO2 and moisture contents were observed in all the treatments during the entire storage period. Moreover, the vegetables blanched for four minutes in water containing 1% citric acid and 0.05% pot. metabisulphite gave high quality product. Project-8 To control browning in frozen sliced apple.

Visual observations of the product revealed that treatment A1 was better than treatment A2 in all respects. Project-9 Studies on the low and intermediate moisture content sugarcoated

and glace dried pear.


115

The product with 20% moisture level was superior as far as taste, color and flavor was concerned. The product retained its characteristics color and taste during the entire storage period. Project-10 Shelf life assessment of fruit juices in different bulk containers stored

at uncontrolled room temperature.

Plastic containers were found better than glass containers in all respects i.e. the retention of vitamin C color, taste and flavor. Project-11 Study on the suitability of local peas variety for dehydrofreezing.

The visual observations and organoleptic evaluation indicated that dehydrofrozen product was better on account of its good color, texture, and other characteristics compared to dehydrated product. Project-12 Preparation and preservation of apple syrup.

It was observed that the syrup prepared was liked by all the taste panel members for its taste, color and flavor. Project-13 Control of discoloration and insect infestation in stored dried

apricot.

Both the samples i.e. sulphur dehydrated and sulfur sundried were found better as far as retention of Vitamin C was concerned. As far as color and texture were concerned sulphur dehydrated product was superior to that of sulphur sundried product. Project-14 Utilization of sorghum grains for human consumption.

Different treatments were tried of the preparation of biscuits, cakes and nan. In case of biscuits treatment No.2 was preferred by the panel on account of its good color, taste and texture. In case of cake treatment No. 1 was given high scores on account of its good performance. In case of nan treatment No.2 was liked on account of its good color and taste. Project-15 Standardization of process and techniques for the manufacture of

commercially acceptable persimmon products.

The products retained its original color, taste and flavor during the entire storage period. No significant change in percent acidity was observed. However, some slight changes in tannins as well as vitamin C were noticed at the end of the storage period. Project-16 Studies on modified atmosphere storage of fresh fruit and

vegetables.

It was observed that perforated polyethylene bags prolonged the storage life of fruits and vegetables with out affecting its quality. Project-17 Control of post-harvest losses of guava fruit by treating with

different fungicides and stored at low as well as room temperature storage.

After storage for a week at low temperature the skin of the fruit was spoiled and became unattractive, while the fruit kept at room temperature became somewhat mushy. Project-18 Control of post-harvest losses of Kinnow fruit stored at low as well as

room temperature storage.


116

It was observed that among all the fungicidal treatment stored at low as well as room temperature storage Tecto-40 exhibited, effective control during the entire storage period as far as losses due to rot is concerned. Significant, changes in total soluble solids, vitamin C content and percent acidity were observed at the end of storage period. 1986-87

Project �o. 1 Total Glycoalkaloids (TGA) contents of spring summer, and autumn

1986-87 grown potatoes in �WFP.

1. Highest (TGA) contents were found to occur in summer grown potatoes

followed by autumn crop potatoes, while the spring crop the main crop of NWFP, contained lowest TGA;

2. The peel portion contain significantly higher TGA than the whole tubers and flesh;

3. Red –skinned varieties had higher TGA content than white skinned varieties; 4. Varieties cardinal, ultimus, cosima and clone B 8701-12 grown in summer were

found to contain higher TGA content than safe limit for human consumption. Project �o. 2 Utilization of sugarcane juice for Beverage making.

The physico-chemical analysis as well as the organoleptic evaluations at the end of five months storage at room temperature showed that treatment No. 2 was better than treatment No. 1, as far as color, taste and general acceptability were concerned, while treatment No. 3 developed fermented taste, and was not accepted. Project �o. 3 To study the suitability of newly introduced peach varieties for

processing.

It was observed that peach canned variety NJ-241 showed change in color, flavor and taste at the end of 270 days storage period at room temperature. Moreover, no significant changes in total soluble solids, percent acidity and pH were observed during the entire storage period and is near to 6-A peach variety in processing.

Project �o. 4 To find out the effect of containers on the quality of stored Guava

juice (pulp).

On the basis of the data recorded, it was concluded that glass containers (carboys), are more superior for the storage of guava juice as compared to the plastic containers for retaining its good dolor, flavor, texture and Vitamin-C contents specially beyond 4 months storage at room temperature in these containers. Project �o. 5 Studies on the development of pear juice.

Among all products pear squash No. II, was referred due to its good color, flavor and taste, followed by Nectar. No significant changes in T.S.Solids, % acidity and pH were observed during the entire storage period. Project �o.6 Standardization of process and techniques for the manufacture of



117

The products retained its original color, taste, and flavor during the entire storage period. No significant change in percent acidity was observed. However, some slight changes in tannin, as well as vitamin-C were noticed at the end of the storage. Project �o.7 Utilization of sorghum grains for human consumption.

Different treatments were tried for the preparation of biscuits and cakes. Biscuit samples on examination with taste panel members, both treatments or samples require improvement specially in color. However, treatment No.II obtained more marks than treatment No.I. In case of cake samples, treatment No.II, III and IV, were preferred on account of its good color and taste but require improvement in its texture. Project �o. 8 Studies on the quality characteristics of Rice varieties grown in

�WFP and its overall comparison with some standard rice varieties grown in

Punjab.

When all the rice samples from D.I.Khan and Swat are made available, work on the quality evaluation of all these varieties would be undertaken accordingly. Project �o. 9 Studies on the preparation and quality evaluation of soytofu during

storage.

Project �o. 10 Development of ready to serve carbonated and non-carbonated

drinks from Guava fruit.

The taste pannel score shows that carbonated beverages obtained high grades as compared to non-carbonated beverages in respect of its color and consistency, but as regard its taste and flavor the carbonated beverages obtained 15-20% less marks than non-carbonated beverages. In both beverages no significant changes in total solids were observed. However losses in ascorbic acid were significantly observed in both treatments as storage period advanced. Project �o. 11 Studies on modified atmosphere storage conditions on fresh Guava

and apple varieties grown in Hazara.

The data revealed that fruit packed in 10 gauge polyethylene bags showed losses in weight and was better in taste than the fruit kept in 7 gauge polyethylene bags. Fruit kept in unperforated polyethylene bags showed less loss in weight but the fruit was unfit for consumption. Fruit kept unpacked showed more losses and was not fit for use. Project �o. 12 Studies on modified atmosphere storage conditions on fresh fruits

and vegetables.

Apple

The data revealed that unperforated polyethylene bags prolonged the storage life of apple fruit (Umbri) followed by perforated polyethylene bags. In this experiment a new observation was recorded that apple fruit treated with potassium hypochloride prolonged the storage life of this fruit irrespective of the type of packing material. Lemon


118

In case of lemon fruit storage at modified atmosphere the unperforated polyethylene bags prolonged the storage life of (Lisbon) fruit upto 15 days with minimum losses. Plum (Fazli Manani)

In this case the unperforated polyethylene bags prolonged the storage life of plum fruit followed by perforated polyethylene bags, while unpacked fruits were unfit for consumption. Project �o. 13 Retention of Ascorbic acid and sulphur dioxide in sundried

vegetable (cauliflower and peas).

Observations revealed that SO2 treated vegetables had a good and acceptable color and flavor as compared to control (plain water treated). Project �o. 14 Suitability of summer vegetables for Sundrying and their subsequent

storage at room temperature.

Data revealed that slight increase in moisture percent occurred after six months in both cases. The SO2 contents decreased with the increase in storage, period which might be related to the prevailing temperature and humidity of the air. No significant losses in ascorbic acid occurred during the entire storage period in both vegetable and in both packing. Dried vegetable packed in glass jars were found superior to ones packed in polyethylene bags, the reason might be its protection from moisture losses etc. during storage. Project �o. 15 Evaluation of pickling to avoid microbial load.

Cucumber pickle prepared by new techniques (A) and standard procedure (B) was stored and studied. pH and ascorbic acid contents were more decreased in B as compared to A samples. Percent acidity was increased in both treatments, so no mold etc. were observed with prolonged storage. Project �o. 16 Inhibition of sprouting in onion by the use of the chemical (Maleic

hydrazide) (�aCl) and other techniques.

1000 ppm (M.H. Sol.) and 5% NaCl sol. Treatment s showed encouraging response in the inhibition of sprouting of onion during storage at room temperature for 6 months, while control, 500 ppm and 1500 ppm (M.H.Sol.) treatments, started spouting after 2 months and was completely sprouted upto the end of 6 months storage period. Project �o. 17 Suitability of apple varieties grown in �WFP for commercial cold

storage.

The data revealed that the ascorbic acid contents decreased, while the total aid contents increased slightly during storage irrespective of the treatments. It was also observed that diphenylamine (DAP) treatments, has no significant effect on the ascorbic acid and total acid contents. There was slight decrease in pectin and S. solid contents in treated fruits as compared to control. Maximum loss of moisture occurred in control fruits followed by treated, R/ delicious and then treated G. delicious. Treated G. delicious showed good structure, texture and flavors as compared to R. delicious. It was further observed that R.delicious apples developed off flavor during prolonged storage.


119

1987-88

Project �o. 1 Total glycoalkaloid (TGA) contents of potato varieties/clones grown

in spring and autumn 1987 and spring 1988 at A.R.I. Tarnab, Peshawar.

The comparative study on the basis of TGA contents in different varieties./clones grown in spring and autumn, 1987 and spring, 1988 indicated that the autumn potatoes had the highest TGA contents followed by spring, 1987 and spring, 1988 crops respectively. Red skinned varieties had higher TGA content than white skinned varieties. Variety Cardinal in spring, 1987 Cardinal and Ultimus in autumn, 1987 were found to contain higher TGA content than the safe limit for human consumption, while the same varieties grown in spring, 1988 had their TGA contents in quite safe limits for human consumption due to the favorable growing conditions. Project �o. 2 To find out the effect of method of extraction, types of containers

and storage temperature on the quality of guava juice.

On the basis of physico-chemical evaluations recorded, it was concluded that cold extraction, packing in glass containers, and subsequent low temperature storage gave promising results regarding the quality and shelf life extension of guava juice. Plastic containers too gave acceptable results when stored under low temperature. Project �o. 3 Studies on the quality characteristics of rice varieties grown in

�WFP and its over all comparison with some standard rice varieties grown in

Punjab.

Samples of 5 rice varieties from Agricultural Research Station, Mingora (Swat) and 5 rice varieties from Kala Shah Kaku (Punjab) were received and their physico-chemical analysis were conducted which have been recorded in the Programme, but due to the non-availability of rice varieties from Agricultural Research Station, D.I.Khan, detailed work could not be carried out. Project �o. 4 Utilization of sorghum grains for human consumption

Biscuit Making. of the four different formulae evaluated on the basis of their organoleptic evaluations, the Ist formula was preferred on the basis of its good taste and flavor than the remaining formulae which had more quantity of sorghum flour. Yellow layer Cake preparation Treatment No. 1 Changing this much quantity of sorghum flour in its formula was on the top as far as its quality score is concerned followed by T2, T3 & T4, respectively. Project �o. 5 Studies on the modified atmosphere storage conditions on fresh

guava and apple varieties grown in Hazara.

Fruits packed in 10 gauge polyethylene bags showed less loss in weight and were better in taste than kept in 7 gauge polyethylene bags. Fruit in unperforated polyethylene bags was rottened. Fruits kept unpacked showed more loss in weight and was unfit for human consumption. Project �o. 6 To study the effect of modified atmosphere storage conditions on

fresh tomatoes and plums grown in Haripur (Hazara).


120

The fresh tomato samples packed in 10 gauge perforated polyethylene bags showed less than weight loss and was of better taste than the samples placed in 7 gauge polyethylene bags. Samples placed in unperforated bags were rootened and those placed in open were some what shriveled but were edible. Plum samples kept in 10 gauge perforated polyethylene bags showed less weight loss and were better in taste than the samples packed in 7 gauge polyethylene bags. Samples placed in unperforated bags were rottened and those placed in open were some what shrivelled but were fit for consumption. Project �o. 7 To study the suitability of newly introduced peach varieties for

processing.

It was observed that the new peach canned variety (NF-241) showed no significant changes in color taste and flavor at the end of 240 days storage at room temperature. Project �o. 8 Studies on the development of Pear Juice

Among the different products prepared from pear juice, pear squash No. 11 was preferred due to its good color, taste and flavor. No significant change in total soluble solids, pH and acidity was observed during the entire storage period. Project �o. 9 Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage making.

The physico-chemical analysis at the end of four months storage at room temperature showed that 0.05% K2S2O5 + 0.05% sodium benzoate treatment were good on account of its color and taste, while 0.05% K2S2O2 + 0.05% pot. Sorbate treatment developed fermented taste after 150 days storage period. Project �o. 10 Inhibition of sprouting in onion by the use of chemicals and other

techniques.

Chemicals (Iso propyle-N-chlorophyl carbonate) and 5% NaCl treatments gave better response than the rest of the chemicals and control. The performance of maleic hydrazide was next to CIPC and NaCl2 treatment. The onions treated with NaCl2 , Salicylic acid and CIPC had comparatively less percentage of rot as compared to control and maleic hydrazide. The reason might be that none of the chemicals under test had fungicidal action. It is thus concluded that if onions is stored for longer period, post-harvest application of NaCl2 and CIPC as dipping agents for the control of rot may be used. Project �o. 11 Control of Post-harvest spoilage of pears caused by fungal rot during

storage at ambient temperature.

Percent decay was less in the pears treated with 1% Cacl2 and kept in perforated polyethylene bags. Slight changes in the brix an percent moisture occurred during the entire storage period. 1% Cacl2 in perforated bags has less weight loss, while the above results show that pear rot is caused by fungus Rhizopus sp. and if the pear are treated with some fungicides eg. 1% CaCl2 + Na hypochlorite at 20 ppm the shelf life of pears can be increased even at room temperature. Project �o. 12 Influence of soaking and cooking upon the softening and eating

quality of soybeans.


121

The treatments did not affect the protein contents during the entire storage period. pH and vacuum after 4 months storage period slightly decreased in both varieties, canned and stored at room temperature. Project �o. 13 To assess the effect of different preservatives and their combination

doses on the shelf life of citrus juices.

The microbiological examination of freshly preserved juice with different treatments showed no growth in any treatment. After two months storage at room temperature the sodium benzoate treatment showed some microbial growth and after 4 months storage the same treatment showed clear mold growth. The sod. Benzoate is incapable to check mold growth. The results of other treatments are quite clear and in combination doses sorbate + benzoate also failed to check mold growth as compared to K2S2O5.

Project �o. 14 Suitability of apple varieties grown in �WFP for commercial cold

storage.

Pectin contents decreased with storage period and not affected by any treatment. Brix remained constant in all storage period and not affected with any treatment. Vit `C’ slightly decreased with the passage of time irrespective of the treatment in both varieties. Percent acidity was non-significantly decreased in control apple with the length of storage period. pH remained the same of the varieties irrespective of the treatment or storage period. Moisture Contents: Golden Delecoious variety of apples had more moisture content than Red Delicious. Both the varieties under test lost moisture. The treatments did not have any effect on retaining the moisture content of fruit during storage. Project �o. 15 Post-harvest studies on sweet oranges

After 120 days of storage at low temperature observations revealed that sweet oranges treated with Tecto-40 wrapped both in news paper and polyethylene gave encouraging results as far as color, texture, percent decay losses and general acceptability of the fruits is concerned followed by fruits treated with benlate. The fruits kept as control of both the linings were completely deteriorated due to mold attack after 120 days storage, followed by topsin and captan of both the lining. In some storage period the percent weight loss was minimum in case of fruits treated with topsin with polyethylene lining, i.e. 2.1 %, while fruits treated with Benlate with newspaper lining had a maximum weight loss i.e 7.60%. In all the treatments the juice percentage was increased, while Vit `C’ contents decreased slightly with the advancement of the entire period of storage. Project �o. 16 Studies on the preparation and quality evaluation of soytofu during

storage.

The two methods which were approved in Rabi Programme were failure over here. So we adopted a third method to achieve the goal, which gave us a fine textured tofu of creamy white color and moderate chewiness, with 84% moisture and 41.2% protein contents.


122

Project �o. 17 Standardization of process and techniques for the preparation of


Squashes: After six months storage at room temperature no significant change in the brix degree and percent acidity occurred, while Vit `C’ and tannin contents were slightly decreased in all the treatments. Jam: There were no significant changes in color, taste and flavor. Vitamin `C’ contents in treatment No. 1 an 3 were decreased to 25 and 12% respectively and tannin contents in only treatment No. 1 was decreased upto 7%. No changes in total soluble solids and percent acidity were observed in all the treatments during the entire storage period. 1988-89

Project �o. 1 Post-harvest studies on sweet oranges

The observations after 120 days storage of blood red sweet oranges at room temperature and at low temperature storage revealed that Tecto-40 chemical treatment with both polyethylene and newspaper wrapping gave good encouraging results followed by fruits treated with benlate as far as the color, texture, percent decay losses and general acceptability of the fruit is concerned. Sweet oranges kept as control with both the lining material and at both the temperatures were completely deteriorated due to mold and rot attack after 120 days storage period followed by captan and topsin. It was further observed that sweet oranges should not be stored at room temperature for more than 2 months and in cold storage more than 3 months and that polyethylene lining did not give encouraging results. Project �o. 2 To study the effect of methods of extraction, type of containers and

storage temperatures on the quality of Guava juice.

The data recorded so far revealed that cold extraction, packing in glass containers and storage at low temperature have given promising results. Project �o. 3 Utilization of sugarcane juice for beverage making.

The physico-chemical observations at the end of five months storage at room temperature showed that T1 was better than T2 on account of its good color and taste while T3 develop fermented taste and yellow color after 150 days storage period. Project �o. 4 Effect of fungicides, hot water treatment and polyethylene lining on

the post-harvest losses of 6-A peach variety stored at room temperature.

The observations recorded showed that vitamin `C’ contents were lowered with the length of storage period irrespective of treatments. As far as rot attack is concerned, only hot water treatment (52oC+225 PPM 2,6 dichloro-4-nitro-aniline) solution gave encouraging results, as compared to control and other treatments. Project �o. 5 To study the effect of modified atmosphere storage conditions on the

shelf-life of fresh plum and pear fruits.


123

Plum fresh fruit packed in 10 gauge unperforated polyethylene bags with carbon dioxide gave best results. The weight loss started on 7th day of its storage and reached to 109% on 13th day, while in other treatments the weight loss started on 3rd day. Results of newspaper wrapping treatment were not satisfactory. The 20 gauge polyethylene bags treatments started rottening during early storage and were found unsatisfactory as a wrapping material. Fresh pears packed in 20 gauge perforated polyethylene bags gave best results, although the weight loss reached to 2.95% at the end of 29 days storage period and the fruits were in good conditions as compared to other treatments. Project �o. 6 Control of post-harvest spoilage of pears caused by fungus Rhizopus

stored at ambient and low temperature.

Leconte variety of pears packed in wooden crates with perforated polyethylene lining can be stored from 10-15 days at room temperature (35-38oC). It can be increased up to 5 days with chemical treatments while in cold storage it can be stored up to 45 days satisfactorily and with chemical treatments its freshness, texture taste and flavor can be maintained. Project �o. 7 Inhibition of sprouting in onions by the use of chemicals and other

techniques.

The chemical CIPC as dust proved effective in checking sprouts significantly better than control and other chemicals under test at both level of significance. The weight loss was not affected by chemical treatment or storage period. Project �o.8 Estimation of TGA contents in potato varieties and U.S. clones

grown at ARI, Tarnab during Autumn, 1988

In this experiment the TGA content in the peel, flesh and whole tubers of five varieties and clones grown during autumn 1988 was estimated in fresh condition. it was observed that the synthesis of TGA is varietal characteristics i.e. red skinned varieties were found to synthesize more TGA than white potato varieties and that peel portion have more TGA than the flesh portions. Project �o. 9 Suitability of apple varieties grown in �WFP for commercial cold

storage

pH value declined from 3.90 to 3.66 with the storage period. Treatments had no effect on its pH value. The acidity in all the four varieties of apples decreased with the length of storage periods, though not significant. There was no significant effect of treatments and storage period on the pectin contents of all apple varieties. Total soluble solids, moisture contents and ascorbic acid contents decreased with the storage period, while the treated apples had significant more TSS as compared to non treated varieties. Project �o.10 Utilization of sorghum grains for human consumption

The quality of both biscuits and cakes in all the treatments decreased with the increase in the quantity of sorghum flour, having black color and hard texture. Although the taste and flavor was acceptable due to the presence of other ingredients. This experiment needs changes in the treatments or formulae of the ingredients for obtaining a good commercial products.


124

Project �o.11 The assessment of different preservatives and their combination

doses on the shelf life of apple juice

After 30 days storage at room temperature, browning of the juice in sorbate and benzoate treatments was started while the K2S2O5 treatment did not changed its color up till 45 days storage in the same conditions. The experiment will be conducted next year for the confirmation of the results. Project �o.12 Studies on the preparation, preservation and shelf life of carbonated

and non-carbonated beverage stored at room temperature

Carbonation of the beverage was done in a local private plant/unit. Fermentation of the beverage was started after 15 days storage at room temperature. This experiment will be continued during coming research Programme. 1989-90 Post Harvest studies on sweet oranges

Sweet oranges Varity blood red were stored at two different temperatures i.e. room temperature and low temperature, treated with different fungicides, wrapped in news paper polyethylene and packed in commercial wooden crates for this purpose. It was concluded that the fruits treated with Tecto-40, wrapped in news paper and polyethylene and stored at low temperature gave encouraging results as far as color, texture, percent decay losses and general acceptability were concerned. Studies on the development of pear juice

Among the squashes and nectars prepared with pear juice, the pear squash No.II was preferred on account of its good taste, color and flavor followed by pear nectar. No significant changes in total soluble solids, percent acidity and pH were observed during the entire storage period. Inhibition of sprouting in onion by the use of chemicals and other techniques

After six months storage the percent rot was less in treatments with 225 ppm benlate followed by 5% Nacl and CPIC dust. During the same period the chemical CIPS as dust proved efficient in checking sprouts significantly better than other chemicals and control. There was no effect on the weight loss and storage period of any treatment. To study the effect of method of extraction, type of container and storage

temperature on the quality of guava juice

The data recorded confirm the results of the previous year, that cold extraction, storage at low temperature and packing in glass container is encouraging specially in case of this nutritious juice guava. Total glycoalkaloids (TGA) contents in potato variety grown at Agril. Research

Institute, Tarnab during Autumn 1989

Potato variety Cardinal contained higher mean TGA contents which is a red skinned variety, than the other two varieties Multa and Atlantic varieties which are white skinned. In the same manner the peel portion of all the varieties contained more TGA contents than the flesh and whole tubers.


125

Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage making

Untreated juice fermented completely after 22 days storage at room temperature showed decreased in brix and pH and increase in % acidity. While after 150 days storage, the combination dozes of preservatives showed changes in color and taste due to high temperature. Suitability of apple cultivars grown in �WFP for commercial cold storage

Different cultivars of apple were treated with chemical diphenylamine and stored at low temperature. It was observed that diphenylamine was effective in extending the storage life of apple upto six months in good condition. Effect of fungicides, hot water treatment and polyethylene lining on the post

harvest losses of 6-A peach variety stored at room temperature

The experiment was conducted to check the losses caused by rot and to enhance the shelf life or peaches stored at room temperature. It was observed that peaches treated with hot water + 225 ppm 2,6-dichloro-4-nitro aniline had only 250% rot after three weeks storage as compared to 60.0 percent in case of control. Control of post-harvest spoilage of pears caused by fungus Rhizopus at ambient

and low temperature storage

Pears packed in wooden crates (commercial size) with perforated polyethylene lining can be stored from 10-15 days with out chemical treatment if fruit is carefully picked and packed. Its storage life can further be increased from 10-15 days with chemical treatments. The storage of pears in cold storage was possible upto 7 weeks and afterward its storage was not economical due to rot attack even in chemical treatments. At ambient temperature the rot attack starts after 2 weeks and grown rapidly as compared to cold stored fruits. 1990-91 Project �o.1 Suitability of apple cultivars grown in �WFP for commercial cold

storage.

Three apple cultivars namely Amri, Mashhadi Red and Mashhadi white were treated with DPA and kept in cold storage for shelf life assessment. The observations revealed that Ameri can be stored up to eight months storage with minimum losses as compared to other cultivars. Project �o.2 Inhibition of sprouting in onion crop by the use of chemicals and

other techniques.

The onion crop and bulbs were treated with different chemicals as pre-harvest and post harvest treatments. The bulbs are still under observations for the record of rot attack, sprouting percentage and weight losses etc. Project �o.3 Studies on the proper and economic utilization of persimmon fruits.

Carbon dioxide treated persimmon fruit showed reduction in astringency during five days storage and its texture remained desirably firm, followed by simple sealing the fruits in thick polyethylene bags for retaining firmness and improving astringency. The


126

products in experiment II, III and IV were found of good quality with no physico chemical changes during eight months storage at room temperature. Persimmon ketchup stored at room temperature retained color and texture up to five months storage. Persimmon sweets and glace were found in good condition, fit for consumption but some treatments were astringent. Project �o.4 To assess the effect of different fungicides and packaging material on

the shelf life of persimmon fruit stored at low temperature (cold storage).

The observations after 75 days storage at low temperature (cold storage) revealed fruits treated with Benlate and wrapped in news paper gave encouraging results as far as color, texture, percent decay losses and general acceptability is concerned. Project �o.5 Studies on the quality of kinnow juice stored at room temperature in

different containers.

Kinno juice was preserved with 0.2% Potassium metabisulphite, packed in two different containers, i.e. Glass carboys and plastic jerry cans and stored at ambient temperature. The juice was analyzed each month for soluble solids, percent acidity and vitamin C content. The data recorded shows that the plastic containers are better for the storage of kinno juice. However, for confirmation of results the experiment will be repeated during the coming Rabi program. Project �o.6 To study the effect of different fungicides/chemicals, packaging

material, storage period and different temperature on the shelflife of sweet oranges.

Sweet oranges (Blood Red) were treated with different fungicides, wrapped in news papers and polyethylene and kept at room temperature as well as low temperature for a total period of 90 days and 120 days respectively. The observations revealed that the fruits treated with Benlate, wrapped in news paper and stored at room temperature gave encouraging results as far as color, texture, percent decay losses and general acceptability of the fruit is concerned. Project �o.7 Studies on the effect of chemical treatments on the storage life of

plum.

Plum fruit treated with different fungicides and kept at two different temperatures were evaluated for various parameters. The observations revealed that Captan treated fruit gave encouraging results as far as weight loss, decay percentage and chemical composition are concerned. 1991-92 Project �o.1 Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage.

Treated lines/samples were better than control. Potassium metabisulphite treatments gave good results as compared to other chemicals and control. Project �o.2 To study the effect of different fungicides/chemicals, packaging

materials, storage period on sweet oranges.

The sweet oranges were wrapped in news paper Polyethylene and stored at a low temperature, gave encouraging results as far as color texture, percent decay, losses and general acceptability of the fruit is concerned. It was further observed that storing of


127

sweet oranges at room temperature beyond 30-45 days is not advisable as there occurred great decay losses. Polyethylene as wrapping materiel is not advisable. Project �o.3 Studies on the proper and economical utilization of persimmon fruits

Persimmon squash blended with guava gave best results followed by persimmon blended with apple. Persimmon Jam blended with guava gave best results as compared to persimmon fruits, which were found good in taste but found un-economical. Project �o.4 To asses the effect of different fungicides and packaging material on

the shelf life of persimmon fruit stored at low temperature.

Persimmon fruits when picked at proper maturity in the middle of November can be safely stored up to the end of December or Ist week of January. News paper as packing material gave encouraging results than polyethylene. Polyethylene as wrapped material should not be used for persimmon fruit. Benlate was found to be the most effective fungicide in prolonging the shelf life of persimmon fruits. The storage of persimmon at low temperature (cold storage) improves the taste and brix degree, with the results that astringency is minimized. Project �o.5 Inhibition of sprouting in onion with chemicals and other techniques.

The experiment conducted on the inhibition of sprouting, weight loss, and on control of rot of bulbs showed that chemicals Benlate and CPIC significantly checked the rotting of the onion bulbs during storage of six months. The mean values of rot in Benlate and CPIC were 23.0 and 24.07% respectively as compared to check which was 31.0 percent. Maleic hydrazide solution of 1000 PPM sprayed before harvest and dipping after harvest controlled sprouting. There was no significant effect of the treatments on the weight loss of bulbs. 1992-93 Project �o.1 Removal of astringency from persimmon fruit and its products.

Treatment No.1 gave good results but there was variation of tannin percentage among the fruits in the same bags, while treatment No.2 and 3 gave best results in experiment No.1. Persimmon frozen pulp gave best results with non significant changes during 10 months storage period, but some of the samples fermented due to continuous load shedding in the Institute. Persimmon instant drink prepared from pure persimmon pulp was more attractive in color but was less preferred as compared to blended persimmon instant drinks. Project �o.2 Inhibition of sprouting in onion crop by the use of chemicals and

other techniques.

Maleic Hydrazide treatment was more effective in controlling sprouting in onion bulbs while in case of controlling, decay losses occured. benlate was more effective as compared to other chemicals. Project �o.3 Suitability of apple cultivars grown in �WFP, for commercial cold

storage.

The effect of chemical Diphenyle Amine is non significant showing least effect during storage period. Chemical composition of apple fruits was affected with the length of storage period. The experiment confirmed that the storage life of apple cultivar, Amri is longest.


128

Project �o.4 To asses the effect of different fungicides and packaging material on

the shelf life of persimmon fruit stored at low temperature.

The observations of 75 days storage at low temperature showed that persimmon fruits treated with chemicals Benlate and wrapped in news paper gave good results followed by fruits kept as control, and wrapped in news paper as far as color, texture, and percent decay losses are concerned. Project �o.5 Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage making.

The observations in sugar cane juice at the end of five months storage at room temperature showed that potassium metabisulphite used purely gave good results as compared to other chemicals in combination. Project �o.6 Studies on the development of pear juice.

Pear squash gave best results followed by pear nectar according to the taste pannel members reports. The length of storage period adversely affected the quality of pear squash and nectar. Project �o.7 Effect of corn syrup on the quality of Glac'ed pears.

The taste pannel graded the products as follows. Pear Glaced in 100% Sugar Ist. Pear Glaced in 75% Sugar + 25% Corn syrup. 2nd. 1993-94

Project �o.1 Economical utilization of persimmon fruit.

Persimmon instant drinks have good and attractive color up to june but slightly changed up to the end of July due to extensive heat. Acidity added to the trials was undesirable. Persimmon dried treatment were in very good conditions up to June 15, but became brown at the end of July. The taste and flavor were still very nice and good. All the trials need improvement. Project �o.2 Studies on the effect of corn syrup on the quality of Glaced Pears.

Using a mixture of sucrose and corn syrup in the ration of 70:30 for the preparation of pear Glace has shown better results than sucrose alone as far as texture and relative sweetness of the product were concerned. It is therefore suggested that this ration of syrups be maintained through out the process, while preparing the pear Galce. Project �o.3 Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage making.

The observations in sugar cane juice at the end of five months storage at room temperature showed that potassium metabisulphite used purely gave good results as compared to other chemicals in combination. Project �o.4 Studies on the effect of chemical treatment on the storage life of

plum.

Plum fruit treated with different fungicides (Benlate and Captan) and kept at two different temperature were evaluated for various parameters. The observations revealed


129

that Benlate treated fruit gave encouraging results as far as weight loss, decay percentage and chemical composition were concerned. Project �o.5 Control of post harvest spoilage of pear caused by fungus Rhizopus

at ambient and low temperature.

Pear fruits picked and packed carefully could be stored upto 15 days at room temperature while the effect of chemical treatments was obvious in low temperature only. Cacl2 + Cl2 gave the best results in the trials followed by Cacl2 used alone.


130

RESEARCH STAFF Food Technology Section, Tarnab employed more than 40 researchers from 1964-65 to 1997. Food Technology Section, (1964-65 TO 1969-70) and (1980-81 TO 1997-98)


1. M.S. Roghani M.S. (Oregon) Food Technologist 1964-65

2. Sher Ahmad Khan B.Sc. (Pb) Officiating Food Technologist 1964 to 1966

3. Saifullah B.Sc. (Pb) Research Assistant

Asst. Microbiologist

Training to USA

1964-65

1965-66

1967 to 1970

4. Mushtaq Ahmad M.Sc. (P.U) Research Assistant

Assistant Technologist

1964-65

1967-68

5. Rafiullah Khan B.Sc.(H) (P.U) Research Assistant

Asst. Technologist

1964-65

1967-68

6. Ismatullah B.Sc.(H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1964 to 1966

7. Fazli Karim B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant

Asst. Technologist (C)

Asst. Technologist (M)

1964-65

1967-68

1970

8. Ali Gul B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1964 to 1967

9. Ajab Khan B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1964-65

1970

10. Badshah Waheed B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1964 to 1970

11. Malik M. Sher B.Sc. (Pb) Food Technologist 1966 to 1970


131


12. Muhammad Jawad Khan

B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1966 to 1970

13. Muhammad Arshad M.Sc. (P.U) Research Assistant 1966-67 only

14. Ali Gohar Khan B.Sc. (Chem) (P.U) Asst. Agri. Chemist (Food) 1967 to 1970

15. Ihsanul Haq B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1967 to 1970

16. Fazli Rahim B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1967 to 1970

17. Muhammad Javid B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1967 to 1970

18. Amjad Hussain B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1967 to 1970

19. Nazir Khan B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1970

20. Fidullah B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1970

21. S. Qasim Shah B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1970

22. Maqbool Ilahi B.Sc. (H) (P.U) Research Assistant 1970

1980-81 to 1997-98

1. Dr. Saifullah Khattak

Ph.D. Food Technologist 1983-84

2. Fazli Karim Khan M.Sc. Asst. Food Technologist

Food Technologist

1983-84

1985 to date

3. Badshah Waheed M.Sc. AUB Asst. Food Technologist 1983 to 1988

Ph.D 1993

4. Ajab Khan M.Sc. (H) Asst. Food Technologist

Grading & Packaging Specialist

1983-84

1990-91

5. Fazli Rahim M.Sc. (H) Asst. Res. Officer 1983-84


132


Research Officer

Asst. Technologist (M) Post-Harvest Physiologist

1986-87

1988-89

1990

6. Muhammad Javid M.Sc. (H) Asst. Res. Officer 1983-84

7. Maqbool Ilahi M.Sc. (H) Asst. Res. Officer

Research Officer

1983-84

1986-87

8. Adam Khan M.Sc. (H) Asst. Res. Officer

Research Officer

1983-84

1986 to 1994

9. Mehboobur Rehman M.Sc. (H) Asst. Res. Officer

Research Officer

1983-84

1986 to date

10. Ghulam Jilani M.Sc. (H) Asst. Res. Officer

Research Officer

1983-84

1986 to 1988

11. Jan Muhammad Khan

M.Sc. (H) Asst. Res. Officer

Research Officer

1983-84

1986 to date

12. Muhammad Younis Matric Asst. Res. Officer

Research Officer

(Promotee)

1983-84

1988-89

1990 to date

13. Noor Muhammad Asst. Res. Officer

Research Officer

1985-86

1986 to date

14. Mrs. Ejaz Begum Asst. Res. Officer

Research Officer

1985-86

1986 to 1991

15. Mrs. Manzoor Nazli M.Sc. (H) Asst. Res. Officer 1985-86


133


Research Officer

Asst. Technologist (M)

1986-87

1992 to date

16. Muhammad Hussain M.Sc. (H) Research Officer

Asst. Agri. Chemist. (Food)

1986-87

1992 to date

17. Nazir Khan M.Sc. (H) Asst. Technologist (C) 1991 to date

18. Falak Naz M.Sc. (H) Research Officer 1995 to date

Total : 11 Ph.D : - M.Sc : 10

The situation shows that only 10 qualified persons are working in the food Technology Section. This number is not satisfactory.


134

LIST OF RESEARCH TOPICS/TITLE Food Technology Section, worked on more than 400 topics. Number of projects/titles worked on from 1964-65 to 1968-69 : 121 Number of Titles worked on from 1982-83 to 1995-96 : 200 List of Research Topics

S.�O TOPIC / TITLE

1964-65

A. Canning of fruits. 1. Canning of Dakki dates. 2. Canning of fruit cocktail. 3. Canning of slices of peach 6-A. 4. Canning of guavas. 5. Preparation of guava jelly. 6. Canning of Kieffer pears-Discoloration experiment-effect of the age of fruiting trees. 7. Olives pickling. B. Canning of vegetable. 8. Canning of sweet corn. 9. Canning of potato varieties. 10. Canning of peas varieties. C. Preparation of fruit juices and squashes. 11. Preparation of orange squash to find minimum quality of water essential for its preparation. 12. Preparation of concentrated orange squash by using high dose of sugar. 13. Preparation of orange squash having different doses of potassium metabisulphite. 14. Plain versus colored bottles experiment on orange squash. 15. Preparation of Falsa squash. (a new product) 16. Canning and bottling of malta juice varieties. D. Preparation of Jam and Marmalade. 17. Preparation of tomato Jam. (a new product) 18. Preparation of tomato marmalade. (a new product) E. Drying of Fruits and Vegetables. 19. Preparation of dried pears-Glac’e product. (a new product) 20. Drying of pears leont sulphuring technique. 21. Drying and dehydration of Bananas. 22. Drying of potato varieties. 23. Drying of tomatoes. 24. Dehydration of Cauliflower. 25. Sundrying of Sweet Corn. F. Microbiological Work. 26. Microbiological laboratory started. 1965-66 Part-I

I. Canning 27. Canning of Dakki Dates. 28. Canning of Peach Slices. 29. Canning of Guava. 30. Canning of Kulachi Melons. 31. Canning of Malta juice. II. Dehydration. 32. Glace Products from plum and apricots. 33. Tomato Jam and Marmalade. 34. Freezing Preservation. 35. Tomato juice. 36. Utilization of Agricultural Waste. 37. Pear and Guava paste. 1965-66 Part-II

Part-1 Fruits


135


38. Canning 39. Canning of Dakki dates. 40. Canning of slices of peach-6A. 41. Canning of Guavas. 42. Canning of Kulachi melon. 43. Canned malta juice-varietal. 44. Squashes 45. Preparation of orange squash to find minimum quality of water essential for its preparation. 46. Preparation of concentrated orange squash by using high dozes of sugar. 47. Preparation of orange squash having different dozes of potassium metabisulphite. 48. Plain versus colored bottle experiment on orange squash. 49. Preparation of Malta melon squash. 50. Preparation of mango squash. 51. Drying and Dehydration. 52. Drying of peaches glace product. 53. drying of Leconte pears Glace product. 54. Drying of pears Lecont-sulphurig technique. 55. Drying of plums glace product. 56. Preparation of dried glace apricots. 57. Drying and dehydration of Banana.(Local). 58. Drying of mango. 59. High temperature ripening of peaches 6-A. Part-2 Vegetables. 60. Canning of tomatoes. 61. Canning of peas. 62. Jam, Jellies and Marmalade. 63. Tomato jam. 64. Tomato marmalade. 65. Vegetable juices. 66. Tomato juice. 67. Drying and Dehydration 68. Drying of peas. 69. Drying of cauliflower. 70. Drying and Dehydration of tomatoes. 71. Freezing. 72. Freezing of peas. 73. Freezing of concentrated tomato juice. Part-3 Utilization of Agricultural Waste. 74. Canning of water melon rinds. 75. Preparation of water melon rind pickle. 76. Preparation of melon lemon jam. 77. Preparation of pear jam from pear waste. 78. Preparation of jelly from guava waste. Part-4 Microbiological Work. 79. Microbiological examination of empty bottle. 80. Microbiological examination of empty cans. 81. Microbiological examination of empty glass jars. 82. Microbiological examination of bucket and an ordinary cooking kettle. 83. Microbiological examination of cutting knife. 84. Microbiological examination of bottle cork. 85. Microbiological examination of laboratory machines. 86. Microbiological examination of fresh fruits and vegetables. 87. Microbiological examination of dry sugar and table salt for thermophilic flat sour organisms. 88. Microbiological examination of fruit beverages. 89. Microbiological examination of f low acid canned products. 90. Microbiological examination of canned peaches. 1966-67

Part-1 Fruits 91. Canning of Ber.


136


92. To see the effect of age of tree on discoloration in canned Kieffer pears. 93. Canning of English Figs.(Bannu). 94. Squashes, Nectars and Juices. 95. Preparation of Malta Melon squash. 96. Preparation of ber nectar. 97. Canning and bottling of different grade of malta juice Valentia late variety. 98. Drying and Dehydration. 99. Preparation of peaches glace product. 100. Preparation of lecont peaches glace product. 101. Preparation of apricot glace product. 102. Preparation of fig glace product. 103. Development of pears sulphuring technique. 104. Jams and Jellies. 105. Preparation of ber jam. 106. Preparation of fig jam from low quality fruit. 107. Preparation of jelly from low quality dates. 108. Preparation of ber pickle. 109. High temperature ripening of peaches 6-A. 110. Preparation of frozen concentrated sweet orange juice. Part-2 Vegetables. 111. Varietal canning of peas. 112. Varietal canning of tomatoes. 113. Vegetable juices. 114. Effect of canning and bottling on color, consistency and vitamin ‘C’ contents of tomato juice. 115. Vegetable jams and marmalade. 116. Preparation of tomato jam. 117. Preparation of tomato marmalade. 118. Freezing. 119. Freezing of concentrated tomato juice. 120. Varietal suitability of pears for freezing. 121. Drying and Dehydration. 122. Suitability of different new varieties of peas for drying. 123. To develop a technique for drying and dehydration of tomatoes. 124. Pickling of vegetables Part-3 Utilization of Agricultural Wastes. 125. Preparation of water melon rinds gal’ce product. 126. Preparation of water melon rind pickle. 127. Canning of water melon rinds. 128. Preparation of melon lemon jam. Part-4 Microbiological Examination of empty jar. 129. Microbiological Examination of 21/2 A. Size empty cans. 130. Microbiological Examination of bottle cork. 131. Microbiological Examination of an enameled bucket and aluminum cooking degchi. 132. Microbiological Examination of processing table. 133. Microbiological Examination of laboratory machines. 134. Microbiological Examination of orange squash. 135. Microbiological Examination of canned orange juice. 136. Microbiological Examination of canned pears. 137. Microbiological Examination of canned peas. 138. Microbiological Examination of canned sweet corn. Part-5 Agri-Teaching and Education. 139. Radio Talks. 140. Da sabzo Khuraki Ahmiat.(Food value of vegetables) 141. Da Tamatro Chatni Jorawal (Preparation of tomato ketchup etc.) 142. Da Tooro Batingaro Au Kadoo (Vegetable pikles). 143. Da Tamatro Masnooat (Tomato products). 1967-68 Part-I

144. Fruit processing on semi-commercial scale and training in Diploma course. 145. Development of pink coloration in canned pears variety Kieffer.


137


146. Preparation of better Matla juice. 147. Glace product. 148. Preparation of Frozen concentrates. 149. Advice rendered to other organizations. 1967-68 Part-II.

Part-1 Fruits A. Canned Products. 150. Canning of Fig.(Banna) 151. Effect of age of fruiting tree on discoloration of canned Kiefer pears. 152. Canning of Ber. B. Squashes, Juices and Nectars. 153. Varietal canning and bottling of different grades of Malta juice of Jaffa and Valentia late varieties. 154. Preparation of Ber Nectars. C. Drying and Dehydration. 155. Drying of Peaches 6-A glace product. 156. Drying of Leconte pears glace product. 157. Drying of plum glace product. 158. Drying of Figs glace product. 159. Drying of pears Lecente sulphuring technique. D. Jams and Jellies. 160. Preparation of Fig jam. 161. Preparation of Mulberry jam. 162. Preparation of Apple jam. 163. Preparation of Dates jelly. E. Miscellaneous. 164. Preparation of Ber pickles. 165. High temperature ripening of peaches 6-A. 166. Preparation of frozen concentrated sweet orange juice. 1967-68 Part-II

Part-2 Vegetable A. Canning 167. Canning of Peas. 168. Varietal canning of tomatoes. B. Vegetable Juices. 169. Effect of color, consistency and vit C. content on canning and bottling of tomato juice. C. Vegetable Jam and Marmalade. 170. Preparation of Tomato Marmalade. 171. Preparation of Tomato jam. D. Freezing. 172. Preparation of frozen concentrated tomato juice. 173. Freezing of peas. E. Drying and dehydration of Tomatoes. 174. Suitability of new Australian varieties of peas for drying. 175. Drying and dehydration of Tomatoes. F. Pickling of Vegetable. 176. Olive pickling. Part-3 Utilization of Agricultural Wastes 177. Drying of water melon rinds glace product. 178. Water melon rind pickle. 179. Canning of water melon rinds. 180. Preparation of melon lemon jam. Part-4 Microbiological Work 181. Microbiological Examination of Fresh Fruits. 182. Microbiological Examination of 2 1/2 A size empty can. 183. Microbiological Examination of Bottle Cork 7” No. 184. Microbiological Examination of Orange Squash. 185. Microbiological Examination of canned Malta juice. 186. Microbiological Examination of canned pears. 187. Microbiological Examination of canned peas.


138


188. Microbiological Examination of canned sweet corn. 1968-69

189. Food processing on Semi-commercial scale and training in Diploma course. 190. Glace Products. 191. Soybean Products. 192. Potato Products. 193. Guava Products. 194. Advice rendered to Food processing industries. 1982-83

195. 1. Discoloration in Orange Squash. 196. 2. Apple Syrup. 197. 3. Suitability of new peach varieties for processing. 198. 4. processing characteristics of potato varieties/clones. 199. 5. Persimmon products. 200. 6. Cold storage of kinnow fruit. 1983-84

201. Control of post-harvest losses of kinnow fruit during commercial cold storage. 202. Standardization of process and technique for the preparation of commercial acceptable persimmon

products. 203. Control of post harvest losses of Guava during commercial cold storage. 204. The effect of storage conditions and type of containers on the quality of bulk stored juice. 205. Time and temperature correlation for the inactivation of catalase and peroxide enzymes in sun dried

turnips and cauliflower. 206. Utilization of sugar cane for beverage making. 207. To study the suitability of newly introduced peach varieties for processing. 208. Time and temperature correlation for the inactivation of catalase/peroxide enzymes in sun dried egg

plant. 209. Studies on different doses of preservatives in Kinnow juices. 1985-86

210. Studies on the effect of different light intensities on the bio-synthesis of total Glycoalkaloids (Solanine) in potato varieties during storage at room temperature.

211. Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage making. 212. To study the suitability of newly introduced peach varieties for processing. 213. Studies on the development of pear juice. 214. Dehydrofreezing of carrots. 215. Inhibition of sprouting in onion by the use of chemical Maleic Hydrazide. 216. Time and temperature correlation for the inactivation of catalase and peroxidase enzymes in

dehydrofrozen brinjals and cauliflower. 217. To control browning in frozen sliced apple. 218. Studies on the low and intermediate moisture content sugar coated and glaced dried pear. 219. Shelf life assessment of fruit juices in different bulk containers stored at uncontrolled room

temperature. 220. Study on the suitability of local peas varieties for dehydrofreezing. 221. Preparation and preservation of apple syrup. 222. Control of discoloration and insect infestation in stored dried apricot. 223. Utilization of sorghum grains for human consumption. 224. Standardization of process and techniques for the manufacture of commercially acceptable

persimmon products. 225. Studies on modified atmosphere storage of fresh fruit and vegetables. 226. Control of post harvest losses of guava fruit by treating with different fungicides and stored at low as

well as room temperature storage. 227. Control of post harvest losses of Kinnow fruit stored at low as well as room temperature storage. Annual Technical Report 1985

Studies on processing characteristics of potato varieties and clones adapted to �WFP (PAK).

The spring crop, 1984 228. Suitability of spring crop potatoes for preparation of deep fried chips. 229. Suitability of spring crop potatoes for preparation of low moisture French Fries. 230. Suitability of spring crop potatoes for dehydration as chips. 231. Suitability of spring crop potatoes for preparation of dehydrated dice.


139


232. The summer crop, 1984 233. Suitability of summer grown potatoes for production of deep fried chips. 234. Suitability of summer crop potatoes for preparation of Frozen French fries. 235. Suitability of summer crop for dehydration in the Form of chips. 236. Suitability of summer crop for preparation of dehydrated Dice. 237. Autumn crop, 1984.

238. Suitability of Autumn crop potatoes for production of deep fried chips. 239. Suitability of Autumn crop potatoes for preparation of French Fries. 240. Suitability of Autumn crop potatoes for preparation of dehydrated chips. 241. Suitability of Autumn crop potatoes for preparation of dehydrated dice. 242. Studies on control of Rancidity in potato chips. 243. The effect of different frying oils, times and temperature on the quality and life of potato chips. 244. Suitability of some potato varieties and U.S. Clones for preparation of starch. 245. Standardization of recipe for preparation of Biscuits from potato chips. Annual Technical Report 1986.

246. Effect of cold storage on the specific gravity reducing sugars contents of potato varieties/clones and subsequent chipping quality.

247. Suitability of summer crop (Hill Grown) potato varieties/clones for Fried Chips. 248. Suitability of Autumn crop (1985-86) potatoes for Fried Chips. 249. Suitability of Spring crop (1985) potatoes for preparation of Dehydrated slices. 250. Preparation of Dehydrated chips from summer crop (1985) potatoes. 251. Suitability of Autumn crop potato varieties for preparation of dehydrated slices. 252. Suitability of spring crop (1985) potatoes for dehydration as dice. 253. Suitability of summer crop (1985) potatoes for preparation of dehydrated dice. 254. Suitability of Autumn crop (1985-86) potatoes for preparation of dehydrated dice. 255. Suitability of spring crop (1985) potatoes for preparation of Frozen French Fries. 256. Suitability of summer crop (1985) potatoes for preparation of Frozen French Fries. 257. Suitability of Autumn crop (1985-86) for preparation of low moisture French Fries. 258. The effect of different light intensities on the synthesis of TGA (Solanine) in potato varieties. 259. The color improvement of Fried potato chips with different chemical treatments. 260. Effect of low temperature storage of potato varieties on the non-enzymatic browning of dehydrated

dice and fried chips and reconditioning of potatoes at different temperatures. Miscellaneous potato products for Home preparation.

261. Potato flour and suji. 262. Potato starch. 263. Potato Halwa (Pudding) 264. Spiced potato vermicelli. 265. Fried potato shreds. 266. Potato Ribbons. 267. Potato Biscuits. 268. Potato Cake. Annual technical Report 1987

269. Suitability of potatoes for chipping. 270. Suitability of spring (1986) grown potatoes for preparation of dried chips. 271. Suitability of summer (1986) grown potatoes for chipping. 272. Suitability of Autumn (1986-87) grown potatoes for dried chips. 273. Dehydration of potatoes. 274. Suitability of spring crop 1986) potatoes for dehydration as Dice. 275. Suitability of summer crop (1986) potatoes for preparation of dehydrated dice. 276. Suitability of Autumn crop (1986-87) potatoes for preparation of dehydrated dice. 277. Frozen Fresh Fries. 278. Suitability of spring crop (1986) potatoes for preparation of frozen French fries. 279. Suitability of summer crop (1986) potatoes for preparation of frozen French fries. 280. Suitability of Autumn crop (1986) potatoes for preparation of frozen French fries. 281. Potato Starch Production. 282. Potato starch production from culled potatoes of spring crop, 1986. 283. Starch production from potatoes grown in summer. 284. Potato starch production from the Autumn crop (1986-87). 285. Other Research Studies.


140


286. Effect of different prefrying treatments on quality of potato chips during storage. 287. Effect of cold storing and reconditioning on chipping qualities and color of dehydrated potatoes. 288. Total Glyco-alkaloids (TGA) contents of spring, summer and autumn, 1986-87 grown potatoes. 289. Preparation of potato products. 290. Potato biscuits with three recipes. 291. Salts potato biscuits. 292. Potato cake. 293. Potato vermicelli saltish, spice. 294. Fried potato nuts. 295. Fried potato shreds. 296. Potato cutlets. 297. Fried potato cookie. 298. Saltish Triangular potato pie. 299. Thin potato Pan cakes. 300. Saltish potato pan cakes. 301. Potato loze. 302. Potato Pudding (Hulwa). 303. Potato Hasty Pudding. (Feerni). 304. Potato White Taffy (Barfi). 1986-87

305. Total Glyco-alkaloids (TGA) contents of spring, summer and autumn 1986-87 grown potatoes. 306. Utilization of sugarcane juice for Beverage making. 307. To study the suitability of newly introduced peach varieties for processing. 308. To find out the effect of containers quality of stored Guava juice (Pulp). 309. Studies on the development of pear juice. 310. Standardization of process and techniques for the manufacture of commercially acceptable

persimmon products. 311. Utilization of sorghum grains for human consumption. 312. Studies on the quality characteristics of Rice varieties grown in NWFP and its over all comparison

with some standard rice varieties grown in Punjab. 313. Studies on the preparation and quality evaluation of soytoffe during storage. 314. Development of ready to serve carbonated and non carbonated drinks from Guava fruit. 315. Studies on modified atmosphere storage conditions on fresh Guava and apple varieties grown in

Hazara. 316. Studies on modified atmosphere storage of fresh fruits and vegetables (cauliflower and peas) 317. Retention of ascorbic acid and sulphur dioxide in sundried vegetables (cauliflower and peas). 318. Suitability of summer vegetables for Sundrying and their subsequent storage at room temperature. 319. Evaluation of method of pickling to avoid microbial load. 320. Inhibition of sprouting in onion by the use of chemical (Maleic hydrazide), (Nacl) and other

techniques. 321. Suitability of apple varieties grown in NWFP for commercial cold storage. 1987-88

322. Total glycoalkaloid (TGA) contents of potato varieties/clones grown in spring and autumn 1987 and spring 1988 at ARI Tarnab, Peshawar.

323. To find out the effect of method of extraction, types of containers and storage temperature on the quality of guava juice.

324. Studies on the quality characteristics of rice varieties grown in NWFP and its over all comparison with some standard rice varieties grown in Punjab.

325. Utilization of sorghum grains for human consumption (Biscuit making-Yellow layer cake preparation).

326. Studies on the modified atmosphere storage conditions on fresh guava and apple varieties grown in Hazara.

327. To study the effect of modified atmosphere storage conditions on fresh tomatoes and plums grown in Haripur.

328. To study the suitability of newly introduced peach varieties for processing. 329. Studies on the development of pear juice. 330. Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage making. 331. Inhibition of sprouting in Onion by the Use of chemicals and other techniques. 332. Control of post harvest spoilage of pears caused by fungal rot during storage at ambient temperature.


141


333. Influence of soaking and cocking upon the softening and eating quality of soybeans. 334. To assess the effect of different preservatives and their combination doses on the shelf life of citrus

juices. 335. Suitability of apple varieties grown in NWFP or commercial cold storage. 336. Post harvest studies on sweet oranges. 337. Studies on the preparation and quality evaluation of soytofu during storage. 338. Standardization of process and techniques for the preparation of commercially acceptable

persimmon products. 1988-89

339. Post harvest studies on sweet oranges. 340. To study the effect of method of extraction, type of container and storage temperature on the quality

of guava juice. 341. Utilization of sugarcane juice for beverage making. 342. Effect of fungicide, hot water treatment and polyethylene lining on the post harvest losses of 6-A

peach variety stored at room temperature. 343. To study the effect of modified atmosphere storage conditions on the shelf life of fresh plum and

pear fruits. 344. Control of post harvest spoilage of pears caused by fungus Rhizopus at ambient and low

temperature. 345. Inhibition of sprouting in Onion by use of chemicals and other techniques. 346. Estimation of total glycoalkaloids (TGA) contents in potato varieties and U.S. clones grown at Agril.

Research Institute, Tarnab during Autumn, 1988. 347. Suitability of apple varieties grown in NWFP for commercial cold storage. 348. Utilization of sorghum grains for human consumption. 349. Assessment of different preservatives and their combination doses on the shelf life of apple juice. 350. Studies on the preparation, preservation and shelf life of carbonated and non carbonated beverage

stored at room temperature.

1989-90

351. Post harvest studies on sweet oranges. 352. Studies on the development of pear juices. 353. Inhibition of sprouting in onion bulbs by the use of chemicals and other techniques. 354. To study the effect of method of extraction, type of container and storage temperature on the quality

of guava juice. 355. Total glyco-alkaloids (TGA) contents in potato varieties grown at Agril. Research Institute, Tarnab

during Autumn 1989. 356. Utilization of sugarcane juice for beverage making. 357. Suitability of apple cultivars grown in NWFP for commercial cold storage. 358. Effect of fungicides, hot water treatment and polyethylene lining on the post harvest losses of 6-A

peach variety stored at room temperature. 359. Control of post harvest spoilage of pears caused by fungus Rhizopus at ambient and low temperature

storage. 1990-91

360. Suitability of apple cultivars grown in NWFP for commercial cold storage. 361. Inhibition of sprouting in Onion crop by the use of chemicals and other techniques. 362. Studies on the proper and economic utilization of persimmon fruits. 363. To assess the effect of different fungicides and packaging material on the shelf life of persimmon

fruit stored at low temperature (cold storage). 364. Studies on the quality of Kino juice stored at room temperature in different containers. 365. To study the effect of different fungicides/chemicals, packaging material, storage period and

different temperatures on the shelf life of sweet oranges. 366. Studies on the effect of chemical treatments on the storage life of plums. 1991-92

367. Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage. 368. To study the effect of different fungicides/chemicals packaging materials, storage period of sweet

oranges. 369. Studies on the proper and economical utilization of persimmon fruits. 370. To assess the effect of different fungicides and packaging material on the shelf life of persimmon


142

fruit stored at low temperature. 371. Inhibition of sprouting in Onion with chemicals and other techniques. 1992-93

372. Removal of Astringency from persimmon fruit and its products. 373. Inhibition of sprouting in onion crop by the use of chemicals and other techniques. 374. Suitability of apple cultivars grown in NWFP, for commercial cold storage. 375. To asses the effect of different fungicides and packaging material on the shelf life of persimmon

fruit stored at low temperature. 376. Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage making. 377. Studies on the development of pear juice. 378. Effect of corn syrup on the quality of Glac’ed pears. 1993-94

379. Economical utilization of persimmon fruit. 380. Studies on the effect of corn syrup on the quality of Glace’d pears. 381. Utilization of sugar cane juice for beverage making. 382. Studies on the effect of chemical treatment on the storage life of plum. (Fazli Manani). 383. Control of Post harvest spoilage of pear caused by fungus Rhizopus at ambient and low temperature. 1995-96

384. Effect of environmental pollution on the physico-chemical condition of citrus fruit during growth. 385. To study the effect of different fungicides, packaging materials, storage period and temperature on

shelf life of sweet oranges. 386. Effect of packaging material and fluorescent light on the quality of guava syrups. 387. Economical utilization of persimmon fruit “Preparation of instant drinks”. 388. Utilization of persimmon fruits by drying. 389. Control of Post-Harvest spoilage of pear caused by fungal rot during storage. 390. Utilization of sugarcane juice for beverage making. 391. Studies on the effect of non-nutritive sweetening agents on the quality of lemon juice. 392. Control of Post-Harvest losses of Guava during commercial cold storage. 393. Studies to develop processing techniques for soybean products. 394. Studies on the effect of chemical treatment on the storage life of plum fruit.

POST PRODUCTIO TECHOLOGY UIT

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ISTITUTE ORTH

MIGORA (SWAT)


143

2.7 POST PRODUCTIO� TECH�OLOGY U�IT

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH I�STITUTE �ORTH

(MI�GORA) SWAT

1. Full name of Section/Department/Lab: Post Production Technology Unit.

2. Address: Agricultural Research Station (North) Mingora..

3. Telephone: 0936-812284 Location: Swat.


5. Primary Function: Improvement in quality of fruits and vegetables and maintenance of this quality through post harvest technology.

6. Parent Organization: Agricultural Research Station (North) Mingora, Swat.

7. Year Established (Parent

Organization):

1982.

8. Chief Officer: Mr. Badshah Waheed.

9. Grade:BPS 18 Year in position: 1993 to date.

10. Highest Education: Ph.D.


144

I�TRODUCTIO�

On the decision of Government of NWFP, the Agriculture Research Wing was reorganized and the Agricultural Research Institute (North) Mingora, Swat, was established on 18th February, 1980. It was the dire need of the time to expand the research activities on crops, fruits and vegetables to different ecological zones and accelerate the pace of research and development and make it more effective and problem oriented. Malakand and Hazara Divisions have almost similar climatic conditions. On the basis of this similarity in the climatic conditions an Institute of Agriculture Research was established at Mingora, Swat, for guiding and controlling the research activities in the Northern zone of the province. The agro-climatic conditions of this zone have great potential of producing high yields of both quality crops and vegetables of various kinds. This zone can serve as a major seed supply area for many crops; such as oilseeds and potato not only for the province, but also for the rest of the country. The post production technology unit was established in 1992. The main objectives are improvement in quality of fruits and vegetables and maintenance of this quality from the point of harvest. Objectives:-

The main objectives of the Institute are: 1. To conduct research work on Fruit Plants; Oil seeds, Vegetables, Potatoes, Pulses

and rice crop. 2. To evolve new high yielding and disease resistance varieties of crops adapted to

these areas and profitable for the farmers. 3. Development and standardization of Production Technology best suited to these

areas and to utilize the high yield potential of the existing and newly evolved varieties.

4. Testing of improved varieties and production technology on farmers field in the "Out Research Trials" in Co-ordination with the Extension Wing of the Department.

5. Demonstration and dissemination of new crop varieties and packages of technology thus developed, through Field Days, Extension Workers, leaflet; radio and television etc: to the growers.


145

LIST OF RESEARCH TOPICS 1993-94

1. Persimmon drying. 2. Fruit and vegetable drying in Chitral. 3. Repair and renovation of solar dryer at the station. 4. Drying of onion. 5. Drying of tomatoes. 6. Training demonstration in preparation of syrups, squashes, juices, jams and pickles.

1994-95

1. Persimmon drying. 2. Fruit and Vegetable drying. 3. Apple juice. 4. Drying of onion. 5. Drying of tomatoes. 6. Training demonstration in preparation of syrups, squashes, juices, jams and pickles. 7. Repair and renovation of solar dryer at the station. 8. Construction of multipurpose building. 1995-96

1. Persimmon Drying. 2. Fruit and Vegetable Drying. 3. Apple Marketing in Chitral. 4. Apple juice. 5. Drying of onion. 6. Drying of Tomatoes. 7. Training demonstration in preparation of syrups, squashes, juices, jams and pickles. 7. Repair and Renovation of Solar Dryer at the station. 1996-97

1. Persimmon drying. 2. Pome fruit packaging and marketing. 3. Mushroom production and marketing. 4. Apple juice. 5. Drying of apples, pear and apricots. 6. Drying of Tomatoes. 7. Maturity determination of Apple and Pear. 8. Chill store experiments.


146

LIST OF TOPICS OF RESEARCH

Post production technology unit worked on more than 25 titles during 1994-99.

List of Research Topics

S.�O. TOPIC/TITLE RESEARCHER DURATIO�

1. Persimmon drying Dr. Badshah Wahid 5 Years a) Control of sugar formation on surface of dried

persimmon.

b) Effect of different levels of sulphur on the quality of persimmon.

c) Drying persimmon with no chemicals. d) Drying persimmon with more moisture contents. e) Persimmon leather. 2. Apple Juice Preservation. Dr. Badshah Wahid, Tariq A. Jan 3 Years a) Through Pasteurization. b) Through Chemicals. 3. Drying of onion. Dr. Badshah Wahid, Richard Marder 3 Years 4. Drying of Tomato. Do 5. Drying pear, apple & apricots. Dr. Badshah Wahid, Muhammad Naeem,

Waheedul Haq 4 Years

6. Maturity indexing of apple. Dr. Badshah Wahid, Tariq A. Jan 5 Years 7. Effect of Calcium Chloride on quality of apple. Tariq A. Jan 3 Years 8. Development of solar dryer. Muhammad Naeem,

Dr. Badshah Wahid 3 Years

9. On-farm stores for Pome fruits. Dr. Badshah Wahid 4 Years 10. Chill store expts. Tariq A. Jan 5 Years


147

PROJECTS / SCHEMES Two main projects were launched during this period. 1. Project for Horticulture Promotion (PHP). Budget (Working fund for 1999-2000): 150,000

RESEARCH STAFF Post Production Technology unit employs 4 researchers with following qualifications. Research Staff Post Production Technology Unit (1998)


1. Badshah Wahid Ph.D Food Technologist 1993 to date

2. Tariq A. Jan M.Sc. Research Officer -

3. Muhammad Naeem M.Sc. Research Officer 1996 to date

4. Waheed ul Haq M.Sc. Research Officer 1996 to date

Total : 4. Ph.D : 1. M.Sc : 3.

TRAI�I�G COURSES: Regular training in food preservation like drying, juices syrups and pickle making to the farmers of the area under the PHP mandate. At least

five to six training every season in the laboratory and also on farm training.

FOOD TECHOLOGY SECTIO

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ISTITUTE

DERA ISMAIL KHA, .W.F.P.


148

2.8 FOOD TECH�OLOGY SECTIO�

AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH I�STITUTE

DERA ISMAIL KHA�, �.W.F.P.

1. Full name of Section/Department/Lab: Food Technology Section.

2. Address: Agricultural Research Institute (South) D.I.Khan.

3. Telephone: 0961-740046-740090 Location: D.I.Khan.


5. Primary Function: Research.

6. Parent Organization: Agricultural Research Station Institute (South)

D.I.Khan.

7. Year Established (Parent Organization): 1982

8. Chief Officer: Mr. Ghulam Jilani.

9. Grade:BPS 18 Year in position: 1990 to date.

10. Highest Education: M.Sc.


149

I�TRODUCTIO� Food Technology sub-section was established in 1969. It became full section in 1991. The staff position has not increased from the more than two persons.

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS 1992-93

1. Evaluation of Gulistan dates for suitability to dehydration:

Preservation of Gulistan dates through dehydration was undertaken. Different levels of Sodium metabisulphite were evaluated for their efficacy during the subsequent 4 month period after the treatment. It is concluded that Gulistan date is suitable for dehydration for better acceptability and color etc. 2. Demonstration and advisory services:

Consultancy services were extended to the interested clientele for the preservation of fruits and fruit products. A practical demonstration was given on a very extensive scale. Several thousand bottles of squashes, juices were prepared from different species of fruits. In such a demonstration 20 Kg seed of sour orange and 30 Kg of falsa was salvaged and handed over to the Horticulture section for nursery raising. 1994-95

Post harvest studies were carried out on D.I.Khan dates for their physico-chemical properties. Chemical analysis showed that the moisture content ranged from 57.2 to 78.5% in the Khalal stage and 19.6 to 22.56% at the tamar stage among 10 cultivars studied. Crude protein ranged from 2.1 to 2.89% at Khalal and 2.07 to 2.69 at tamar stage. Dhakki contained the highest quality of crude protein at both stages of maturity. The crude fat content ranged between 1.73 and 1.92%. The fiber content varied from 3.48 to 6.17% at Khalal and 2.2 to 3.25 at tamar stage. The ash content fluctuated between 2.01 and 2.91% at Khalal stage and 1.07 and 2.2% at tamar stage. Studies were carried out on blending of sorghum, millet and wheat, respectively. Moreover, advisory services were extended to the interested clientele for preservation and processing of fruit. 1996-97

The research projects were initiated to minimize the post harvest losses of date fruit in the Southern areas of NWFP. In this regard the stage of ripening of date cultivars was studied. The variety Dhakki is giving the promising results so far in the experiment. While the project on chohara making has been executed this year to utilize the fresh date for dried Chohara to earn income for date palm growers. The experiment on cereal rice grain and blending are promising results. Seventy five participants were trained in pre and post-harvest technology of fruits and vegetables. President, Chamber of Industries showed interest in dates packing and took some fresh dates samples duly packed to the interested parties of Middle Eastern countries.


150

LIST OF TOPICS/TITILES

More than 25 titles were worked upon during 1987-97. List of Topics

S.�O. TOPIC/TITLE DURATIO�

1987-88 1. Studies on the preparation and quality evaluation of glace turnips in D.I.Khan. 2. To find out suitable Ber for Candy making. 1989-90 1. To find out a suitable method for the preparation of Glac'e Turnips in D.I.Khan. 2. To find out suitable variety of "Ber (Zizyphus Jujuba Mill) for candy making. 3. Evaluation of five date varieties for date butter and date in syrup. 4. Advisory service for transfer of technology. 1991-92 1. Evaluation of Gulistan Dates for suitability to dehydration. 2. Demonstration work for transfer of technology. 1992-93 Evaluation of Gulistan Dates for suitability to dehydration. Demonstrational work for transfer of technology. 1993-94 Post harvest studies on D.I.Khan dates for their physico-chemical properties during

different stages of ripening.

Blending studies on sorghum, millet and wheat grain products. 1994-95 1. Pre-cum-post harvest studies on D.I.Khan dates for their physico-chemical properties

during the stages of ripening.

2. Blending studies on sorghum, millet and wheat grain products. 3. Evaluation of major rice cultivars of rice for quality traits. 1995-96


151

1. Pre-cum post-harvest studies on D.I.Khan dates for their physico-chemical properties during two stages of ripening.

2. Blending studies on Sorghum, millet, and wheat grain products. 3. Evaluation of major rice cultivars for quality traits. 4. Demonstrational and Advisory services. 1996-97 1. Pre-cum post-harvest studies on D.I.Khan dates for their physico-chemical properties

during two stages of ripening.

2. Blending studies on Sorghum, millet, and wheat grain products. 3. Evaluation of major rice cultivars for quality traits. 4. Effect of time of cooking for chhuara making from Dhakki and Gulistan cultivars. 5. Training, Demonstrational and Advisory services.

RESEARCH STAFF Three (3) Food Technologists were engaged during 1989-99.

Teaching Staff


1. Nazir Khan Khattak M.Sc.(Hons) Agri. Asst. Tech. Processing 1989-90

2. Malik Ghulam Jilani M.Sc.(Hons) Asst. Research Officer 1989-90

Asst. Tech. Processing 1991-92 to date.

3. Shahzada Arshad Saleem M.Sc.(Hons) Research Officer 1995-96 to date.

Total : 2. MSc : 2.


152

SUMMARY A�D RECOMME�DATIO�S Human resources refer to the population of a country. The role of human resources can be understood if they are studied quantitatively. Human capital formation means the act of increasing the productive qualities of the labor force through education, skills, health and nutrition. It focuses expenditure on education and training. Human resources can be developed by providing health facilities increasing vitality of people; on the job training; education; adult education and allowing migration for jobs. Less developing countries have low labor productivity. North West Frontier Province severely lacks human resources in the field of Food Science and Technology. The study focused on investigating human capital potential from educational and research institutes of NWFP in Food Science and Technology. NWFP has so far unable to cater its domestic training needs and conrtineous to rely on foreign training, although considerable infrastructure facilities exists and several teacher training programs had been launched under USAID supported TIPAN and MART projects. To develop and reform domestic education system in Food Science and Technology drastic changes have to be made in educational policy in 21st century. The investigation began with mail inquiries and ended with personnel visits of the principal investigator. The information collected indicates that the first modern institute was the Agricultural Research Institute, Tarnab established in 1908. It started fruit preservation work in 1934-35. It promote the research in food science through a full section of Food Technology which employs 10 persons qualified to the level of post-graduation. Agricultural education in NWFP started in 1933 from Islamia college. In 1950, s department of Agriculture was established. College of Agriculture started in 1960s it was up graded to Faculty in 1974 and became a University (NWFP-AUP) in 1981. It supports and strengthen the field of food science through 7 qualified staff members and a full Department of Food Science and Technology. The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir was established in 1980. Food Technology was offered from 1987. It is supported by 2 staff members qualified to M.Sc. Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University D.I.khan is supported by a Food Technology Department which employs 3 staff members. The Peshawar laboratories of Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research were established in 1959. It employs 12 staff members qualified to post-graduate level. Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture started functioning in 1982. Its Food Science Division is well equipped with 14 scientists qualified to post-graduate level. Food Technology sub-section of Agriculture Research Institute D.I.Khan was established in 1969 which became full section in 1991. It employs 2 persons with M.Sc.(H) degree. Agricultural Research Institute (North) Mingora, Swat was upgraded in 1980. Post Production Technology Unit was established in 1992. It established a Food Technology Section in 1995. This Section employs 4 staff members qualified to post-graduate level. The staff position from different Educational and Research Institutes of N.W.F.P shows that 54 persons are working in these institutions covering the whole province. These numbers are not satisfactory with the population of the province. In 50 Years


153

more than 47 scientists (Retired or transferred) have served the field of Food Technology. Educational Institutes of NWFP produced more than 92 review papers and 95 thesis in Food Science. Research Institutes published above 366 articles, which are difficult to estimate. Projects carried in this field are well above 500.

Teaching / Research Staff in Food Science & Technology, �WFP

(1947-97) Summary of Teaching / Research Staff engaged in Food Scince and Technology of

�WFP (1947-97)

S.�o Institution Current Staff Retired

Education Institutions 1 Department of Food Scince &

Technology, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar.

7 5

2 Department of Food Technology, College Univ. of Agriculture, Rawlakot, Azad Kashmir.

2 2

3 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agri. Gomal Univ. Dera Ismail Khan.

3 -

Research Institutes 1 Food Technology Section, Agri. Research

Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar. 10 30

2 Food Science Division, NIFA, Tarnab. 14 9 3 Fruit Technology Section, PCSIR Labs,

Peshawar. 12 -

4 Food Technology Section, Agri. Research Institute, D.I.Khan.

2 1

5 Post Production Technology Unit, Agri. Research Institute Mingora, Swat.

4 -

Total 54 47


154

Publications/Projects/Review Papers/Thesis presented from �WFP

(1947-97) Summary of Publications / Thesis presented in Food Science & Technology from

�WFP (1947-97)

S.�o Institution Review papers Thesis

Education Institutions 1 Department of Food Scince &

Technology, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar.

50 95 (1965-99 only)

2 Department of Food Technology, College Univ. of Agriculture, Rawlakot, Azad Kashmir.

42 -

3 Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Agri. Gomal Univ. Dera Ismail Khan.

- -

Total 92 95 Research Institutes Publications Projects

1 Food Technology Section, Agri. Research

Institute, Tarnab, Peshawar. - 378

2 Food Science Division, NIFA, Tarnab. 231 7 3 Fruit Technology Section, PCSIR Labs,

Peshawar. 135 124

4 Food Technology Section, Agri. Research Institute, D.I.Khan.

- -

5 Post Production Technology Unit, Agri. Research Institute Mingora, Swat.

- 2

Total 366 511

To speed up the development of food industry there is severe need for investment in human capital for food industries.

I�VESTME�T STRATEGIES

Pakistan has to develop an investment strategy based on the following notions to achieve its future goals: 1. Commitment within the government to invest in agricultural education. 2. Recognition of regional needs and mobilization of existing scarce resources to

meet higher education needs. 3. Discouraging the opening of new Universities and colleges and make better use of

existing facilities that are not being used to full capacity.


155

4. Investing in education and skills and not in degrees and diplomas. 5. Considering comparative advantage of various institutions in future development

strategy. 6. Developing a clear mechanism to ensure that higher education is paid for, since it

gives maximum returns to the beneficiary. Higher education should not be considered a right for everyone passing matriculation examination.

7. Remodeling of agricultural education so that it is widespread and touched deep-

rooted problems of the system. It must be based on pragmatic philosophy of change with clear goals.

8. Ensuring that agricultural education is free from negative political influences prior

to any donor commitment to this sector for further assistance. 9. Formulating a detailed agricultural education policy that clearly spells out the

country's future direction. The implementation of those policy must be monitored at the highest level. No institution presently exists to serve this function.

10. Production of well trained managers for agribusiness sector. At present, no

institution exists to provide such services. 11. Government of NWFP needs to asses the need of human capital in the field of

Food Science & Technology. 12. Replacements for the retired and engaged staff members should be done as early

as possible. 13. Close contacts between Food Technology departments and sections are needed to

develop the field of food industry. 14. In depth survey for the needs of food industry be done to focus on the problem of

human resources.


156

2.9 REFERE�CES 1. A.R.I. 1983. Annual Report 1982-83. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar. 2. A.R.I. 1984. Annual Report 1983-84. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar. 3. A.R.I. 1989. Annual Report 1988-89. Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan,

NWFP. 4. A.R.I. 1990. Annual Report 1989-90. Agricultural Research Institute, Dera Ismail Khan,







NWFP. 11. Amin, M. 1994. Annual Report 1993-94. Agricultural Research Institute (North)

Mingora, Swat, NWFP. 12. Amin, M. 1996. Annual Report. 1995-96. Agricultural Research Institute (North)

Mingora, Swat, NWFP. 13. Asian Agro-Development International. Reforming agriculture education in Pakistan:

United Nations Development Program, Islamabad, Pakistan. 14. Awan, M.S. 1999. Department of Food Technology, University College of Agriculture,

Rawlakot, Azad Kashmir. 15. Aziz, M.A. 1969. Annual Report 1968-69. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. 16. Department of Agriculture. 1965. Agriculture Research at the Agricultural Research

Institute, Peshawar. Annual Report. 1964-64. Government of West Pakistan. 17. Department of Agriculture. 1972. Annual Report. 1967-68. Part-II Agricultural Research

Institute Tarnab, Peshawar. Government of NWFP. 18. Karim, F. 1986. Annual Technical Report. 986. Food Technology Section, Agricultural

Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar.


157

19. Karim, F. 1987. Annual Technical Report.1987. Food Technology Section, Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar.

20. Khan, R. 1999. Department of Food Science & Technology, NWFP Agricultural

University, Peshawar. 21. Khan, W. 1966. Annual Report. 1965-66. Part-I. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. Department of Agriculture, West Pakistan. 22. Khan, W. 1966. Annual Report. 1965-66. Part-II. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. Department of Agriculture, West Pakistan. 23. Khattak, S. 1985. Annual Technical Report.1985. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. 24. Khattak, S. 1991. Annual Report 1992-93. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. 25. Khattak, S. 1994. Annual Report 1993-94. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. 26. Malakand Fruit and Vegetable Development Project. 1994. Annual Report 1993-94.

General Series No.9 (PP83). Agricultural Research Institute (North) Mingora, Swat, NWFP.

27. Malakand Fruit and Vegetable Development Project. 1995. Annual Report 1994-95.


28. Malakand Fruit and Vegetable Development Project. 1997. Annual Report 1996-97.


29. Nasir, M.S and Hyder, S.K. 1988. Economics of Pakistan. Imtiaz Publishers, Lahore. 30. NIFA. 1983. Annual Report 1982-83. Nuclear Institute For Food and Agriculture,

Tarnab, Peshawar. 31. NIFA. 1985. Annual Report 1984-85. Nuclear Institute For Food and Agriculture,






Tarnab, Peshawar.


158

37. NIFA. 1991. Annual Report 1990-91. Nuclear Institute For Food and Agriculture,

Tarnab, Peshawar. 38. NIFA. 1992. Ten Years of NIFA 1982-92. Nuclear Institute For Food and Agriculture,







Tarnab, Peshawar. 45. PCSIR. Brochure. Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Laboratories,

Peshawar. 46. Qadim, A. 1981. Research High lights. 1981. Technical Bulletin No. 5. Agricultural

Research Institute (North) Swat, NWFP. 47. Qadim, A. 1982. Research High lights. 1982. Technical Bulletin No. 11. Agricultral

Research Institute (North) Mingora, Swat, NWFP. 48. Qadim, A. 1986. Annual Report 1985-86. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. 49. Qadim, A. 1987. Annual Report 1986-87. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,



Peshawar. 52. Rashid, A. 1970. Guide. . Agricultural Research at the Agricultural Research Institute

Tarnab, Peshawar. Department of Agriculture, Government of Pakistan. 53. Rehman, H. 1996. Annual Report 1995-96. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. 54. Said, M. 1971. 15 Years Research Work at Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar 1955-70. Department of Agriculture, Government of NWFP., Peshawar.


159

55. Shafaqatullah. 1999. Liason department. Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Peshawar.

56. Shah, B.A. 1994. Brochure, NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar. Pakistan. 57. Waheed, B. 1999. Post Production Technology Unit, Agricultural Research Institute

(North) Mingora, Swat, NWFP. 58. Wahhab, A. 1968. Annual Report. 1966-67.Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. Department of Agriculture, West Pakistan. 59. Wahhab, A. 1969. Annual Report 1969. Agricultural Research Institute Tarnab,

Peshawar. 60. Wahhab, A. 1970. Annual Report. 1967-68. Part-I. Agricultural Research Institute

Tarnab, Peshawar. Department of Agriculture, West Pakistan.

DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN 159

CHAPTER 3

DEVELOPME�T OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I� PAKISTA�

3.1 I�DUSTRIALIZATIO� OF PAKISTA� Industrialization is regarded essential for rapid development of the country. The

countries dependent solely in agriculture have remained poor and under developed,

where as the nations which focused on rapid development of industry achieved high

rates of development. The advanced countries of the world encouraged industrialization

on large scale.

Pakistan, in 1947, had negligible industrial base. The contribution of industry

towards GDP was 7.7 % in 1949-50. Pakistan has now attained a fairly diversified base

in manufacturing. Manufacturing now employs 12.6 % of the total labor force.

3.1.1 PRESE�T GROWTH OF I�DUSTRIAL SECTOR

The industrial performance in terms of growth/productivity is examined in the

following years:

i. Growth of industrial sector from 1947 to 1950.

ii. Growth of industrial sector in 1950's.

iii. Performance of industrial sector in 1960's.

iv. Performance of industrial sector in 1970's.

v. Performance of industrial sector from July 1977 onward.

1. Growth of Industrial Sector from 1947 to 1950 The Pakistan was established in 1947. It produced cotton, but with no big

factories to process and manufacture cotton. East Pakistan was the main producer and

supplier of jute but there was not a single jute factory in the former East Pakistan in

1947. Out of 921 industrial units operating in the British India, Pakistan got only 34

industries i.e., 4% of the total industries in Subcontinent. The rest were located in India.

The Government of Pakistan being aware of the importance of industrialization for rapid

growth and development called an Industrial conference in December, 1947. The

industrial Conference recommended the establishment of industries utilizing local raw

material. Development Board was established in 1948. The Government also set up an

Industrial Finance Corporation and Industrial Investment and Credit Corporation in

1948. The contribution of industrial sector was 6.9% to GDP in 1950.

DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN

160

2. Growth of Industrial Sector in 1950's The Government established Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation

(PIDC) in 1952 to invest in those industries which require heavy initial investment, have

a long gestation period, require high degree of know how. By June 1971, had completed

59 industrial units and created a base for self sustained growth in the industrial sector.

The nationalization of industries in 1972 inflicted heavy blow to PIDC. PIDC is now

reduced in size and is hardly operating 12 projects and they too are facing great financial

stringency. The reduction of export duties and the introduction of Export bonus scheme

in 1958 increased exports of manufactured goods. There was all round development of

industries particularly in agricultural processing, food products and textiles. Industrial

sector share to GDP rose from 9.7% in 1954-55 to 11.9% in 1959-60.

3. Performance of Industrial Sector in 1960's The period from 1960 to 1970 covers two plan periods, the Second Five-Year

Plan 1960-65 and the Third Five-Year Plan 1965-70. Large amount of budget was

allocated for the growth of industrial sector. The incentive push environments for

investment, better co-ordination between PIDC, PICIC and other executing agencies and

above all political stability led to the widening of industrial base. The share of industrial

sector went up to 11.8% to GDP from 1960 to 1965.

The Third Five Year Plan from 1965 to 1970 achieved only a partial success as it

was launched. The recurring floods, the successive years of drought, and the political

unrest resulted in slowing down the pace of industrial development in all the sectors of

economy-the manufacturing sector could achieve a growth rate of 7.8 against the Plan

target of 10 %.

4. Performance of Industrial Sector from 1970's onward The industrial performance in terms of growth, exports and production was

disappointing from 1971 to 1977. There were various reasons, war with India in 1970,

suspension of foreign aid, loss of indigenous market, fall in exports, devaluation to the

extent of 131 %, nationalization of industries, labor unrest, unfavorable investment

climate, floods, recession in world trade, reduction in investment incentives etc., caused

a fall in the out put of large scale industries. The annual growth rate fell to 2.8 % in the

industrial sector.

From July, 1977 to 1980, the Government took steps to revise the economy.

Cotton ginning, rice husking and flour milling were denationalized. The private sector

was encouraged to invest in large scale industries. The investment climate was gradually

building in the country. The annual growth rate in manufacturing remained confined to

mostly food processing, cotton textile and a few other industries.

The performance of manufacturing sector has not been satisfactory for the last

few years. The slowing down in the manufacturing is mainly due to the poor

performance of large scale manufacturing. The ups and downs in the production of

cotton crops have adversely affected the cotton industry. The delayed crushing of sugar

canes, slow payments of sugar cane to farmers, political rivalries in the industry etc.,


161

have slowed down the production of sugar. Low industrial investment, heavy duties,

imposition of sales Tax, disturbances in Karachi, political uncertainty in the country etc

have a negative impact on industrial sector.

The last Government gave an Economic Revival Program on March 28, 1997 but

only after one year the political situation changed dramatically producing uncertainty.

The present Government launched a program to recover the credit from fraudulent

corporations and individuals, utilizing the public financial support for activities other

than proposed development. Let us hope that the present Government provides necessary

support to the manufacturing sector. Minister for Commerce, Industries and Production

of the present Government announced that the government is evolving an export led

industrial policy, which will be announced in April, 2000.

“The main focus in the industrial policy will be on developing export culture

rather than adopt import substitution policies”. The commerce minister said, “We are

developing a vision for the year 2005 when the quota restrictions will be lifted and

international markets would be open on the basis of quality and competitiveness.”

In this regard the government had already formed a committee, to look in to

various problems faced by Textile industry and agriculture sector.

The sluggish growth of the manufacturing sector is shown in the table- 3.1.

Table-3.1 Growth of Manufacturing

Percent

Year Manufacturing Manufacturing

Large Scale

Small Scale

1990-91 6.3 5.4 8.4

1991-92 8.1 7.9 8.4

1992-93 5.5 4.1 8.4

1993-94 5.4 4.1 8.4

1994-95 2.9 0.54 8.4

1995-96 4.8 3.13 8.4

1996-97 1.19 -2.2 % 8.4

1997-98 6.9 6.1 % 8.4

Source: Economic Survey 1997-98

3.1.2 CAUSES OF I�DUSTRIAL BACKWARD�ESS The causes of industrial backwardness in Pakistan are varied and complex. In the

last over three decades, the contribution of industrial sector to GDP is only 18.5 %,

which by any standard is not satisfactory. The main obstacles which slowed and retarded

industrial development in Pakistan are as follows:


162

1. Controversial Industrial Development Strategies

The slow growth in the industrial sector is mainly due to rapid changes in the

Industrial development strategies. The planners have not yet been able to solve the

central issues such as

i. Sectoral balance between agricultural and industrial sectors.

ii. Balanced regional development.

iii. Growth v/s welfare strategy.

iv. Small scale v/s large scale.

v. Capital intensive v/s labor intensive.

vi. Public sector v/s private sector.

vii. Rural v/s urban.

viii. Policies of nationalization and denationalization of industries.

ix. The absence of clear demarcation of industries between public and private sector

had landed the industrial sector in deep-seated recession.

For revival and growth of industrial sector, the law and order situation has to be

improved, the security of capital invested has to be assured and degree of bureaucratic

control has to be minimized and a clear cut policy chalked out for investment both for

local and foreign investors.

1. Lack of Capital

In capital intensive industries like steel and iron, chemical, automobile etc., the

amount of capital required per worker is quite huge. The allocated amount of capital is

still insufficient to meet the necessary preconditions for economic take off.

2. �arrowness of Market

The narrowness of home and foreign markets for the manufactured goods is also

major obstacle in the expansion and growth of industrial sector in Pakistan. The low

purchasing power of people, low standard goods, higher production cost limits the size

of market at home. The advanced countries, due to poor quality of the manufactured

goods of the developing countries, are reluctant to purchase their manufactured goods.

3. Poor Quality of Industrial Labor

The industrial labor in Pakistan like other workers is mostly conscious of its

rights but not of duties. They are not properly trained.

5. Lack of Infrastructure Facilities

The infrastructure facilities for building up a sound industrial base are inadequate

in Pakistan. The sources of power, thermal, solar, atomic etc., transport and

communication facilities are insufficient to meet the industrial requirements of the

country.


163

4. Lack of Technical Know –how

The capital-intensive industries need highly technical personnel. The country at

present is deficient of skilled persons.

5. Lack of Industrial Consultancy Firms

The investment in modern industries is not only costly but also risky. The

capitalists are often shy and hesitant in investing their capital in new industrial ventures.

Marketing and industrial constancy firms are needed to channelise the investment among

competing industrial units. The Government has set up an “ Industrial Advisory Center

of Pakistan (IACP)”, which is very helpful in guiding overseas Pakistanis to invest in

profitable industries in Pakistan.

6. Racial Disturbances

The ethnic disturbances particularly in Karachi and Hyderabad have slowed

down the production in the manufacturing sector.

7. Unfavorable Industrial Structure

Protection structures favor consumer good industries. It protects less the

intermediate and capital goods industries resulting in marginal increase in the share of

intermediate and capital goods industries.

8. Frequent Break down of Electricity

The frequent break down of electricity is adversely effecting the industrial

production in the country.

9. Political Instability

The political instability, lack of proper planning, heavy taxes etc are also

responsible for the lagging behind of manufacturing sector.

PRI�CIPAL I�DUSTRIES OF PAKISTA� The country has undergone a structural change from a purely agrarian economy

to a semi industrial one. Pakistan is now almost self sufficient in most of the consumer

goods industries. The work on developing heavy industries is fairly in advance stage.

The major industries of Pakistan include Textile industry, Fertilizers, Cement industry,

Chemical industry, Jute industry, Woolen industry and Worsted industry, Engineering

goods industry, Vegetable Ghee and Pakistan Steel (Public Sector). The progress of

industrial sector (food only) is briefly reviewed as under.


164

Sugar Industry At the time of partition we had only two sugar mills in the country. The number

has increased to 76 up to 1997. The sugar industry has enabled itself to produce 5.4

million tones of sugar against domestic demand of 2.9 million tones. Pakistan is now

exporting sugar to neighboring countries.

Vegetable Ghee

There are 150 units producing vegetable ghee and cooking oil with an installed

capacity of about 2.5 million tones. Out of 150 units, only 109 are operative. After the

privatization of 16 ghee units owned by Ghee Corporation of Pakistan (GCP), only

seven are now left with GCP producing 4 % market share of ghee. The privatization of

remaining seven units of GCP is under process.

Industrial Financial Institutions

At the time of partition in 1947, Pakistan had actually no industrial base. There

was virtually no financial institution, which could meet the financial needs of the

industry in local and foreign currency. In 1960’s two specialized institutions namely

PICIC and IDBP (Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan) were set up. Now there are

nine development financial institutions namely PICIC, IDBP, NDFC (National

Development Finance Corporation), BEL (Bankers Equity Limited), Pakistan-Kuwait

Investment Company, Saudi Pakistan Industrial and Agricultural Investment Company,

NIT (National Investment Trust) and ICP (Investment Corporation of Pakistan).

CLASSIFICATIO� OF FOOD I�DUSTRY The division of food industry may be made in various ways. One of the simplest

is to divide the segments of the industry in to the functions of the raw material,

acquisition, manufacture and distribution. A more common way of dividing the food

industry is along major product lines.

Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan has

divided the food industry according to major division of Manufacturing in groups and

sub-groups.


165

MAJOR DIVISIO� 3 - MA�UFACTURI�G

DIVISIO� MAJOR

GROUP

GROUP SUB

GROUP

TITLE OF CATEGORY

31 Manufacture of Food, Beverages and Tobacco

311 Food Manufacturing

312

3111 Slaughtering, preparing, canning and preserving of meat

31111 Slaughtering of all meat animals and birds and preparing of meat

31112 Canning and preserving of meat

31113 Rendering and refining of edible animal oils and fats

31119 Slaughtering, preparing and preserving of meat n.e.c.

3112 Manufacture of dairy products

31121 Dairy products except ice cream

31122 Ice cream

3113 Processing, canning and preserving of fruits and vegetables

3114 Processing, canning and preserving of fish and other sea foods

3115 Manufacture of vegetable and inedible animal oils and fats

31151 Hydrogenated vegetable oils

31152 Vegetable oils except hydrogenated oils and cotton seed oils

31153 Cotton seed oils


166

DIVISIO� MAJOR

GROUP

GROUP SUB

GROUP

TITLE OF CATEGORY

31159 Manufacture of vegetable and inedible animal oils and fats n.e.c.

3116 Grain milling and products thereof

31161 Rice milling

31162 Wheat and grain milling (except rice)

31163 Preparation of grain milled products

31169 Wheat and grain milling and products thereof n.e.c.

3117 Manufacture of bakery products

31171 Breads, Buns and other bakery products except biscuits

31172 Biscuits

31179 Manufacture of bakery products n.e.c.

3118 Manufacture of sugar, "Khandsari" and "gur" n.e.c.

31181 Refined sugar

31182 Sugar "Khandsari"

31183 "Gur" (cane)

31184 Gur" (Date and palmyra palm)

31189 Manufacture of sugar, "Khandsari" and "gur" n.e.c.

3119 Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery

31191 Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and confectionery except "desi"

sweetmeats

31192 “Desi" sweetmeats


167

DIVISIO� MAJOR

GROUP

GROUP SUB

GROUP

TITLE OF CATEGORY

31199 Manufacture of confectionery n.e.c.

3121 Processing and blending of tea and coffee

31211 Processing of tea

31212 Blending of tea

31213 Processing and blending of tea

3122 Manufacture of prepared animal feeds

31221 Feeds for animals

31221 Feeds for fowls

3129 Food manufacturing n.e.c.

31291 Starch and its products

31292 Edible salt refining

31293 Manufacture of ice

31299 Manufacture of miscellaneous food products n.e.c.

313 Beverage industries

3131 Distilling, rectifying and blending of spirits

3132 Manufacture of wine

3133 Breweries and manufacture of malt


168

DIVISIO� MAJOR

GROUP

GROUP SUB

GROUP

TITLE OF CATEGORY

3134 Manufacture of soft drinks and carbonated water including bottling of

natural spring and mineral water

31341 Fruit drinks

31349 Manufacture of soft drinks and carbonated

Source: CMI-1995-96

n.e.c (not elsewhere classfied).


169

3.2 GROWTH OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I� PAKISTA�

(Size, Employment and Investment) The growth of food industry is analyzed in the following years.

3.2.1 Growth of food industry from 1947 to 1957.

3.2.2 Growth of food industry in 1960's.

3.2.3 Growth of food industry in 1970's.

3.2.4 Performance of food industry from 1980 onward.

3.2.5 Performance of food industry from 1990-91 to 1995-96.

Limitations

The information and statistical data given in tables and discussion providing

comparative position of registered factories and employment from 1947 onward and by

industries, should not lead one to think that they give a hundred per cent idea of the

factories existent in the country. In fact they are only in respect of registered factories

and of them only those which submitted annual returns to the different Government

agencies as required under the Factories Acts,

At some points the data may cause confusion in the minds of readers i.e. size of

factories and growth with employment not reconciliating with conclusions drawn. The

reason being that total size is given according to the number of reporting industries

without being put through the criteria of registration e.g. Large scale and small scale.

Similarly many industries at the beginning are shown with employment over estimated.

They only employed minimum standard employment size of 15 persons once in whole

year. Many factories not in operation have not reported to the authorities.

Census of manufacturing industries (CMI) data compiled is quite accurate than

directories on industrial establishments and publications from Labor Bureau. Also the

information gathered from Economic Wing, Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and

Livestock show differences in totality.

3.2.1 GROWTH OF FOOD I�DUSTRY FROM 1947 TO 1957 At the time when Pakistan came into being she inherited a dependent economy

with little ray of hope for a bright future. The subsequent years however, bear testimony

to the contrary. We will have to find in detail the industrial progress made by Pakistan

since partition.

Size of Industry from 1947 to 1953

Total number of factories reporting in 1948 was 1,386. In 1949 increased to

1564, 1950 with 1502 a slight decrease, 1951 showed 1633, 1952 as 1731 and a

tremendous increase of 2398 factories in 1953. The year 1954 showed highest number of

registered factories which stood at 3879. This increase of 1481 factories or 61.8 per cent

in one year was a big achievement.

(This included all industries).


170

Food industries reported during 1948 were 416, 1949 were 413, and 1950 were

decreased to 412, 1951 with 415, 1952 with 421 and considerable increase of 481 in

1953. Food industries were more than any other sector showing the initial stage of

industrial growth.

Table-3.2 Statement Showing �umber of Registered Factories in Pakistan,

1948-53.

(Total and Food industry only)

Year 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953

Food Drink & Tobacco 416 413 412 415 421 481

All Industries Total 1,386 1,564 1,502 1,633 1,731 2,398

Source: Labor Bureau, Ministry of Labor, Government of Pakistan, Karachi. 1956.

Employment of Industry from 1947 to 1953

Total employment of manufacturing sector was 172,429 in 1948 while food

industry employed 24,755. The workers increased remarkably in 1951 to 190,872,

1952 to 202,116 and finally in 1953 to 262,880 in total. Food industry employed

24,755 workers in 1948 decreased to 19,956 in 1951 and regains the employment of

24,751 in 1953. Thus showed constant employment.

The progress is given in Table-1.2.3.

Table-3.3 �umber of Workers in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1948-53.

(Total and Food industry only)

Year 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953

Food Drink &

Tobacco

24,755 19,956 21,234 22,259 23,143 24,751

All Industries Total 172,429 181,752 178,805 190,872 214,124 262,880

Source: Labor Bureau, Ministry of Labor, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

1956.


At the end of 1954 there were reported to be 2,237 factories registered in West

Pakistan but only 1,524 factories reported to (CMI) Census of manufacturing

industries census. East Pakistan is represented by 343 factories.

All Pakistan (CMI) for 1954 includes 1,867 factories, the number increased to

2,458 units in 1955 and 2,910 factories in 1957. An increase of 1,043 units from 1954

to 1957 was noticed. Food and Beverage industries were 328 in 1954, 357 in 1955

and decreased to 342 in 1957.

West Pakistan and Karachi factories numbered 1,524 in1954, 2,031 in 1955

while 2,383 in 1957. Its food industry was 210 in 1954, 225 and 206 in 1955 and 206


171

in 1955 and 1957 respectively. Sudden decrease can be observed from 1955 to 1957

in food industry although total number of industry was growing.

The situation is elaborated in Table-3.4

Table-3.4 �umber of Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1954-57.

Year 1954 1955 1957

All Pakistan 1,867 2,458 2,910

Food & Beverages 328 357 342

West Pakistan & Karachi 1,524 2,031 2,382

Food & Beverages 210 225 206

Source: (CMI- 1954,1955,1957)


Manufacturing industries constantly employed more workers. All industries

were employing 200,813 persons in 1954, the workers increased to 290,511 in 1955

and 343.093 workers in 1957 .An increase of 140,280 workers was a considerable

growth of employment. Food and Beverage industry employed 18,432 workers in

1954. 23,050 persons in 1955 and 25,185 persons in 1957.

West Pakistan and Karachi industries employed 141,536 persons in 1954,

205,653 persons in 1955 while 241,541 workers in 1957. There was an increase of

100,005 persons between this period of time. The food industry employed 11,679

persons which increased to 15,368 and 18,186 workers in 1955 and 1957 respectively.

The situation is elaborated in Table-3.5


Year 1954 1955 1957

All Pakistan 200,813 290,511 343,093

Food & Beverages 18,432 23,050 25,185

West Pakistan & Karachi 141,536 205,653 241,541

Food & Beverages 11,679 15,368 18,186

Source: (CMI- 1954,1955,1957)

Fixed Capital of Industry from 1954 to 1957

An increase of 603,690 (`000' Rs.) in the value of fixed assets of industry was

observed between 1954 and 1957. Food industry had value of fixed capital 138,781


172

(`000' Rs.) in 1954. 100,231(`000' Rs.) in 1955 which showed decrease in value but

112,444 (`000' Rs.) in 1957 with an increase to some extent.

West Pakistan and Karachi industries showed an increasing trend in value of

fixed capital which was 647,348 (`000' Rs.) in 1954, 778,049 (`000' Rs.) in 1955 and

finally 1,130.233 (`000' Rs.) in 1957. On the other hand its food industry showed a

decreasing pattern as 122,379 (`000' Rs.) in 1954 to 81,370 (`000' Rs.) in the value of

fixed capital. After wards it increased to 93,129 (`000' Rs.) in 1957 but still was low

from 1955.

The situation is elaborated in Table-3.6.

Table-3.6 Value of Fixed Capital in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1954-

57.

(Value in `000’ Rs.)

Year 1954 1955 1957

All Pakistan 925,350 1080,526 1,529,040

Food & Beverages 138,781 100,231 112,444

West Pakistan & Karachi 647,348 778,049 1,130,233

Food & Beverages 122,379 81,370 93,129

Source: (CMI-1954, 1955, 1957)

3.2.2 GROWTH OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I� 1960's


Remarkable growth in size of industry is observed from 1957 to 1962. In these

five years an increase of 605 industries in total with 131 new units in food industry.

In the next years the size of industry increased by even more margin. This was

an increase of 1,693 factories from 1962 to 1965. Food industry showed an increase

of 87 units from 1962 to 1965.

West Pakistan industries showed a growth of 317 units between 1957 to 1962,

its food industry increased by negligible number. The coming years from 1962 to

1965 the West Pakistan industry observed 437 new units but the food industry

indicated rather slower rate of growth which was only of 18 new units.

Detail is shown in Table -3.7; sector wise position is elaborated in Annexure-1.6.


173


Year 1962 1963 1964 1965

All Pakistan 3,515 4,634 5,207 5,208

Food & beverages 473 546 533 560

West Pakistan 2,699 2,974 3,121 3,136

Food & Beverages 208 205 214 226

Source: (CMI- 1962-63 to 1965-66)


1,91,136 more workers were employed in 1957 to 1962, but only 6,403

workers during the period of 1962 to 1965. Food industry employed 23,073 more

workers in 1957 to 1962, and showed an increase of 6,952 workers from 1962 to

1965.

West Pakistan's industry employed 136,106 additional workers in 1957 to

1962, but due to the political situation was affected by a decrease of 33,214 workers

in 1962 to 1965. Its food industry employed 8,957 more workers in the period of 1957

to 1962, and 4,208 from 1962 to 1965.

Sugar industry and Rice milling industry employed workers more than any

other group.

For detail see Table-3.8 and Annexure-1.7.


Year 1962 1963 1964 1965

All Pakistan 534,229 525,539 575,612 540,632

Food & beverages 48,258 52,850 54,399 55,210

West Pakistan 377,647 330,529 377,777 344,433

Food & Beverages 27,143 25,610 30,614 31,351

Source: (CMI- 1962-63 to 1965-66)

Fixed Capital of Industry from 1962 to 1965

The value of fixed capital of industry increased by 2,440,274 (`000' Rs) in

1957 to 1962, while an increase of 668,319 (`000' Rs) from 1962 to 1965. The food

industry fixed assets increased by 545,257 (`000' Rs) from 1957 to 1965. Thus an

increase of 545,25 (`000' Rs) in 1957-65.


174

Industries of West Pakistan also had an increase in assets of 1,902,031 (`000'

Rs) in 1957-65 period. Its food industry showed an increase by 290,664 (`000' Rs) in

fixed assets from 1957 to 1965.

Maximum increase in value of fixed assets was observed in sugar industry

which was 38,113 (`000' Rs) in 1957 and increased to 302,811 (`000' Rs) in 1965. The

same pattern was followed by edible oils and fats industry. In East Pakistan

tremendous increase in capital was shown by Tea industry.

Detail is shown in Table-3.9 and Annexure-1.8.

Table-3.9 Value of Fixed Capital in Registered Factories in Pakistan,

1962-65.


Year 1962 1963 1964 1965

All Pakistan 3,969,314 4,063,936 4,385,138 4,637,633

Food & beverages 368,337 513,127 520,387 657,701

West Pakistan 2,767,052 2,533,348 2,799,526 3,032,264

Food & Beverages 220,808 269,496 267,423 383,793

Source: (CMI- 1962-63 to 1965-66)

Industrial size, Employment and Capital in 1969-70

Political situation in country and separation of East Pakistan caused the (CMI)

to be confined to the West Pakistan. After 1969-70 Pakistan is only mentioned to the

West Pakistan.

The years 1965 to 1969 showed an increase of 451 factories, while the year

1970 observed a decrease of 38 factories. Food industry on the other hand showed an

increase of 176 factories from 1965 to 1969 while 106 factories in one year from 1969

to 1970.

Small-scale rice milling units increased in number from 59 in 1965 to 136 in

1969. Edible oils and fat industry grain milling except rice milling followed the same

pattern. Large scale sugar units also increased by 6 units. For detail see Annexre-1.9.

The province of Sind Showed maximum number of industries followed by

Punjab, NWFP, and Baluchistan respectively.

Detail is given in Tabel-3.10.


175

Table-3.10 �umber of Registered Factories in Pakistan,

1969-70.

Source: (CMI- 1969-70)

Employment of Industry in 1969-70

Total employment increased by 82,978 workers and food industry employed

12,328 more workers form 1965 to 1970.

Sugar industry employed maximum number of workers followed by edible

oils and fats industry and rice milling units. See Annexure-1.10.

Province wise Punjab employed maximum labor followed by Sind and other

provinces.

Detail is given in Table-3.11

Year 1969 1970

All industries 3,587 3,549

Punjab 2,052 1,907

Sind 1,419 1,534

NWFP 98 91

Baluchistan 18 17

Food Industries (except beverages) 378 489

Punjab 140 174

Sind 216 286

NWFP 19 24

Baluchistan 3 5

Beverage industries 24 19

Punjab 11 10

Sind 11 -

Other provinces 2 9

Food Beverages Total 402 508


176

Table-3.11 �umber of Workers in Registered Factories in

Pakistan, 1969-70.

Year 1969 1970

All industries 418,360 427,411

Punjab 251,988 221,067

Sind 169,172 176,226

NWFP 31,018 27,950

Baluchistan 2,182 2,168

Food Industries (except beverages) 34,103 42,109

Punjab 16,617 20,450

Sind 11,647 15,995

NWFP 5,792 5,600

Baluchistan 47 64

Beverage industries 1,784 1,570

Punjab 1,232 1,233

Sind 460 -

Other provinces 92 337

Food Beverages Total 35,887 43,679


Fixed Capital of Industry in 1969-70

The value of fixed assets increased by 2,140,326 (`000' Rs) in total, with

increase of 493,494 (`000' Rs) in food industries from 1965 to 1970.

Sugar industry employed maximum capital followed by edible oils and fats

industry and grain milling industry. See Annexure-1.11.

The province of Sind showed maximum capital investment in food

manufacturing followed by Punjab and other provinces.

For detail see Table-3.12.


177

Table-3.12 Value of Fixed Assets of industry in

Pakistan, 1969-70.


Year 1969 1970

All industries 4,852,949 5,172,590

Punjab 2,179,582 2,425,816

Sind 2,099,535 2,205,870

NWFP 554,208 520,875

Baluchistan 19,624 19,929

Food Industries

(except beverages)

681,270 853,598

Punjab 349,634 466,735

Sind 228,848 286,667

NWFP 101,894 99,399

Baluchistan 894 797

Beverage industries 30,848 23,689

Punjab 18,875 16,393

Sind 10,051 -

Other provinces 1,922 7,296

Food Beverages Total 712,118 877,287


3.2.3 GROWTH OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I� 1970's

War with India in 1970 caused severe damage to the growth of industry. It was

also not possible to carry out census. (CMI) census was also not carried out for five

years. (CMI) data was compiled in 1975-76.

Growth of Industrial Manufacturing

From 1958 consistent efforts were made for promotion of industries and

boosting up of production. This produced good results during second Five Year Plan

(1960-65) and by the end of 1964-65 performance of manufacturing industries was

admirable. Indices of Large-Scale Manufacturing Sector and its contribution to GNP

rose to 12 % in 1959-60 and to 14 % during 1964-65.

During Second Five-Year Plan, which ended in 1965, manufacturing sector

attained a remarkable growth and diversification. Industrial capacity expanded

substantially and Quantum Index of Large-Scale Manufacturing Industries rose to

217.7.

By the start of first Five year of the Plan (1965-70) the Government provided

suitable climate and infrastructure required for industrial development. The Third


178

Plan followed the Second Plan in strategy and policy with increased financial

allocations than of the Second Plan but emphases was shifted from consumer goods to

capital goods and export oriented industries.

In absolute terms the contribution of industries to gross national product rose

to 16.47 percent in 1970-71 and index of industrial production stood at 370.4 and

gross census value added rose to Rs.5261 million. Similarly investment increased by

259 % and employment by 37 % over 1959-60.

This admirable industrial growth was achieved due to a realistic industrial

policy of the Government viz.: Import Policy for 1966-67 was liberalized and Free

List was enlarged from 31 to 65 items. Together with export Bonus Scheme,

industries got full scope for meeting their requirements. Various concessions were

also given to the manufacturers.

These included liberal depreciation allocations on plant, machinery and

building, exemption from Income Tax and Super Tax on first year of the operation.

Industrial undertakings established at any time between April, 1959 to June, 1970

were granted tax holiday for two four or six years depending upon the areas in which

they were located. Protection was also given to enable local industries to compete in

International Markets within reasonable time.

Inspite of unfavorable international economic forces like attitude of advanced

countries to pay less for goods of under-developed countries and higher charges for

their exports and crisis in cotton textile industries, performance of large-scale

manufacturing industries was satisfactory in 1975-76. Taking 1959-60 = 100,

investment index stood at 624, employment at 149 and gross census value added at

146. As compared to 1970-71invesement has gone up by 74 percent, employment by

8 percent and value added by 107 percent in 1975-76. The level of growth in 1975-76

was not good as compared to the performance of the previous years with the result

that contribution of large-scale Manufacturing Industries to GNP went down to 15

percent.

The salient features of industrialization in the country between 1970-71 and

1975-76 are the heavy investment in the industries like food, manufacturing, beverage

industries, textiles, leather & leather products, drugs & pharmaceutical and

machinery. The investment during 1975-76 in these industries increased by 78 % for

Food, 81 % for Beverages, 149 % for Textile, 426 % for Leather & Leather Products,

139 % for Drugs & Pharmaceutical and 880 % for Machinery while the contribution

of value added of these industries increased by 185 % for Food, 164 % for Beverages,

58 % for Textiles, 81 % for Leather and Leather Products, 54 % for Drugs &

Pharmaceutical and 502 % for Machinery over 1970-71. The production of fertilizers,

papers, newsprint’s, wires and cables, chemicals are also rising rapidly since then due

to the diversification of industries. A beginning was also made in steel and other

industries in the Plan 1965-70, which had given greater emphasis on capital goods

industries.

For economic analysis and evaluation of the performance of manufacturing

sector in the country since 1959-60 to 1970-75 certain economic ratios have been

worked out and compared on all Pakistan basis as given below:


179

All Pakistan

Economic Ratios

1959-60

Census

1964-65

Years

1970-71

1975-76

1.Capital/output 1.2 1.1 0.9 0.8

2.Gross production/fixed assets 2.4 2.2 2.6 3.5

3.Gross production/labor 11.0 18.9 31.2 69.0

4.Value added/labor 3.7 7.1 12.3 23.6

5.Input/output 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5

Source: CMI-1975-76

Table-3.13 Contribution of Manufacturing Sector in G�P at Current Factor

Cost

Year G�P (Million Rs.) % Contribution of Manufacturing Sector

1959-60 16,803 12.01

1964-65 26,147 14.40

1970-1971 45,521 16.47

1975-76 121,590 15.019 (P)

Source: CMI-1975-76

Quantum Indices of Large Scale Manufacturing Industries

(1959-60 = 100)

Year Index �umber

1959-60 100.0

1960-61 120.3

1961-62 144.0

1962-63 166.9

1963-64 192.7

1964-65 217.7

1965-66 241.2

1966-67 257.3

1967-68 276.9

1968-69 306.1

1969-70 348.8

1970-71 370.4

1971-72 368.7

1972-73 402.5

1973-74 426.9

1974-75 420.2

1975-76 417.9

1976-77 408.1 (P)

Source: CMI-1975-76


180

Size of Industry in 1970's

At the end of 1975 the reporting industries decreased by 409 units. The margin

was filled in 1980 with an increase of 675 units. Food industries saw the same pattern

a decrease of 138 units from 1970 to 1975, than increased gradually by 159 units up

to 1980.

Food industry’s major groups that showed rapid growth were grain milling,

rice milling and edible oils & fats industry. See Annexure-1.12.

Province wise Sind showed maximum number of food industry followed by

Punjab and other provinces in 1980.

The comparative summary is shown in Table-3.14.


Year 1975 1976 1977 1979 1980

All Industries 3,140 3,373 3,676 3,750 3,815

Punjab 1,615 1,795 2,091 2,124 2,070

Sind 1,362 1,386 1,402 1,431 1,557

NWFP 149 172 159 169 164

Baluchistan 14 20 24 26 24

Food Industries 349 374 462 464 494

Punjab 164 186 221 222 217

Sind 151 148 196 197 242

NWFP 32 35 40 38 35

Baluchistan 2 5 5 7 -

Beverage Industries 21 28 31 34 35

Punjab 12 18 20 20 21

Sind 8 9 10 12 12

NWFP - - - 1 1

Baluchistan 1 1 1 1 1

Food & Beverage Total 370 402 493 498 529

Source: (CMI-1975-80)

Employment of Industry in 1970's

Only 34,610 workers were employed during 1970 to 1975, while a decrease of

10,311 workers was observed during 1975 to 1980. Food industry employed more

workers at constant rate therefore 3,333 from 1970 to 1975, and 9,240 workers from

1975 to 1980.

Sugar industry employed maximum workers followed by vegetable oil and

wheat and grain milling industry. Detail is given in Annexure-1.13.

The province of Punjab employed maximum labor force in food industry

followed by Sind and other provinces.

For detail see Tasble-3.15.


181

Table-3.15 �umber of Workers in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1975-80

Year 1975 1976 1977 1979 1980

All Industries 462,021 456,761 459,451 451,935 451,710

Punjab 219,652 243,496 248,149 232,081 226,861

Sind 205,689 174,493 175,142 180,712 191,251

NWFP 35,208 36,937 33,614 34,174 28,981

Baluchistan 1,472 1,835 2,546 4,968 4,617

Food Industries 44,130 48,182 50,990 51,266 52,408

Punjab 23,963 24,824 25,213 23,455 27,729

Sind 14,932 15,570 17,335 19,996 20,352

NWFP 5,212 - - 7,572 -

Baluchistan 20 - - 243 -

Others - 7,788 8,442 - 4,327

Beverage Industries 2,882 3,243 3,396 4,000 3,844

Punjab 1,542 2,221 2,262 2,335 2,082

Sind 1,298 - - - -

NWFP - - - - -

Baluchistan 42 - - - -

Others - 1,022 1,134 1,665 1,762

Food & Beverage Total 47,012 51,452 54,386 55,266 56,252


Value of Fixed Assets in 1970's

Value of fixed assets increased by 17,546,144 (`000' Rs) from 1970 to 1980.

This increase was 3,817,110 (`000' Rs) between 1970 to 1975 while 13,729,034 (`000'

Rs) in 1975 to 1980. Food industry's fixed assets also increases by 3,592,116 (`000'

Rs) from 1970 to 1980.

Sugar industry possessed the highest fixed assets followed by vegetable oils

and fats and grain & rice milling industry. Detail is given in Annexure-1.14.

Punjab was the province with maximum value of capital in food industry in

1980.

See Table-3.16.

Table-3.16 Value of Fixed Capital in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1975-80

(Value in `000’

Rs.)

Year 1975 1976 1977 1979 1980

All Industries 8,989,700 9,753,900 11,382,913 18,139,242 22,718,734

Punjab 4,395,300 4,390,148 5,545,316 8,885,787 10,492,163

Sind 3,746,900 4,162,420 4,537,247 7,217,490 10,109,208

NWFP 834,100 1,174,850 1,221,071 1,648,719 1,708,948

Baluchistan 13,400 26,482 79,279 387,246 408,415


182

Food Industries 1,516,000 1,663,355 1,981,296 3,577,704 4,267,366

Punjab 928,300 823,063 909,555 1,488,425 2,343,015

Sind 442,300 459,348 653,017 1,354,160 1,550,228

NWFP 143,900 - - 714,850 -

Baluchistan 2,400 - - 20,269 -

Others - 380,944 418,724 - 374,123


Punjab 26,900 43,879 62,616 90,952 134,593

Sind 15,100 - - - -

NWFP - - - - -

Baluchistan 800 - - - -

Others - 19,690 31,714 140,423 67,444

Food & Beverage

Total

1,559,700 1,726,924 2,076,626 3,809,079 4,469,403


3.2.4 PERFORMA�CE OF FOOD I�DUSTRY FROM 1980's

O�WARD


67 units were added at the end of 1981. After wards 861 units were increased

from 1982 to 1991. Food industry sector observed an increase of 92 units in 1980-81

and 284 units from 1982 to 1991.

Wheat and grain milling industry observed a rapid growth in number followed

by rice milling and vegetable ghee industry. See Annexure-1.15.

Province wise Sind was the leading province with maximum number of food

industries followed by Punjab, NWFP and Baluchistan. Food manufacturing remained

the second major group for maximum number of establishments from 1981 to 1990.

See Table-3.17.


183


An increase of 171,670 workers was observed from 1980 to 1991 in all

industries of Pakistan. Food industry employed 33,296 more workers during 1980 to

1991. Thus employing total of 89,548 workers at the end of 1990.

Sugar industry employed maximum labor force followed by vegetable ghee

and wheat, grain milling industry in 1990-91. See Annexure-1.16.

Punjab in provinces employed highest labor followed by Sind, NWFP and

Baluchistan in food industry in 1990-91. Food Manufacturing ranked second in

employing maximum number of workers.

See Table-3.18.

Value of Fixed Assets of Industry in 1980s

The value of fixed capital increased by 102,901,123 (`000' Rs) from 1980 to

1991. The food industry's fixed assets increased by 12,324,374 (`000' Rs) during 1980

to 1991.

Sugar industry possessed maximum capital investment followed by vegetable

ghee, wheat & grain milling, and Biscuit industries from food sector in 1990. See

Annexure-1.17.

Maximum fixed assets were observed in the Punjab province followed by

Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan.



184


Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

All Industries 3,882 3,931 4,047 4,423 4,349 4,594 4,753 4,277 4,487 4,792

Punjab 2,070 2,016 2,182 2,440 2,325 2,392 2,534 - - 2,452

Sind 1,566 1,646 1,367 1,669 1,609 1,763 1,734 - - 1,751

NWFP 193 208 220 223 311 313 355 - - 425

Baluchistan 26 32 40 49 61 78 83 - - 110

Islamabad 27 29 58 42 43 48 47 - - 54

Food Industries 581 675 720 848 730 831 822 - - 858

Punjab 261 265 347 428 368 396 373 - - 365

Sind 267 350 307 350 282 345 357 - - 380

NWFP 43 48 51 53 61 65 65 - - 83

Baluchistan 4 4 6 7 8 16 18 - - 16

Islamabad 6 8 9 10 11 9 9 - - 14

Beverage

Industries

40 42 41 51 51 50 52 - - 47

Punjab 22 22 20 25 25 22 25 - - 23

Sind - 17 16 18 17 18 17 - - 14

NWFP - 1 1 3 3 4 3 - - 5

Baluchistan - 1 2 2 3 3 4 - - 2

Others 18 1 2 3 3 3 3 - - 3

Food &

Beverage Total

621 717 761 899 781 881 874 865 913 905



185


Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

All Industries 474,311 464,637 477,304 494,484 508,488 532,060 516,628 525,410 532,978 623,380

Punjab 222,967 210,813 217,333 228,087 234,677 247,731 233,464 302,728

Sind 207,946 206,790 211,316 216,919 219,102 229,481 234,638 254,925

NWFP 34,822 38,248 39,367 39,160 41,666 40,100 34,011 46,528

Baluchistan 6,663 7,085 6,323 6,965 9,553 10,924 10,737 14,573

Islamabad 1,913 1,701 2,763 3,353 3,490 3,842 3,778 4,626

Food Industries 59,558 61,214 61,763 64,446 65,810 69,026 67,426 71,202 70,284 84,042

Punjab 30,220 27,670 29,319 31,583 30,299 32,604 32,517 38,620

Sind 20,644 24,777 23,836 24,023 26,467 27,318 25,711 30,456

NWFP 8,014 8,164 7,372 7,913 8,159 7,715 7,714 13,160

Baluchistan 181 181 250 236 151 811 833 965

Islamabad 499 422 566 691 734 578 651 841

Beverage Industries 4,344 4,414 4,786 5,510 6,090 4,916 5,839 5,506

Punjab 2,262 2,359 2,337 2,992 3,474 2,203 3,090 2,993

Sind - 1,722 1,373 1,760 1,592 1,636 1,624 1,613

NWFP - - - 274 274 288 280 272

Baluchistan - - - - 231 281 298 -

Islamabad - 333 - - 519 508 547 -

Others 2,082 - 656 484 - - - 628

Food & Beverage

Total 63,902 65,628 66,549 69,956 71,900 73,942 73,265 71,202 70,284 89,548



186

Table-3.19 Value of Fixed assets in Registered Factories in Pakistan, 1980-90.

Value in (`000' Rs.)

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

All

Industries

31,575,943 39,171,388 47,433,093 55,292,964 73,378,976 91,395,036 89,346,379 - - 125,619,857

Punjab 12,081,968 13,553,220 16,312,918 18,584,354 22,403,069 28,164,208 32,097,358 52,915,181

Sind 16,696,810 21,385,852 23,496,599 30,845,698 43,569,816 53,331,361 48,213,753 57,863,527

NWFP 2,136,192 3,387,034 7,100,314 4,149,428 4,894,056 6,640,565 5,422,881 5,773,386

Baluchistan 596,135 774,324 1,233,317 1,517,814 2,266,297 2,958,589 3,336,679 6,726,430

Islamabad 64,838 70,958 109,945 195,670 245,738 300,313 275,708 2,340,333

Food

Industries

4,840,521 5,215,808 6,378,762 6,506,452 8,512,515 9,169,571 12,674,634 15,491,285

Punjab 2,518,123 2,640,963 3,034,677 3,234,714 3,572,683 3,761,968 6,455,790 7,218,607

Sind 1,693,704 1,820,874 2,513,648 2,297,329 3,995,979 3,430,140 4,138,169 6,541,407

NWFP 592,893 715,070 793,577 894,720 836,938 1,325,347 1,336,975 827,085

Baluchistan 19,197 19,197 36,860 29,428 40,589 585,665 693,635 800,395

Islamabad 16,604 19,704 - 50,261 66,326 66,451 50,065 103,791

Beverage

Industries

238,940 299,799 313,624 472,291 774,275 1658,234 805,091 1,302,492

Punjab 140,878 167,982 176,562 292,301 281,263 1,116,648 410,731 707,277

Sind - 114,624 101,777 112,190 154,051 297,871 261,514 275,783

NWFP - - - 36,601 36,140 156,575 39,590 83,864

Baluchistan - - - - 271,779 54,714 61,758 -

Islamabad - - - - - 32,426 31,498 -

Others 98,062 17,193 35,283 31,199 31,042 - - 235,568

Food &

Beverage

Total

5,079,461 5,515,607 6,692,386 6,978,743 9,286,790 10,827,805 13,479,725 - - 16,793,777



187

�umber of Reporting Establishments in 1995-96 Over 1990-91

The total number of reporting establishments in 1995-96 is 4,474 as against

4,792 in 1990-91 showing a decrease of 1.36% per annum. The maximum number of

establishments fall in the Manufacture of textiles where their number is 1,068

showing a decrease of 1.21% per annum over 1990-91. The second major group is

Food Manufacturing where the numbers of units are 931 as against 858 in 1990-91.

Table 3.20 depicts in descending order, the position of the number of reporting

establishments for the first 15 leading industry major groups in Pakistan:

Employment and Employment Size of Industry in 1995-96 Over

1990-91

The total reported employment during 1995-96 is 561,921 persons showing an

annual decrease of 2.02% over 1990-91 which stood at total of 622,234 persons. The

largest number of persons are engaged in manufacture of Textiles which is 226,377

persons as against 238,054 persons during 1990-91 registering decrease of 1.00% per

annum. The second is Food Manufacturing which employed 78,212 persons while

Iron and Steel Basic Industries ranked the third employing 33,199 persons.

The number of persons engaged by the first 15 leading industries major groups

during the year 1995-96 in the descending order along with the comparative position

for 1990-91 is given below in Table-3.21a.

During 1995-96, out of 4,474 establishments, 3,473 establishments (77.63% of

total) having employment size up to 99 persons employed 93,029 (16.56 % of total

employment) while the number of establishments employing 100 and more persons is

1,001 (22.37 % of total) having total employment of 468,892 (83.44% of total). The

number of establishments and their percentage distribution for the year 1995-96 and

1990-91 according to the employment size and their employment is given in Table-

3.21b.


188

Table-3.20 �umber of Reporting Establishments By Industry Major Groups in Pakistan, 1995-96 Over 1990-91.

Industry Major Groups 1995-96 1990-91

�ame �o. of

Reporting

Establishments

%

Contribution

�o. of

Reporting

Establishments

%

Contribution

Annual growth

rate in 1995-96

over 1990-91 (%)

All Industries 4,474 100.00 4,792 100.00 -1.36

Manufacture of textiles 1,068 23.87 1135 23.69 -1.21

Food manufacturing 931 20.18 858 17.90 1.65

Ginning & baling of fibers 299 6.68 343 7.16 -2.71

Non-electrical machinery 193 4.31 259 5.40 -5.71

Electrical machinery & supplies 183 4.09 220 4.59 -3.62

Fabricated metal products 171 3.82 211 4.40 -4.12

Drugs & pharmaceutical products 166 3.71 146 3.05 2.60

Iron & steel 136 3.04 187 3.90 -6.17

Wearing apparel 130 2.91 153 3.19 -3.21

Other chemical products 128 2.86 134 2.80 -0.91

Transport equipments 121 2.70 130 2.71 -1.42

Industrial chemicals 116 2.59 120 2.50 -0.68

Printing and publishing 96 2.15 110 2.30 -2.69

Other non-metallic mineral prod. 87 1.95 110 2.30 -4.58

Plastic products 83 1.86 67 1.40 4.38

All other industries 566 12.65 609 12.71 -1.45

Source: CMI-1995-96.


189

Table-3.21a Employment of Reporting Establishments By Industry Major Groups in Pakistan, 1995-96 Over 1990-91.

Industry Major Groups 1995-96 1990-91

�ame Average daily

employment

%

Contribution

Average daily

employment

%

Contribution

Annual growth

rate in 1995-96

over 1990-91 (%)

All Industries 561,921 100.00 622,234 100.00 -2.02

Manufacture of textiles 226,377 40.29 238,054 38.26 -1.00

Food manufacturing 78,212 13.92 83,885 13.48 -1.39

Ginning & baling of fibbers 33,199 5.91 44,073 7.08 -5.51

Non-electrical machinery 21,039 3.74 18,016 2.90 3.15

Electrical machinery & supplies 20,327 3.62 18,671 3.00 1.71

Fabricated metal products 20,037 3.57 17,789 2.86 2.41

Drugs & pharmaceutical products 17,274 3.07 24625 3.96 -6.85

Iron & steel 15,916 2.83 20,300 3.26 -4.75

Wearing apparel 13,853 2.47 18,666 3.00 -5.79

Other chemical products 13,676 2.43 19,634 3.16 -6.98

Transport equipments 97,39 1.73 8,270 1.33 3.32

Industrial chemicals 9,037 1.61 8,918 1.43 0.27

Printing and publishing 8,885 1.58 8,348 1.34 1.25

Other non-metallic mineral prod. 8,806 1.57 10,433 1.68 -3.33

Plastic products 8,084 1.44 7,743 1.24 0.87

All other industries 57,460 10.22 47,809 12.02 -5.14

Source: CMI-1995-96


190

Table-3.21b Employment Size of Reporting Establishments By Industry Major Groups in Pakistan, 1995-96 Over

1990-91

Employment Size 1995-96 1990-91

% distribution % distribution Employment Size �o. of

establishments Employment �o. of



establishments Employment

Total 4,474 561,921 100.0 100.0 4,792 622,234 100.00 100.00

Up to 9 persons 671 4,073 15.00 0.72 748 47,97 15.61 0.77 From 10 to 19 persons 1,032 14,196 23.07 2.53 1,155 16,144 24.10 2.59 From 20 to 49 persons 1,259 39,171 28.14 6.97 1,340 41,299 27.96 6.64 From 50 to 99 persons 511 35,589 11.42 6.33 536 37,245 11.19 5.99 From 100 to 249 persons 406 61,937 9.07 11.02 459 72,326 9.58 11.62 From 250 to 499 persons 310 109,070 6.93 19.41 270 96,511 5.63 15.51 From 500 to 999 persons 201 133,934 4.49 23.84 175 123,786 3.65 19.89 From 1000 to 4999

persons 59 78,328 1.32 13.94 75 95,746 1.57 15.39

From 2000 to 4999

persons 21 43,465 0.47 7.74 30 89,284 0.63 14.35

Above 5000 persons 4 42,158 0.09 7.50 4 45,096 0.08 7.25

Source: CMI-1995-96


191

3.2.5 Performance of Food Industry from 1990-91 to 1995-96


A decrease of 318 units was observed between 1991 to 1996 in all industries.

Food industry saw an increase of 64 units in this period.

(See Table-3.22 & Annexure-1.28)


Decrease of 60,714 workers was observed from 1991 to 1996. Food industry

observed decrease of 6,507 workers during the same period. Sugar industry employed

maximum number of workers. (See Table-3.22)

Value of Fixed Assets of Industry in 1990's

The value of fixed assets increased by 110,154,265 (`000' Rs.) in 1991 to

1996. Food industry observed and increase of 17,666,467 (`000' Rs.) in 1991-96. (See

Table-3.22)


192

Table-3.22 �umber of Registered Factories, Employment and Value of Fixed

Assets in Pakistan, 1995-96.

YEAR 1995-96

Number of Factories Value of Fixed Assets

(Value in `000' Rs.)

Number of

Workers

All Industries 4,474 235,774,122 562,666

Punjab 2,364 123,682,760 301,094

Sind 1,528 81,033,785 202,671

NWFP 468 22,785,465 45,565

Balochistan (Including Tobacco)

69 6,414,397 9,792

Islamabad (Including Tobacco)

45 1,857,715 3,544

Food Industries 931 32,638,612 78,365

Punjab 360 17,496,522 40,190

Sind 379 11,990,177 27,348

NWFP 152 2,809,452 9,665


29 218,803 775


16 230,306 931

Beverage Industries 38 1,821,632 4,676

Punjab 16 960,719 2,514

Sind 10 417,923 1,226

NWFP 7 336,342 392


6 209,287 586


3 102,729 413

Food & Beverage Total 969 34,460,244 83,041

* Tobacco industry is not included in the total.

Source: CMI-1995-96, Summary Report 1999. FBS, Govt. of Pakistan.


193

3.3 MAJOR FOOD I�DUSTRIES OF PAKISTA�

The �estle Story

Nestle S.A., the present Switzerland based international food group, originally

consisted of two companies and two products: Henri Nestle and his baby food in

Vevey, and the Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company and its condensed milk in

Cham, both in Switzerland.

In 1866 the Page brothers from the United States set up a new industry in

Cham, making condensed milk from a raw material that was available in abundance in

the region. In 1867 Henri Nestle, a chemist in Vevey, created a milk and cereal based

food which promptly saved the life of a baby feed. The companies competed

vigorously until 1905, when they merged and became the starting point of the present

food group.

Dynamic Expansion

The history of Nestle includes the development of many different products as

well as acquisitions, mergers and the purchasing of shares in companies, mainly

abroad. Nestle is now the world’s largest food company. It is present on all five

continents, has an annual turnover of 71 billion Swiss francs, runs 495 factories in 75

countries, 200 operating companies, 1 basic research center and 20 technological

development groups and more than 220,000 employees the world over.

Historical development

1866 Company’s foundation

1905 Merger between �estle and Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk Company

1929 Merger with Peter-Caller-Kohler Chocolats Suisses S.A.

1947 Merger with Alimentana S.A. (Maggi)

1971 Merger with Urisina-Franck (Switzerland)

1985 Acquisition of Carnation (USA)

1988 Acquisition of Buitoni-Perugina (1)

1988 Acquisition of Rowntree (GB)

1992 Acquisition of Perrier (F)


194

Production

Sheikhupura Factory

As a consequence of joint venture arrangement between Nestle S.A. of

Switzerland and Milkpak Ltd. in 1988, the existing production facility of Milkpak in

Sheikhupura became a part of Nestle Milkpak.

The Milkpak Sheikhupura factory had commenced operations in 1981 as

producer of UHT milk. By 1988, it had expanded its operation and was also

producing butter, cream, desi ghee - all under the brand name of MILKPAK and

juices drinks under the brand name FROST.

Conscious of the large food market that Pakistan offered, Nestle Milkpak drew

up ambitious expansion plans. While re-organizing and re-enforcing the production of

existing brands, it lost no time in giving shape to new production lines. The first to

come was a milk powder plant, which not only began producing NIDO in 1990 but

was also critical to the production of several milk-based products in the future. With

the installation of the roller dryer in 1990, the first such product to come was

CERELAC –an internationally recognized brand of infant cereal, followed by

LACTOGEN 1& 2 in 1991.

The year 1992 saw the introduction of tea whitener EVERYDAY and milk

powder in bulk packing named GLORIA. MILO and NESLAC came under

production in 1994 and MILO RTD. in 1995. Local packing of coffee mixes under the

name of NESCAFE 3 in 1 commenced the same year. In 1996, Nestle Milkpak’s first

confectionery plant of POLO Mint was installed and the line of NESTLE PURE

ORANGE JUICE was also added. Packaging of coffee under the brand name

NESCAFE CLASSIC was undertaken the same year. In 1997 NESTLE WHEAT two

variants of POLO viz. Strawberry and Orange were introduced.

1998 has been, by far, the most out-standing year for Nestle Milkpak. As a

result of the timely implementation of major expansion plans, involving a substantial

capital outlay, no less than 17 products were launched during the year. Significantly,

the factory now houses three new state-of-the–art technologies.

The addition of two flavors of POLO, namely Blackcurrent and Strong Mint

brought the number of POLO variants to five. Anew variant Lemony was added to the

range of popular FROST fruit drink flavors and a new 1-liter packing of FROST was

introduced. Three flavored milks - Vanilla, Strawberry and Mango, under the brand

FRESH & FRUITY, came under production on the new Tetra Filling Machine

equipped with the modern “slim” format. Milo RTD and UHT Cream were also

shifted over to this new format. A flexible confectionery line for the manufacture of

wide range of high and low boiled sweets and toffees was commissioned, with

TOFFO and two variants of SOOTHERS _Menthol Eucalyptus and Honey Lemon,

being the maiden products. Nestle Milkpak also contracted to supply dairy mixes to

McDonald’s, for its popular soft serves and milk shakes. And to top it all, the most

prestigious project, NESTLE PURE LIFE was also commissioned in December.

Based on the latest water treatment and bottling technology, this marks the entry of

Nestle Milkpak in the Pakistan water market.


195

Author with Dr. Javidullah (co-advisor) in a visit to Sheikhupura Factory, Nestle.

Kabirwala Factory

In 1986 Milkpak Ltd. acquired the services of Kabirwala Dairy Ltd. for co-

packing of UHT milk under the brand name MILKPAK. Nestle Milkpak acquired

KDL in 1990 as a subsidiary and began installation work on a MAGGI NOODLES

plant in 1991. This production line became operational in 1992 with two flavors:

Chicken and Masala. The second milk powder plant was commissioned in September

1996. The plant produces NISO, GLORIA and skim milk powder. The UHT line was

discontinued in June 1996 and the saw year witnessed the launching of the MAGGI

YAKHNI line with 3 flavors: Chicken, Masala and Chatpata. With the merger of this

factory with Nestle Milkpak in April 1997, Kabirwala Factory, as it is now called, is a

fully owned unit of Nestle Milkpak Ltd.

The company’s milk powder spray drying capacity will be practically doubled

in 1999 with the commissioning of the newly installed evaporator at KWF, the work

on which was commenced in 1998.

Indus Fruit Products Ltd.

In the past, Indus Fruit Products Ltd. has been co-processing fruit pulping for

Nestle Milkpak. In view of the growing needs of fruit pulp for its products as well as

for exports, Nestle Milkpak entered into a 5-year lease agreement with the

management of this factory in 1998. This arrangement enables Nestle Milkpak to put

in place its own systems to ensure better product quality and capacity utilization. The

new cold sauces production line has been established at this plant.


196

Marketing Milk Products

Products �et. Wt Packaging

Milkpak UHT Milk 1000 ml, 500 ml, 250 ml. Tetra Packs

Milkpak Butter 100 g, 200 g Tetra Packs

Milkpak UHT Cream 200ml Slim Packaging

Milkpak Desi Ghee 1000ml Tetra Packs

EveryDay Poleythene Bags

Nido Polythene Bags

Chocolate Drink

Products Net. Wt Packaging

Milo Powder 14 g, 100 g, 200g Packs

Milo RTD 250 ml Pack

Coffee


Nescafe Classic 2 g, 25 g, 75 g, 500 g Packs

Nescafe 3-in-1 12 g Packs

Fruit Drinks


Frost 250ml, 1000 ml Tetra Packs

Nestle Orange Juice 250ml 1 liter Tetra Packs

Dietetic & Infant Products


Lactogen 1 & 2 Packs

Cerelac (4 Flavors) Packs

Nestle Rice 125 g Packs

Nestle Wheat 125 g, 250 g Packs

Neslac Packs

Culinary Products


Maggi 2-Minute Noodles

Maggi Yakhni 5 g Sachet pack

Dessert Mixes


Nestle Sweet Treats Packs

Confectionery


Polo Mint

Kitkat

Smarties

Fox

Allen’s Toffo

Allen’s Soothers

Lion

Crunch

Classic Milk

Nesquick

Water


197


Nestle Pure Life 0.5 L, 1.5 L Bottle

Product Launch during the Years

Product Launch during the Years.

1981 UHT Milk

1983 Butter

1986 Cream Desi Ghee Frost UHT Milk

1990 Nido Cerelac

1991 Nestum Lactogen

1992 Everyday Gloria Maggi

Noodles

1994 Milo Neslac

1995 Milo RTD Nescafe 3

in 1

1996 Nestle

Orange

Juice

Polo Nescafe

Classic

Maggi

Yakhni

1997 Nestle

Wheat

1998 Sweet

treats

Fresh &

Fruit

Toffo Soothers Nestle

Pure Life

Courtesy: Shahid Siddiqi

Manager, Corporate Affairs


198

Company Directory Registered & Corporate Office 308-Upper Mall

PABX: 5757082-95

Fax: 5711820

Factories Sheikhupura

29th Kilometer, Lahore-Sheikhupura Road

Sheikhupura, Punjab, Pakistan.

Phone: (042) 6369321-26 & 7228300 Fax: (042) 6368710

Kabirwala

Khanewal-Kabirwala Road, Kabirwala

District Khanewal, Punjab, Pakistan.

Phone: (0692) 53168 & (06512) 411433

Fax: (0692) 53169 & (06512) 411432


199

�ATIO�AL FOODS

National Foods was established in 1971. Its R&D section was established in 1985.

The main areas of research are

• Plain Spices: Extending Shelf life of; unconventional approaches to spices

sterilization.

• Dehydration of fruits, Vegetables: Emphasis on pretreatment to enhance original

flavor retention.

• Salt products: Fortified Salts, salt alternatives.

• Pickles: Improvements in brining operation; fermentation process; new pickle

products.

• Fruits pulps / tomato pastes-storage problems.

• Diet products.

• Masala Pastes / Sauces for occidental tastes. (For Export market).

• Chines Sauces- Products development.

• Protein Hydrolysate; development of basic know-how needed for process

development.

• Ready to eat snack foods.

Project Leaders: M. Aslam Consultant Associate: Mr. Amjad Hussain

Sr. Dy Manager Lab

Project Assistants: Ms. Ayesha Hussaini, Ms. Ghazala Parveen & Ms. Sadaf

Hafeez

Courtesy: Dr. M. Aslam.

�ational Foods.

F-160/C, S.I.T.E. Karachi-75760

Phone: 2577707 Fax: 9221-2572217

Website: www.nfoods.com email: [email protected]


200

Author with National Foods Laboratory Staff members examining red chili carpeted

for sundrying Khipro, Sind.

Author standing in potential source of salt for food industry, salt lake khipro, Mirpur

Khas Sind.


201

AHMED FOOD INDUSTRIESAHMED FOOD INDUSTRIESAHMED FOOD INDUSTRIESAHMED FOOD INDUSTRIES

PROFILEPROFILEPROFILEPROFILE

AHMED a household name in top quality food products,

originated from AHMED Food Industries (Pvt.) Limited, Which was

founded in 1958. The R&D work was started at the time of beginning of

this establishment and was proceeded according to the requirements.

It was a modest beginning with modest means. As the years rolled by

AHMED gradually, however remarkably, crossed the frontiers after

frontiers and within a span of 41 years of its existence it established itself

as a major quality food products, manufacturer and suppliers in

Pakistan, Middle East, and farther. Now, AHMED is also a well known

name in Far East, Japan, Australia, Europe and U.S.A.

AHMED has its rightful place in the comity of its contemporaries

from the very beginning. It has maintained the standard of its food

products and remains a top quality food products manufacturer. The

level of its product knowledge and quality, business reliability, industrial

expertise & awareness of consumer needs and taste has enabled

AHMED to always offer the finest possible products to consumers from

every walk of life.

The wide range of AHMED food products that include Jams,

Jellies Marmalade, Pickles, Whole & Ground spices, Pastes of spices,

Canned Mughalai recipes, Herbal syrups, Aromatic distillates,

Chutneys, Tomato Ketchup, Murabbas, instant Custard, Crystal Jelly

and Kheer Mix, fine Vermicelli and worth mentioning are second to

none.

The manufacturing standard and high quality of the afore mentioned

products have been internationally acclaimed. In the present era of

scientific developments and modern technology utilization, AHMED

Food Industries (Pvt.) Ltd., is walking along the advanced food

processing industries of the developed countries while keeping alive its

slogan

AHMED FOOD INDUSTRIES

PRODUCTSPRODUCTSPRODUCTSPRODUCTS

PRODUCTS

JELLY CRYSTALS


202

SPICES

SWEET

DESSERTS

CUSTARD

MASALA

MEHNDI

SUGAR FREE JAMS

PASTES

JAMS, JELLIES & MARMALADE

HALVA

RECIPE SPICES

PASTES

PICKLES

VERMICELLI

SUBRUS

SYRUP

SYRUP PRESERVES

CANNED FOOD

ARQIYAT

PRESERVES

SQUASHES

Jelly Crystals (Halal)


Banana 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Cherry 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Lemon 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Mango 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Orange 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Pineapple 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Raspberry 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Strawberry 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Spices


Anar Dana 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Black pepper Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Chilli Powder 200g 6 Doz Pkt

Chilli Powder 400g 4 Doz Pkt

Coriander Powder 200g 6 Doz Pkt

Coriander Powder 400g 4 Doz Pkt

Cumin Seed Powder 200g 6 Doz Pkt

Cumin Seed Powder 400g 4 Doz Pkt

Cumin Seed Whole 200g 6 Doz Pkt

Garlic Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Ginger Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Khatai Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Kasouri Methi (Fenugreek Leaves) 40g 6 Doz Pkt

Turmeric Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt



203


Sweet Desserts


Creme Caramel 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Custard Powder Banana 300g 4 Doz Pkt

Custard Powder Mango 300g 4 Doz Pkt

Custard Powder Strawberry 300g 4 Doz Pkt

Custard Powder Vanilla 300g 4 Doz Pkt

Kheer Mix 180g 6 Doz Pkt

Pudding Mix 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Rasmalai Mix Powder 85g 10 Doz Pkt

Sugar Free jams


Apple Jam 400g 1 Doz jar

Mixed Fruit Jam 400g 1 Doz jar

Orange Marmalade 400g 1 Doz jar

Pastes


Biryani paste 330g 1 Doz jar

Green Masala Paste 330g 1 Doz jar

Kabab Paste 330g 1 Doz jar

Kashmiri Masala Paste 330g 1 Doz jar

Quick Curry Paste 330g 1 Doz jar

Tandoori Paste 330g 1 Doz jar

Tikka Paste 330g 1 Doz jar

Vendaloo Paste 330g 1 Doz jar

Jams, Jellies & Marmalade


Apple jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Apricot Jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Cherry Jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Mango jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Mixed Fruit Jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Peach jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Pineapple jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Raspberry Jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Strawberry jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Sweet Melon Jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Water Melon Jam 400g 1 Doz Jar

Jam (All flavors) 5Kg 4 Pcs/Bucket

Jellies


Apple Jelly 400g 1 Doz Jar


204

Pineapple Jelly 400g 1 Doz Jar

Raspberry 400g 1 Doz Jar

Marmalade


Orange Marmalade 400g 1 Doz Jar

Halvas


Carrot Halva 400g 1 Doz tin

Habshi Halva 400g 1 Doz tin

Karachi Halva 400g 1 Doz tin

Sohan Halva 400g 1 Doz tin

Recipe Spices

Products �et. Wt. Packing

Achar Gosht Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Bihari Kabab Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Bombay Biryani Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Chat Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Chapli Kabab Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Chicken Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Chicken Broast Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Curry Powder 200g 6 Doz Pkt

Curry Powder 400g 4 Doz Pkt

Fish Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Green Podina Chutney Powder 50g 12 Doz Pkt

Garam Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Garam Masala Powder 200g 6 Doz Pkt

Haleem Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Haleem Mix 400g 4 Doz Pkt

Karahai Gosht Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Karachi Katakat Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Kofta Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Liver Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Nehari Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Paya Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Pasanda Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Pullao Biryani Masala Powder 40g 12 Doz Pkt

Qeema Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Qorma Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Sindhi Biryani Masala Powder 65g 6 Doz Pkt

Stew Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Shami Kabab Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Tandoori Chicken/Tikka Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

Tikka & Kabab Masala Powder 100g 6 Doz Pkt

All recipe spices also available in 50g packs 50g packs 12 Doz Pkt


205

Pickles

Pickles in oil (Regular)


Chilli 320g 1 Doz Jar

Garlic 330g 1 Doz Jar

Kasondi(Peeled Mango) 330g 1 Doz Jar

Lime 330g 1 Doz Jar

Mango 330g 1 Doz Jar

Mixed Vegetable 330g 1 Doz Jar

Pickles in oil (Home made style)


Mango 1 Kg 1 Doz P/Jar

Mixed 1 Kg 1 Doz P/Jar

Mango 4 Kg 4 P/Bucket

Mixed 4 Kg 4 P/Bucket

Pickles in oil (Hyderabadi Taste)


Lime / Chilli 330 g 1 Doz Jar

Lime 330 g 1 Doz Jar

Mango 330 g 1 Doz Jar

Mixed 330 g 1 Doz Jar

Tamarind 330 g 1 Doz Jar

Pickles in Vinegar


Chilli 300 g 1 Doz Jar

Mango Masala (Peeled Mango) 300 g 1 Doz Jar

Mixed Vegetable 300 g 1 Doz Jar

Vermicelli


Vermicelli Roasted 200 g 4 Doz P/Bag

Vermicelli Plain 200 g 4 Doz P/Bag

Vermicelli Fried (PHENI) 200 g 35 P/Bag

Subrus


Subrus 750 ml. 1 Doz Bot

Syrups


Banafsha Syrup 720 ml 1 Doz Bot

Pineapple Syrup 720 ml 1 Doz Bot

Pomegranate Syrup 720 ml 1 Doz Bot


206

Rose Syrup 720 ml 1 Doz Bot

Sandal Syrup 720 ml 1 Doz Bot

Canned food


Achar Gosht 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Karhai Gosht 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Kofta 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Mixed Vegetable Curry 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Murgh Cholay 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Mutton Biryani 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Mutton Cholay 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Mutton Karhai 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Nehari 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Palak Curry 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Palak Paneer 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Pasanda 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Paya Curry 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Potato Qeema 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Qorma 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Sarson ka Saag 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Shahi Haleem 435 g 1 Doz Tin

Miscellaneous


Fried Onion 400 g 1 Doz Tin

Fried Onion 02 Kg 4 P/Bucket

Arqiyat


Kewra Water 285 ml 1 Doz Bot

Rose Water 285 ml 1 Doz bot

Preserves (Murabbas)


Amla Preserve (Gooseberry) 400 g 1 Doz Jar

Apple Preserve 400 g 1 Doz Jar

Carrot Preserve 400 g 1 Doz Jar

Hurda Preserve (Phyllanthus Emblica) 400 g 1 Doz Jar

Rose Petal Spread (Gulqand) 400 g 1 Doz Jar

Squashes


Mango Squash 1 Liter 1 Doz Bot

Lemon Squash 1 Liter 1 Doz bot

Orange Squash 1 Liter 1 Doz Bot

�uts (Roasted)


207


Almond 150 g 1 Doz Tin

Peanuts 150 g 1 Doz Tin

Pistachio 150 g 1 Doz Tin

Chutney


Plum Chutney (Aloobukhara) 400 g 1 Doz Jar

Mango Chutney 400 g 1 Doz Jar

Mango Chutney 05 Kg 4 Pcs/Bucket

Courtesy: Dr. Azhar M. Syed

Pakistan

AHMED HOUSE

Ahmed Avenue D-112 S.I.T.E.

Karachi - 75700 Tel: 2563520 Fax: 9221-2578195

Email: [email protected]

Web: http://www.ahmedfood.com.pk


208

Author with Dr. Javidullah (Co-advisor) and Atta Naz (Production Manager) in a visit

to Vita Food Industries Lahore.


209

E�GLISH BISCUIT MA�UFACTURERS (PVT) LTD

EBM was established in 1967, while its R&D section started work in 1982.

Mr. Abdul Ghaffar Katiya developed the following new concepts in Biscuit

manufacturing.

CONCEPTS YEAR

Nuts inside biscuits 1983

Fortified Biscuit & Wafer 1984

Biscuit with chocolate Chips 1990

Researchers: Mr. Abdul Ghaffar Katiya

Qualification: M.Sc.(Chemistry)

M.I.F.S.T (USA)

Phones: (92-21) 5063131-38

Fax: (92-21) 5060825

E-mail: [email protected]

[email protected]

[email protected]

Postal Address: P.O. Box 5536, Karachi, Pakistan.

Head Office &

Factory: Plot 1 - 4, Sector 23, Korangi Industrial Area, Karachi -

74900, Pakistan.


210

Pakistan’s first food company with ISO 9001 accreditation.

Mitchell's Fruit Farms Limited is the oldest and most trusted food company in

Pakistan. Starting its operations in 1933, the Company has grown from strength to

strength over the last more than 65 years and its wide variety of products has

inundated breakfast tables with farm-fresh consumables, straight from its orchards in

Renala Khurd - products of a high standard, enriching the lives of millions of people

with all the goodness of nature for a healthy lifestyle.

Today the Mitchell’s family continues to grow, reaching more and more

households worldwide with an ever-increasing array of farm-fresh products ranging

from thirst-quenching Squashes & Syrups; fruity Jams, Jellies and Marmalades; rich

Tomato Ketchup & savory Sauces; tasty Pickles; refreshingly nutritious Canned Fruits

& Vegetables; and a wholesome assortment of Candies & Chocolates from its wide

range of confectionery products.

The Mitchell’s Story

A Brief Background Phase I: Before Independence...

Francis J. Mitchell arrived in Bombay from Scotland at the end of World War

I. He had been invited by his brother who was already established in North Western

India as contractor to the government for construction of the railway network in this

part of the subcontinent. At that time, when Francis was already and old man of over

sixty years, and opportunity came his way in the form of the emerging irrigation

system being laid out in the canal colony districts of West Punjab, He was successful

in obtaining the lease of 720 acres of agricultural land in the Montgomery district.

The area allotted to him extended for nearly seven miles from Renala Khurd to

Kissan, sandwiched between the arterial lower Bari Doab Canal and the

Lahore/Karachi railway.

He initiated the business of growing grapes for eventual sale as dried raisins

and sent the younger of his two sons, Richard, to Australia for training at Mildura

which was swell-known as a center of specialization in the field of horticulture. The

company, with Francis Mitchell as its Governing Director and his two sons Leonard

and Richard as Directors, was incorporated in 1933 and given the name Indian

Mildura Fruit Farms Ltd. The North-Western Railway had opened to traffic a few


211

years before the acquisition of the land by the Mitchell family. Francis Mitchell was

asked by the railway authorities to propose a name for the adjoining station. Hence

the word “Kissan” which subsequently became a familiar brand name.

The trial planting of grapes, which began in 1921 and lasted until 1924,

unfortunately did not prove to be success. The vines suffered serious damage from

pests during the rainy seasons, jest when the grapes needed dry weather for ripening.

The entire plantation was replaced with citrus which, fortunately, proved to be

profitable. The older son, Leonard, was sent specially to South Africa to look for good

rootstock, which was the foundation of Valencial orange trees- these are well

established on the farms today. With the outbreak of World War II, demand for

canned fruits and vegetables for the allied troops, stationed in India, began to grow

rapidly. To cost-effectively cater to this growing demand, a factory was established in

Bangalore, South India. A new joint-stock company by the name of Kissan Products

Ltd., was registered.

Phase II: After Independence...

As a sequel to Independence in 1947, Indian Mildura Fruit Farms Ltd. lost

nearly 75 % of its Indian market. The company’s name was changed to “Mitchell’s

Fruit Farms (Pvt.) Ltd.” and the brand name “Mitchell’s” became the exclusive

property of the Pakistani Company acquired exclusive use of the “Kissan” brand

name.

Francis Mitchell died in 1933 and his elder son, Leonard, became Chairman.

After his brother’s tragic death in an air accident, Richard took over the chairmanship

in 1949 and continued in this capacity until his death in 1987. The family sold its

shares gradually, having inducted Pakistani shareholders in 1957, and retired to

Eastbourne, U.K., 1959. Richard’s wife, Betty, retained her links with the Company

in the capacity of Director until 1991, She died in 1995.

MITCHELL'S - A� UPDATE

.

The takeover by the present management in 1957 set in motion a process of

development. The Company was equipped to meet the challenges of a changing and

more demanding market.

Since then, many new developments have taken place. Sophisticated food

processing machinery was gradually installed and several new products were added to

a popular range of preserves, fruit drinks, juices, sauces, vinegar, canned fruits and

vegetables. In 1980 came the "sweetest" addition of all with diversification into

confectionery. Soon, Mitchell's milk toffees, eclairs, hard candies and fruit bon bons

began to find favor with consumers nationwide. In 1983 Mitchell's golden jubilee was

celebrated with fanfare. A chocolate bar, appropriately named Jubilee, was launched

to commemorate the event.

Since then the quality of products has been constantly upgraded and new

varieties added to the product range. A smaller version of the chocolate called Mini-

Jubilee was also introduced and widely accepted.


212

The company passed a major milestone when it went public in 1993, receiving

a record subscription for its shares floated on the market. The year 1998, the 65th for

Mitchell’s, brought another major distinction for the company; the ISO 9001

accreditation, making it the first food company in Pakistan to achieve the honor.

Research and Development

The success of Mitchell’s products, and the taste that has been winning

consumers’ hearts for generations, is the result of the Company’s ongoing investment

in and emphasis on quality control reinforced by research and development (R & D).

Both sections closely coordinate with Marketing and Exports Office in Lahore where

product concepts are initiated and passed on to the R & D section for formulation.

Once the R & D section has prepared samples of new products, product evaluation is

carefully carried out by the Marketing Division.

Quality Control and Training

Along with R & D, the quality control section ensures that all products live up

to the consumers’ high expectations. From selection of the finest fruits, to processing

and packaging, quality control plays a key role in keeping a vigilant and unrelenting

eye on every step of the process. The Quality Control staff, with a main up-to-date

laboratory, two line-control labs for the Groceries and Sugar Confectionery divisions,

and an incubation lab, ensures that there is no deficiency in quality standards during

production.

As the Company considers its employees its most important assets,

management skills are being constantly updated by sending executives on training

courses and study tours, both at home and abroad.

THIRST-QUE�CHI�G SQUASHES A�D SYRUPS

Processed from fruits specially grown on our own orchards in Renala, Mitchell's

Squashes come in a range of natural fruit flavors including Mango, Orange, Lemon,

Guava, Mixed Fruit Squash and Lemon Barley.

OUR PRODUCTS

1 MANGO SQUASH

2 ORANGE SQUASH

3 GUAVA SQUASH

4 MIXED FRUIT SQUASH

5 LEMON SQUASH

6 LEMON BARLEY

7 LIME CORDIAL

8 ROSE' L. J. CORDIAL

9 LEMON JUICE

10 BANANA SYRUP

11 POMEGRANATE SYRUP

12 DILRUBA SYRUP


213

The delicate taste and flavor of the finest fruit is preserved in Mitchell's Jams,

Jellies and Marmalades, made according to recipes perfected by experts over

decades.

OUR PRODUCTS

1 GOLDEN APPLE JAM

2 STRAWBERRY JAM

3 MANGO JAM

4 MIXED FRUIT JAM

5 APRICOT JAM

6 BLACK CHERRY JAM

7 GOLDEN MIST MARMALADE

8 ROSE'S LIME MARMALADE

9 OLDE ENGLISH MARMALADE

10 APPLE JELLY

11 STRAWBERRY JELLY

12 RASPBERRY JELLY

13 PINEAPPLE JELLY

14 GUAVA JELLY

15 BLACKCURRANT JELLY

16 DIET GOLDEN APPLE JAM

17 DIET GOLDEN MIST MARMALADE

18 DIET MIXED FRUIT JAM

19 DIET STRAWBERRY JAM

The Mitchell's range now includes a host of great tasting sauces to spice up every kind

of food. Besides being favorites of the young and old locally, Mitchell's Tomato

Ketchup, Chilli Garlic Sauce, Chilli Sauce, Chilli Ginger Sauce and Mexican Salsa

are rapidly gaining a market abroad. The latest addition to the category is the

Mitchell's Cooking Chilli Ginger Sauce and Mexican Salsa are rapidly gaining a

market abroad. The latest addition to the category is the Mitchell's Cooking Paste, a

fine blend of Tomatoes, Ginger and Garlic.

OUR PRODUCTS

1 TOMATO KETCHUP

2 CHILLI GARLIC SAUCE

3 CHILLI GINGER SAUCE

4 CHILLI SAUCE

5 MEXICAN SALSA

6 MANGO CHUTNEY

A variety of countlines made from the most delicious and mouth-watering

ingredients are sweet snack for any time.

OUR PRODUCTS

1 JUBILEE

2 DISCOVEREE

3 UNITEE

4 TWENTEE-1


214

Mitchell's Jubilee, a thick chocolate bar with a center of caramel and nougatine, is a

bestseller since its launch in 1983. A mini-bar was later added to meet the growing

demand. Addition to the range, this peanut chocolate bar exceeded all sales forecasts

soon after its launch addition to the

SUGAR CO�FECTIO�ERY

Toffees, Sweets and Eclairs made from the freshest and purest ingredients are the

favorites of young and old alike. The pure, smooth taste of dairy butter gives

Mitchell's Butterscotch an irresistible appeal.

OUR PRODUCTS

1 MILK TOFFEES

2 BUTTERSCOTCH

3 FRUIT BON BONS

4 MILK CHOCOLATE ECLAIRS

Milk Toffees, containing pure butter and creamy milk, remain the best-selling

products in the confectionery range. The inimitable taste, texture and flavor ensure

that they retain the favor of children.

Fruit Bon Bons' unique shape, delicious taste and soft center of pure fruit jam, in an

assortment of four fruit flavors, has made them immensely popular, specially with

children.

Milk Chocolate Eclairs,

with detectable caramel nuggets and chocolate fillings, are a two-in-one treat.

CA��ED FRUITS & VEGETABLES

For those conscious of time and quality, our range of canned fruits & vegetables

remain the favorites of discerning households.

OUR PRODUCTS

1 APPLE JAM (1050gm)

2 GOLDEN MIST MARMALADE (1050 gm)

3 MIXED FRUIT JAM (1050gm)

4 GARDEN PEAS (450 & 850gm)

5 SWEET CORN (450 & 850gm)

6 TOMATO PUREE (450gm)

7 FRUIT COCKTAIL (850gm)

8 PEAR HALVES (850gm)

9 PEACH HALVES (850gm)

10 GRAPE FRUIT JUICE (850ml)

11 ORANGE JUICE (850ml)

12 TOMATO JUICE (850ml

PICKLES A�D VI�EGAR


215

Mitchell's Pickles are made in a truly traditional way. Fruits and vegetables are

matured through natural processes and carefully selected spices are added to give all

varieties of pickles an authentic homemade flavor

Mango Pickle, Mango Kasaundi and Mixed Pickle are the most popular in the range.

New, mouth watering recipes are constantly being formulated to complement the

existing range; Tomato Kasaundi being the most noteworthy.

OUR PRODUCTS

1 MANGO PICKLE

2 MANGO KASAUNDI

3 MIXED PICKLE

4 CHILLI & LIME PICKLE

5 LIME PICKLE

6 GARLIC PICKLE

7 MANGO CHUTNEY

8 TOMATO KASAUNDI

9 FRUIT VINEGAR

Source : Official Website: www.mitchells.com.pk

Head Office: 3-B, LDA Flats, Mian Mohammad Shafi (Lawrance) Road,

Lahore.

Phone: (042)6307410-13

Fax: (042)6307414-6307415


website: www.mitchells.com.pk

Registered Office, Factory and Farms:

Renala Khurd, District Okara.

Phones: (04443)2416, 622907 & 622908

Fax: (04443)621416



216

Naurus Pvt. Ltd.

Naurus a household name in top quality of syrups. Founded in 1958, it was

a modest beginning with modest means. As the years rolled by, Naurus gradually,

however remarkably, crossed the frontiers after frontiers and with a span of 39 years

of its existence, it established itself as a major quality syrup manufacturer and supplier

in Pakistan, Middle east, and farther. Now Naurus is a well-known brand in Far

East, Japan, Australia, Europe and the U.S.A.

Naurus has its rightful place in the comity of its contemporaries from the

very beginning. It has maintained the standard of its syrups and remains a top quality

syrup manufacturer. The level of its product knowledge and quality, business

reliability, industrial expertise & awareness of consumer needs and taste has enabled

Naurus to always offer the finest possible products to consumers from every walk

of life.

The manufacturing standard and high quality of the aforementioned products

has been internationally acclaimed. In the present era of scientific developments and

modern technology utilization, Naurus (Pvt.) Ltd., is walking along the advanced

food processing industries of the developed countries while keeping alive it's slogan.

Also for our customers who have Diabetes, Naurus provides them with SUGAR

FREE drinks.

QUERIES

PRODUCTS

Naurus Pvt. Ltd.

EXPORT PRICE LIST

S # PRODUCTS. PACKAGI�G CARTO�. PRICE / CASE US$ FOB.

Food Products:

1 Kheer Mix 180g Pkt 1 * 24 9.00

2 Corn Flour 180kg 1 * 24 4.75

3 Custard Powder 180g 1 * 24 6.75

Banana, Mango, Mix Fruit, Strawberry, Vanilla

4 Rose Water 310ml (Natural) 1 * 12 4.75

5 Naurus Vermicelli 200g 1 * 48 6.25

6 Naurus Vermicelli 100g 1 * 84 6.75

7 Jam 5kg Bucket 1 * 4 14.75

Apple White, Mix Fruit, Mango, Orange Marmalade

8 Fancy Ketchup 4.5kg Bucket 1 * 4 13.75

9 Pickle In Oil 1.5kg Bucket 1 * 6 10.50


217

Mango, Mixed Vegetable

Syrups:

10 Naurus 720ml Bottle 1 * 12 13.50

11 Flavored Syrups 720ml Bottle 1 * 12 12.75

Sandal, Rose, Pomegranate, Pineapple, Ice-cream Sherbet

12 Banafsha Syrup 720ml Bottle 1 * 12 14.25

13 Bazoori Syrup 720ml Bottle 1 * 12 14.25

14 Sundip Squashes 1ltr Bottle 1 * 12 13.50

Mango, Orange, Lemon, Lemon Barley, Mixed Fruit

Naurus Pvt. Ltd.

ADDRESS:

C - 1 / B, Manghopir Road,

S.I.T.E., Karachi - 75700.

Pakistan.

FAX & TELEPHO�E:

Fax: (9221) - 2571359

Tel: (9221) - 2577851 - 53

E-MAIL:[email protected]


218

3.4 REFERE�CES 1. Aslam M. 1999. Consultant ,National Foods Ltd., S.I.T.E., Karachi.

2. Central Statistical Office. 1957. Census of Manufacturing Industries 1957. Economic

Affairs Division. Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan. Karachi.





5. Central Statistical Office. 1962-63 to 1965-66. Census of Manufacturing Industries.

1962-63 to 1965-66. Statistical Division, Ministry of Finance, Planning &

Development, government of Pakistan. Karachi.

6. Federal Bureau of Statistics. 2000. 50 Years of Pakistan. Volume-I. Summary. Statistics

Division, Government of Pakistan.

7. Federal Bureau of Statistics. 2000. 50 Years of Pakistan. Volume-III. Summary.

Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan.

8. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Annual Establishment Enquiry. 1988-89. Economic Affairs

& Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. Karachi.

9. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Annual Establishment Enquiry. 1989-90. Economic Affairs

& Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. Karachi.

10. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1976-77. Statistics

Division, Government of Pakistan. Karachi.


















219









23. Labor Bureau. 1956. The classified List of Registered Factories in Pakistan. 1954.

Department of Central Labor Commissioner, Ministry of Labor, Government of

Pakistan Press, Karachi.

24. Mitchells. 1999. Brochure. Mitchells, Renal Khurd, Okara, Punjab.

25. Nasir, M.S and Hyder, S.K. 1998. Industrial Development in Pakistan: Economics of

Pakistan. Imtiaz Publishers, Lahore. P96-122.

26. Sayed M. A. 1999. Manager QC & R&D, Ahmed Food Pvt. Ltd., S.I.T.E. Karachi.

27. Sidddiqi S. 1999. Manger Corporte Affairs, Nestle, 308-Upper Mall, Lahore.

28. Statistical Division. Census of Manufacturing Industries 1969-70. Ministry of Finance,

Planning & Development, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.





31. Yasin, A. 2000. Industrial Policy in April: Business, The Daily News International.

January 28th, 2000.p.13.

DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD INDUSTRY IN NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE 221

CHAPTER 4

DEVELOPME�T OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I�

�ORTH WEST FRO�TIER PROVI�CE

4.1 PRESE�T POSITIO� / SITUATIO�

The industrial base of NWFP is limited. There are 1,846 registered industrial

establishments in the area. They provide employment to approximately seventy one

thousand persons. Most of the units are small and medium, size. Large scale

manufacturing establishments are very few. The sick industrial units accounts for

more than 20 % of the total establishments. There are difficulties in continuos

operation of industrial units.

The industrialization of NWFP during the period of 1947-97 can be divided

into five main phases.

1) From 1947 to 1956

2) From 1957 to 1970

3) From 1970 to 1980

4) From 1981 to 1990

5) From 1991 to 1997

The Directorate of Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor

and Transport Department, N.W.F.P. has divided the food industry as major

sector of Food, Beverages and Tobacco.

Sector �o. Sub-Sector �o. Sub-Sector �o.1

1. FOOD, BEVERAGES A�D TOBACCO

1. Sugar

2. Vegetable Ghee/Cooking oil

3. Oil Expeller Units

4. Flour Mills

5. Rice Milling

6. Corn

7. Biscuit and sweets

8. Roti/Bread

9. Vermicellies

10. Dal Milling

11. Salt Grinding

12. Meat Processing

13. Beverages

14. Ice and cold storages

15. Processing, canning and preserving of Fruits and

Vegetable

16. Cigarette Industries

17. Feed Industries

18. Spice Grinding

(Note:Tobacco is health hazard, therefore nutritionally not included in Food). Source: Directory of Industrial Establishment, NWFP 1996.

DEVELOPMENT OF FOOD INDUSTRY IN NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE

222

Growth of food industry is also examined in same years with general

industrialization in retrospect. The focus is on growth according to number of

established units, their employment and investment.

4.2 SIZE, EMPLOYME�T A�D GROWTH UPTO 1997

4.2.1 GROWTH OF I�DUSTRY FROM 1947 TO 1956

This period observed a rapid growth in industrialization of NWFP.


Before 1947 there were 11 units, 25 additional industrial units were

established up till 1955. In the sector of Food, Beverages and Tobacco only 6 units

existed in 1947 which increased by 6 units till 1955.



1,063 workers were employed by industrial sector upto 1947. This saw an

increase of 10,405 workers at the end of 1955.

Food, Beverages and tobacco industry employed 754 persons in 1947, while

2,595 more workers were employed between 1947 to 1955.


Investment in Industry from 1947 to 1956

81.621 (million Rs.) were invested in 1947 which increased to 1,709,948

(million Rs.) in 1955. Thus an increase of 1628.327 (million Rs) was observed.

Investment of 73.004 (million Rs) was observed upto 1947 in food sector

which increased by 864.334 (million Rs) in 1955.


Table-4.1 �umber of Registered Factories, Employment and Investment in

�WFP, 1947-56.

Period No.of

Units

Accumulative

Progress

Employment Accumulative

Employment

Investment

(in million Rs)

Accumulative

investment (in

million Rs)

All

industries

Upto 1947 11 11 1063 1063 81.621 81.621

1948-1950 4 15 1155 2218 195.741 277.632

1951-1955 21 36 9,250 11,468 1,432.586 1,709.948 Food,

Beverages &

Tobacco


223

Upto 1947 6 6 754 754 73.004 73.004

1948-1950 2 8 1,129 1,883 195.556 268.56

1951-1955 4 12 1,466 3,349 668.778 937.338

Source: Directory of Industrial Establishment, NWFP 1996.


In 1956 four provinces of Pakistan were integrated into one province which

was given the name of "One unit". The industrial investment was concentrated in

cities like Lahore and Karachi. Lack of infrastructural facilities and other factors

contributed to the slow industrial growth in NWFP. Thus NWFP did not significantly

benefited compared to other provinces.


117 additional units were established during 1957-70. The maximum increase

was seen during 1965-70 which was of 79 units. Census of Management Inudstries

census recorded response from 98 units in 1969-70 while 91 units from 1970-71.

Food sector saw an increase of 27 units between 1957-70. 13 additional units

were added from 1965 to 1970. CMI census recorded 19 units in 1969-70 and 24 units

in 1970-71 as total food units in NWFP.

Detail is given in Table-4.2 and Table-4.3.


10,533 more workers were employed in 1957-70. 1966-70 saw the maximum

increase of 2,439 persons in 1970-71. Food industry saw an increase of 2,670 persons

in this period of 1957-70. The total number was 6,019 workers employed at the end of

1970.

CMI-census registered daily employment of 5,792 workers in 1969-70 and

5,600 in 1970-71.

For detail see Table-4.2 and 4.3.


An additional investment of 2,330.562 (million Rs) was seen between 1957-

70. The accumulative investment amounted to 4,040.451 (million Rs).

551.649 (million Rs) were invested in food industry sector during 1957-70.

Maximum investment was observed in 1961-65 of 1,710(million Rs). The total

investment amounted 1,488.987 (million Rs).

CMI-census reported value of fixed assets of food industry as 99,390 ('000'

Rs) in 1970-71.

For detail see Table-4.2 and Table-4.3.


224


�WFP, 1957-70.

Period �o.of

Units

Accumulative

Progress


Employment

Investment

(in million Rs)

Accumulative

investment (in

million Rs)

All

industries

1956-1960 10 46 977 12,465 259.381 1,969.329

1961-65 28 74 7,097 19,562 1,640.040 3,609.369

1966-70 79 153 2,439 22,001 431.082 4,040.451

Food,

Beverages

and

Tobacco

1956-60 3 15 656 4,005 221.145 1,158.492

1961-65 11 26 1,710 5,715 270.121 1,428.613

1966-70 13 39 304 6,019 60.383

1,488.996


Table-4.3 �umber of Registered Factories, Employment and Value of Fixed

assets in �WFP, 1969-70

(Value in '000' Rs)

Major groups �o. Of reporting

establishments

Value of fixed

assets

Average daily

employment

1969-70

All industries 98 554,208 31,018

Food

Manufacturing

19 101,894 5,792

1970-71

All industries 91 520,875 27,950

Food

Manufacturing

24 99,399 5,600

Source: CMI- 1969-71.


"One Unit" system was dissolved in 1970 and the provincial status of NWFP

was restored. Keeping in view the need for rapid industrial development, Government

of NWFP established two organizations, Sarhad Development Authority (SDA) and

Federally Administered Tribal Areas Development Corporation (FATA). During the

period 1973-81 (SDA) completed 16 projects with a combined investment of Rs.

734.051 million.

The FATA, established in 1971, invested Rs. 103.53 million in 9 industrial

units upto 1980. These units provided employment to 991 persons.


225


207 new units were added during 1970-81. The period of 1975-80 saw an

increase of 143 units. This being the indication of rapid increase in size of industry.

CMI reported 172 units in 1976-77 while 164 units in 1980-81.

102 units were added in food sector increasing the accumulative number to

140 units. CMI recorded maximum of 39 units in 1977-78 and 30 units in 1980-81 in

food manufacturing.



6,325 additional workers were employed in 1970-80. Total employment

increased to 28,326 workers at the end of 1980. While CMI-census reported daily

employment of 28,981 persons in 1980.

2,095 new workers were employed by food industry during 1970-80. The

CMI-census reported 4,103 persons employed in food sector at the end of 1980. It

observed maximum employment of 8,222 persons in 1977-78.

Industrial department GONWFP reported 8,114 persons employed in food

industry in 1980.


Investment of Industry from 1970 to 1980

1,660.25 (million Rs) were invested during 1970-80 increasing total

investment to 5,700.701 (million Rs). CMI reported the value of fixed assets of

industry as 1,708,948 ('000' Rs) in 1980. This being equal to 1,708.948 (million Rs).

587.632 (million Rs) were invested in food industry in the period of 1970-80.

The total investment being 2,076.628 (million Rs) at the end of 1980. The value of

fixed assets reported by CMI was 360,207 (`000’ Rs) which equals to 360.207

(million Rs).



�WP, 1970-80.

Period �o.of Units Accumulative

Progress


Employment

Investment

(in million

Rs)

Accumulative

investment

(in million

Rs)

All

industries

1971-1975 64 217 2,365 2,4366 628.208 4,668.659

1975-1980 143 360 3,960 28,326 1,032.042 5,700.701

Food,


226

Beverages

and

Tobacco

1971-1975 31 70 478 6,497 84.328 1,573.324

1975-1980 71 141 1,617 8,114 503.304 2,076.628


Table-4.5 �umber of Registered Factories, Employment and Value of fixed

assets in �WFP, 1969-70.

Year 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1979-80 1980-81

�umber of Registered Factories

All industries 149 172 159 169 164

Food

Manufacturing

32 37 39 38 30

�umber of Workers

All industries 35,208 36,937 33,614 34,174 28,981

Food

Manufacturing

5,215 7,632 8,222 7,572 4,103

Value of Fixed Assets

All industries 834,100 1,174,850 1,221,071 1,648,719 1,708,948

Food

Manufacturing

143,900 376,570 404,673 714,850 360,207

Source: CMI- 1975-81.


The decade saw true industrialization of the province. Number of industrial

units increased rapidly with higher investment from Government institutions. Before

analyzing the industrial growth it is essential to have a brief review of the role of

Provincial Government, which supports the industrial development through a well

organized department of industries. Public sector contributed through different

projects established by different Government agencies.

I�DUSTRIES, COMMERCE, LABOUR, MI�ERAL

DEVELOPME�T A�D TRA�SPORT DEPARTME�T Functions of Industries Department

1. Planning, Development and Control of Industries, including cottage industries.

2. Industrial Research.

3. Industrial training (including travelling demonstration parties).

4. Industrial exhibitions with in the country.

5. Survey of Industries.

6. Trade and commerce with in the province, including Government commercial

undertakings, Merchandised Marks Act, railway freight import and export, trade

control, capital issue, insurance Act, Registration of Accountants, Auditors,

Certificate Rules, Partnership Act, Trade condition reports trade enquires and

agreements.

7. All cases relating to Boiler Act, Patent and Design Act, Explosive Act and

Companies Act.


227

8. Registration of joint stock Companies, Firms, Societies.

9. Store Purchase Department, purchase of stores and capital goods, including stores

for Government Presses and Public Works Department.

Industrial Estates of �WFP in 1980s

Nine 9 industrial estates were established and operating in NWFP.

S. �o Industrial Estates Year of Establishment

1 Small Industrial Estate, Peshawar 1960-61

2 Small Industrial Estate, Kalabat 1972-73

3 Small Industrial Estate, D.I.Khan 1973-74

4 Small Industrial Estate, Abbottabad 1973-74

5 Small Industrial Estate, Swat 1973-74

6 Small Industrial Estate, Mardan 1974-75

7 Small Industrial Estate, Kohat 1974-75

8 Small Industrial Estate, Bannu 1974-75

9 Industrial Estate Jamrud Road, Peshawar 1964-65

Source: Industrial Profile of NWFP, 1982.


228

I�DUSTRIAL U�ITS BY FEDERAL GOVER�ME�T CORPORATIO�S I�

�WFP, 1980

S. �o Project Capacity

I. Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation.

1 Bannu Sugar Mills, Bannu 1500 tons / day

II. Ghee Corporation of Pakistan

1 Associatd Ghee Industries, Nowshera 19800 tons

2 Ghee Factory, Haripur 9000 tons

3 Ghee factory, Dargai 9000 tons


The Federal Government corporations participated by establishing four major

units in NWFP. Bannu Sugar Mills was established by Pakistan Industrial

Development Corporation and Ghee Corporation of Pakistan established Associated

Ghee Industries, Nowshera; Ghee Factory, Haripur; Ghee Factory, Dargai.

Sarhad Development Authority played major role by establishing Khazana Sugar

Mills, Corn Complex, Cold storage and Industrial Estate, Peshawar. FATA

Development Corporation contributed by establishing Bara Vegetable Ghee and

Kurram Food Products in FATA areas of NWFP.


229

ORGA�IZATIO�AL CHART

DEPARTME�T OF I�DUSTRIES, COMMERCE, LABOR, MI�ERAL DEVELOPME�T & TRA�SPORT

COMMISSIO�ER

SOCIAL SECURITY

SECRETARY CHAIRMA� P.T.A

DIRECTORATE OF

I�DUSTRIES COMMERCE &

MI�ERAL DEVELOPME�T

DIRECTORATE

OF LABOR

SECRETARY

P.T.A

GOVER�ME�T

TRA�SPORT SERVICE

SMALL I�DUSTRIES

DEVELOPME�T BOARD

SARHAD DEVELOPME�T

AUTHORITY

CO�TROLLER STATIO�ERY &

PRI�TI�G DEPARTME�T

EMPLOYEES SOCIAL

SECURITY I�STITUTIO�

WORKERS WELFARE BOARD


230

TABLE - 4.6 SARHAD DEVELOPME�T AUTHORITY PROJECTS, 1980.

S. �o �ame of the Unit Cost (Rs. Million) Production Capacity Employment Date of

Approval

Date of

commencement

of Operation

Local Foreign

Exchange

Total

1 Khazana Sugar Mills 137.0 128.0 265.0 3000 tons cane

2350 tons beet

1200 8 – 11– 1973 1976

2 Corn Complex, Jehangira 59.7 13.884 73.584 Dry starch = 6000 tons

Liquid Glucose = 3000 tons

Corn feed = 2400 tons

263 26 – 4 – 1975 -

3 Cold storage, Peshawar 26.494 5.478 31.972 Storage 3000 tons,

Ice 60 tons / 3 shifts.

Deep freeze tunnel = 8 tons

34 29 – 11- 1975 12 – 7 – 1981

4 Cold storage, Mardan 21.713 4.438 26.151 Storage 2000 tons,

Ice = 60 tons / day

23 29 – 11 – 1975 12 – 7 – 1981

5 Cold storage, Haripur 22.814 4.438 27.252 Storage 3000 tons,

Ice 60 tons / day

23 31 – 3 – 1975 -

6 Cold storage, Swat 23.633 4.438 28.071 Storage 3000 tons,

Ice 60 tons / day

35 31 – 3 – 1975 28 – 10 – 1980

7 Industrial

Estate,Peshawar

48.392 - 48.392 Development of 868 acres for

industrial purposes

73 1963 -


Table-4.7 Units Established by FATA Development Corporation, 1980.

S. �o �ame of the Unit Investment (Rs. Million) Capacity Employment Year of Establishment

1 M/S Bara Vegetable Ghee

Bara Khyber Agency

20.099 9000 tons per annum 234 1976

2 M/S Kurram Food Products

Sadda, Kurram Agency.

6.951 773000 containers of

Squashes, Jams, Jellies

46 1977



231


272 additional units were established in the periods of 1980 to 1985 while 401

additional units established between 1985 to 1990. This showed an enormous

increase. The CMI-census recorded the response from only 30 new units in 1980-85

and 114 units in 1986-90.

Food industry sector saw an increase of 70 units in 1981-85 and 87 units in

1986-90. CMI- reported an increase of 16 units between 1981 to 1985 and 26 units in

1986-90.

(For detail see Table-4.8, Table-4.9 and Annexure-1.18)

Looking in detail Ice and Cold storages were the largest in size followed by

Flour and Rice milling industry. This pattern was persistent through out 1980.


14,085 additional workers were employed in the decade of 1980-90. CMI-

recorded increase of 11,706 workers in all industries.

Food industry employed 2,483 more workers. The increase was 752 workers

in 1981-85 and 1,731 in 1986-90. CMI-census reported an increase of 2,690 persons

from 1981 to 1990.

(For detail see Table-4.8, Table-4.9 & Annexure-1.19)

Sugar industry employed maximum workers followed by Vegetable Ghee

industry and Wheat, Flour and Rice milling industry.

(Annexure 1.21, 1.22,1.23)


6,63.99 (million Rs) were invested during 1981 to 1990. 4,260.393 (million

Rs) in 1981-85 while 2,370.595 (million Rs) during 1986-90. CMI reported value of

fixed assets of industry of 5,773.386 (million Rs) in 1990.

957.123 (million Rs) were invested in the food manufacturing sector. An

increase of 381.948 (million Rs) in 1981-85 and 575.175 (million Rs) in 1986-90 was

observed. CMI registered value of fixed assets of the food industry as 994.813

(million Rs) in 1990.

(For detail see Table-4.8, Table-4.9, & Annexure-1.20)

Maximum investment was seen in sugar industry followed by Ice & Cold

storage, Vegetable Ghee industry and Flour milling sector. The sequence changed in

recent years as Vegetable Ghee industry stood second for maximum investment while

Ice & Cold storage at third.

(Annexure-1.21, 1.22, 1.23)


232

TABLE-4.8 �umber of Registered Factories, Employment and Investment in �WFP, 1981-90.

Periods �o. of

Units

Accumulative

Progress


Employment

Investment

(in million Rs)

Accumulative

Investment

(in million Rs)

All Industries

1981-85 272 632 6,827 35,153 4,260.395 9,961.096

1986-90 401 1,033 7,258 42,411 2,370.595 12,331.691

Food, Beverages & Tobacco

1981-85 70 211 752 8,866 381.948 2,458.567

1986-90 87 298 1,731 10,597 575.175 3,033.742

Source: Directory of industrial establishment NWFP, 1981-90.

TABLE-4.9 �umber of Registered Factories, Employment and Value of Fixed Assets by Industry in �WFP, 1981-90.

(Value in ‘000’ Rs)

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1990-91

�umber of Registered Factories in �WFP, 1981-90.

All Industries 193 208 220 223 311 313 355 425

Food

Manufacturing

43 50 52 59 67 73 71 93

�umber of Workers in Registered Factories in �WFP, 1981-90.

All Industries 34,822 38,248 39,567 39,160 41,666 40,100 34,011 46,528

Food

Manufacturing

8,014 8,544 8,329 8,461 8,707 8,291 8,274 10,704

Value of fixed assets in Registered Factories in �WFP, 1981-90.

All Industries 2,136,192 3,387,034 4,100,314 4,149,428 4,894,056 6,640,565 5,422,881 5,773,386

Food

Manufacturing

592,893 715,070 793,577 967,922 909,218 1,638,497 1,416,155 994,813



233

Types of Employment Size of Food Industry in �WFP 1990-91.

Food industry in NWFP included 26 units employing 100 to 4,999 persons

with aggregate of 11,557 persons. (Further dividing it 21 units from 100 to 499

persons with total of 6,200 persons and only 5 units from 500 to 4,999 persons).

The rest of 57 units employed 1,603 persons in aggregate. This concludes that

most of the units were small scale (57), some medium size (21) and only (5) units

classified as large scale units. These units were 4 from the sugar industry and others

from vegetable ghee industry.

TABLE-4.10 Food Industry and Types of Employment Size in �WFP, 1990-91.

Value in ‘000’ Rs.

Industry Major Groups by

Employment Size

�o. of reporting

Establishments

Value of fixed

assets at the end

the year

Average daily

persons engaged

All Industries 425 5,773,386 46,528

Up to 9 persons 47 106,106 305

From 10 to 19 persons 169 376,465 2,463

From 20 to 49 persons 92 577,370 2,618

From 50 to 99 persons 34 334,032 2,416

From 100 to 249 persons 32 550,057 4,857

From 250 to 499 persons 30 1,184,889 10,624

From 500 to 999 persons 11 827,264 8,472

From 100 to 4,999 persons 10 1,817,203 14,773

Food Manufacturing 83 827,085 13,160

Up to 9 persons 8 37,516 41

From 10 to 19 persons 21 126,304 296

From 20 to 49 persons 20 84,988 617

From 50 to 99 persons 8 69,110 649

From 100 to 499 persons 21 243,798 6,200

From 500 to 4,999 persons 5 265,369 5,357

Beverage industries 5 83,864 272

Upto 249 persons 5 83,864 272


4.2.5 PERFORMA�CE OF I�DUSTRY I� �WFP FROM 1991 TO

1997

Maximum progress was recorded in 50 years from 1991 to 1995 in number of

industries, employment and investment in NWFP.


234


791 new units were established during 1991 to 1995 which was the maximum

increase in five years up to 1995. While 23 more units were added in 1996 thus

increasing the aggregate to 814 in 1991-96. CMI-census reported an increase of 43

units from 1990 to 1996 in all industries.

Food, Beverages and Tobacco sector observed an increase of 176 units from

1991 to 1995 and 3 units at the end of 1996. Thus 179 units in total during 1991-96.

CMI-census observed an increase of 66 food units in 1990-96.

First major group for maximum number of units was Ice and Cold Storages

followed by Flour mills, Biscuits/Sweets and Vegetable Ghee/Cooking oil industry.

(For detail see Table-4.11, 4.12 & Annexure-1.31)

Employment of Industry from 1991to 1997

The maximum increase of 26,586 persons employed in manufacturing during

1991-95 was recorded. 1,974 workers were employed in 1996. CMI-census observed

a decrease of 972 workers in all industries.

Food manufacturing sector saw an increase of 6,234 persons in 1991-96. This

also indicates the maximum number of persons employed during any five years. CMI-

census recorded a decrease of 647 workers in Food Industry.

Industry wise Sugar industry employed maximum persons followed by

Vegetable Ghee/ Cooking oil , Flour mills and Ice and Cold storages respectively.

Detail is given in Table-4.11, 4.12 & Annexure-1.31)


27,760.022 (million Rs.) were invested during 1991-96. This shows heavy

investment during 1991 to 1996. CMI-recorded an increase of 17,012,079 (value in

`000’ Rs.) in all industries.

2,484.589 (million Rs) were invested in Food manufacturing sector. Food

industries with heavy investment included Sugar industry followed by Vegetable

Ghee and Flour mills. CMI observed an increase of 2,150,981 (value in `000’ Rs.) in

Food sector.

(Detail is shown in Table-4.11, 4.12 & Annexure-1.31)


235

TABLE-4.11 �umber of Industries, Employment and Investment in �WFP, 1991-96.

Periods �o. of

Units

Accumulative

Progress


Employment

Investment

(in million Rs)

Accumulative

Investment

(in million Rs)

All Industries

1991-95 791 1,824 26,586 68,997 17,952.521 30,284.212

1996 23 1,847 1,974 70,971 9807.501 40,091.713

Food, Beverages and Tobacco

1991-95 176 474 6,160 16,757 2,471.659 5,505.401

1996 3 477 74 16,831 12.930 5,518.331

Source: Directory of Industrial Establishment NWFP, 1981-90.

Table-4.12 �umber of Industries, Employment and Value of Fixed Assets in �WFP, 1996.

Period 1995-96 �o. of Units Employment Value of Fixed Assets

All Industries 468 45,565 22,785,465

Food Manufacturing 159 10,057 3,145,794


Industrial Estates of �WFP in 1997

Three (3) major and eleven (11) Small Industrial Estates were established and working in 1997. A summarized profile of these Industrial

Estates is provided in Table-4.13.

629 units were in operation while 363 units were closed and 277 units were under construction from the total 2,537 number of plots

allotted.

The number of closed units increased in the year 2000 and repeated fluctuation is observed in the continuos operation of many units.


236

TABLE-4.13 Profile of Industrial Estates in �WFP, 1997.

Industrial Estate Total �o.

of Plots

�o. of Plots

Alloted

�o. of Projects

in Operation

�o. of

Projects

Closed

�o. of Projects

under

Construction

Major Industrial Estates 1. Industrial Estate, Jamrud Rd, Peshawar 343 343 137 36 62

2. Hattar Industrial Estate, Haripur. 360 349 143 17 40

3. Industrial Estates, Gadoon Amazi, Swabi. 623 468 148 63 17

Total 1,160 428 116 119

Small Industrial Estates 1. Small Industrial Estate, Kohat Road,

Peshawar. (Phase - I)

295 292 62 48 11

2. Small Industrial Estate, Jamrud Road,

Peshawar. (Phase - II)

168 168 38 nil 81

3. Small Industrial Estate, Mardan (Phase -

I)

132 132 15 16 2

4. Small Industrial Estate, Mardan (Phase -

II)

206 205 24 10 16

5. Small Industrial Estate, Khalabat

Township, Haripur.

99 96 2 9 1

6. Small Industrial Estate, Abbotabad. 109 109 27 25 10

7. Small Industrial Estate, Mansehra. 112 112 10 nil 17

8. Small Industrial Estate, Kohat. 148 45 2 4 4

9. Small Industrial Estate, D.I.Khan. 141 123 11 13 9

10. Small Industrial Estate, Bannu. 242 83 9 4 7

11. Small Industrial Estate, �owshera. 160 12 1 2 -

Total 1,377 201 247 158

Cumulative Total 2,537 629 363 277

Source: Directory of Industrial Establishments, 1996.


237

4.3 LIST OF FOOD INDUSTRIES 4.3 LIST OF FOOD INDUSTRIES 4.3 LIST OF FOOD INDUSTRIES 4.3 LIST OF FOOD INDUSTRIES

IN IN IN IN

NORTH WEST FRONTIER POVINCE NORTH WEST FRONTIER POVINCE NORTH WEST FRONTIER POVINCE NORTH WEST FRONTIER POVINCE

1996199619961996

4.3.1 PART - I

EXISTING INDUSTRIES

1. FOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCO

1. Sugar

2. Vegetable Ghee / Cooking Oil

3. Oil Expeller Units

4. Flour Mills

5. Rice Milling

6. Corn

7. Biscuit & Sweets

8. Roti / Bread

9. Vermiscellies

10. Dall Milling

11. Salt Grinding

12. Meat Processing

13. Beverages

14. Ice & Cold Storages

15. Processing, Canning and Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables

16. Cigarette Industries

17. Feed Industries

18. Spice Grinding

4.3.2 PART - II

INDUSTRIAL UNITS UNDER CONSTRUCTION

1. FOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCO

1. Vegetable Ghee & Cooking Oil

2. Oil Expeller

3. Flour Mills

4. Biscuits & Sweets

5. Processing, Canning & Preservation of Fruits and Vegetables

6. Ice & Cold Storages

7. Poultry Feed.


238

PART - I

EXISTI�G I�DUSTRIES


S.�o Sector

�o.

�ame and Address of the Unit Year of

Establishment

Item of

Production

Installed Capacity Total investment

Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

239

1 1 1 1 ---- FOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCOFOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCOFOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCOFOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCO

(I) SUGAR

DISTRICT PESHAWR

1. 1. I. Khazana Sugar Mills Ltd.

Charsasdda Road, Peshawar.

1976 Sugar Cane 3000 M.T. Daily

Beet 2350 M.T. Daily

265.000 1185

II. Khazana Distillery,

Charsadda Road, Peshawar.

1987 Spirit 5500 Gln. Daily 11.200 50

Sub Total Peshawar 276.200 1235

DISTRICT CHARSADDA

2. 2. Saleem Sugar Mills Ltd.

Charsadda.



220.000 Closed

Sub Total Charsadd 220.000 -

DISTRICT MARDAN

3. 3. Premier Sugar Mills &

Distillery Co. Ltd. Mardan.



193.656 1114

Spirit 10000 Gln. Daily

4. 4. Frontier Sugar Mills, &

Distillery Co. Ltd. Takhbhai,

Mardan.



71.698 734

Spirit 3500 Gln. Daily


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

240

Sub Total Mardan 265.354 1848

DISTRICT LAKKI MARWAT

5. 5. Bannu Sugar Mills, Ltd.

Serai Naurang.

1965 Sugar Cane 2400 M.T. Daily 111.131 1107

Sub Total Lakki Marwat 111.131 1107

DISTRICT D.I.KHAN

6. 6. Chashma Sugar Mills Ltd.

University Road, D.I.Khan.

1991 Sugar Cane 3000 M.T. Daily 480.000 803

Sub Total D.I.Khan 480.000 803

Total Sugar 1383.885 4993

(II) VEGETABLE GHEE / COOKI�G OIL

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

7. 1. Spinzar Ghee Ind. Ltd.

Industrial Estate, Peshawar.

1984 V. Ghee 30000 M.T. P.A. 29.400 Closed

8. 2. International Ghee Ind.


1992 V. Ghee 9000 M.T. P.A. 41.820 90

9. 3. Bilour Ind. (Pvt) Ltd.

Industrial Estate, Peshwar

1992 V. Ghee 30000 M.T. P.A. 37.220 110

10. 4. Ashraf Ghee Industry Ltd.

G. T. Road, Nasir Pur.

1992 V. Ghee 9000 M.T. P.A 22.000 55

11. 5. Imala Ghee Ind. Ltd. 1992 V. Ghee 24000 M.T. P.A. 29.395 70


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

241



DISTRICT NOWSHERA

12. 6. Associated Industries Ltd.,

Amangarh.

1963 V. Ghee 35000 M.T. P.A. 90.493 346

Sub Total �owshera 90.493 346

DISTRICT HARIPUR

13. 7. Friends Vegetable Ghee Mills

Ltd.

Khanpur Road, Haripur.

1979 V. Ghee 9000 M.T. P.A. 37.750 60

14. 8. Chiniot Enterprises Ltd.

Industrial Estate, Haripur.

1990 V. Ghee 18000 M.T. P.A. 29.688 78

15. 9. Hafeez Iqbal Oil & Ghee Ind.

Industrial Estate, Hattar

Haripur.

1991 V. Ghee

30,000 M.T. P.A. 37.986 120

16. 10. Solv Tech. Industry Ltd.

Industrial Estate, Hattar,

Haripur.

1992 V. Ghee 18,000 M.T. P.A.

Meal 20960 M.T. P.A.

Hull 13220 M.T. P.A. 97.832 80

Soap 808 M.T. P.A.

17. 11. Waheed Hafeez Ghee Ind. Pvt.

Ltd. Industrial Estate, Hattar.

1993 V. Ghee 24000 M.T. P.A.

C. Oil 6000 M.T. P.A. 15.275 50

Soap 600 M.T. P.A.


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

242

18. 12. Latif Ghee Ind. Pvt. Ltd.

Industrial Estate, Haripur.

1993 V. Ghee

& C. Oil

30000 M.T. P.A. 46.350 45

19. 13. Hussain Daud Oil & Ghee Mills

(Pvt.) Ltd. I.E. Hattar.

1994 V. Ghee 18000 M.T. P.A. 16.305 35

20. 14. Pan Asia Food Products (Pvt.)

Ltd. Industrial Estate, Hattar.

1995 V. Ghee 18000 M.T. P.A. 46.874 45

21. 15. Awana Banaspati International

(Pvt.) Ltd. Industrial Estate,

Hattar.

1995 V. Ghee 18000 M.T. P.A. 51.290 30

Sub Total Haripur 415.350 543

MALAKAND DIVISION

22. 16. Dargai Vegatable Oil

Processing Industry Ltd.

Dargai, Malakand, Division.

1979 V. Ghee 9000 M.T. P.A. 30.440 216

23. 17. K.J Vegetable Oil Mills Ltd.

Dargai, Malakand Division.


Sub Total Malakand

Division

44.418 216

DISTRICT D.I.KHAN

24. 18. Daman Oil Mills Ltd. Tank

Road, D.I.Khan.


25. 19. Waziristan Oil Ind. Ltd. Bannu

Road, D.I.Khan.


Sub Total D.I.Khan 41.440 -



S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

243

26. 20. Bannu Ghee & Oil Mills Ltd.

Serai Naurang, Lakki Marwart.


Sub Total Lakki Marwat 18.641 -

DISTRICT SWABI

27. 21. Sarhad Ghee Mills Ltd, Gadoon

Amazai, Swabi.

1991 V. Ghee 30000 M.T. P.A. 57.136 230

28. 22. Khyber Agro Ltd. Gadoon

Amazai, Swabi.

1990 V. Ghee 45000 M.T. P.A. 60.000 174

29. 23. Kaghan Ghee Mills Ltd.

Gadoon Amazai, Swabi.

1990 V. Ghee 45000 M.T. P.A. 30.440 100

30. 24. Nawaz Ghee Mills Ltd. Gadoon

Amazai, Swabi.

1992 V. Ghee 45000 M.T. P.A. 17.572 150

31. 25. Utman Ghee Ind. Ltd. Gadoon

Amazai, Swabi.

1992 V. Ghee 18000 M.T. P.A. 27.057 91

Soap 1080 M.T. P.A.

32. 26. Shahzad Ghee Mills (Pvt) Ltd.


1993 V. Ghee

C. Oil

36000 M.T. P.A. 45.118 70

33. 27. Tordher Ghee Mills (Pvt) Ltd.


1993 V. Ghee 18000 M.T. P.A. 36.190 60

34. 28. Afghan Ghee Ind. (Pvt) Gadoon

Amazai, Swabi.

1995 V.Ghee /

Cooking

Oil

45000 M.T. P.A. 30.000 95

Sub Total Swabi 303.513 970

DISTRICT KOHAT


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

244

35. 29. Zafar Oil Mills Ltd. Kohat. 1983 V. Ghee 9000 M.T. P.A. 20.833 Closed

Sub Total Kohat 20.833 -

DISTRICT MARDAN

36. 30. Allied ghee Ind. Ltd. S.I.E.,

Mardan.

1980 V. ghee 9000 M.T. P.A. 37.000 Closed

Sub Total Mardan 37.000 -

Total Vegetable

Ghee/ Cooking Oil

1131.523 2400

(III) OIL EXPELLER U�ITS

DISTRICT HARIPUR

37. 1. Shimla Oil & General Mills

Ltd. Industrial Estate, Haripur.

1988 Oil 1. Cotton Seed Oil 1440

M.T. P.A.

3.7000 Closed

2. Oil Cake 7200 M.T.

P.A.

3. Laundry Soap 2399

M.T. P.A.

38. 2. B & B Oil mills Ltd. I.E. Hattar,

Haripur.

1989 Oil 1. Oil Cake 5490 M.T.

P.A.

3.800 Closed

2. Cotton Seed Oil 990

M.T. P.A.

3. Waste Oil 210 M.T.

P.A.

Sub Total Haripur 7.5000 -


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

245

DISTRICT D.I.KHAN

39. 3. Gulf Oil Expeller Unit S.I.E.

D.I. Khan.

1985 Oil 1640 M.T. P.A. 1.552 Closed

40. 4. Agro Oil Extracting Unit

Chashma Road, D.I.Khan

1988 Oil 4800 M.T. P.A. 22.000 Closed

41. 5. Khattak oil Mills Ltd. D.I.Khan 1990 Oil 2000 M.T. P.A. 2.450 Closed

Sub Total D.I.Khan 26.002 -

DISTRICT MANSEHRA

42. 6. Mansehra Oil Mills Ltd. S.I.E.

Mansehra.

1992 Oil 480 M.T. P.A. 2.112 15

Oil Cake 4080 M.T. P.A.

Oil Waste 240 M.T. P.A.

Sub Total Mansehra 2.112 15

DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD

43. 7. Pak Hazara Oil Mills(Pvt) S.I.E

Abbottabad.

1993 Oil

Extraction

1800 M.T. P.A. 1.636 13

Sub Total Abbottabad 1.636 13

Total Oil Expeller

Units

37.250 28

(IV) FLOUR MILLS

DISTRICT PESHAWAR


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

246

44. 1. Pakistan Flour & General Mills

Ltd. G.T. Road, Peshawar.

1952 Flour 260 M.T. Daily 0.500 70

45. 2. Sadiq Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) G.T.Road, Nasirpur.

1992 Flour 280 M.T. Daily 16.278 89

46. 3. Aftab Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd.G.T.Road, Peshawar.

1986 Flour 240 M.T. Daily 7.580 16

47. 4. Ashraf Flour & General Mils

(Pvt) Ltd. Nasirpur, Peshawar.

1986 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 6.000 40

48. 5. Abid Four & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. G.T.Road, Peshawar.

1988 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.080 45

49. 6. Ayub Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. G.T.Road, Nasirpur

Peshawar.

1991 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 6.800 25

50. 7. Elahi Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. G.T.Road, Peshawar

1971 Flour 212 M.T. Daily 9.990 60

51. 8. Universal flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd Gulbahar Colony.

1968 Flour 220 M.T. Daily 7.030 52

52. 9. Abasin Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Dalazak Road,

Peshawar.

1963 Flour 180 M.T. Daily 2.000 45

53. 10. Gul Bahar (National) Flour

Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Gulbahar

Colony.

1975 Flour 36 M.T. Daily 2.000 12

54. 11. Qureshi Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. S.I.E.Kohat Road,

Peshawar.

1975 Flour 95 M.T. Daily 2.300 25

55. 12. Mohmand Flour & General

Mills (Pvt) Ltd. S.I.E., Kohat

Road, Peshawar.

1976 Flour 105 M.T. Daily 1.700 22

56. 13. Bilour Flour & General Mills 1969 Flour 144 M.T. Daily 4.693 50


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

247

(Pvt) Ltd. Charsadda Road,

Peshawar.

57. 14. Saadat Grinding Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Charsadda Road,

Nauguman.

1988 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.145 18

58. 15. Ittefaq Flour & General Mills

Ltd. Jugian G.T. Road.

1992 Flour 200M.T. Daily 13.780 25

59. 16. Shamshad Flor & General mills

(Pvt) Ltd. I.E. Jamrud Road,

Peshawar.

1993 Flour 200 M.T. Daily 10.350 18

60. 17. New Age Flour & General

Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Pir Bala,

Peshawar.

1993 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 7.723 38

61. 18. Shadab Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Charsadda Road, Naguman.

1993 Flour 200 M.T. Daily 8.150 22

62. 19. Rizwan Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Vill. Zangali, Kohat Road,

Peshawar.

1995 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 12.957 46


DISTRICT CHARSADDA

63. 20. Hashtnagar Flour & General

Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Rajjar

Charsadda.

1982 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 4.949 15

64. 21. Rajjar Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Rajjar Charsadda.

1990 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 6.526 32

65. 22. Mohammadzai Flour & General

Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Umerzai

Charsadda.

1991 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.522 30


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

248

66. 23. Sheikhabad Flour & General

Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Takhtbai Road,

Charsadda.

1988 Flour 200 M.T. Daily 9.900 22

67. 24. Charsadda Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Mardan Road, Charsadda.

1990 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 7.850 17

68. 25. Ijaz Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Deri

Zardad, Charsadda.

1992 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 8.650 9

69. 26. Tamanzai Flour & General

Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Charsadda.

1992 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 5.938 35

70. 27. Jranda Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Charsadda.

1992 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 8.645 22

71. 28. Alam Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Rajjar Charsadda.

1995 Flour 240 M.T. Daily 9.250 13

Sub Total Charsadda 69.230 195

DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD

72. 29. Malik Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Goharabad Havellian.

1988 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 6.240 13

73. 30. Al-Feroz Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Goharabad Havellain.

1991 Flour 100 M.T. Daily 6.300 12

74. 31. Al-Rehman Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Goharabad Havellain.

1992 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 13.900 26

75. 32. Saiful Malook Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Goharabad Havellain.

1978 Flour 100 M.T. Daily 4.000 12

76. 33. Rajput Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Goharabad Havellain.

1992 Flour 80 M.T. Daily 4.500 9

77. 34. Zeshan Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Kalabagh Road, Havellain.

1992 Flour 80 M.T. Daily 7.024 10


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

249

78. 35. Sarban Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Timber Market Havellain.

1978 Flour 100 M.T. Daily 2.500 8

79. 36. People Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Sultanpur, Havellain.

1979 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.00 20

80. 37. Faisal Modern Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Sultanpur, Havellain.

1988 Flour 80 M.T. Daily 3.500 10

81. 38. Kohistan Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

G.T. Road, Havellain.

1971 Flour 216 M.T. Daily 5.5650 26

82. 39. Indus Breeze Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Sultanpur, Havellain.

1971 Flour 216M.T. Daily 6.750 30

83. 40. Sartaj Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Sulatnapur, Havellian.

1965 Flour 216 M.T. Daily 6.500 28


DISTRICT HARIPUR

84. 41. Hazara Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Hassan Abdal Road, Haripur.

1968 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 3.500 35

85. 42. Bali Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Kot

Najibullah Road, Haripur.

1989 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 9.000 22

86. 43. Jadoon Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Shadi Hattar, Haripur.

1987 Flour 100 M.T. Daily 7.650 16

87. 44. Malik Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Haripur.

1987 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 8.200 16

88. 45. Jamal Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Taxila Road, Haripur.

1986 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 7.000 18

89. 46. Awan Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.Kot

Najibullah Road, Haripur.

1987 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 10.096 25

90. 47. Ali Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd. 1985 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 7.500 18


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

250

Khanpur.

91. 48. Comel Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

G.T. Road, Haripur.

1993 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 12.00 35

92. 49. Super Al-Quresh Flour Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. G.T. Road, Haripur.

1994 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 9.200 20

93. 50. Yadgar Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Chapper Road, Haripur.

1995 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 11.550 18


DISTRICT MANSEHRA

94. 51. Kaghan Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Mansehra.

1989 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.850 16

95. 52. Kohsar Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Mansehra.

1986 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 8.000 18

96. 53. Habib Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Mansehra.

1974 Flour 100 M.T. Daily 7.500 10

97. 54. Atif Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Mansehra.

1985 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 9.200 10

98. 55. Javed Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Mansehra.

1985 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 6.000 8

99. 56. Shehzad Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Bus Stand, Mansehra.

1992 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 8.340 14

100. 57. Hunza Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Ghazi Kot, Mansehra.

1992 Flour 140 M.T. Daily 6.479 16

101. 58. Kunhar Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Thakra Shahrah-e-

Resham, Mansehra.

1995 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 9.299 18

102. 59. Asif Flour Mills Ganda 1995 Flour 100 M.T. Daily 6.200 Closed


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

251

Mansehra..

DISTRICT BATTAGRAM

103. 60. Battagram Flour & General

Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Shahrah-e-

Resham, Battagram.

1992 Flour 140 M.T. Daily 14.715 16

DISTRICT MARDAN

104. 61. Tahir Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Taus Babini Road, Mardan.

1989 Flour 180 M.T. Daily 6.664 9

105. 62. Al-Rehman Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Charsadda Road, Mardan.

1992 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 9.866 9

106. 63. Ali Khan Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Shergarh Mardan.

1975 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 2.195 29

107. 64. Yousafzai Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Takhtbai Mardan.

1968 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 5.467 28

108. 65. Sufi Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Charsadda Road, Mardan.

1992 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 8.250 14

109. 66. Village Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Shergarh Mardan.

1988 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 8.200 9

110. 67. Mardan Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Katlang Road, Mardan.

1991 Flour 200 M.T. Daily 8.800 9

111. 68. Hoti Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd. Hoti,

Mardan.

1994 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 3.309 10


DISTRICT SWABI


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

252

112. 69. Swabi Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Swabi.

1986 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 6.509 27

113. 70. Jorow Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Jehangira Swabi.

1994 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 11.029 18


DISTRICT SWAT

114. 71. Marghazar Flour & General

Mills Mingora, Swat.

1990 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 10.600 20

115. 72. Ghausia Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Baloraram Swat.

1990 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.650 25

116. 73. Swat Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Saidu Sharif Swat.

1978 Flour 140 M.T. Daily 4.000 27

117. 74. Mingora Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Saidu Sharif Swat.

1992 Flour 140 M.T. Daily 9.500 22

Sub Total Swat 31.750 94

DISTRICT DIR

118. 75. Fawad Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Gulabad Dir.

1986 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 7.800 24

119. 76. Chadara Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd.Chakdara Dir.

1989 Flour 200 M.T. Daily 10.7000 32

120. 77. Panjkura Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Taimargara Dir.

1976 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 4.000 20

121. 78. Ittehad Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Tarai Taimargara.

1992 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.974 18


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

253

Sub Total Dir 30.474 94

DISTRICT BANNU

122. 79. Bannu Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Bannu.

1968 Flour 248 M.T. Daily 7.216 40

Sub Total Bannu 7.216 40

DISTRICT KOHAT

123. 80. Kohat Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Hangu Road, Kohat.

1971 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 10.000 29

124. 81. Aman Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Pindi Road Kohat.

1974 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 6.260 15

125. 82. Afridi Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Pindi Road Kohat.

1991 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 13.200 10

126. 83. Gul Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Hangu.

1975 Flour 140 M.T. Daily 5.928 28

127. 84. Hidayat Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Hangu.

1990 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 10.835 13

128. 85. Bangash Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Pindi Road Kohat.

1993 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 10.615 28

Sub Total Kohat 56.838 123

DISTRICT KARAK

129. 86. Lathamber Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Lathamber.

1988 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.050 13

130. 87. Sheenghar Flour Mills (Pvt) 1992 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 10.275 6


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

254

Ltd. Takht Nasrati.

Sub Total Karak 17.325 19

MALAKAND AGENCY

131. 88. Tribal Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Batkhela M. Agnecy.

1987 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 6.230 24

132. 89. Ranizai Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Dargai M. Agency.

1973 Flour 140 M.T. Daily 4.000 36

133. 90. Wazirabad Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd. Wazirabad Dargai M.

Agency.

1992 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 7.400 15

134. 91. Malakand Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Thana, M. Agency.

1993 Flour 80 M.T. Daily 5.800 16

Sub Total Malaknad

Agency

23.430 91

DISTRICT D.I.KHAN

135. 92. Roomi Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

University Road, D.I. Khan.

1970 Flour 140 M.T. Daily 1.010 30

136. 93. Sardar Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Daraband Road, D.I. Khan.

1963 Flour 60 M.T. Daily 0.160 3

137. 94. Kundi Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Tank Road, D.I.Khan.

1985 Flour 200 M.T. Daily 7.600 40

138. 95. Mughal Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.University Road, D.I.Khan.

1991 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 8.000 12

139. 96. Sarhad Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Dinpur D.I. Khan.

1984 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 5.600 20


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

255


DISTRICT TANK

140. 97. Qadri Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Darbarah Tank.

1991 Flour 100 M.T. Daily 11.000 15

Sub Total Tank 11.000 15

DISTRICT NOWSHERA

141. 98. Nowshera Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Hakimabad Nowshera.

1967 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 1.593 23

142. 99. Khyber Flour & General Mills

(Pvt) Ltd. Taru Jabba,

Nowshera.

1987 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 8.935 25

143. 100. Attock Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Kabul River, Nowshera.

1973 Flour 100 M.T. Daily 3.600 16

144. 101. Khalil Flour & Gen. Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Azakhel Bala, Nowshera.

1992 Flour 160 M.T. Daily 8.550 15

145. 102. Allied Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Azakhel Payan, Nowshera.

1992 Flour 120 M.T. Daily 7.265 18

146. 103. AftabFlour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Tarnab.

1986 Flour 240 M.T. Daily 7.580 30

147. 104. Jamal Wheat Grinding (Pvt)

Ltd. G.T.Road Nowshera..

1995 Flour 80 M.T. Daily 8.000 34




S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

256

148. 105. Marwat Flour Mills (Pvt)

Ltd.Serai Naurang.

1983 Flour 200 M.T. Daily 6.546 14

149. 106. Sarfraz Flour Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Serai Naurang.

- Flour 100 M.T. Daily 5.270 15


Total Flour 773.980 2399

(V) RICE MILLI�G

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

150. 1. New Mohmand Rice Mills Ltd.

I.E. Peshawar.

1991 Rice

Husking

24000 Kgs Daily 2.500 12


DISTRICT CHARSADDA

151. 2. Charsadda Rice Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

Sardaryab Charsadda.

1995 Rice

Husking

36 M.T. Daily 4.600 6


DISTRICT D.I.KHAN

152. 3. Fazal Rice Mills Ltd.,

Fazalabaad, D.I.Khan.

1981 Rice

Husking

3500 Kgs Daily 0.420 3

153. 4. Yasin Rice Mills, Dinpur Road,

D.I.Khan.

1985 Rice

Husking

3000 Kgs Daily 0.325 3

154. 5. Akram Rice Mills, Chashma 1984 Rice 2500 Kgs Daily 0.282 4


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

257

Road, D.I.Khan. Husking

155. 6. Ahmed Rice Mills, Tank Road,

D.I.Khan.

1975 Rice

Husking

3000 Kgs Daily 0.320 3

156. 7. Ghazanfar Rice Mills, Paroa

Road, D.I.Khan.

1978 Rice

Husking

2000 Kgs Daily 0.150 7

157. 8. Radhid Rice Mills,Chashma

Road, D.I.Khan.

1978 Rice

Husking

2500 Kgs Daily 0.250 8

158. 9. Indus Cotton Rice, Husking, Oil

Espeller bannu Road, D.I.Khan.

1980 Rice

Husking

2500 Kgs Daily 0.315 8

159. 10. Rafiuddin Rice Mills, Chashma

Road, D.I.Khan.

1984 Rice

Husking

2500 Kgs Daily 0.300 8

160. 11. M. Ashraf Rice Mills,

Chashama Road, D.I.Khan.

1984 Rice

Husking

2500 Kgs Daily 0.275 8

161. 12. Friends Rice Mills, Himat

Wala, D.I.Khan.

1987 Rice

Husking

3000 Kgs Daily 0.575 10

162. 13. Faiz Rice Mills, University

Road, D.I.Khan.

1994 Rice

Husking

2500 Kgs Daily 1.000 7


DISTRICT BANNU

163. 14. Gul Ayub Rice Husking Mills

Ltd. Bannu.

1985 Rice

Husking

750 Kgs Daily 1.200 4


DISTRICT SWAT

164. 15. Bagh Irm Rice Machine,

Barikot Swat.

1978 Rice

Husking

1500 Kgs Daily 0.125 3


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

258

165. 16. Hussain Rice Husking Machine,

Barikot Swat.

1973 Rice

Husking

1000 Kgs Daily 0.025 1

166. 17. Fazal Wadood Rice Husking

Machine, Barikot. Swat.

1980 Rice

Husking

1200 Kgs Daily 0.118 3

167. 18. Qadir Gul Rice Husking

Machine, Barikot Swat.

1982 Rice

Husking

1200 Kgs Daily 0.130 3

168. 19. Ishaq Rice Husking Machine,

Shamozai Swat.

1970 Rice

Husking

1200 Kgs Daily 0.110 3

169. 20. Mohammad Iqbal Rice Husking

Machine Shamozai Swat.

1975 Rice

Husking

1200 Kgs Daily 0.190 3


MALAKAND DIVISION

170. 21. Khuda Baksh Rice Mills,

Batkhela.

1980 Rice

Husking

1500 Kgs Daily 0.060 3

171. 22. Fazal Khuda Khan Rice Mills,

Batkhela.

1962 Rice

Husking

2000 Kgs Daily 0.085 4

172. 23. Haji Shamshad Rice Husking

Machine, Batkhela Malakand

Agency.

1995 Rice

Husking

3000 Kgs Daily 0.600 4

173. 24. Haji Gul Mohammad Rice

Machines, Batkhela M. Agency.

1994 Rice

Husking

2000 Kgs Daily 0.250 3

174. 25. Hamesh Khan Rice Mills, Main

Bazar Batkhela, M. Agency.

1994 Rice

Husking

1500 Kgs Daily 0.180 3

175. 26. Ibrabim Badshah Rice Husking

Machine, Amandara M.

Agency.

1995 Rice

Husking

1000 Kgs Daily 0.120 3

176. 27. Haqnawaz Khan Rice Husking 1994 Rice 1500 Kgs Daily 0.150 3


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

259

Machine, Batkhela, M. Agency. Husking

Sub Total Malakand

Agency

1.445 23

DISTRICT DIR

177. 28. Abdul Ghaffar Rice husking

Mills, Taimargra.

1986 Rice

Husking

3000 Kgs Daily 0.160 2

178. 29. Malik Rice Husking Mills,

Balambat Tamargara.

1986 Rice

Husking

2000 Kgs Daily 0.150 3


DISTRICT BUNAIR

179. 30. Shamkai Rice Husking

Machine, Bunair.

1980 Rice

Husking

1500 Kgs Daily 0.150 3

Sub Total Bunair 0.150 3

DISTRICT CHITRAL

180. 31. Khalid Rice Husking Machine

Ayun, Chitral.

1985 Rice

Husking

150 Kgs Daily 0.040 2

181. 32. Saifullah Rice Husking

Machine, Ayun, Chitral.

1985 Rice

Husking

300 Kgs Daily 0.080 2

182. 33. Qazi Nizam Rice Husking

Machine Ayun, Chitral.

1986 Rice

Husking

350 Kgs Daily 0.075 3

Sub Total Chitral 0.195 7

Total Rice Milling 15.37 145


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

260

(VI) COR�

MALAKAND DIVISION

183. 1. Swat Corn Products Sakhakot,

Malakand Agency.

1965 Maiz

Products

18000 M.T P.A. 10.052 Closed

Sub Total Malakand

Division

10.052 -

DISTRICT SWABI

184. 2. Fauji Corn Complex, Jehangira

Swabi.

1982 Maize 15000 M.T. P.A. 73.584 250


Total Corn 83.636 250

(VII) BISCUITS & SWEETS

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

185. 1. Falcon Food Ind. Ltd. Chowk

Sikandarpura, Peshawar.

1991 Tofee 1000 M.T. P.A. 4.446 60

Chewing

Gum

186. 2. Hayat Izat Food Ind. Ltd.,

Outside Gunj Gate, Peshawar.

1992 Sweet 1000 M.T. P.A. 4.500 40


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

261

Tofee &

Bubble

Gum

187. 3. Insaf Food Industry, Faridabad

Pajaggi Road, Peshawar.

1992 Biscuits 2030 M.T. P.A. 7.297 20

188. 4. Sufi Food Industries (Pvt) Ltd.

I.E., Peshawar.

1990 Biscuits 1200 M.T. P.A. 12.000 74

189. 5. S.A. Food Industries (Pvt) Ltd.

Gul Bahar, Peshawar.

1993 Bubbles

Sweets

288 M.T. P.A.

115 M.T. P.A.

0.800 18

Tofees 115 M.T. P.A.

190. 6. Khyber Food Industries (Pvt)

Ltd. Afghan Colony, Peshawar.

1993 _ 1000 M.T. P.A. 1.150 18

191. 7. Friends Foods & Sweets Ind.

(Pvt) Ltd, Budni Road,

Peshawar.

1993 Biscuits 66 M.T. P.A.

0.700 15

Sweets /

Tofees

9.600 M.T. P.A.

192. 8. Pak British Foods Ind. (Pvt)

Ltd. S.I.E. Kohat Road,

Peshawar.

1993 Biscuits 3600 M.T. P.A. 2.480 27

193. 9. Palwasha Biscuits Ind. (Pvt)

Ltd. Nasirpur, Peshawar.

1993 Biscuits 2000 M.T. P.A. 5.519 25

194. 10. Aina Ind. (Pvt) Ltd. I.E. Jamrud

Road, Peshawar.

1994 Food

Stuffs

11424 M.T. P.A. 14.767 68

195. 11. Khan Food Ind. G.T. Road,

Nasipur, Peshawar.

1994 Food

Biscuits

2030 M.T. P.A. 2.000 35

196. 12. Saleem Food Ind. (Pvt) Ltd. 12-

Industrial Estate Jamrud Road,

Peshawar.

1994 Biscuits 4050 M.T. P.A. 5.600 20

197. 13. Khan Biscuits Industry, Pandu 1994 Biscuits 25 M.T. P.A. 0.210 14


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

262

Road, Peshawar.

198. 14. Delux Food Ind. Afridi Ghari

Darur Uloom Hadia Road,

Gulbahar No.5, Peshawar.

1994 Biscuits 24.50 M.T. P.A.

3.000 23

Waffers 35 M.T. P.A.

199. 15. Mashal Industries (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.

Jamrud Road, Peshawar.

1995 Biscuits 3600 M.T. P.A. 4.000 23

200. 16. Samad food Industries, Pajaggi

road, malikabad, Peshawar.

1995 Biscuits

Sweets

1500 M.T. P.A.

1200 M.T. P.A.

4.300 25

Tofee

Bubble

gum

Candy &

Fanta

201. 17. New Age Food (Pvt) Ltd, I.E.

Jamrud Road , Peshawar.

1995 Biscuits 2700 M.T. P.A. 14.613 117

202. 18. Saif Food (Pvt) Ltd. Jamrud

Road, peshawar.

1995 Biscuits 6 M.T. P.A. 0.850 11

203. 19. Sarwar Food Industries, I.E.

Kohat road, Peshawar.

1994 Foods 1.500 11

Sweet

Fanta

Candies 120 M.T. P.A.

Tofees

Bubbles 288 M.T. P.A.

204. 20. May Fair Food (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.


1995 Biscuits 6200 M.T. P.A. 13.054 68

205. 21. Nadeem Confectionary Sweets

Industries Shaheen Muslim

town Bostan Baba Road

1995 Confectio

nary &

Sweets

1500 M.T. P.A. 0.550 14


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

263

Inayatabad, peshawar.

206. 22. Asia Food Products G.T. Road,

Nasirpur, Peshwar.

1994 Bubbles 1300 M.T. P.A.

2.500 31

Tofees 500 M.T. P.A.

Sweets 300 M.T. P.A.

Toppops 58 M.T. P.A.

Paaperh 1000 M.T. P.A.

207. 23. Hajiani Food Ind. (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.


1994 Pan Separi 9450 M.T. P.A. 4.568 89

208. 24. Dikandar Food Ind. (Pvt) Ltd.

Gulbahar peshawar.

1996 Biscuits, 1500 M.T. P.A. 5.720 27

Sweets, 1200 M.T. P.A.

Tofees


DISTRICT MANSEHRA

209. 25. Itefaq Food (Pvt) Ltd. S.I.E,

Mansehra.

1991 Bakery

Products

635 M.T. P.A. 1.585 20

210. 26. Seven Brothers Food & Gen.

Industries, S.I.E., Mansehra.

1993 Bakery

Products

1000 M.T. P.A. 1.521 18

211. 27. Siraj Enterprises (Pvt) Ltd.

S.I.E., Mansehra.

1995 Bakery

Products

1570 M.T. P.A. 1.726 10

Sub Total Mansehera 4.832 48

DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD

212. 28. Allied Food Ind. Ltd. S.I.E.,

Abbottabad.

1986 Bakery

Products

900 M.T. P.A. 3.500 42

213. 29. Best Food Ind. Ltd. Mandain 1989 Bakery 60 M.T. P.A. 0.550 8


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

264

Abbottaad. Products

214. 30. Drrani Ind. Ltd. S.I.E.,

Abbottabad.

1988 Sweet &

Tofees

393 M.T. P.A. 3.192 Closed

215. 31. Asian Food Ind. Ltd. S.I.E.,

Abbottabad.

1988 Biscuits 345 M.T. P.A. 0.939 Closed

216. 32. Shimla Food Ind. Ltd. Shimla

Hill, Abbottabad.

1991 Biscuits 288 M.T. P.A. 2.681 28

217. 33. Abbottabad Food Products) Ltd.

S.I.E., Abbottabad.

1992 Bakery

Products

1310 M.T. P.A. 1.544 25


DISTRCIT MARDAN

218. 34. Amir Sweets, Shamsi Road,

Mardan.

1995 Sweets 87.15 M.T. P.A. 0.095 11

219. 35. M. Fayaz Sweets, Guli Bagh,

Mardan.

1995 Sweets 51.00 M.T. P.A. 0.030 5

220. 36. Maneer Khan Sweets, Guli

Bagh Mardan.

1995 Sweets 61.2 M.T. P.A. 0.035 5

221. 37. Khan Nawab Sweets, Guli Bagh

Mardan.

1995 Sweets 61.2 M.T. P.A. 0.040 4

222. 38. Zafar Sweets, Chato Chowk,

Mardan. (Near Guli Bagh)

1995 Sweets 42.00 M.T. P.A. 0.045 5

223. 39. Bahader Khan Sweets, Toru

Chowk Mardan.

1995 Sweets 37.8 M.T. P.A. 0.045 5

224. 40. Asaf Sweets, Golden Cinima

Road, Mardan.

1995 Sweets 27.00 M.T. P.A. 0.065 5

225. 41. Liaqat Sweets, Main Bazar

Shahidan. Mardan.

1995 Sweets 27.00 M.T. P.A. 0.070 8


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

265

226. 42. Allah Ditta Sweets, Bazar

Shahidan.

1995 Sweets 32.22 M.T. P.A. 0.040 3

227. 43. Gul Confectionary, Nawabzada

Road, Mardan.

1995 Sweets 28.8 M.T. P.A. 0.035 4

228. 44. Pak food Industrues, Nisata

Road, Mardan.

1994 Sweets 517 M.T. P.A. 4.287 64

229. 45. Master Food Industries, Sher

Ghar, Mardan.

1995 Fruit,

Juices

13600 Dozen Bottles P.A. 0.151 15

230. 46. Eastern Foods International

(Pvt) Ltd. Nowshera Road,

Mardan.

1994 Biscuits 216 M.T. P.A. 4.100 20

231. 47. Zohaib Sweets & Biscuits,

S.I.E., Mardan.

1994 Sweets /

Biscuits

146.24 M.T. P.A. 0.410 10

Sub total Mardan 9.448 164

DISTRICT NOWSHERA

232. 48. Ittehad Food Ind. (Pvt) Ltd.

G.T. Road Pabbi, Nowshera.

1993 Biscuits 11 M.T. P.A. 0.8000 85

233. 49. Falcon Food Ind. (Pvt) Ltd.

G.T. road, Nowshera.

1994 Waffers 14 M.T. P.A. 6.2000 32


DISTRICT HARIPUR

234. 50. Orion Food Industry Ltd. I.E.,

Hattar, Haripur.

1991 Tiky Pack

Biscuit

1200 M.T. P.A. 9.010 45

235. 51. Dane Food Factorry Ltd. I.E.,

Hattar, Haripur.

1994 Butter

Cookies

3000 M.T. P.A. 53.361 70


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

266

236. 52. Mother Food (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.,

Hattar, Haripur.

1995 Biscuits 3000 M.T. P.A. 15.300 79

237. 53. Grane Food (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.,

Hattar, Haripur.

1994 Tick Pack

Biscuits

15000 M.T. P.A. 6.138 47

238. 54. Silver Lake Food Industry

(Pvt.) Ltd. I.E., Hattar, Haripur.

1995 Biscuits,

Tofees

3000 M.T. P.A. 14.790 78

Bubble

Gums

239. 55. Mofi Food Industry Ltd. (Pvt.)

I.E., Hattar, Haripur.

1994 Waffers,

Tofees

3900 M.T. P.A. 5.000 35

Bubble

Gums

240. 56. Coronet Food Industry Ltd.

(Pvt.) I.E., Hattar, Haripur.

1995 Biscuits 4000 M.T. P.A. 57.000 125


DISTRICT SWAT

241. 57. Fine Food Ind. G.T. Road

Amankot, Swat.

1994 Bubble

Gum

460 M.T. P.A. 2.000 34

242. 58. Food Kraft Malookabad

Mingora Swat.

1995 Candy 450 M.T. P.A. 1.500 25


Total Biscuits/Sweet 313.908 1843

(VIII) ROTI / BREAD / FOOD


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

267

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

243. 1. Jans Products Ltd., I.E. Jamrud

Road, Peshawar.

1992 I. Bread

II. Rusks

1. 0.205 Mln. P.A.

2. 120 M.T. P.A.

5.518 33

244. 2. Classic Bread Ltd.I.E. Jamrud

Road, Peshawar.

1990 I. Bread

II. Rusks

1. 2.000 Mln. P.A.

2. 150 M.T. P.A.

4.520 30

245. 3. Food International Ltd. I.E.


1992 I. Bread

II. Rusks

1. 0.205 No.Ml.P.A.

2. 120 M.T. P.A.

1.950 13

246. 4. Saleem Food Ind. (Pvt) Ltd.,

I.E. Jamrud Road, Peshawar.

1993 I. Bread

II. Rusks

1. 2.050 Nos Mls. P.A.

2. 0.120 Kgs. Mls. P.A.

2.300 37

247. 5. Peshawar Bread (Pvt) Ltd, I.E.


1993 I. Bread

II. Rusks

1. 2.050 Nos Mls. P.A.

2. 0.120 Kgs. Mls. P.A

4.350 23

248. 6. Aima Industries (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.


1993 Potato

Chips

15.000 Mln. Pkts. P.A. 5.687 65

249. 7. Hassan Food Produts Ins. (Pvt)

Ltd. Gulgasht Colony,

Peshawar.

1993 Bread /

Bakery

4.500 Nos. Mon. P.A. 1.150 15

250. 8. Wazer Food Ind. (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.


1994 I. Bread

II. Rusks

1. 2089000 Nos. P.A.

2. 150000 Kgs. P.A.

4.546 18


DISTRICT D.I.KHAN

251. 9. Shakoor Food Ind. Ltd. S.I.E

D.I.Khan.

1993 Bread,

Buns,

Biscuits.

0.600 Kgs. P.A. 2.300 28

Sub Total D.I. Khan 2.300 28

Total

Roti/Bread/Food

32.321 262


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

268

(IX) VERMICELLIES

DISTRICT BANNU

252. 1. M/s Kurram Vermicellies Ind.

Ltd. S.I.E. Bannu.

1992 Vermicelli

es

300 M.T. P.A. 0.944 8


DISTRICT CHARSADDA

253. 2. Khyber Vermicellies Ind. Tangi

Road, Charsadda.

1995 Vermicelli

es

60 M.T P.A. 1.600 5


Total Vermicellies 2.544 13

(X) DALL MILLI�G

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

254. 1. Ibrahim Dall Mills Ltd., I.E.

Peshwar.

1992 Dall

Milling

14400 M.T P.A. 3.404 15


DISTRICT KOHAT

255. 2. Rahman Dall Mills Ltd., Pindi 1980 Dall 7500 M.T. P.A. 1.000 3


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

269

Road, Kohat. Milling

256. 3. Al-Karim Dal Mills Ltd. Pindi

Road, Kohat.

1976 Dall

Milling

4500 M.T. P.A. 1.000 8


DISTRICT BANNU

257. 4. Madina Dall Mills Ltd., Domel

Bannu.

1988 Dall

Milling

6000 M.T. P.A. 0.800 3

258. 5. Popular Dall Mills, Bannu. 1994 Gram Dall 5000 M.T. P.A. 0.450 4



259. 6. Marwat Dall & Basin Mills,

Lukki Marwat.

1989 Dall

Milling

3000 M.T. P.A. 1.250 5

260. 7. Jabbar Dal & Basin Mills,

Lukki Marwat.

1996 Dall

Milling

4.960 17


DISTRICT HARIPUR

261. 8. New Capital Dall Mills Ltd.

I.E., Hattar, Haripur.

1992 Dall Suri/Chilka

3000 M.T. P.A.

600 M.T. P.A.

4.230 10


DISTRICT D.I. KHAN

262. 9. Ali Zai Dall Mills Ltd., 1990 Dall 2500 M.T. P.A. 3.098 14


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

270

University Road, D.I. Khan. Milling

263. 10. Sanjh Enterprise Dall Mills

Ltd., University Road, D.I.

Khan.

1991 Dall & Foo d Processing

21074 M.T. P.A. 20.368 109

264. 11. Rahim Dall Mills Ltd.,

Himatwala, D.I. Khan.

1995 Dall

Milling

7200 M.T. P.A. 3.100 22


DISTRICT NOWSHERA

265. 12. Arafat Dall Mills (Pvt) Ltd.

G.T.Road, Pabbi.

1995 Dall

Channa

2000 M.T. P.A. 0.900 20

Dall

Masoor

1500 M.T. P.A.

Dall

Mong

1000 M.T. P.A.

Dall Basin 1000 M.T. P.A.

Ball

Chilka

500 M.T. P.A.

Dall Kara 500 M.T. P.A.


Total Dall Milling 44.560 230

(XI) SALT GRI�DI�G

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

266. 1. Rehaman Industries, I.E. 1994 Iodized 19,000 M.T. P.A. 8.200 60


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

271

Jamrud Road, peshawar. Salt


Total Salt Grinding 8.200 60

(XII) MEAT PROCESSI�G

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

267. 1. Continental Products Ltd. I.E.

Peshawar.

1987 Meat

Processing

96 M.T. P.A. 2.000 16


DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD

268. 2. J. Hazit International Ltd. S.I.E.

Abbottabad.

1987 Chick /

Meat Feed

1700 M.T. P.A.

7200 M.T. P.A.

33.280 Closed

Sub Total Abbottabad 33.280 -

Total Meat

Processing

35.280 16

(XIII) BEVERAGES & MI�ERAL WATER

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

269. 1. Sisa Beverages (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.

Jamrud Road, Peshwar.

1994 Beverages 180000 Nos.Bottles P.A. 5.868 Closed


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

272

270. 2. Rakaposhi Industry (Pvt) Ltd.


1994 Mineral

Water

Bottling

1.200 Mln. Bottles P.A. 6.400 58

271. 3. I.T.A. (Pvt) Ltd. S.I.E.,

Peshawar.

1993 Mineral

Water

1.440 Mln. Bottles P.A. 4.401 13

272. 4. MAKK Beverages, Charsadda

Road, Peshawar.

1963 Soft

Drinks

23.040 Mln. Bottles P.A. 48.000 158

273. 5. Saif Beverages (Pvt) Ltd. I.E.


1984 Soft

Drinks

11.520 Mln. Bottles P.A. 16.049 Closed

274. 6. Jamrud Industry (Pvt) Ltd. Ltd.


1985 Soft

Drinks

2.880 Mln. Bottles P.A. 12.500 Closed


DISTRICT SWABI

275. 7. Pakistan Mineral Water,

Bottling Plant Ltd.

1992 Mineral

Water

4.600 Mln. Bottles P.A. 70.962 127

Beverages 6.900 Mln. Bottles P.A.


DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD

276. 8. Mountain Valley Water (Pvt)

Ltd. Tandiani Road,

Abbottabad.

1995 Mineral

Water

Bottling

12.500 Mln. Bottles P.A. 75.000 12


DISTRICT SWAT

277. 9. A.A.B.-E-Swat (Pvt) Ltd. 1993 Mineral 15.000 Mln. Bottles P.A. 20.715 9


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

273

Nawan Killi Bari Kot, Swat. Water


DISTRICT HARIPUR

278. 10. Bara Industry Ltd. Ltd. I.E.

Hattar, Haripur.

1989 Soft

Drinks

43.200 Mln. Bottles P.A. 24.432 18

279. 11. Continental Corporation (Pvt)

Ltd. I.E. Hattar, Haripur.

1993 Mineral

Water

2.700 Mln. Bottles P.A. 14.136 10

280. 12. Pepsi Cola Interantional Ltd.

I.E. Hattar, Haripur.

1993 Soft

Drinks Concentrates

1500 M.T. P.A. 12.500 20


Total Beverages 310.963 425

(XIV) COLD STORAGES

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

281. 1. Awan Cold Storage Ltd. G.T.

Road, Peshawar.

1966 Storage 2000 M.T. Daily 1.429 10

282. 2. Azim Cold Storage, Ltd., G.T.

Road, Peshawar.

1965 Storage &

Ice

2000 M.T. Daily 0.900 15

283. 3. Pakistan Refrigeration Ltd.

Dalazak Road, Peshawar.

1950 Storage &

Ice

2000 M.T. Daily

15 M.T. Daily

1.900 15

284. 4. Peshawar Cold Storage, G.T.

Road, Peshawar.

1981 Storage &

Ice

3000

60 M.T. Daily

31.972 45

285. 5. Bilour Cold Storage & Ice 1977 Storage & 1000 0.600 9


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

274

Factory, Peshawar. Ice 30 M.T. Daily

286. 6. Aziz Ice & Cold Storage Ltd.,

Peshawar.

1979 Storage &

Ice

30

15 M.T. Daily

0.346 8


DISTRICT MARDAN

287. 7. Kaka Khel Cold Storage & Ice

Factory Ltd., S.I.E., Mardan.

1984 Storage &

Ice

20 M.T. Daily

6000 M.T. Daily

2.500 Closed

288. 8. Mardan Cold Storage & Ice

Factory Ltd., S.I.E., Mardan.

1981 Storage &

Ice

3000

60 M.T. Daily

26.151 Closed

Sub Total Mardan 28.651 -

DISTRICT D.I. KHAN

289. 9. Akram Cold Storage & Ice

Factory Ltd., University Road,

D.I. Khan.

1987 Storage &

Ice

800 M.T. Daily

15 M.T. Daily

1.520 Closed

290. 10. Tariq Ice Factory Ltd., S.I.E.

Kohat Road, D.I. Khan.

1982 Storage &

Ice

1000 M.T. Daily

30 M.T. Daily

4.100 12


DISTRICT SWAT

291. 11. S.D.A Cold Storage , Swat. 1980 Storage &

Ice

300 M.T. Daily

60 M.T. Daily

28.071 Closed

292. 12. Al-Ittefaq Cold Storage ,

Airport Road, Mongora Swat.

1991 Storage & 2400 M.T. Daily

15 M.T. Daily

8.530 10



S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

275

DISTRICT NOWSHERA

293. 13. Sayed Fruit Stored & Delights

(Pvt) Ltd. G.T. Road, Pabbi..

1982 Storage &

Ice

1000 M.T. Daily

10 M.T. Daily

8.000 6

294. 14. Zeshan Ice Factory & Cold

Storage Ltd. G.T. Road, Taru

Jabba.

1987 Storage &

Ice

1000 M.T. Daily

15 M.T. Daily

4.500 8

295. 15. Awan Ice & Cold Storage, G.T.

Road, Pabbi.

1975 Storage &

Ice

1000 M.T. Daily

15 M.T. Daily

0.604 7


DISTRICT HARIPUR

296. 16. Fine Industry Ltd., Rehana

Road, Haripur.

1987 Storage &

Ice

3000 Crats

20 M.T. P.A.

5.761 Closed

Sub Total Haripur 5.761 -

Total Cold Storages 126.884 145

ICE FACTORIES

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

297. 1. Swat Ice Factory, S.I.E. Kohat

Road.

1985 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.700 6

298. 2. Hassan Ahamd Ice Factory,

S.I.E. Kohat Road.

1986 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.600 6

299. 3. Bukhari Ice Factory, Lahori 1978 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.680 5


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

276

Gate.

300. 4. Zam Zam Ice Factory, S.I.E.

Kohat Road.

1979 Ice 45 M.T. Daily 1.600 7

301. 5. Raees Khan Ice Factory, S.I.E.

Kohat Road.

1985 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 0.450 3

302. 6. Afghan Ice Factory, Sir Syed

Road.

1954 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 0.233 8

303. 7. Khawaja Ice Factory Ltd.

Outside Yakatoot Gate.

1978 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.670 9

304. 8. Inshah Ice Factory Ltd. Jamrud

Road, Peshawar.

1978 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 0.650 9

305. 9. Nafees Trader Ice Factory,

Katchery Road.

1977 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.315 8

306. 10. Hilal Ice Factory Ltd. Ashraf

Road.

1973 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.385 9

307. 11. Qabaili Ice Factory Ltd. Bara

Road.

1985 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.890 6

308. 12. National Ice Factory Ltd.

Charsadda Road.

1980 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.919 6

309. 13. Shaf Ice Factory Ltd. Charsadda

Road.

1978 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.620 4

310. 14. Peshawar Ice Factory Ltd.

Kohati Gate.

1964 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.600 4

311. 15. Manzoor Ice Factory Ltd. Civil

Quarter.

1975 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.450 3

312. 16. Gulbel Ice Factory Ltd.

Charsadda Road.

1984 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.650 4

313. 17. Awan Ice Factory Ltd. Kakshal. 1976 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.800 7

314. 18. Gulshah Ice Factory Ltd. Near,

Swat Police Station.

1979 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 0.790 7


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

277

315. 19. Khan Ice Factory Ltd. Dalazak

Road.

1979 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 0.820 6

316. 20. Hassan Ice Factory Ltd. I.E.

Jamrud Road.

1975 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.400 6

317. 21. Naseer Ice Factory Ltd. S.I.E.

Kohat Road.

1978 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.560 5

318. 22. Haq Ice Factory , Peshawar. 1978 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.562 5

319. 23. Malik Ice Factory Ltd. Beri

Bagh Peshawar.

1980 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.950 5


DISTRICT CHARSADDA

320. 24. Mian Ice Factory, Charsadda. 1979 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.616 5

321. 25. Sardheri Ice Factory, Sardheri. 1980 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.700 6

322. 26. Ali Ice Factory, Shabqadar,

Charsadda.

1982 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.660 7

323. 27. Fazal Ice Factory, Tangi,

Charsadda.

1994 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 1.000 4

324. 28. Abasin Ice Factory, Nowshera

Road, Peshawar.

1984 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.700 Closed


DISTRICT MARDAN

325. 29. Saeed Ice Factory Ltd., Karwan

Road.

1975 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.580 4

326. 30. Zamindara Ice Factory Ltd., Eid

Gah Road.

1975 Ice 8 M.T. Daily 0.230 5


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

278

327. 31. Mardan Ice Factory Ltd.,

Sarfaraz Gunj, Mardan.

1975 Ice 8 M.T. Daily 0.250 3

328. 32. Tawakal Ice Factory Ltd.,

Katlang Road, Mardan.

1979 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.800 5

329. 33. Nishat Ice Factory Ltd., Gajo

Road, Mardan.

1972 Ice 8 M.T. Daily 0.120 4

330. 34. Bagh Ice Factory Bagh, Road

Mardan.

1980 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.375 4

331. 35. New Ice Factory Ltd., Gajo

Road, Mardan

1972 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.375 3

332. 36. New Khattk Ice Factory Ltd.,

S.I.E. Mardan.


333. 37. Usman Ice Factory Ltd.,

Malakand Road, Mardan.

1947 Ice 6 M.T. Daily 0.056 3

334. 38. M. Shahid Ice Factory Ltd.

Shergarh.

1971 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 0.500 6

335. 39. United Ice Factory Ltd., Takht-

Bhai.

1979 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.650 5

336. 40. Shad Ice Factory Ltd., Shahbaz

Garhi Mardan.

1985 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 1.000 4

337. 41. Al -Ahmed Ice Factory Ltd.,

Katlang Road.

1987 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.820 6


DISTRICT SWABI

338. 42. Hussain Ice Factory, Todher. 1979 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.535 5

339. 43. Munir Ice Factory Ltd., Mardan

Road.

1972 Ice 8 M.T. Daily 0.200 4


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

279

340. 44. Star Ice Factory Ltd., Shewa

Adda Nawkilli.

1972 Ice 8 M.T. Daily 0.300 4

341. 45. Shahid Ice Factory Ltd., Yar

Hussain.

1984 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 1.334 6

342. 46. Haseeb Ice Factory Ltd., Asota

Shafir.

1983 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.194 4

343. 47. Swabi Ice Factory Ltd., Kunda

Mor.



DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD

344. 48. Azmat Salam Rana Ice Factory. 1977 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.400 7


DISTRICT HARIPUR

345. 49. Indus Ice Factory Ltd., Sherwan

Wala Gate.

1989 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.680 7

346. 50 Nisar Ice Factory (Pvt) Ltd.,

Jandial Khanpur.

1994 Ice 35 M.T. Daily 13.500 10


DISTRICT MANSEHRA

347. 51. Nendhar Ice Factory, Shahrah-

e-Karakurram Batagram,

Mansehra.

1989 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 1.046 7

Sub Total Mansehra 1.046 7


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

280

DISTRICT D.I. KHAN

348. 52. Ibrahim Ice Factory Ltd.,

Mooryeli.

1989 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.645 4

349. 53. Abbas Ice Factory Ltd., Bannu

Road.

1976 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.630 4

350. 54. Malik Ice Factory Ltd.,

Chashma Road.

1987 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.800 4

351. 55. Mangle Ice Factory Ltd.,

Faqirini Gate.

1977 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.700 4

352. 56. Tribal Ice Factory Ltd., Dinpur

Road.

1960 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.600 3

353. 57. Jan Ice Factory Ltd., Circular

Road.

1982 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.810 4

354. 58. Nawaz Ice Factory Ltd.,

Paharpur.

1978 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.450 4

355. 59. Gomel Ice Factory Ltd., Tank

Road.

1977 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.520 3

356. 60. Haji Ice Factory Ltd., Adda

Bazar.

1976 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.325 3

357. 61. Chiragh Ice Factory Ltd.,

Bannu Road.

1984 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.782 3

358. 62. Haji Ice Factory Ltd., Dinpur

Road.

1985 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.610 3

359. 63. Kausar Ice Factory Ltd.,

Circular Road, D.I. Khan.

1968 Ice 25 M.T. Daily 0.545 3

360. 64. Maraj Ice Factory Ltd., Darban

Raod.

1979 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 0.850 5

361. 65. Tariq Ice Factory, Bannu Road. 1985 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.745 3


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

281

362. 66. Mumtaz Ice Factory Ltd.,

Kulachi.

1984 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.380 3

363. 67. Zam Ice Factory Ltd., Kaur

Road.

1988 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.780 3

364. 68. Bakhtiar Ice Factory Ltd.,

Darban Kalan, Kulachi.

1987 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.942 3

365. 69. Panayala Ice Factory Ltd.,

Panayala, D.I. Khan.

1911 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.410 4

366. 70. Galani Ice Factory, Tank. 1987 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.700 3

367. 71. Gomel Ice Factory, West

Circular Road Tank.

1979 Ice 25 M.T. Daily 0.920 3

368. 72. Raja Ice Factory, Dinpur Road. 1978 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.500 3

369. 73. Aziz Ice Factory Ltd.,

University Road.

1991 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.825 3

370. 74. Rashid Ice Factory Ltd., Tank

Road, D.I. Khan.

1994 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.980 5


DISTRICT KOHAT

371. 75. Aziz Sons Ice Factory Ltd.,

O.T.S. Road, Kohat.

1982 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 1.000 5

372. 76. Zeb Ice Factory Ltd., Tappi. 1982 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.500 4

373. 77. Gillani Ice Factory Ltd., Hangu. 1981 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.700 4

374. 78. Syed Ice Factory Ltd., Near

Kohata Textile Mills.

1979 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.400 4

375. 79. Iftikhar Ice Factory Ltd., O.T.S.

Road.

1947 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.400 4

376. 80. Shinwari Ice Factory Ltd., 1979 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.650 4


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

282

O.T.S. Road.

377. 81. Doaba Ice Factory Ltd., Doaba. 1984 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.400 4

378. 82. Mamun Ice Factory Ltd.,

Mamun Banda.

1983 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 1.392 5

379. 83. Shah Ice Factory Ltd., Tall,

Kohat.

1984 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.650 4


DISTRICT KARAK

380. 84.. Sheenghar Ice Factory, Karak. 1984 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.750 4

Sub Total Karak 0.750 4

DISTRICT BANNU

381. 85. Taj Ice Factory Ltd., S.I.E.

Bannu.

1988 10 M.T. Daily 1.085 4

382. 86. Kurram Ice Factory Ltd.,

Bannu.

1988 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.866 4

383. 87. Surani Ice Factory Ltd., Nizam

Bazar, Bannu.

1972 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.500 4

384. 88. Fateh Khel Ice Factory. 1980 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.800 5

385. 89. New Akhuwat Ice Factory Ltd.,

D.I. Khan Road.

1981 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.500 6

386. 90. Boza Khel Ice Factory Ltd.,

Bannu.

1984 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 1.104 6

387. 91. Allah Noor Ice Factory Ltd.,

Domel Bannu.

1985 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.500 4

388. 92. Dharma Khel Ice Factory Ltd., 1988 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.866 4


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

283

Bannu.

389. 93. Akramullah Khan Ice Factory

Nizam Bazar.

1987 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 8.000 5

390. 94. Bezan Khel Ice Factory, Kohat

Road.

1991 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 8.500 4



391. 95. Kundi Ice Factory, Serai

Naurang.

1988 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.560 4

392. 96. Hamdullah Jan Ice Factory Ltd.,

Serai Naurang.

1987 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.580 4

393. 97. Haji Mohammad Ali Ice

Factory, Serai Naurang.

1984 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.470 4

394. 98. Quershi Ice Factory, Lakki. 1983 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.900 4

395. 99. Irfan Ice Factory, Mianwali

Road, Lakki.

1987 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.580 5

396. 100. Main Khan Ice Factory, Lakki

Marwat.

1981 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.500 4


DISTRICT SWAT

397. 101. Swat Ice Factory Ltd., Mingora. 1970 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.500 2

398. 102. Brother Ice Factory Ltd.,

Mongora, Swat.

1986 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 1.600 3

399. 103. Mingora Ice Factory Ltd., Swat. 1984 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 1.320 3

400. 104. Falak Sair Ice Factory, 1994 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 2.010 2


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

284

Mongora.

401. 105. Friends Ice Factory, Khwaza

Khela, Swat.

1994 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 1.200 2


DISTRICT DIR

402. 106. Karim Ice Factory Ltd.,

Chakdara.

1987 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 1.000 7

403. 107. Ittehad Ice Factory Ltd.,

Timergara.

1992 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 1.300 7

404. 108. Usmani Gul Ice Factory Ltd.,

Bishary Timergara.

1978 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 1.000 3


DISTRICT MALAKAND DIVISION

405. 109. Rehman Ice Factory Ltd.,

Batkhela.

1978 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.593 4

406. 110. Bacha Zada Ice Factory Ltd.,

Batkhela.

1986 Ice 20 M.T. Daily 0.900 6

407. 111. Hafiz Pir & Sons Ice Factory

Ltd., Dargai.

1987 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.340 3

408. 112. Wazir Abad Ice Factory,

Wazirabad Dargai.

1994 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 1.035 5

409. 113. Shakeel Ice Factory, Jaban

Dargai.

1994 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 1.200 7

410. 114. Gul Ice Factory, Dargai. 1994 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.950 5

Sub Total Malakand 5.018 30


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

285

DISTRICT NOWSHERA

411. 115. Faiz Ice Factory Ltd., Akora

Khattk.

1988 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.300 5

412. 116. S. Asif Ice Factory Ltd.,

Nowshera.


413. 117. Mohammd Ice Factory Ltd. 1981 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.760 8

414. 118. Durrarni Ice Factory Ltd.,

Jehangira.

1982 Ice 15 M.T. Daily 0.660 5

415. 119. Mohammad Ice Factory Ltd.,

Nowshera.

1985 Ice 30 M.T. Daily 1.500 6

416. 120. Fiaza Ice Factory Ltd,. Adamzai

Nowshera.

1987 Ice 10 M.T. Daily 0.335 5


Total Ice & Cold

Storages

238.871 684

(XV) PROCESSI�G CA��I�G & PRESERVATIO� OF FRUITS A�D VEGETABLES

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

417. 1. Sarhad Food Processing, Kohat

Road, Peshawar.

1967 Fruit Tin

Canning

0.300 M.L. P.A. 1.500 Closed

418. 2. Fayyaz Food (Pvt) Ltd., I.E.


1995 Fruit,

Juices

3.500 Bottles P.A. 3652 33

Tomato

Ketchup


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

286

Jam, Jelly

Squashes

419. 3. B & W Ind. (Pvt) Ltd., Dalazak

Road, Peshawar.

1995 Fruits,

Juices &

5 Mln. Bottles P.A. 1.050 10

Squashes

Mineral

Water

420. 4. Frontier Food Industry, Warsak

Road, Peshawar.

1994 Syrup 600 Cartons P.A. 0.894 15

Squashes

Jams

Jellies


DISTRICT SWAT

421. 5. Swat Food & Fruit Products

Ltd. G.T. Road, Balogram

Swat.

1986 Squashes 75000 Bottles P.A. 0.420 2

422. 6. V.I.P Food Industries (Pvt)

Ltd., Haji Baba Road, Mingora.

1994 Cans

Fruits

Vegetable

s

0.600 Miln. Can of Fruit

& Vegetable Per Annum

2.785 12

423. 7. Quice Food Industry Ltd.,

Mongora Swat.

1996 Syrup,

Squashes

700000 Dozen bottles Per

Annum

2.250 30


DISTRICT HARIPUR


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

287

424. 8. SINSAS Enterprises Ltd., I.E.

Hattar.

1992 Juices 60 Mln. Bottles P.A. 184.000 56

425. 9. Hattar Fruit Products Ltd., I.E.

Hattar.

1991 Fruit

Processing

1. Juices 1.000 mln.

Bottles.

25.450 150

2. Juice Pack -1.200 Mln.

Dozen.

Squashes 0.150 Mln.

Dozen

Jams 0.050 Mln. Dozen

Per Annum

426. 10. Hunza Valley food Ind. Ltd.,

I.E. Hattar.

1992 Vegetable

Processing

300 M.T. P.A. 2.700 23

427. 11. Quice Food Ind. Ltd., Hattar. 1990 Syrup 2.500 Bottles P.A. 3.330 22

Jam/Jelly 1.000 Bottles P.A.

Custard 0.075 Carton P.A.

Vinegar 0.450 Bottles P.A.

Pickle 0.600 Bottles P.A.

Essence 2.00 Carton P.A.

Powder 0.125 Carton P.A.

428. 12. Tops Food & Beverages (Pvt)

Ltd., I.E. Hattar.

1994 Squashes /

Vinegar

0.530 Mln. Dozen bottles

P.A.

15.000 56

429. 13. Wily Food (Pvt) Ltd., I.E.

Hattar.

1995 Ketchups /

S.

Vinegars

Pickles

5.760 Mln Ltrs. P.A.

720,000 Kgs

8.180 30

430. 14. A.K.W. Industries (Pvt) Ltd.,

I.E. Hattar.

1995 Fruit Juice

Squashes

318500 Dozen Bottle P.A.

125000 Dozen Bottle P.A

15.390 25


Total Processing 266.601 464


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

288

(XVI) CIGARETTE I�DUSTRUES

DISTRICT MARDAN

431. 1. Saleem Cigrette Ind. (Pvt) Ltd.,

Par Hot, Mardan.

1979 Cigerettes 972 Mln. P.A. 4.800 16

432. 2. Universal Tobacco Co. Ltd.,

Swabi Road, Mardan.


433. 3. Asian Tobacco Industries (Pvt)

Ltd., S.I.E. Mardan.

1988 Cigerettes 15 Mln. P.A. 3.413 Closed

434. 4. Prince Cigarette Ind. (Pvt) Ltd.,

(Taus Babin Road), Mardan.


435. 5. National Tobacco Company

(Pvt) Ltd., Par Hoti Mardan.


436. 6. Khyber Tobacco Co. (Pvt)

Mardan.


437. 7. Afghan Tobacco Industries

(Pvt) Ltd., Marium Garhi,

Mardan.


438. 8. Souvenir Tobacco Co. (Pvt)

Ltd., Marium Garhi, Mardan.


439. 9. United Tobacco Industries (Pvt)

Ltd., Par Hoti, Mardan.


440. 10. Mardan Cigarette Ind. (Pvt)

Nisata Road, Mardan.


441. 11. United Tobacco Co. (Pvt) Ltd.,

S.I.E., Mardan.



S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

289


DISTRICT HARIPUR

442. 12. Eastend Tobacco Co. Ltd., I.E.

Hattar, Haripur.

1991 Cigerettes 30.000 Mln. P.A. 28.076 44


DISTRICT NOWSHERA

443. 13. Pakistan Tobacco Co. Ltd.,

Akora Khattak, Nowshera.


444. 14. Allied Tobacco Industry (Pvt)

Ltd.



DISTRICT BUNAIR

445. 15. Summer Tobacco Co. (Pvt)

Ltd., Agorai.


Sub Total Bunair 3.791 -

DISTRICT SWABI

446. 16. Sarahad Cigarette Industries

(Pvt) Ltd., Akbarabad.


447. 17. Paramount Tobacco Co. (Pvt)

Ltd., Lahor Swabi.


448. 18. Frontier Cigarette Factory (Pvt) 1988 Cigerettes 60 Mln. P.A. 3.322 20


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

290

Ltd., Yar Hussain.

449. 19. Imperial Cig. Industry (Pvt)

Ltd., Tarakai, Swabi.


450. 20. International Cig. Industry (Pvt)

Ltd., Shewa Swabi.


451. 21. Millat Cigarette Industry,

Sardarabad Swabi.


452. 22. Ambar Tobacco Co. (Pvt) Ltd.,

Ambar Swabi.


453. 23. Abaseen Cigarette Industry,

Nawankilli Swabi.


454. 24. Delta Tobacco Co. (Pvt) Ltd.,

Adina Swabi.



Total Cigarette 842.269 2063

(XVII) FEED I�DUSTRIES

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

455. 1. Attock Feed Industries Ltd.,

Peshawar.

1991 Feed for

Birds and

Animals

192000 M.T. P.A. 2.293 5


DISTRICT MANSEHRA

456. 2. Pano Feed Industry Ltd., Khaki 1982 Poultry 24000 M.T. P.A. 7.700 15


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

291

Road. Feed

Sub Total Mansehara 7.700 15

DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD

457. 3. Al-Hassan Feed Mills Ltd.,

S.I.E., Abbottabad.

1983 Poulrty

Feed

6000 M.T. P.A. 0.791 6

458. 4. Hazara Bone Crushing & Gen.

Mills ltd., Goharabaad,

Havellian.

1992 Crushed

Bone

Crist &

Bone Meal

300 M.T. P.A. 1.000 8


Total Feed 11.784 34

(XVIII) SPICE GRI�DI�G

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

459. 1. Sultani Brand Products Ltd.,

I.E., Peshawar.

1990 Spices 600 M.T. P.A. 9.450 25


DISTRICT BANNU

460. 2. Hafiz Maslajat Mandan, Gate

Bannu.

1978 Spices 300 M.T. P.A. 0.300 5


Total Spice Grinding 9.750 30


S.�o Sector

�o.


Establishment

Item of

Production


Rs. in million

Employment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

292


293

PART - II

I�DUSTRIAL U�ITS U�DER

CO�STRUCTIO� / IMPLEME�TATIO�


S.�o Sector

�o

�ame and Address of the Unit Total investment Rs. in

million

Item of Production

1 2 3 4 5

294

1 1 1 1 ---- FOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCOFOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCOFOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCOFOOD BEVERAGES & TOBACCO

(I) VEGETABLE GHEE / COOKI�G OIL

DISTRICT HARIPUR

1. 1. Indus Cooking Oil & Ghee Mills (Pvt)

Ltd., I.E. Hattar.

Rs. 52.390 Mln. V. Ghee / Cooking Oil

2. 2. Khyber Oil & Ghee Mills (Pvt) Ltd., I.E.

Hattar.

Rs. 55.281 Mln. V. Ghee / Cooking Oil

(II) OIL EXPELLER

DISTRICT D.I. KHAN

3. 1. Musadiq Oil Industry, D.I. Khan. Rs. 1.75 Million. Oil & Oil Cakes

(III) ROLLER FLOUR MILLS

DISTRICT PESHAWAR

4. 1. Dastagir Flour & General Mills Pvt. Ltd.

G.T. Road.

10.500 Million Flour Mills

5. 2. Naguman Flour & General Mills Pvt.

Ltd. Charsadda Road.



S.�o Sector

�o


million

Item of Production

1 2 3 4 5

295

DISTRICT CHARSADDA

6. 3. Madina Flour & General Mills (Pvt) Ltd.,

Rajjar, Charsadda.

9 Million Flour Mills

DISTRICT MARDAN

7. 4. Al-Aman Flour Mills Pvt. Ltd.,

Charsadda Raod, Mardan.


8. 5. Toru Mills Nowshera Road, Mardan. 7.000 Million Flour Mills

DISTRICT HARIPUR

9. 6. Turbella Flour Mills, Shah Maqsood

Haripur.


DISTRICT NOWSHERA

10. 7. Rashid Flour Mills Pvt. Pashungri,

Nowshera.


11. 8. Ghalib Flour Mills, Tarnab Farm

Nowshera.


DISTRICT SWAT

12. 9. Naveed Flour & General Mills (Pvt) Ltd.,

Takhta Band Road, Mingora Swat.


DISTRICT ABBOTTABAD


S.�o Sector

�o


million

Item of Production

1 2 3 4 5

296

13. 10. Hussain Flour Mills Ltd., Goharabad

Havellian.


DISTRICT BATTAGRAM

14. 11. Sange Paras Flour Mills, Shahra-e-

Reshaim Battagram.


(IV) BISCUIT & SWEETS

DISTRICT SWABI

15. 1. VIP Biscuits & Waffers (Pvt) Ltd.,

Gadoon Amazai.

7.00 Million Bakery

DISTRICT HARIPUR

16. 2. Akbar Food Products (Pvt) Ltd., I.E.

Hattar.

7.000 Million Bakery / Sweets

17. 3. Al-Sayed Food Products (Pvt) Ltd., I.E.

Hattar.

11.750 Million Bakery / Sweets

18. 4. Borles Food Processing Ind. (Pvt) Ltd. 24.575 Million Poatao Chips

DISTRICT MANSEHRA

19. 5. Adnan Food (Pvt) Ltd., Plot No. A-8,

S.I.E., Mansehra.

8.000 Million Candies


S.�o Sector

�o


million

Item of Production

1 2 3 4 5

297

DISTRICT MARDAN

20. 6. Baby Food Ind., S.I.E., Mardan. 0.750 Million Candies

21. 7. Bano food Ind., S.I.E., Mardan. 0.500 Million Candies

(V) PROCESSI�G, CA��I�G & FOOD PRESERVATIO� OF FRUITS & VEGETABLES

DISTRICT SWAT

22. 1. Quice Food Ind. (Pvt) Ltd., Tahirabad

Bunir Road, Swat.

Rs. 2.250 Million Syrup / Squashes

DISTRICT MANSEHRA

23. 2. Sirin Food & Juices (Pvt) Ltd., S.I.E,.

Mansehra, Plot No. A-31 / 32.

Rs. 39.960 Million Fruit Juices

(VI) ICE & COLD STORAGE

DISTRICT TANK

24. 1. M/s Sidgee Ice Factory, Tank. Rs. 1.850 Million Ice

(VII) POULTRY FEED


S.�o Sector

�o


million

Item of Production

1 2 3 4 5

298

DISTRICT SWABI

25. 1. Swabi Feed Mills (Pvt) Ltd., Jorrow

Form, Surdher, Yar Hussain.

Rs. 4.000 Million Poultry Feed

DISTRICT SWAT

26. 2. Royal Feed Ind. (Pvt) Ltd., Gumbad

Maira, Mingora.

Rs. 7.000 Million Poultry & Cattle Feed


299

4.4 REFERE�CES 1. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1981-82. Statistics


























14. Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor & transport department. 1996.

Directory of Industrial Establishment, NWFP. Government of North West

Frontier Province.


Industrial Profile of the NWFP. Government of North West Frontier Province.


Directory of Industrial Establishment, NWFP. Government of North West

Frontier Province.


Industrial Investment in NWFP. Government of North West Frontier Province.


300





20. Statistical Division. Census of Manufacturing Industries 1969-70. Ministry of

Finance, Planning & Development, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

21. Statistical Division. Census of Manufacturing Industries 1975-76. Ministry of

Finance, Planning & Development, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMS OF FOOD INDUSTRY

IN NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE 301

CHAPTER 5

PROSPECTS A�D PROBLEMS OF FOOD I�DUSTRY I� �ORTH

WEST FRO�TIER PROVI�CE

5.1 SUGAR I�DUSTRY

Matin (1962) studied the advisability of manufacturing Beetsugar in the

Peshawar valley.

THE PROBLEM

Given the agronomical suitability of the soil for the production of beet, the

technical feasibility of the establishment of industry in the region and the increasing

sugar requirements of the country, is it advisable to increase the allocation of

resources to the production and manufacturing of beet sugar? Is it in the interest of the

farmers and industrialists to install beet extraction plants in the sugar mills of the

region?

CO�CLUSIO�

The identification of discrepancy between the actual and possible net profit at

the farm as well as factory stage indicates the potentialities of beet production in the

region. The feasibility of considerable increase in the productivity of the crop

highlights of its economic advantages in longer perspective. The opportunities of

growing beet with high sugar content, minimization of shrinkage, reduction of sugar

loss during the extraction process, and utilization of pulp and molasses, reveal the

profitability of beet culture during the years to come.

Ahmad (1965) reported the problems of cooperative sugarcane sale

associations in respect of supply of sugarcane to sugarmills.

The existence of a large number of defunct societies and the disloyalty shown

by a large number of the active ones suggests that something is seriously wrong with

of the system in question. This study reveals that this situation is attributed to the (i)

inefficient management of the system; (ii) seasonal characters of the societies; (iii)

uncooperative attitude of the mills; and (iv) lax implementation of the sugarcane Act.


IN NORTH WEST FRONTIER PROVINCE

302

1. THE MA�AGEME�T PROBLEM

A hundred growers may form a society readily but none may be willing or

competent enough to manage it and that too on a voluntary basis. The department

created a large number of followers but failed to find out good leaders. It may be

stated that the dearth of competent management is particularly pronounced at the

primary level.

2. THE SEASO�AL CHARACTER OF THE SOCIETIES

An important reason for the unsteady behavior of a large number of member

growers is that the societies are seasonal. They work of about six to eight months and

have no business and so no contact with their members for the rest of the period.

3. SUGARMILLS ATTITUDE

The barrage of problems created by the mills discourages the entry of new

members and forces the older ones to evade their responsibilities towards their

societies. Some of the difficulties allegedly created by the mills may be stated below:

1. Indents for the supply of sugarcane are issued late to the Associations. For

non-member growers it is a sufficient discouragement from joining these

societies.

2. The mills allegedly do not supply trucks in time to the growers who deal

with them through cooperatives.

3. The truck laden with the sugarcane of the members of cooperatives have to

wait at the factory for long hours.

4. The mills make late payment for the sugarcane supplied to them. As a

result, the Associations have to take loan from the frontier Cooperative

Bank to pay off the members.

4. LAX IMPLEME�TATIO� OF SUGARCA�E ACT

The sugar factories control Act of 1950, also popularly known as the

Sugarcane Act, provides that if a grower is member of a cooperative sugarcane supply

society then a sugarmill shall not purchase sugarcane directly from him. The

sugarcane, in such a case, is to come to the mill through the society. It is reported that

this provision is not fully implemented.

Muhammad Idris et al. (1965) reported in sequel to an earlier report of the

Board of Economic Enquiry on the comparative profitability of sugarbeet and sugarcane.

It was conducted in the principal sugarcane growing areas of Charsadda sub-division.

From the sowing to the harvesting season first hand data was directly collected from the

cultivators by the record method.



303

Mohammed Iqbal (1979) analyzed data on production cost and determined

net profitability of sugarbeet. The relevant data were collected during 1977-78 season

from 70 farmers. Study is limited to Peshawar and Mardan districts only as sugarbeet

is grown in these districts i.e. 49% and 51% respectively.

PRICES OF SUGARBEET

The price of sugarbeet on the average (1973-78) was Rs. 16.48 per quintal as

compared to Rs. 5.92 per quintal during 1958-63 recording an increase of 178

percent. (Table-5.1).

Table-5.1 PRICES OF SUGARBEET

Year Rupees per Quintal

1958-59 5.36

1959-60 4.69

1960-61 6.03

1961-62 7.37

1962-63 6.16

Average 5.92

1963-64 6.22

1964-65 6.62

1965-66 6.70

1966-67 7.53

1967-68 7.53

Average 6.92

1968-69 7.53

1969-70 8.04

1970-71 -

1971-72 8.04

1972-73 13.40

Average 7.37

1973-74 13.40

1974-75 16.75

1975-76 17.42

1976-77 17.42

1977-78 17.42

Average 16.48

Source: Sugar Mills.

In the past purchase price of beet were used to be announced much later than

the sowing season usually, shortly before the commencement of slicing season which

could affect its next year’s acreage only. Price was, therefore not used as a policy

instrument before the sowing season to influence the acreage in time. Very recently it

has been decided to announce the procurement prices for the coming slicing season

ahead of the planting time.



304

Sugar beet accounts for 24 percent of the total sugar cane to sugar mills,

whenever the price of gur is high. Due to short supply the sugar production declines

and sugar crises takes place. To over come the problem it is suggested that the area

under sugar beet crop may be increased as it is utilized only for refined sugar. But it

should not mean that the farmers be completely left at the mercy of sugar mills,

neither should it reduce the area of sugar cane which has its advantages. In fact the

farmers should be provided incentive to further increase the cultivation of sugar beet.

The possibilities of new sugar mills for slicing of sugarbeet be explored in

places like Malakand Division, Swabi tehsil and Kurram Agency in view of the

suitability of climate of these places for the cultivation of sugarbeet. Also in depth

resource is required to determine the economic size of plant at various places.

The farmers are facing considerable difficulties in transporting the sugarbeet

resulting in the sugarbeet lost of quality as well as quantity. Efficient spread

complaint, about the poor quality of seed.

SUGARBEET VERSUS SUGARCA�E

In Peshawar valley during a year one crop of sugarbeet and one of maize can

be obtained from the same land. The following studies have established the relatively

profitability of sugarbeet plus maize over sugarcane.

Author Sugarbeet Plus Maize Sugarcane

(Rupees Per Acre)

1. M/S Said Kamal & Wali

Mohammed

732.10 401.00

2. Mohammed Iqbal 1,330.30 632.20

3. S.M. Iqbal 847.89 494.40

4. Obaidullah Jan Mian 963.00 500.00

5. Mohammed Iqbal 1,138.30 1,116.76

The sugar recovery from sugarbeet is on the average (1973-78) 9.3 per cent in

the project area compared to 7.6 per cent from sugarcane. The latter requires more

water also. Its requirement up to maturity is 60 to 70 acre inches of water compared

25 to 30 acre inches required by sugarbeet.

The harvesting of sugarbeet starts in May when sugarcane harvest is already

over. Thus its slicing extends the working period of sugar mills for two months which

has the double advantage of reducing the fixed cost per unit of out-put of the Mills

providing longer employment to the laborers.

Sugarbeet is less susceptible to frost damages and has also remained

remarkably free from attack of pest and diseases.

Sugarbeet crop provides excellent feed. The by-products of beet consists of

beet tops (crowns and leaves), wet beet pulp and dried beet pulp and molasses. The

tops can be fed green or heaped and cured for a few days and then fed to cattle. Beet



305

pulp is the cheap fattening feed for animals, like tops it can be fed fresh or dried.

Mixture of molasses and pulp, made into small pellets is a use full feed for cattle.

Muhammad Iqbal (1979) determined the production cost of sugarcane and

arrive at the net profitability of the crop. The author concluded that the purchase price

of sugarcane has remained constant at Rs. 14.74 per quintal fixed in 1975-76. Where

as the price of ‘Gur’ which is sold in Mandi has been moving up ward. The price of

sugarcane and gur has risen by 10 percent and 76 percent in 1977-78 over 1974-75.

Since the growers are very responsive to relative change in the price of the two

commodities, they have stopped the supply of sugarcane to mills during the 1978-79.

Crushing season with the result that the crushing season was only of 100 days

compared to the normal period of 140 days. In view of increase in the production cost

and relatively much favorable prices of gur, it is recommended that the Government

may raise the purchase of sugarcane to the realistic level. This may be done

immediately so that the farmers improve their production during the current farming

season.

Dr. �urul Islam Mian and Muhammad Ahmad Khan (1980) studied the

utilization of sugarcane in the modern sector (i.e. sugar mills) and cottage industry

(i.e. gur production). The study revealed that when gur prices are high the sugar mills

do not get the required amount of sugarcane. The study also gives details of sugarbeet

production and its processing. Policy recommendations have been given to improve

the situation.

THE CAUSATIVE FACTORS

To guide the search for the factors responsible for under utilization of capacity

it appears useful to put forth the following propositions.

The industry is unable to secure full supplies of its basic raw material viz.;

sugarcane, because of competition from the rival industry viz.; ‘Gur’.

Because of excessive protection and state control, the industry neither needs

nor is able to fight and overcome its problem on its own.

The private millers may be reviewing the frequent visitation of crises with

disconcern as they discourage new entrants and , thus enable the existing millers to

monopolize the sugar market.

COMPETITIO� FROM GUR: THE RESTRAI�I�G

FACTOR

The farmers use the sugar mills and the “gur” industry inter changeably as

buffers against abnormal situation. The ‘gur’ industry serves as a leverage too, against

the sugar industry.

In periods of humper crop, the ‘gur’ industry serve as the buffer to absorb the

left over of the sugar mills. When the crop is poor, the ‘gur’ industry serves as a

leverage to get the sugar mills raise the prices of sugarcane.



306

For as long as ‘gur’ production continues to be a lawful activity, it will

continue to be used as a lever against the sugar mills. This is not said to suggest that

‘gur’ industry be banned. There is, however, a case for cutting its size drastically.



307

THE OTHER A�D MORE FU�DAME�TAL CAUSES OF I�-

STABILITY

It is quite understandable that in a period of bad sugarcane harvest the sugar

industry would have raw material supply problem. But the industry has been found

faced with this problem also in periods of good harvest. This suggests that some crisis

producing factors originate from with in the industry itself. The industry is not

efficiently conducted. It would be useful to briefly trace the history of growth of this

industry in the post-independence period.

Excessive Dependence on State Protection

From 1947 till 1961 the entire sugar out put of every sugar mill was purchased

by the government on cost plus guaranteed fixed profit basis. This enabled even the

most inefficient unit to remain in production. But in this process it promoted in-

efficiency.

The policy of actual cost plus guaranteed fixed profit was abandoned in 1962

in favor of a uniform price which too, included a good margin of profit. The

procurement and sale of sugar was also de-controlled in that year. Six years later, in

1966, the industry was fully de-controlled. It was taken back under partial control in

March, 1968, then fully de-controlled in June, 1968, only to be followed by full

control in October 1968. It was again partially de-controlled and after some time

control imposed on procurement and sale of sugar.

This industry developed, as it has been by the infant industry approach. It has

operated fully protected for so long that it has not been able to learn of the ways to get

out of a difficult situation on its own. Instead, it expects the state to face the situation.

For example, one of the ways to surmount the problem offered by competition from

‘gur’ industry is to offer a higher price for sugarcane. The government fixes only the

minimum price. There is nothing in the law to prevent the mills from paying for

sugarcane a price higher than the state fixed minimum. But the sugar mills do not do

so. Because, their inefficient cost structure is not designed to absorb shocks of this

kind. Secondly because they are not oriented to the normal business rule and practices

of facing risks and losses. What they have learnt and have been doing so far to

surmount such problems, is to call for state help, which they consider to be their right

and of which they are so greatly habituated that this is first thought to come to their

minds in such a situation. In short the sugar industry has shown neither the ability, nor

the will, to face and surmount a crisis on its own. However in the context of the crisis

hitting the industry in 1978-79 through 1979-80, it would not be fair to entirely hold

the mills responsible for the situation. It was clearly beyond the capability of the mills

to offer a price that would counter the ‘gur’ industry competition. The appropriate

time for price raise was the year 1977-78.

Too Little Grounds For Cost Reducing Maneuvers

The industry can plead that state control leaves the industry too little of free

grounds for cost reducing maneuvers. The state fixes.



308

I. The minimum price payable by sugar mills for sugarbeet/sugarcane

supplied to it;

II. The minimum wages and

III. The excise duty.

Which are the major components of cost of sugar. The industry’s constraints

do not end at this point. All the sugar that it produces is sold at controlled prices.

Which are considerably below their economic level as reflected in the industry

between the control and the free market prices.

This suggests that while the other sectors are taking advantage of /or safe

guards against the favorable/unfavorable economic factors, the sugar industry is

unable to do so it cannot do the necessary manipulation by itself. It has to depend on

the state in this respect. If it is required to behave differently and better than certain

variables of the situation will have to be amended, too.

Deliberate Indifference Towards Efficiency

The mills have been showing indifference towards promoting measures. The

problem of under production is allowed to accentuate with the result that sugar

scarcity persist and gets worse periodically despite increase in production capacity.

This tendency can have only one or both of the following meanings. First, the

industry is too inefficient and fragile to carve out an efficient course for itself or/and ,

secondly, it wants the control and protection to stay on.

To this latter it deliberately operates below capacity, keeping the country

always in short supply of sugar, which being a sensitive commodity, compels the state

to always stand at the industry’s service.

I�ADEQUATE ATTE�TIO� TO RAW MATERIAL

DEVELOPME�T A�D SUPPLY PROBLEMS

Sugar industry’s role in the development of raw-material base, especially

sugar cane, on scientific lines, and its raw materials procurement administration

deserves a special mention.

Development of Sugarcane Agriculture

The industry has been keeping itself from activities associated with

development of sugarcane agriculture. It has contracts for supply of sugarcane, with

almost all growers but is not engaged in raw material development.

There is one more activity, the neglect of which is almost in excusable even

from strictly business point of view. And this concerns supply of credit to the

growers, which the mills have not been doing. This aspect deserves sugar industry’s

serious attention. it should be attended to as a part of the sugarcane development

activities of the mills.



309

�urul Islam Mian (1983) identified the problems of sugarcane and sugar beet

growers in the North West Frontier Province and studied remedial measures to

improve their return from these crops. The study was designed to evaluate the

implementation of various provisions of the Sugar Factories Control Act 1950

concerning the marketing of sugarcane and sugar beet to the mills viz.

1. Area and production Assessment of sugarcane and sugar beet to sugar

factories.

2. Indenting procedure and purchase of sugarcane and sugar beet.

3. Minimum prices and weighing.

4. Payment to growers.

5. Development Cess.

1. SUGAR CA�E

Yield Assessment Method

The survey revealed that only 48 or 43.6% of selected farmers were satisfied

with the existing method of yield assessment. The other 62 persons or 56.4% have

shown dissatisfaction about it.

Ten out of 62 dissatisfied farmers identified one of the following three drawbacks.

Gross Estimation 4

Gross Under-Estimation 1

Yield assessment meaningless in absence of acreage

assessment

5

10

The other 52 out of 62 dissatisfied farmers have reported more than one of the

above stated drawbacks.

Maintenance of Register Concerning Acreage and Delivery To Mills

The survey revealed ignorance of 71 farmers about the maintenance of register

by the Mill showing acreage, yield and the quantity of sugar fixed for delivery to the

mills. Mills on the other hand reported that all farmers have knowledge that they

maintain register of acreage, yield and quantity fixed for each grower.

Procurement of Passbooks and Supply Indents for Sugarcane

Of the total of 110 selected farmers, 9 farmers borrowed passbooks from other

farmers as they could not obtain them from the mills. The pass books are provided by

the influential farmers who obtain more than they require. The pass books are lent to

the co-villagers, relatives and friends and in return is expected non-monetary favor

like support at the elections or any other favor to maintain or increase their influence

in the village. Among the 9 farmers who used the borrowed pass books, 7 were small



310

farmers and one each medium and large farmers. Thus, only small farmers faced

difficulties obtaining the pass book.

Malpractices in Obtaining Sugarcane Supply Indents

77 or 70 percent reported existence of malpractices like Bribe/Gratification,

influence and power, large farm and/or nepotism. 44 farmers reported that the

situation can be improved through appointment of honest staff, preparation of time

table well in advance of crushing season about each farmer, proper care of small

award of punishment for the malpractices.

Loss of Weight Due to Delay by Mills in Obtaining Cane

The enquiry revealed the average difference of 3.55 days between the date of

cutting sugarcane and the date of its delivery to the mills. This happens because the

mills deliberately issue more indents than they can manage which goes against the

interest of the farmers due to loss in the weight and the existence of malpractices at

the weigh bridge. The survey revealed more difficulties in the case of small farmers

and more efficiency in respect of public sector mill which organizes the procurement

of sugarcane through the cooperatives.

Disposal of Sugarcane In Excess of Supply Indents

55 farmers, all from the reserved area of Premier Sugar Mills reported that the

mill does has imposed ceiling on the quantity per load. They complained that the mill

does not pay for the excess quantity. Therefore, they try to bring less quantity in the

load to avoid the losses. The mill has also reported that sugar cane in excess of 350

maunds is not acceptable to them. The farmers are advised not to bring more than the

fixed quantity as no payment is made for it.

Special Treatment by Mills to Farmers for Delivering Cane From

Outside The Reserved Area

Among the 99 farmers who reported that the mills also make purchases

outside their reserved areas, 94 mentioned special treatment by the mills. 9 sample

farmers stated that cane of such farmers is lifted earlier in shortest possible time. The

other three farmers mentioned that cane of these persons is properly weighed. The

remaining one farmer stated the easy availability of supply indents to such farmers.

The data is given below for a quick review.

1. Farmers reporting ignorance 5.05%

2. Farmers reporting purchase of cane and special treatment of

farmers outside reserved area

94.95%

A. Lifting of cane earlier 90.9%

B. Proper weighment 3.03%

C. Easy supply of indents 1.01%

Haulage of Sugarcane



311

Ninety nine (99) farmers mentioned difficulties. Among them 65 complained

about the lack of transport facilities, 3 pointed out the shortage of indents and one

lack of mettled roads to be the hurdle in the smooth haulage. The remaining 30

farmers stated that both the lack of transport and shortage of indents were the major

problem.

Minimum Price and Weighment of Sugarcane

Weighment

The enquiry revealed that 104 out of the total 110 sample farmers had no

knowledge of the working of weighbridge at the mills. The remaining 6 farmers,

mentioned to have knowledge of the working of weigh bridge.

86 farmers reported that they had no information as to whether weighment was

properly done by the mills or not. Other 5 reported that weighment was done

properly. 19 farmers confirmed proper weighment. Those farmers who stated that

weighing was not done properly could not specify the extent of under weighment by

the mills. Nine (9) out of total 110 sample farmers mentioned different weight of the

same empty carrier weighed by the mills at the time of different loads. The average

difference was reported at 23.30 maunds per carrier.

Sugar Supply Pattern

�umber of Indents Utilized and Quantity Supplied

Each farmer on the average delivered to the mills 284 maunds of cane per

carrier (indent), The average quantity per carrier (indent) was 476 maunds in reserved

area of Khazana Sugar Mills which imposed no ceiling on quantity of sugarcane in a

carrier as compared to 292 maunds per carrier in the reserved area of Premier Sugar

Mills where any quantity above 350 maunds in a carrier was not paid for. Thus a

carrier the average remained underutilized to the extent of 38.66 percent in reserved

area of Premier Sugar Mills compared to that of the Khazana Sugar Mills. Such a

situation created unnecessary pressure on the transport system as the Mill did not

make proper capacity utilization. For example, 65,233 maunds which were lifted by

137 carriers in the area of Khazana Sugar Mills are lifted by 233 carriers in the

reserved area of Premier Sugar Mills. This unsatisfactory state of situation also

created pressure on the weighbridge at the Mills and hence waste of time.

Equitable Spread of Purchases

Section 1(h) of the sugar Factories Control Act 1950, defines the “Crushing

Season” as “the period beginning on the 1st October in any year and ending on the 30

th

June next following”.

Inspite of good season from the stand point of assured supply of sugarcane of

the required quantity to the Mills, crushing was started in November 1981 and ended

in April 1982. The usual practice of starting crushing to reduce the working season



312

creates rush at a given point in time to the disadvantage of the farmer because such a

state of affairs cause unfair weighment, delay in the clearance of carriers, delay in

payment and unfair business offending procurement slips giving birth to the situation

of middlemen not allowed under the Act.

Crushing

Eighty six or 78.2 percent of the selected farmers were in favor of November

as the appropriate month to start the cane crushing. Since majority (78%) of the

sample farmers and since the Mills actually start crushing in the same month,

November seems to be the more suitable month for it.

Supply of Sugar by Mills to Sugarcane Suppliers

Ninety five farmers received 12,432 kg of sugar from the mills at the rate of 1

Kg per ten maund (=3,732 Kg) of cane supplied to the mills. But sugar mills reported

that they supplied 15 Kg of sugar per 4000 Kg of sugarcane supplied to them.

Out of the total of 95 reporting farmers 69 stated that they received average

quality sugar. Another twenty five complained that they received poor quality. Only

one farmer mentioned that the sugar provided by the mills was of good quality.

2. SUGAR BEET

Acreage and Production Assessment of Sugar Beet Only twenty four (24), out of the total of 60 selected farmers, expressed

satisfaction about the yield assessment method. The remaining 36 identified various

drawbacks. Four out of 36 stated gross under estimation of the crop. The other 32

showed various combinations of the following.

1. Gross under estimation.

2. Against the progressive farmers.

3. No possibility of utilizing excess sugarbeet in time.

4. Delay in vacating field due to the late lifting of sugarbeet by the mills.

Malpractices in Issuing Indents The farmers who stated that no mal-practices existed in obtaining indents were

46 as against 14 who complained about the malpractices such as bribe, personal

influence and/or power. Only 1 farmer suggested that the malpractices can be

removed only through honest staff.

Loss in Weight Due to Delay by Mills in Obtaining Sugarbeet

The lag between the date of sugar beet harvesting and delivery was three days.

All farmers complained that due to rush at the mills they had to wait for three days for

disposing off sugarbeet. As stated earlier considerable time is wasted at the mills as

they issue more indents than they can manage. During the deliberately created

weighment is not properly done to the disadvantage of the farmers. Moreover,

sugarbeet which is harvested during the summer months looses its weight.



313

All the farmers of the Khazana Sugar Mills stated, and this is the practice, that

no ceiling is imposed on the quantity of sugarbeet per carrier/indent. Any quantity

delivered is paid for. On the other hand the Premier Sugar Mills did not allow more

than 400 maunds per carrier. According to the management they have advised farmer

not to bring more.

Facilities Provided to Farmers by Sugar Mills

Majority (66.67 percent) complained, in adequate weighing facilities to the

extent of 44.50 percent. To seventy five percent of small farmers the weighing facility

was short by 43.33 percent. The two third of the medium farmers stated the large

farmers stated its inadequacy by 48.00 percent.

To the pre-dominant majority (88.3 percent) of the selected farmers the

checking arrangement of the weighbridges was inadequate by 45.84 percent. 90

percent of the sample farmers of the reserved area of Khazana Sugar Mills reported

the inadequacy to the extent of 90 percent. Eighty seven percent of the farmers of

Premier Sugar Mills found it sufficient by 45.80.

Ninety six percent of the small farmers complained the checking arrangement

of weighbridges was short by 41.52 percent. Eighty three percent medium farmers

stated the insufficiency by 42.80 percent. Eighty three percent of large farmers,

mentioned the inadequacy of checking arrangement for the weighbridges at 55.93

percent. 28 percent complained that the animal sheds were inadequate to the extent of

62.94 percent. 75% of farmers were dissatisfied about the drinking water facilities

which they considered inadequate by 50 percent. The shelter facilities as stated by 65

percent were inadequate to the extent of 68 percent.

None of the farmers reported to have received the CPR and SBPR

immediately after sale of his cane. The interval between the date of sugarcane and

receipt of CPR was 4 days-3 days in case of Khazana Sugar Mills and 5 days in

respect of Premier. The average interval of 5 days existed between delivery of beet

and receipt of SBPR in both the mills. This is not only inconvenient but also

expensive as the farmers have to visit the mills again and again to obtain the

CPR/SBPR when the latter is supposed to be supplied immediately after delivery of

the produce.

Again the interval between CPR/SBPR and receipt of money was found 18

days both for sugarcane and sugarbeet. Many farmers could not encash CPR/SBPR

without opening of account with the concerned bank.

In Pakistan major emphasis has been laid on import substitution

industrialization because it is more profitable to produce for the protected and assured

domestic market than to produce and sell in the highly competitive international

market. In the wake of this policy highly protected industrial structure has developed

which resulted in the sellers as well as buyer’s market. New entrants are discouraged

to perpetuate the one (already in business) monopoly power, sugar industry being one

of those industries which due to excessive protection neither needs not is able to fight

and overcome its problems. It shifts the effects of its in-efficient structure to the



314

farmers as produces of raw material in the shape of lower prices, to the workers in the

shape of lower employment and lower wages, to the consuming public in the shape of

higher prices and to small share holders in the forms of low dividends. There is need

for establishing of counter vailing power by the farmers. The latter must receive the

state patronage at least to the same extent provided to the manufacturers.

Farman Ali (1986) studied basis estimates of economics of sugarcane

production in North West Frontier Province, helping in pricing policies and reduction

of cost in relation to output with the ultimate aim to maximize growers income. The

study covers the period 1982-86 and conducted in Peshawar and Mardan districts.

PRICES

Sugarcane growers have two alternatives for disposing off their produce, viz.

supply to sugar mills or to conversion into Gur. Therefore, they are very responsive to

the relative change in the prices of sugarcane versus gur.

The Gur prices received by the farmers are given in Table-5.2. these are the

whole sale prices at which the Gur producers sold their product in a market. It was Rs.

140.91 per Maund in 1981-82, Rs. 164.67 in 1982-83. Rs. 170.25 in 1983-84, Rs.

172.69 in 1984-85 and Rs. 174.84 in 1985-86. From 1981-82 up to 1985-86 the price

has risen by 24.08 per cent.

The large farmers received better price for their Gur because of their better

financial position they could wait for a favorable price. Their products are more

carefully disposed off by the commission agents because of their large size business.

Such producers visit the market more frequently and are there fore more

knowledgeable about the market condition which is imperfect and does not ensure

competitive prices.

The price of sugarcane is given in Table-5.3. It was Rs. 8.75 per maund in

1981-82, Rs. 9.42 per maund in 1982-83 and remained constant at Rs. 9.75 per maund

from 1983-84 to 1985-86.

TABLE-5.2 PRICE OF GUR RECEIVED BY FARMERS 1981-86

(Rs. Metric tons)

YEARS FARM SIZE Middle

Below 5

Hectares

5 to 10

Hectares

Above 10

Hectares

Project Area

1 2 3 4 5

1981-82 3770.5 3775.3 3800.4 3774.96

1982-83 4370.7 4420.5 4500.1 4411.38

1983-84 4530.1 4600.3 4654.8 4561.06

1984-85 4610.3 4640.4 4660.1 4626.30

1985-86 4643.4 4720.2 4768.6 4683.88

Source: Survey

TABLE-5.3 PRICE OF SUGARCA�E RECEIVED BY FARMERS 1981-86

(Rupees)



315

YEARS Sugarcane Price

Per KG Per Metric Ton Per Maund

1 2 3 4

1981-82 0.23445 234.45 8.75

1982-83 0.25225 252.25 9.42

1983-84 0.26125 261.25 9.75

1984-85 0.26125 261.25 9.75

1985-86 0.26125 261.25 9.75

Source: Survey

Profitability of Sugarcane Sold of Mills Versus Gur

The net return from sugarcane sold to the mills and from the sugarcane

converted into gur has increased in 1982-83 over the year 1981-82. There after

successive decline is witnessed. This declining trend had been due to greater increase

in cost than in the output prices.

The net return from sugarcane sold to the mills was much less than the same

quantity of sugarcane converted into gur as shown below.

�ET RETUR� PER TO� OF SUGARCA�E

(Rupees)

Year Sold to Mills Converted into

Gur

Ratios of Return from sale to

mills/ converted into Gur.

1981-82 34.94 91.56 2.62

1982-83 54.08 143.51 2.65

1983-84 52.20 136.66 2.63

1984-85 36.77 115.34 3.14

1985-86 31.81 113.85 3.58

The ratio of net return from a given quantity of sugarcane sold to Mills and of

the same quantity converted into gur has shown an upward trend. Thus the sales

sugarcane to mills has been less profitably over time. This has been due mainly to

monoposonistic market of the sugar Mills where the prices are fixed by the

Government compared to open and competitive market of gur. The sugarmills

developed behind the high protective walls did not make any effort to reduce the unit

cost of production which always advocating more efficient production of the farm

level neither have the government policies been such to have compelled them to

produce efficiently. But a much disturbing situation in the NWFP is the fact that the

price of sugarcane paid by the mills is less compared to Punjab and Sind when

comparison is made of the sugar recovery1 as shown below.

1 Mr. Abdul Rauf Khattak in his paper “Problems of sugar crops in NWFP has shown that five years

ago the sugarcane price was 8.75 per maund when the sugar recovery was 8.3% compared to price of

Rs. 9.75 per maund and recovery of 8.7% in 1985-86.



316

�WFP PU�JAB SI�D

I. Price per maund

five years before

Rs. 8.75 Rs. 9.00 Rs. 9.15

II. Sugar Recovery 8.3% 8.5% 8.7%

III. Price for 1986-87 Rs. 10.75 Rs. 11.00 Rs. 11.15

IV. Sugar Recovery 8.7 % 8.5 % 9.3%

The above figures reveals that the farmers would have been further exploited

but for the alternate possibilities of selling their output in the open market in the shape

of gur, the possibility which is not to this extent available to the farmers of the Punjab

who have less comparative advantage in gur making and the possibility which is

absent in Sind. The sugar industry must become efficient to pay proper prices to the

growers which is possible through cost reducing innovations. But such improvement

cannot be expected from monoponist buyers whose restrictive output not only

adversely effect the farmers in the shape of low prices for the raw material but also

the laborers in to shape of low employment which also means lower wages. It is thus

through promotion of fair competition that the interest of the producers of raw

material, of the laborers and of the consumers can be promoted.

Kamil Lodhi (1989) studied the policy options of the Pakistan Sugar Industry.

Sugarcane is the country’s second largest crop after cotton and the source for virtually

all the sweeteners domestically produced. Although it occupies only 4% of the total

cropped area, sugarcane accounts for over 10% of the gross value added by all crops.

In agribusiness, sugar manufacturing is a major industry ranking second to textiles in

total sales.

A major policy goal of the Government of Pakistan in the agriculture sector

has been to achieve and maintain self-sufficiency in sugar production.

POLICY ISSUES

Four basic policy issues continue to be most evident in the sugar industry.

These are:

• The problem of maintaining self-sufficiency in sugar production.

• The problem of low and static sugarcane yields.

• The level of processing capacity required.

• The need to review existing regulations and policies which impact on the

sugar industry.

What Level Of Self-Sufficiency Is Practical

Achieving self-sufficiency in sugar production has been a formal but

unattainable goal of the Government of Pakistan for sometime. The Government has

maintained high sugarcane and sugar prices relative to other major sugar producing

countries. The economic cost of this activity has been high sugar prices to the



317

consumer which includes household as well as industrial users of sugar such as

beverage manufacturers, fruit processors, etc.

Given the costs of the current sugar policy and the trade-offs involved, the

obvious question which arises is : should Pakistan continue to strive towards attaining

and maintaining self-sufficiency in sugar production, or should it eventually phase out

production in line with the principle of comparative advantage.

There are at least three arguments for maintaining some domestic capacity in

sugar production: food security, past investment and potential competitiveness. A

significant domestic production capacity would reduce Pakistan’s vulnerability to the

sudden price hikes which have characterized the international sugar market in the

past.

Second Pakistan has over the years built up a large investment in the sugar

industry in terms of factories, machinery and infrastructure. It makes little sense to

write of this investment prematurely. Finally, despite low yields, Pakistan’s sugar

production costs have not been very much out of line with international prices. In fact,

whenever world sugar price rise, as at present, the Pakistan sugar industry becomes

competitive.

There are several levels of self-sufficiency that might be achieved at different

cost and risk levels. For example, if Pakistan were to hold an 80% self-sufficiency

level, and a world shortage fore closed the availability of imports, domestic prices

could likely rise by 50%. At a 70% self-sufficiency level, prices could rise by 75%

assuming imports were not available.

Low and Static Sugarcane yields

Historically, increases in the sugarcane production have largely been

dependent upon increases in acreage sugarcane yields in Pakistan have stagnated

since the mid sixties and remain well below those achieved in other major cane

production countries. Consequently, in the absence of expansion in cultivated

acreage, sugarcane replaces other crops.

Most observes feel there is considerable potential for increasing sugarcane

yields in Pakistan. The potential, they argue, is based upon two factors:

a) Closing the yield gap which exists between “average” and “progressive”

farmers.

b) Evolving improved high yielding cane varieties suited to Pakistan’s

growing conditions.

As new technology is developed, its benefits are likely to be realized only if

the existing cane payment system is changed to one which rewards farmers for

improving the sugar content of cane. At present, farmers are paid on the basis of

weight and not the sugar content of cane. The individual farmer does not receive an

incentive to improve cane quality.



318

How Much Additional Processing Capacity Should be Created

Currently, there are 44 sugar mills operating in the country with a reported

capacity of around 90,000 tons of cane per day or 1.3 million metric tons of sugar per

year. Judging from the industry’s production in 1988, actual capacity seems to be

much higher, probably around 1.8-20 million metric tons per annum. About one-

fourth of the total installed capacity is in the public sector. If capacity is expanded too

rapidly, it will disrupt the industry and create loan repayment problems of government

owned banks.

At current consumption levels, market growth would justify setting up no

more than 2-3 mills per year even if the entire increase in demand is to be met from

expansion in domestic capacity.

What are the Appropriate Regulations for the Industry

Because of the size of the sugar industry and its importance to the consumer,

sugar has historically been subject to a number of government interventions.

There is still a need to review other regulations and policies which impact on

the sugar industry. The most important of these are

• Mill location approval procedures.

• Lending policies of government banks.

• Availability of subsidized investment loans.

• Lack of regulations to encourage competition.

Finally in the wake of deregulation, there is a need for new regulations to

improve and maintain competition.

Muhammad Aurengzeb (1989) concluded that one of the major failures of

the development of the sugar industry in Pakistan has been in the continued under

utilization of capacity even when the capacity was being expanded.

The main cause of capacity under utilization identified by the FAO was

shortage of sugarcane supply to sugar mill sector. However this report offered a

bureaucratic solution to the problem. It recommended a ban on or severe restriction of

the production of “gur” by the cottage industry the main recipient of sugarcane

output. It was implicitly assured that if such a ban could be enforced the production

level of the cane would remain by and large unchanged and much larger quantity

would be transferred to the modern sector.

The analysis favored relaxation of government controls over the sugar price. If

this policy is adopted sugar mills will be able to offer a higher price for sugarcane. A

higher price of sugarcane will provide the farmer with an incentive to produce more

sugarcane and divert a larger quantity of cane from “gur” production to sugar mills.

This will of course improve capacity utilization and will therefore have a favorable



319

effect on the output and price of sugar. It is found difficult to justify expansion in the

existing capacity unless the present level is fully utilized.



320

5.2 VEGETABLE GHEE A�D OIL I�DUSTRY

Abdul Aziz Anwar et al. (1965) reported that a sugar commission was

appointed by government of Pakistan in 1957 for recommending ways and means of

increasing production of sugar in the country. In the light of the recommendations of

the said commission a survey was planned jointly by the Board of Economic Enquiry

Peshawar and Board of Economic Enquiry Lahore. It was decided that Peshawar

Board would study conditions in NWFP and Balochistan regions while the Lahore

Board would conduct the survey in the Punjab, Sind and Bahawalpur regions. The

present study organized in to nine chapter: Introduction; Sugar Cane; Sugar mills;

Sugar mill employs; Sugar cane zone areas; sugar cane growers; Review of

governmental policies; Beet sugar; Summary and Conclusion.

Muhammad S. Anjum (1993) reported the marketing and processing

constraints for edible oils in Pakistan.

MARKETI�G CO�STRAI�TS

Although some increase in area and production of sunflower has occurred but

the largest hurdle in boosting its production is its marketing system. The marketing

system needs attention in possible short time.

Procurement Inefficiency

The biggest constraint adversely affected the promotion of the non

conventional oilseed crops. Ghee Corporation of Pakistan was made responsible for

the procurement of new oil seed crops. But due to its administrative and financial

problems coupled with highly bureaucratic management style of operation was unable

to provide an effective procurement cover. The whole organizational setup of the

oilseed production needs overhauling with encouragement of private sector.

Indifferent Procurement Center Staff Attitude

The procurement center staff attitude towards the farmer is not only harsh but

also discriminatory. Long hours waiting and procurement staff disappearance leaving

the farmers on the mercy of middle men of reaped shares between themselves is also a

serious complaint.

Discretionary Deductions for Moisture and Inert Matter

The procurement center staff uses moisture meters, but certain correction

factor is also used to arrive at the percentage deduction. Most farmers being illiterate

do not fully understand the deduction methodology and become suspicious.

Deductions up to 10 percent were made in some cases.

Procurement Center at Distant Places



321

The GCP procurement centers are very thinly distributed and most farmers

have to travel long distances to reach these centers. Farmers in the cotton zone have to

travel more than 30 kilometers on an average if they want to sell sunflower produce to

the GCP procurement center.

Support Price �ot Reaching the Farmers

Because of the physio-chemical characteristics of sunflower oilseed and the

risk of delaying its disposal, the farmers sell their produce to the middlemen at a

lesser price than the announced support price. It can thus be argued that the support

price is not reaching the grower mainly due to the inefficient procurement system.

Delays in Payment to the Farmers

An additional factor going against the promotion of sunflower is the delay in

making the payment to the farmers for their produce. Allegedly influential farmers are

paid relatively quickly and a majority of the small and middle level farmers have to

make 2 to 4 visits to the banks for cashing their checks.

Strategy to Remove Marketing Constraints

Remove establishment and Logistics constraints of the procurement agency,

Increase the number of procurement centers, Periodic and realistic adjustment of

procurement prices, Improve procurement efficiency, Provision of Gunny bags to

farmers, Installation of equipment for cleaning, drying and efficient weighing at

procurement centers.

Oilseeds Processing Constraints

The following features of our processing industry are indicative of the issues

and constraints that need to be tackled:

1. Remote labor Intensive Technology

The technology commonly used at most ghee mills is labor intensive and has

remained basically unchanged for decades. Modern technology, requiring higher

investment cost, will only be introduced if the market and investment climate promise

achievable results arising from innovations in production techniques and economies

of scale.

At best, modern production and packaging technologies will come about slowly, with

the large, better financed and more diversified companies taking the lead.

2. Unhygienic Processing and Packaging

Nearly all the ghee mills visited lacked minimum sanitary conditions which

reinforced the views expressed by the above study. Not only were the plants

unsanitary but production and packaging operations were carried out under

unacceptable, unhygienic conditions. In addition to unhygienic plant conditions, there



322

are consistent reports of product adulteration, i.e. adding flavoring, coloring or

inedible oils/fats to the vegetable ghee production.

5.3 FRUIT A�D VEGETABLE I�DUSTRY

Cooperation and Marketing Advisor to the Government of Pakistan,

Karachi (1958) reported that

GRADI�G A�D STA�DARDIZATIO�

Position in Pakistan

Existing Practices

Grading of fruit is not practiced in its true sense in Pakistan at present.

Generally, it is roughly classified in to two or three broad categories, viz., superior

and inferior, or large, medium and small sizes, in accordance with the individual’s

own way of sorting, the method varying from one sorter to another. This system is

undependable since it conveys no definite or conclusive idea about the size and

various quality factors, such as state of maturity, freedom from blemish, disease, etc.

Although of not much practical value, even this rough classification is not strictly

adhered to while packing. The lack of uniformity of quality in the pack is serious and

common defect. The under sized and under developed fruits are deliberately kept at

the bottom of the container, while well formed, mature and healthy ones are placed in

the top layers. The buyers being well aware of this practice, commonly known as

“topping’, are obliged to examine the contents of the entire package before purchase.

There is no doubt that the method has a damaging effect on the reputation of packers

as well as the fruit industry. It is also equally true that, on the ungraded fruit, the

packer loses at every stage. He pays for packing, carriage, and commission on the

culls which not only bring little or no return to him but depreciate the value of the

whole some fruit in the eyes of the prospective buyers. Besides, a thorough inspection

of the packages containing ungraded fruit adds to the cost of their distribution, which

ultimately reduces the net return to the grower.



323

MA�UFACTURE OF FRUIT PRODUCTS

Importance

Fruits are highly perishable, a fairly large proportion ranging between 10 and

15 percent of the total production being lost in rottage due to the want of adequate

cold storage and refrigerated transport facilities in the country. The fruit preservation

industry in Pakistan is not sufficiently developed.

Present Position Of The Industry

Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments

In Pakistan, the fruit processing industry in respect of the indigenous fruit

products is of ancient origin, but the methods then employed were crude and

unhygienic. The manufacture of these products on scientific lines, started during the

twenties of the present century. The industry received considerable stimulus during

World War II.

At the time of Independence in 1947, there were 206 big and small concerns in

Pakistan engaged in the processing of fruits and vegetables; by the movement of

population, most of these establishments closed down. The unrestricted imports of

fruit products up to 1949 was a further handicap to the development of Pakistani

industry. During this period, about 70 concerns were functioning partially in Pakistan.

With the subsequent curtailment of imports, however, the number increased to 110 by

1951. the following tables shows the regional distribution of the licensed

manufacturing concerns of fruit and vegetable products in Pakistan during the

quinquennium ending 1955.

Table-5.4

Province Region 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955

West Pakistan Punjab 70 74 72 73 82

Karachi 21 23 31 23 830

N.W. Frontier 10 10 10 11 10

Balochistan 5 4 4 5 6

Sind 2 2 1 9 11

Total 108 113 118 121 139

East Pakistan 2 2 2 2 5

Grand Total 110 115 120 123 144

Not withstanding the handicaps faced by the Industry (discussed later), there

has been a gradual increase in the number of the licensed manufacturers during the

last five years. Along with the increase in number, the quantities of manufactures by

these concerns have also risen appreciably. These are reflected in the value of

products manufactured by the licensed establishments as shown below.



324

Table-5.5

Year Value of Fruit Products (000 Rs.) Total

Value

(000

Rs.)

Percentage

increase over

previous

year’s value

Canned

Products

Bottled

Products

Preserves Pickles,

etc.

1951 420 771 1121 210 2522 -

1952 559 1050 1500 280 3389 34.3

1953 600 1150 1550 300 3600 6.2

1954 840 1610 2170 420 5040 40.0

1955 924 1771 2387 462 5544 9.9 Source: Pakistan Fruits and Vegetables Preserves Association, Lahore.

Source: Department of Supply and Development, Ministry of Industries, Government of Pakistan,

Karachi.

Handicaps And Suggestions For Improvement

The main handicaps faced by the fruit preservation industry in Pakistan relate

to the inadequate supply and higher cost of refined sugar and other accessories, such

as tin plate, tin containers, bottles, jars, chemicals, corks, capsule, etc.

1. Sugar

The central Government in the Department of supply and Development,

Ministry of industries, issue sugar permits at the beginning of each quarter in favor of

the manufacturers, on the strength of which the provincial food Departments give

instructions to the District Food Controllers concerned to arrange its supply to the

industry is not regular. How ever, due to the frequent shortage of sugar, its supply to

the industry is not regular. Moreover, certain small manufacturers have represented,

that it is difficult for them to take the quarterly quota in one lot; they would prefer to

take delivery in two or three installments. certain large concerns, on the other hand,

desire that their quota for the whole year may be allowed in one or two off takes

during the fruit season, when the supplies of fruit are cheap and abundant and the

requirements of sugar far greater than in the off season.

Secondly, the price at which sugar is supplied to the industry is considered

high, thereby raising the cost of production and the sale of price of the fruit products.

Thirdly, the quota allotted to the industry, should be adequate to cover its

present and growing requirements, so as to ensure that its development is not arrested.

2. Containers

The industry requires tin containers to can its products. It has been ascertained

that sufficient capacity to manufacture ordinary cans already exists in the country; but

due to small imports of tin plate, the containers are not being manufactured in

quantities commensurate with the overall demand of the Industry. Moreover, the

sanitary fabricated type of tin cans are also in short supply.

3. Glass bottles and jars



325

Although the position with regard to glass bottles, jars etc., required by the

industry has imp-roved considerably in recent times, it is by no means satisfactory.

The glass bottles and jars made in Pakistan are, generally speaking not as good as the

imported once, since the incidence of breakage in them is quite high. Moreover, the

capacity of these bottles is not uniform.

4. Chemicals

The chemicals, essences, colors, flavoring material etc., required by the

industry have to be imported. The inadequate supply of these articles encourages

profiteering and black marketing thereby contributing to the already high production

costs.

5. Miscellaneous items

Some of the other requisites like, corks, capsules, crown corks, labels, etc., are

important, while certain others are produced with in the country.

6. Research

The Government should immediately organize research work in the

technology, quality improvement and standardization of fruit products, including

research on the utilization of fruit wastes and preparation of battled products there

from such as manufacture of pectin and peel oil from orange peel, etc.

Export Possibilities

During the last few years, a beginning has benign made in the export of fruit

products. Although the quantities are not appreciable, the very fact that exports have

taken place shows that there is a potential demand abroad. The middle East countries

are particularly important in this respect, and shipments have been made even to UK

As Pakistan produces a variety of fruits of fairly good quality, it should be possible in

due course to build up an export market. This would require encouragement and

assistance in various ways.

It is stated that exports from India to UK and the Middle East are quite

substantial, which is essentially the result of cheap sugar available there.

Other assistance specially required for building up export trade is the

provision of suitable bottles and jars, caps and lids, labels and wrappers, etc.

Another consideration of special importance to the export trade is the

necessity for standardizing quality and ensuring purity. In Pakistan also, due attention

should be paid to quality control measures particularly in respect of food articles

exported to foreign countries.



326

�urul Islam Mian (1963) studied more efficient marketing of Fazal-i-Manani

Plums and Leconte Pears through proper grading, standardization and cooperating

marketing.

GRADI�G

Grading facilitates movements of products from buyer to buyer; it speeds up

the movement and prepares products for more accurate pricing. That is:

1. All consumers do not have the same income and taste. Some of them

attach more importance to the quality than to the price while others are

interested more in the price than in the quality of products. In the absence

of proper grading the consumers purchase the undesired quality along with

the desired one. Thus, grading reduces waste for those who are interested

in higher quality and lowers price for those who want to purchase cheaper

qualities2. Again, a fruit processing firm making jams and marmalades

requires fruit of different quality and maturity stage than the firm canning

or dehydrating the fruit. Or, a wholesaler while purchasing fruit and

selling them to local retailers may like to have fruit of different maturity

stage than the exporter or a wholesaler preserving the products in cold

storages and selling them at later dates of the season.

2. Grading facilitates buying and selling without the trouble and expense of

inspection by wholesaler, retailers and importers.

3. Market news are more properly and easily collected and transmitted back

to marketers and producers if products are properly graded.

4. Grading facilitates the cooperative marketing.

5. Consumers while making purchase require some time in the selection of

desired qualities. This time adds to the cost of marketing output

(satisfaction). Thus, from the social standpoint the output of marketing

(U), ceteris paribus, decreases (increases) as the time spent in shopping (T)

increases (decreases). In symbols.

U = DD (T)

6. Thus, grading reduces the time cost of marketing output.

7. Sorting of products into different grades of homogeneous quality

characteristics prolongs the life of products and minimizes spoilage.

2 See Frederick Lumdy Thomsen, Agricultural Marketing, Mc Graw Hill Book Company, Inc, New

York-Toronto-London, 1951, pp. 262-263.



327

STA�DARDIZATIO�

Standardization means the quality specification of products and packing

materials, and the quantity specification of products packed per crate, basket or bag.

The lack of standardization means that the top grade of one “fruit marketer” may be

the second grade of the other, or the top grade at one time of the season may differ

from the second grade at another time of the season. Again, the amount of fruit

packed, say, in crate, by one person may differ from the other. For example, the

amount of Fazl-i-Manani Plums packed per crate varies from person to person, the

range of such variation is between 2 to 14 lb. per crate. As for fruit, there is no grade

specification. Thus, due to the lack of standardization buyers may lose confidence in

the grades and weights. This is likely to increase the risk and the need for greater

profit.

I�TRA SEASO�AL DISTRIBUTIO� OF PRODUCTS

More even distribution of supply to market of the products already produced is

likely to increase satisfaction of the community. This may be explained with reference

to the fact that flow restriction avoids the alternate periods of scarcity and gluts and

the greater fluctuations in the day to day prices3. Thus, more uniform flow of products

over the marketing season reduces uncertainties and risks with respect to supplies and

prices. The flow restriction, however, involves the need and search for more, better

and cheaper cold storages and the development of cooperative marketing.

�EED FOR MORE A�D BETTER STORAGE FACILITIES

Owing to the lack of cold storages the danger of wastes is great if fruit is left

for longer time on the trees. Therefore, greater quantities are disposed of during the

early part of the season which, in turn, is reflected in smaller quantities and very high

prices in the later season. More and better storage facilities covers these risks. Thus,

cold storages prolong the life of fruit, facilitate more uniform flow of products and

makes them available to consumer even in the off season.

COOPERATIVE MARKETI�G

Cooperative marketing on the line of ‘commodity organization’ as suggested

by Aaron Sapiro for California farmers4 needs special consideration. Sapiro’s basic

point is organization of cooperative marketing with regard to the commodity involved

and not the locality in which the association operates, because each commodity passes

through different channels and involves different techniques of marketing.

3 Jerry Foytil, Agricultural Marketing Orders, California Agriculture Experiment Station, Giannini

Foundation of Agricultural Economics, Giannini Research Report No. 259, November 1962, pp. 21-

23.

4 See Grace E. Larsen and Henry E. Erdman, Aaron Sapiro: Genius of Farm Cooperative Promotion.

(Reprinted From the Mississippi Valley) Historical Review Vol. XL IX,No. 2, September, 1962).



328

Sapiro suggests the pooling of products. Under this system growers obtain

receipts indicating how their product is graded. The association market the pools and

each grower has a claim in proportion to the amount of products. However, Sapiro’s

scheme presupposes proper grading and standardizing with respect to size, quantity

per crate, and maturity stage.

�EED FOR MORE A�D BETTER FRUIT CA��I�G,

PROCESSI�G A�D DEHYDRATI�G FACTORIES

The fruit canning, processing and dehydrating plants withdraw some

quantities which normally find their way into the fresh markets. Thus, more and better

fruit canning, processing and dehydrating facilities:

a) Increase the demand which, in turn, raise prices and, ultimately, income of

growers;

b) Provides new, better and cheaper produce to consumers. Also, the supply

of new products provides greater choice in the consumption of goods.

Besides, Western Europe imports canned, processed and dry fruit from far off

countries like Japan and Taiwan. Therefor, Pakistani products may also find their way

in foreign markets. The dehydrating plants need special considerations; for, it appears

to be less capital as well as less import intensive and probably have better chances for

exports.

OTHER FACTORS

In addition to the above mentioned factors the following can also be

considered for improving the marketing of Plums and Pears:

1. Pricing of products at retail shops. This speeds the movement of goods to

consumers, reduces the time cost of marketing and increases sales.

2. Development of “fruit marketers retailers relationship” in order to reduce

cost of distribution through more integration of the two functions.

3. Better packaging.

4. Improvement in the art of packing and plucking which should minimize

waste and maximize the income of growers.

5. Efficient use of labor by making time and motion studies.

6. Training of retailers in the art of serving customers.

Mian (1963) reported in the second of series on Marketing of Agricultural

Products of the former NWFP that various malpractices were found in the marketing

process of ‘Malta’. There was absence of standardization of grades and of the amount

of fruit in crate, bag or basket. These malpractices created market uncertainties and

risks which necessitated the need for great profits.

Besides market imperfections were found at various steps of marketing

process. Collective monopoly among commission merchants, partial collective

monopoly of truck associations, oligopoly among booking clerks at railway stations,

and poly poly in the crate markets are the cases in point. All these market



329

imperfection and opportunities for high profit margin result in higher marketing and,

therefore mean smaller satisfaction per unit of resource outlay.

Zubeida Khatoon (1967) studied the prospects; present position and

problems of the fruit and vegetable preservation and canning industry in the former

NWFP.

ACREAGE A�D PRODUCTIO� OF FRUITS

The NWFP is considered an important fruit growing area of West Pakistan. It

is considered so not so much on the basis of the area under fruit or the amount

produced in this region, as on the basis of the type and quality of fruits grown. Total

area under fruit in NWFP is some where 10% to 11 % of the total acreage of West

Pakistan. The amount of fruits produced by the NWFP also constitutes some 10 to

11% of the total national production of fruits.

TABLE-5.6 ACREAGE A�D PRODUCTIO� OF FRUIT I� WEST

PAKISTA� BY REGIO�S.

Area (Acres) % age Production (Mds) % age

Total West Pakistan

(including Karachi)

1,18,193 100 1,15,94,435 100

Peshawar & D.I.

Khan Division

10,787 9.06 12,04,985 10.31

Quetta & Kallat 4,816 4.08 4,60,760 3.98

Rest of West

Pakistan

1,02,590 86.86 99,28,690 85.71

1. Co-operation & Marketing Advisor to the Government of Pakistan “Report on the Marketing

of Fresh Fruits in Pakistan”.

2. According to the Agriculture Department Peshawar as quoted in “Marketing of Agricultural

Products of the Former NWFP.” by Nurul Islam Mian, Board of Economic Enquiry, Peshawar

University, total area under fruit in the NWFP is 15,139 acres & annual production is 165,684

tons.

3. Based on Table-5.1 in the Statistical Appendix of this Report.

CLOSI�G OF THE I�DIA� MARKET

Pears, plums and peaches of the former NWFP have always being in high

demand through out the Indo-Pak sub continent. Before partition, the fruits mentioned

used to find markets extending as far as Bombay and Calcutta. Even after partition,

trade in fresh fruits between Pakistan and India continued on extensive scale.

Being the chief exporter to the India the former NWFP has thus suffered from

the fluctuations in exports. In 1951, for instance, the earnings of the region totaled Rs.

2,629,721. In 1952, earnings fell to Rs. 1,303,722. Export earnings have fall to as low

as Rs. 37,676 in 1958-59. The entire situation can be seen from Table-5.2 and Table-

5.3.



330

TABLE-5.7 VOLUME A�D VALUE OF WEST PAKISTA�’S FRUIT TO

I�DIA

YEAR COMMODITY QUA�TITY I�

MAU�DS

VALUE I�

RUPEES

1955-56 Pears 5761 72731.00

Maltas 6469 56989.00

Grapes 9 429.00

Gray Fruit 56 448.00

130597.00

1956-57 Pears 114805 942884.00

Maltas 7327 --

Anar 253 3586.00

Aloocha 441 4605.00

Grapes 85 1905.00

1055409.00

1957-58 Anar 1375 17400.00

Apples 4 150.00

Pears 19205 159762.00

Batang 79469 577555.00

752867.00

1958-59 Batang 4217 25678.00

Anar 560 --

Pears 971 8340.00

Apples 642 13971.00

Nakhs 643 3658.00

61683.00

1959-60 Nil - -

1960-61 Aloobokhara 99714 604313.00

Peaches 2337 31101.00

Makhs 143324 1802106.00

2437520.00

1961-62 Aloobokhara 73519 533419.00

Peaches 1019.25 12113.00

Nakhs 208845 198915.00

744447.00

1962-63 Aloobokhara 81814.37 575490.00

Peaches 1137.05 15010.00

Nakhs 147250 982381.00

1572881.00

1963-64 Aloobkhara 37682.19 263892.00

Peaches 559.7 8756.00

Nakhs 126588 596825.00

869473.00

1964-65 Aloobokhara 22097.34 298885.00

Peaches 90.14 1668.00

Nakhs 53335 853950.00

1153503.00

Source: Government of Pakistan, Collectorate of Central Excise and Land Customs, Lahore.



331

TABLE-5.8 EAR�I�GS FORM THE EXPORT OF FRESH FRUIT FROM

THE FORMER �WFP TO I�DIA.

YEAR �WFP WEST

PAKISTA�

1 2 3 4

Value in

Rupees

% age of 3 Value in

Rupees

% age

1951 2,629,721 56 4,660,407 100

1952 1,303,722 69 1,898,419 100

1953 1,251,245 58 2,162,631 100

- - - - -

1955-56 72,731 56 130,597 100

1956-57 947,489 90 1,055,409 100

1957-58 737,317 98 752,869 100

1958-59 37,676 61 61,683 100

1959-60 - - - -

1960-61 2,421,970 99 2,437,520 100

1961-62 738,391 99 744,447 100

1962-63 1,572,881 100 1,572,881 100

1963-64 869,193 100 869,473 100

1964-65 1,153,458 100 1,153,503 100

• Includes pears, plums and peaches.

• Based on previous Table. Assuming that earnings from pears and plums are entirely from the

export of these fruits from the NWFP, and that 50 per cent of the earnings from peaches are from

the export of peaches from the NWFP.

• Figures of export earnings for 1951, 1952 and 1953 are from the collectorate of Central Excise

and Land Customs, Lahore, as quoted by the Cooperation and Marketing Advisor to the

government of Pakistan in “Report on the Marketing of Fresh Fruits” Karachi 1958. Page. 145.

The greatest blow of all was, however, to fall on the fruit farming industry of

the region with the complete suspension of trading relations with India, following the

September war of 1965. A most important market was lost to the fruit growers of the

former NWFP. Incomes of these people seems to have fallen very low, for the surplus

amount of fruits with out lowering the level of prices.

DEMA�D FOR THE PRODUCTS OF THE I�DUSTRY

As regards the domestic markets, the industry is faced with a limited demand

because its products do not form part of the normal diet for wide segments of the

people. Besides these products are too expensive for the predominantly low income

consumers in Pakistan. That is to say, the demand for the products of the industry in

question is confined to people in the upper income brackets and therefore can not be

very large.

While in adequacy of incomes and general poverty are responsible for putting

a limit on the demand for canned fruit and vegetables, their comparatively higher

prices further aggravate matters. The cost of production of canned products in our

country is one of the highest in the world.



332

A significant expansion in demand could, therefore, occur if a reduction in the

cost of production of the industry is brought about, as canned fruits and vegetables

will be placed with in the reach of a greater number of people.

EXPLORI�G FOREIG� MARKETS FOR CA��ED FRUIT &

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS The development of this industry is possible even with a limited market, if its

products are successfully exported abroad. The development of this market is, in fact,

largely intended for export markets.

The preservation and canning industry can become a reliable and steady earner

of foreign exchange if its products satisfy two important conditions.

Firstly, the quality of the products exported must be as good as those of the

competitor countries.

Secondly, the prices of the products should be competitive in the world

market.

The quality of fruits grown in the former NWFP is good. The peach 6-A, the

Leconte pear, the Fazli-i-Manani and the orange-ruby red, are all very suitable for

canning purposes, and yield excellent results.

In Saudi Arabia and Kuwait there is great enthusiasm for Pakistan’s products.

These countries would much sooner buy from us than any other country provided we

sell to them at competitive prices. These countries, at present, import canned fruit and

juices from Japan. Japans exports are at a ridiculously low prices, and our industry

will have to lower its prices much below the preset level to make a headway in these

foreign markets.

Ghulam Jilani Khan (1970) studied the export potential of fruits and fruit

products.

FRESH FRUITS

“The main market for which the export market can be developed is Citrus

Fruit.” This region is famous for the production of fine quality of Citrus fruit.

There is a great potential demand for our fruits in the world market, specially

in Singapore, Malaya, Hongkong, Middle Eastern countries and United Kingdom. It is

estimated that the demand for fruits in these markets (excluding UK) is of the order of

Rs. 154 million. Out of these the Persian Gulf ports alone represents transactions

worth more then Rs. 40 million. But inspite of having a sufficient disposable surplus

of fruit in the region, we could not enter any of these market in a big way. The main

causes that have affected the export of this region in particular are lack of grading,

transport, storage and other marketing facilities and irregular supply of fruits to the

foreign buyers which discourage new buyers.

DRY FRUITS

The export of dry fruits can be increased substantially if attention is paid to

organize and develop its trade on proper lines.

CA��ED FRUITS, VEGETABLES A�D JUICES



333

The exports of canned fruits and fruit products can be enhanced further by

reducing cost of production on one hand, and increasing production on the other.

On the cost side the major problems of the industry are the high prices of

sugar and containers in the country. But the problems are not unsolvable The costs

can be reduced (and consequently the prices lowered) by making direct purchases

from the growers of fresh fruits and making arrangements for the purchase of sugar

and containers at cheaper rates.

On the production side, there is a great scope of setting up a few more fruit

canning factories in the North West Region of West Pakistan. The area also full fills

all the necessary conditions for establishing canneries. But unfortunately, this industry

has not received due attention from perspective investors. The situation calls for a

proper government policy to encourage the establishment of small and medium size

canneries in the region.

EXPORT POTE�TIAL

There is great potential for the export of potatoes, which grows in great

quantities in upper Hazara District and Swat where the nature of the soil and climate

is highly favorable for its cultivation. But unfortunately due to improper marketing

system, lack of enough storage facilities, non existence of the industry in the region to

utilize the product, perishable nature of the commodity itself, and no export outlet, the

cultivators and the dealers of potatoes in the region have been incurring considerable

losses.

If proper export outlets are sought, potatoes can become one of the important

foreign exchange earner in the region.

Fazal Rahim (1972) studied the conscious features of fruit processing

industry vis-à-vis the financial and economic requirements, prospects of improvement

and the related problems.

FRESH FRUITS A�D VEGETABLES OF �WFP

In this chapter the author reviewed the fruit growing areas of NWFP, acreage

and production of fruits and vegetables, suspension of Indian market and its after

affects and marketing of fresh fruits. Additional problems identified by the author are

summarized as:

The marketing of fresh fruits in NWFP following the general marketing

pattern through out Pakistan suffers from inherent short comings in that, it had failed

to safe guard the interest of the growers as well as consumers. The interest of growers

is sabotaged by the inner working intermediaries. The bulk of the share is usurped by

the commission agent an retailer, where as the grower gets only 36.8% of the final

price paid by the consumer. Due to lack of cold storage facilities and financial needs

of the growers prices tends to move at lower ebb during the peak season (the market

is glutted), while exorbitant prices prevail during off season. Geographic differences

in prices, is yet another glaring feature of our marketing system. The average retail



334

price of bananas is usually near about Rs. 1/- to 1.25 per dozen in Hyderabad,

whereas in Peshawar it is Rs. 2/- to 2.50 per dozen. Vital as it is, the marketing

problem starts much before harvesting, and after meeting certain financial

requirements for picking and plucking, the steps of assembling, grading, packing,

sorting, transporting and market intermediaries are crossed. The inefficient and

defective methods of assembling, grading and packing, have caused damage, rotting

and lower profits. The cold storage capacity has not kept pace with the growing

volume of the production of fruits and vegetables, with the result that the prices run

excessively uneven through out the year, and the life of the fruits and vegetables,

cannot be prolonged, leading to colossal wastage. Similarly the lack of transportation

facilities in the rural areas and the high costs, result in perishability, inter regional

price disparities and high prices. Transportation cost accounts for approximately 6%

of the total marketing cost.

Lastly, too high charges go to the intermediaries i.e. 11.4 percent gown to the

commission agent and 41.5 percent to the retailers. Thus for obvious reasons, the

serious snags in the marketing system need quick rectification.

VARIOUS REQUIREME�TS A�D EXPE�SES OF THE FRUIT

PROCESSI�G PLA�TS

Fruit canning industry, being highly complex technico-economic job requires

sufficient supplies of raw materials and other innumerable items for its steady

functioning. Of the total expenses incurred by the fruit canning industry on the

purchase of raw materials in NWFP sugar accounts for 44 percent, cans etc. 29

percent and fresh fruits and vegetables 21 percent. Reports of the tariff commission

reveal that the high price of sugar acted as major stumbling block in the appreciable

growth of the industry. Price subsidy of sugar in Australia exerted flourishing effect

on the industry.

Moreover, the high price and bottles are highly incompatible with the

demands of international competition that necessitates price reduction. Hence, prices

of sugar be subsidized to the industry and tin cans to be made available at lower cost

enabling the industry to enter the foreign competitive markets. Besides, sizable

amounts are spent every year on fuel, electricity rent of building, banking, legal

auditing, advertisement, taxes import of foreign machinery spare parts etc.

EXPORT PERFORMA�CE

As regards NWFP’s case in the field of foreign trade of processed fruits and

vegetables nothing remarkable has been realized. In 1966-67 as Table No. 5.9 reveals

exports worth of Rs. 2.20 lac were made. During 1967-68, exports declined to Rs.

1.85 lac. Next year faced a tremendous down fall bringing down the figure to, 0.71 lac

only 3 percent of the total sales.

Table-5.9 Total Sales and Exports of the Processed & Fresh Fruits and

Vegetables in �WFP

(In Rs.)



335

Year Export of Dry

& Fresh

Fruits

Total Sale of the

Processed Fruit &

Vegetable

Exports of

Processed Fruits &

Vegetables

Exports as

Percentage

of Sales

1965-66 N.A 3,326,548 N.A -

1966-67 N.A 3,182,361 22,086 7

1967-68 71,421 2,405,397 184,645 7.6

1968-69 38,880 2,370,438 70,586 3

1969-70 301,898 2,387,464 59,247 2.2

Source: 1) Export Promotion Bureau.

2) Fruit & Vegetable Processing Industries.

3) Directorate of Industries, NWFP.

During 1969-70, though the exports of dry and fresh fruits went up to Rs.

301,898 the same was untrue of the processed fruits and vegetables i.e. exports of

fruit products was only Rs. 59,247 - 2.5 percent of the total sales.

What surprises an economic analyst, while observing the sluggish

performance of our fruit processing units in the international trade arena, is the fact,

that we lag far behind in promoting the exports of even those commodities, for which

quite sufficient supplies of basic and other raw materials are locally available. thus no

doubt our manufacturers have to face cut throat foreign competition, yet they have to

evolve ways and means to reduce the cost, improve the quality and equip themselves

to over shadow foreign competitors. By so doing, only they can meet the more acute

and urgent needs of the economy.

WAGE STRUCTURE A�D THE RELATED PROBLEMS

Food processing industry being basically seasonal in nature, though provides

direct and indirect avenues of promoting employment, yet the type of employment is

very unstable, and the bulk of the workers do not get employed on regular and

permanent basis. Recently, the employers are subjected to statutory compulsion to pay

the worker, Rs. 4.00 per day. Most of the work connected with cleaning, cutting etc.

of fruits and vegetables is performed by female workers, who are available at

extremely cheap rates. They receive their wages on daily basis.

PATTER� OF I�COME DISTRIBUTIO� - IMPACT O� FRUIT

CA��I�G I�DUSTRY

Diverting our attention to the relevant relationship between food processing

industry and pattern of income distribution, we find that fruit and vegetable products

manufactured by the fruit preservation industries are direly inhibited by the down to

the bottom level of general purchasing power. Vast majority of the people are unable

even to taste fruits in fresh form. Most of them owing to the intense limitations of the

pockets consume most inferior or rotten fruit, when ever it is available in the market

at cheaper rates. So it would be quite untenable to undertake a marketing exploration

amongst lower income groups. Thus, we can safely conclude, that jams, jellies,

marmalades and squashes etc. find their way on the break fast tables of the privileged

class.



336

The above mentioned fact takes us to draw the conclusion that fruit processing

industry among other obstacles, confronts two fold problems on the demand side.

Firstly the internal market is limited by the lower level of general purchasing power

rooted in the vast gulf of inequalities and general poverty of the masses.

Secondly, external market is fraught with strong and cut throat competition of

highly developed countries such as Australia, USA, England and Japan.

UTILIZATIO� OF WASTES I� FRUIT PROCESSI�G

I�DUSTRY

Finally, in the prices of canning their accumulates large quantity of peels, pits,

vines, cobs etc. that are most scientifically utilized as valuable by products in the

developed countries. For instance apple cores are often dried and sold to the jelly

factories for preparing cheap jellies and jams, powdered pectin and pectin

concentrates.

Apricot pits yield about 24 percent kernels, peaches about 7 percent, and

cherry about 28 percent. Now, if properly utilized, the fixed oil extracted out of the

kernels is most valuable constituent of these waste pits. The experience of advance

countries tells us, that a ton of cull peaches yields either 10 gallons of absolute

alcohol or 20 gallons of brandy. Similarly the waste of all other fruits can

economically be manufactured and utilized as valuable by products. Fruit canning

industries in NWFP, purchase round about 30 thousand maunds of fresh fruits

annually, costing about Rs. 4 lac. A colossal waste occurs owing to the lack of

technical know how and modern scientific apparatus. Thus, the heavy economic loss

of the considerable quantity of utilizable waste in the form of peels, pits, vines, cobs

etc., could have been suitably used for the manufacturing of vegetable by products,

provided the manufacturing units met certain pre requisites or were extended all out

facilities in this respect. In nut shell on an average about 25% waste. i.e.,

approximately 8 thousand maunds of the utilizable waste in the form of peels, cores,

pits, vines, cobs and other waste material is not utilized in any scientific form in

NWFP. In NWFP orange shreds are utilized in marmalade or dried and used in

cooked rice. Like wise, apple cores are often dried and by combining them with

various fruit juices are utilized in preparing of jellies. Orange albedo (white interior

portion) is utilized in preparing marmalade.

Finally, we can conclude that every individual plant, by following the foot

prints of technically advance countries, and research work of the Agricultural

Research Institute, Tarnab can utilize the colossal waste that occurs in the canning

process, and there by can reduce the production cost, add to its sales, production,

profits, exports, and overall income or employment benefits.

Dr. �urul Islam Mian (1976) examined the marketing system of vegetable

and fruit in NWFP.

PRICE SPREAD



337

Substantial addition is made to the price of good by marketing services at

different stages. The vegetable growers received 34 percent of the price paid by the

consumers and of fruit 17 percent as stated below.

Commodity Percent Share in the Price Paid By

consumer

Vegetable 34

Potato 45

Onion 34

Brinjal 34

Pees 29

Spinach 35

Fruit 17

Plums 11

Pears 32

Such a situation obtains when the costs are high due to presence of large

number of intermediaries, various malpractices and market imperfections. The

Board’s investigations, from time to time, confirmed the operation of these factors,

which necessitates the need as well as opportunities for high profit margins. The

monopoly alliances in whole sale market, defective weights and measures,

unwarranted charges for the marketing services all go against the interest of growers

resulting in poor demand for their produce. On the other hand fraudulent practices on

the part of growers/suppliers of farm products such as putting bad quality and semi

rotten products in the center of containers, no standardization in the quantity of

product put in a container etc. create risks and uncertainties in the market which

necessitates high profit margins. Lack of storage space and credit facilities result in

over supply at the harvesting period depressing the price to unbelievable extent.



338

RECOMME�DATIO�S

Supply of Adequate Credit

Inadequate credit facilities to the growers is the root cause of the existing

defects and malpractices in the marketing system. The supply of sufficient financial

aid for the efficient and systematic disposal of agricultural products is, therefore of

vital importance. Such facilities are expected to break the monopoly power of the

commission agents. This plus the establishment of cooperative credit and sale

societies would widen the sphere of healthy competition for the benefit of the society

as a whole.

There is need for special arrangement so that the demand of the small growers

is met properly. The procedure for obtaining loans is complicated and time

consuming. The borrowers have to make many trips to the offices, making it less

convenient, more expensive and less useful. Moreover, the institutional credit

agencies while trying to reduce risks, impose burdensome requirement of security.

Also, the corrupt practice on the part of the officials of the Agricultural Development

Bank and cooperatives have to be removed so as to enforce fresh blood in to the credit

stream. Emphasis is required on supervised credit as is envisaged in the Integrated

Rural Development Program and is being successfully practiced in the Doudzai

Markaz with major thrust on increased production and productivity.

�eed For Cold Storages

More even distribution of goods over the marketing season avoids the

alternate periods of gluts and scarcities and the violent fluctuations in the day to day

prices, and hence, reduces risks and uncertainties. There is thus need for more cold

storages where commodities like potatoes, plums, pears and peaches can be stored.

This will also avoid the present wastage which is colossal. But how can one expect

such investment form the grower even if these facilities are sufficiently made

available unless his hands are strengthened with adequate financial assistance.

Grading

The growers have to be educated to realize the importance and need for proper

grading in that it facilitates the movement of foods from buyers to buyers; speed up

the movement and prepares the product for more accurate pricing. That is:

a) All consumers neither have the same income nor uniform taste. Some

attach more importance to quality than to price while others are more

interested in the price than in the quality.

b) Grading facilitates the buying and selling without the trouble and expenses

of personal inspection and makes the market more transparent.

c) Market information is more properly and easily collected and transmitted

back and forth to the interest of the parties.



339

There is also need for pricing of products at retail shops, better packaging,

improvement in the art of plucking and packing and efficient use of labor by making

time and motion studies.

More and Better Processing Facilities

The canning, processing and dehydrating facilities with draw some quantities

which normally find their way to market in fresh form during the harvesting season

and stabilize the prices of products and income of growers. Such reducing and quality

improving measures are, therefore necessary.

Establishment of Countervailing Power

There is also need for the growers’ organization so as to establish

countervailing power for neutralizing the monopoly alliances of the commission

agents, and other bulk dealers in the wholesale market. Also market committees be

formed with effective representation of the growers. Moreover, new entries to

commission agency and whole sale trade should be made easier. There is the need for

a type of technology that should suit the prevalent local condition and lay firm

foundation for speedy changes in the existing set up for the creation of an egalitarian,

just and humane economic order.

K.M. Bhatty (1980) identified, analyzed and compared the principles and

methods of management efficiency in the public and private sectors industries in

North West Frontier Province. Eight representative industries have been selected out

of the total of 227 identified at the time of survey in the province.

1. Representatives of the factories, made the following additional suggestions

in order to help increase industrial development in the country generally,

and the industrial management particularly.

2. Feasibility reports of factories, reported to be set up in Pakistan, are passed

without minute examination. This practice lands the factories in trouble

when they actually embark upon business. It is suggested that the

feasibility reports of the newly proposed factories must be thoroughly

examined by different concerned experts before the establishment of the

units, as is being done in advance industrialized countries.

3. Problems of non availability of raw materials and shortage of manpower

are frequently reported as the major causes for decreased production of the

factories. It has been suggested that factories should be established at

places where the required raw materials etc., are available in abundance.

For instance, the area on Nawankili Swabi road is quite suitable for

establishing an Industrial Estate, just like the one in Jamrud. In the former

area various raw materials and the manpower are available in plenty. At

this site, several industries like sugar mills, cigarette factories, paper mills,

etc., can be set up most conveniently and economically. Other factories

that can be fed on the by products of the new factories, could also be

established. However, pre requisites for industrial development of this area

are supply of the facilities like sui gas, telephone’s direct dialing system



340

(STD), etc., so that the private entrepreneurs are attracted towards this

area.

4. Analytical studies of progressive industries in the advanced countries

should be made use of, and good lessons learnt from them should be

introduced in Pakistani industries. For instance, in the developing

countries, as was suggested by one of the interviewees, the progressive

industries were normally headed by finance specialists, who consistently

try to make their industries economically viable and successful. In

Pakistan, this tradition does not exist. here, we take hold of any person

without determining suitability of his background, specialization and

mentlebent, and offer him to head a factory, on considerations other than

expertise. Apparently, such persons can hardly take the factories on the

road of progress and growth.

5. Favoritism, Nepotism and Sifarish should be discouraged and replaced by

the system of merit and expertise in the industrial sector. It would help

root out corruption to great extent.

6. To arrest price hike of manufactured goods and to contain inflation in the

country, it is suggested to do away with monopolies/oligopolies and

increase opportunities for competition. Suppressive policies of price

control and licensing create more scarcity and economic inequalities, as

good portion of the population earn without addition to national income.

SUGAR MILLS 1. Present rates of sugar cane should be raised from Rs. 6.75 to Rs. 13.50 per

maund, so that the growers are provided incentive to supply the raw

material to Mills, which are standing still for want of it. The increase in

rates would lead to greater supply of raw materials to mills and would

ensure boosting up sugar production in the country.

2. This additional amount required for payment to growers may be made

good out of the excise duty. The Government must allow reasonable

concession in excise duty to the sugar mills.

3. Sugar should be partially decontrolled. For example, 25 percent of the

sugar produced by a mills may be decontrolled and they may be allowed to

sell it in the open market. The remaining 75 percent of the sugar may

continue to be controlled and distributed on usual ration system. It was

advocated that the suggested system was apt to create balance in prices of

sugar manufactured in different mills in country, as well as prices of sugar

and the gur.

4. Present system of sugar cane purchases and supplies through Cooperatives

Department, may be replaced by direct purchases by the mills

organizations themselves. The present system of “middle man” is

generating several critical problems and malpractices.



341

5. Additional industries may be installed in the sugar mills in order to use

their by products like bagasse and molasses more advantageously for

profitability purposes.

6. Since the Government has controlled the sugar prices, and curbed the

viability of sugar mills, it is therefore suggested that Government should

compensate these mills for the losses accrued to them in this regard.

As indicated earlier, of all the problems of the eight factories, the problem of

sugar mills is the biggest one, and the above suggestions forcefully bring home the

facts of .

1. raising the sugar mills’ production to their full capacity.

2. increasing the present rates of sugar cane5 and

3. partial decontrol of sugar to be sold in the open market in order to balance

the prices of sugar manufactured in different mills as well as of the prices

of sugar and gur.

With a policy framed on the suggested lines, following results are expected to

be achieved.

1. The growers will have an incentive to supply maximum possible quantity

of sugar cane to the mills when the rates are increased;

2. The mills will run to their fullest capacity;

3. Greater production in the sugar mills is expected to earn greater amount of

excise duty and taxes for the Government, which otherwise- as in the

present situation- will be lost;

4. National crisis of sugar shortage will comparatively be eased to some

extent as soon as the mills production gets higher momentum; and

5. The prices of gur and sugar would be balanced if the two stuffs are

brought in the open market.

But when all this is said, which is based on rough estimates and verbal

exchange of ideas with the growers, workers, and other people concerned with sugar

5In this connection, Mr. Abdur Rehaman Khan, Chairman, Cooperatives Sugarcane Sales Association

Limited, Peshawar, during an interview with the Project Leader on 7.1.1979, gave the following facts

and figures (1979 Sugar cane Production Season), which are very revealing.

Rs. Ps.

a) Per acre farming cost of sugarcane production with an average yield of 350 maunds: 3080 00

b) Total income on 350 maunds as per Government rates (Rs. 6.75 per maund): 2362 50

NET LOSS TO GROWERS: 717 50

c) Cost of preparation of 1400 Kilogram gur (possibly available from 350 maunds of

sugar cane produced from one acre)

1867

3080

79

00

plus cost of 350 maunds of sugar cane actual: 4947 79

d) The total income on 1400 Kilograms of gur as per Government rates of Rs. 3.50 per

Kilogram.

4900 00

NET LOSS TO GROWERS: 47 00

As a result, the growers prefer to prepare gur rather than to sell sugar cane to mills. Hence the need to

raise the sugar cane rates.



342

industry, it must be conceded that this problem is not so simple as discussed above,

although all concerned will generally agree with the hypothesis in principle. For

instance, the problem of sugar supply and demand on national level will also be

involved. Therefore, for immediate purpose, the above suggestions may be given due

consideration; but in the longer run, and for a realistic solution of this gigantic

problem a detailed in-depth research needs to be conducted to find out related aspects,

so as to bring forth socially acceptable remedy of the problem. As frequently

emphasized by the interviewees of this research study, any suppressive action that is

taken in this regard, would not prove to be a lasting remedy of the problem.

FRUIT PROCESSI�G FACTORIES:

1. To increase financial allocations;

2. To provide necessary staff in the public sector;

3. To install automatic canning plants;

4. To increase production both in quantity and quality;

5. To make arrangements for advertisement of products;

6. To arrange marketing on nation wide level;

7. To make arrangements for balancing of machinery;

8. To make viable and convenient arrangements for procurement of canning

material, which has now been monopolized.

Fazal Rahim (1984) reported in general, the export potential of canned fruits

and vegetables. NWFP being a leading fruit production region particularly in a large

variety of plums, pears, oranges, apricots, peaches apples etc. provides bright vistas of

the exports of processed fruits. The export of processed fruits and vegetables can be

boosted up by reducing the cost of production and increasing output. On the cost side

the major problem the fruit and vegetable industry has to grapple with is the high

prices of sugar and containers. The cost can be reduced and there by prices lowered

by making direct purchases form the growers of fresh fruits and making arrangements

for the purchase of sugar and containers at cheaper rates.

As regards the aspect of increasing production there exists ample avenues for

the growth of fruit and vegetable processing industry, such as the availability of raw

materials, sugar, adequate supply of pure water and electricity, and food technology.

It is also suggested that with an object to boost up exports, the production capacity of

fruit and vegetable processing industry, should be expanded, and market exploration

campaign should be launched so as to capture world markets in a vigorously

competitive way. But for that price stabilization and particularly elimination of

intermediaries is essential, the latter exert notable influence in pushing up the prices

of fresh fruits and vegetables, there of decreasing the competitive position of the

industry.



343

Export Potential of Potatoes

There is a great potential for the export of potatoes which grow in great

quantities in upper Hazara and Swat areas owing to the congenial soil and climatic

conditions. But due to the discouraging marketing system, particularly presence of

intermediaries, lack of sufficient storage facilities, non existence of the industry to

utilize the product, perishable nature of the commodity itself, the exports of potatoes

cannot be made form NWFP. It is suggested that arrangements should be made for the

preservation and processing of potatoes. Such measures if taken on priority basis,

would stimulate the production of potatoes and consequently lead towards promotion

of exports.

John Seymour (1988) surveyed the post harvest marketing and handling

constraints.

CO�STRAI�TS

Existing Quality Implications

This survey highlighted the need for training in basic grading standards and

the resulting implications. It was found that good produce was placed on the top and

very inferior and damaged produce at the bottom.

The one grower visited grading to five grades and placing similar quality and

sized fruit through out the pack was having returned prices 100 percent higher that on

the average price.

The present grading system applied to all the crops under this survey. In the

case of onions, the largest onions were placed at the top of the bags, where the lacing

permitted them to be seen by prospective buyers.

The product of the Malakand Division was no different as regards to grading

practices from that seen from other parts of Pakistan.

It was also found that apples from Afghanistan were also similarly packed,

although the overall quality of the pack was superior.

Quality and size grading is mainly carried out at wholesale and retail level in

Pakistan. In order for the growers and contractors to improve their returns continuity

of grading, within the pack, must be accompanied by discussions with the wholesalers

informing them of the packers intentions.

Existing Level of Damage

Damage produce whether caused by pest disease or harvest is, providing it is

not actually decayed, usually packed in the bottom of the containers.

In the case of apples and persimmons pest damage was a major problem, this

has been the subject of a separate specialist report.



344

The damage caused at harvest is mainly through inexperienced handling of the

fruit by packers. The major damage in all the produce surveyed was caused by the

over loading of each container.

In many cases fruit was up to five inches above the level of the sides of the

boxes before the lid was forced on. This was observed on many occasions where

tomatoes were being re-packed at feeder markets.

At wholesale level one of the major problems was the fact that fruit at various

stages of maturity had been packed within a container and the more mature fruit had

started to decay. Little or no regard was taken by the packers of the time the produce

was in transit to distant wholesale markets e.g. 52 hours to Karachi.

Crop Rotation

This survey highlighted that where growers practices crop rotations with

onions and tomatoes there was far less evidence of disease. It was rewarding

experience to find small growers practicing crop rotations using maize, cereal and

fodder as break crops.

In Southern Malakand Agency disease is a major problem as a result or a lack

of knowledge on correct crop rotation methods.

Harvesting

Harvesting times are critically important for the successful marketing of fresh

produce. Little or no research was evident, that any projects had been carried out to

identify the correct harvesting time of apples either for storage or immediate

marketing.

Time of the harvest by the contractors is set by two major factors;

1. The demand for produce, irrespective of whether or not the produce is

mature.

2. The availability of labor to harvest.

Immature citrus was seen on all wholesale markets which was depressing the whole

fruit sector.

It is the practice in Pakistan to pick and clear a crop rather than harvest fruit at

a certain point of maturity. As this fruit in the majority of cases is then packed without

grading for maturity the result is that over mature fruit with rots is mixed with

immature fruit on arrival at the wholesale market. This practice was very evident with

persimmons and tomatoes.

Packaging



345

The packaging material used to protect the fruit within the box is mainly straw

or dried grass covered with old newspapers. In the case of persimmons and tomatoes

no such protection was evident on many of consignments inspected.

As stated previously much of the damage is caused through the lack of

protection and over packing of fruit. Few packers used any protection between the top

layer of the fruit and the lid. Boxes of fruit when packed were placed in the orchards

or fields on their sides because of the bowed lids. It was noted that in transit and on

wholesale markets many consignments were stacked upright so that the weight of

containers on top flattened the lids causing additional bruising throughout the box.

Loading

Produce is transported by many varied forms of conveyance. The loading of

the vehicles is carried out by manhandling the produce. Where buses are used other

non-perishable products are packed around the produce on the roof of the vehicle.

With tomatoes damage is caused by bad loading and lack of protection from other

produce or passengers traveling on top of the bus.

Transporting

The heavy goods lorry is used to transport fruit and vegetables throughout

Pakistan. Most of these lorries are over loaded and have little protection for the

produce form the climatic conditions. Lorries going to Karachi and southern cities

have to travel across desert areas where temperatures can be in excess to 50 degrees

centigrade and frequently are in the high 40 degree centigrade.

Produce coming from Malakand has to travel through at least the heat of one

day to reach distant whole sale markets. The survey highlighted two major constraints

regarding successful marketing of fresh produce:

1. Poor road conditions which slow down lorries. It was found that certain

major roads were breaking up as result of over loaded lorries continuously

using them. The road from Islamabad to Lahore was badly ridged by

heavy transport. At the time of the survey the Lahore area had suffered

from flooding which further aggravated the road conditions.

2. As a result of poor marketing strategy it was found that apples,

persimmons and tomatoes were being consigned to primary wholesalers in

Lahore who then selling to major wholesalers in Islamabad and

Faisalabad. The produce was therefore in transit at least 18 hours more

than was necessary.

Fazal Rahim (1989) analyzed and evaluated the performance and prospects of

Kurram Fruit Products Sadda, Kurram Agency. it is argued that the establishment of

the unit in the area is not based on concrete realities. Among important problems, the

lack of raw materials, particularly quality of fruits, weaker competitive position of the



346

unit, higher costs incurred on the purchase of essential raw materials from far away

areas etc., proved hampering factors ultimately leading towards closure of unit.

BACK GROU�D I�FORMATIO� OF THE PROJECT

The project entitled “Kurram Fruit Products at Sadda in Kurram Agency”, was

sponsored, executed and operated by Federally administered tribal areas development

corporation. It was sanctioned by the Government in November 1973, and completed

in 1976-77. during the same year it went in to production.

The avowed objectives of the project at the time of planning were stated as

under:

1. Economic utilization of basic raw materials i.e., Fruit and Vegetables

grown in project area.

2. Provision of added income to the local people.

3. Provision of economic motivation to the local people for growing more

fruits and vegetables, there by increasing their income indirectly.

4. Creation of employment opportunities, tot he local populace, who will be

trained in various technical and non technical trades.

5. Catering to the substantial demand for the processed fruit and vegetable

products, both in the civil market as well as in the armed forces.

The machinery procured for the project is either semi automatic or non

automatic, imported from Japan.

As regards the demand prospects for the processed fruit and vegetable at

Kurram fruit products, these were based on the data furnished by the I.A.C.P in their

draft feasibility report. The demand is stated below:

YEAR DEMA D

1974-75 3.104 Tons

1975-76 3.284 Tons

1976-77 3.464 Tons

1977-78 3.664 Tons

1978-79 3.824 Tons

It was also visualized, by the planners, that since the demand for processed

and bottled fruits and vegetables showed increasing trend, owing to rise in per capita

income of business community and adoption of high standard of living as whole. the

rising trend of demand may be observed below:

YEAR DEMA D

1971-72 12,000 Tons

1972-73 13,200 Tons



347

1973-74 14,520 Tons

1974-75 15,922 Tons

1975-76 17,568 Tons

FACTOR I�TE�SITY CRITERIA

The logic of the argument lies in the fact that planners of different countries,

while selecting industries, must take in to consideration the maximum use of the

abundant factor and minimum use of the scarce factor. But opposite factor intensity

argument holds the view that capital intensive projects may have such great

advantages in productivity and efficiency that the loss through stressing the use of

scarce capital rather than the abundant labor is more than offset.

Private enterprise wholly over taken by the logic of price cost relationships

and maximum returns would not follow the path of factor intensity criteria if expect

higher pecuniary returns by acting other wise. Despite the counter argument of the

critics of factor intensity argument, the importance of labor intensive projects in under

developed countries cannot be neglected due to employment aspects.

As about the availability of basic raw materials in the project area, the

feasibility report prepared by the Investment Advisory Center reported “It is quite

apparent ........... that the Agency of Kurram takes the leads in producing major share

of fruits and vegetables. The principle fruit and vegetables are plums, apples,

tomatoes, and walnut. The production of these are (600), (1,100), (4,992) and 950

tons respectively. The major outputs of adjoining Waziristan Agencies (North and

South) are plums, apples, potatoes.”

TABLE-5.10 ACREAGE A�D A��UAL PRODUCTIO� OF MAJOR FRUITS

A�D VEGETABLES I� KURRAM AGE�CY

�ame of Fruit /

Vegetables

Acreage Production (Tons)

Apple 150 1,100

Apricot 74 386

Pears 9 51

Plums 60 600

Pomegranate 69 370

Potatoes 156 195

Tomatoes 624 4,992

Turnip 100 500

Walnut 350 950

Source: I.A.C.P. Estimates. However, the conditions emerged on completion of the project were reported

to be contrary to what was reported by I.A.C.P. According to the view point of the

officials concerned with the industrial section in FATA, only tomatoes were available

in considerable quantity and better quality. Apples although available but their quality

turns inferior due to hailstorm, unsuitable for industrial/mechanical production. Other

fruits were purchased from other parts outside the tribal areas in Pakistan. On the

whole only 3 percent basic raw materials were purchased with in the tribal areas and

as large as 97 percent from outside the tribal areas. In fact when these raw materials

are imported from far away parts, the transportation cost exorbitantly goes up, and

loss from damages due to loading, unloading puts extra financial burden. The basic



348

raw materials such as mangoes, oranges etc. are purchased from such far away areas

as Multan, Sargodha and Dir, enormously pushing up the cost.

Inherent in the factor intensity argument is the utilization of the surplus

manpower or in the other words the provision and promotion of employment, in the

tribal areas. Although unskilled sturdy labor force was available, yet on managerial,

entrepreneurial and skilled manpower from the argument carries little weight. All the

categories had to be got from areas located outside the tribal areas. At this moment as

repeatedly emphasized by the movers and organizers of the project the objective of

‘creating’ more jobs’ irrespective of other considerations as profitability etc. have

crushingly failed. With in a span of few years the industrial unit due to heavy

operational losses was closed, and efforts for retrieval have so far failed. The total

number of workers (all kinds) getting jobs and losing on closure of the factory was

merely 47 in 1978 maximum, and 29 in 1977 minimum. Here the objective of

promoting employment in the first instance does not hold fairly acceptable ground,

and finally was frustrated altogether on closure of the industry.

Coming to the next important aspect of factor intensity i.e. capital availability

the problem cold not have been tackled through extension of incentives to local tribal

businessmen. Who are interested in huge and quick returns. While this project was not

oriented towards profit maximization incentive. Hence entire amount of capital was

arranged by the public sector.

CO�CLUSIO�

The afoercited analysis enables us to arrive at the net conclusion that the

fundamental flaws are quite transparent in the feasibility report prepared by I.C.A.P.

The authorities making out the case for the execution of the project were either

intentionally motivated by other than the justifying arguments they put forward, or

they grossly misunderstood the concrete realities. Taking in to account the very vital

element of raw material availability, the whole edifice of feasibility report is bound to

collapse. The very fact that excepting tomato, no other item was either sufficiently

available or qualitatively suitable for processing, puts to the fore front, the question

of, as to why they made such a strong case for establishing the project in such a

situation. The basic raw materials such as oranges, mangoes etc. were purchased from

far away parts, adding up exorbitant transportation cost, damages due to loading and

unloading etc. the neglect either intentional or other wise of such a fundamental pre

requisite may be regarded a major factor leading to the failure of the unit, after

incurring heavy losses. As about the employment argument, the idea at surface level may seem

scintillating or plausible, yet the scenario emerged thereafter, runs completely contrary to

the proclaimed objectives under their context. Taking the criteria from direct and indirect

angles, the fallacy of the argument turns out quite apparent. Neither the project

contributed towards providing employment indirectly to the farming community, nor it

could create job opportunities envisaged and targeted by the employment strength to

different categories of employees would be 116, while in actual practice number of

employees varied between the range of 29 in 1977 and 47 maximum in 1978. Finally the

factory closed, and with that the concept of employment promotion too collapsed.

THE PLA�T SIZE A�D COMPLEXITY CRITERIO�

The criterion is based on the fact, that the problems of large and developed

countries are more intricate, varied and manifold in the sense that besides establishing



349

a plant an arranging raw materials, it requires highly sophisticated skills and delicate

marketing system. The theory stresses that progress should be made from small

simple units to larger and more involved operations.

In case of Kurram products, taking rational cognizance of the labor inputs of

various categories the firm can be categorized as small unit. Applying the output and

capital input criteria in determining the size of the Kurram Fruit Product, the firm can

be categorized as of fairly medium size. The firm was more capital intensive and less

labor consuming. This, indeed runs contrary the plans and objectives of the

undertaking.

Analyzing the second aspect of the criterion “complexity of the plant” a

moderate approach undertaken. However, some of the factors of much wider

significance were ignored, for instance, the marketing problem, advertisement ,

competition with other well established firms. the managerial and organizational side

was not duly assessed., Due to all the factors the project failed with in a short span of

time.

FORGEI� EXCHA�GE BE�EFIT CRITERIO�

It was intentionally advocated by the advocates of the project, that although

the output of the unit will be primarily oriented towards the domestic market, yet

prospects of exports will also be explored. There were no prospects what so ever for

the promotion of sales internally, not to speak of entrenching in the cut throat

competitive arena of international trade. The fact is indicative of the factors

propelling the executors of the project, to implement the scheme at any cost,

inconsistently for self seeking motives. For these seemed no economic soundness of

the project.

COMMERCIAL PROFITABILITY CRITERIO�

The estimated commercial profitability is the expected net profit after taxes

and all costs including depreciation are deducted. While inquiring about the various

aspects pertinent to the profitability of the project, it was revealed that the following

important aspects were considerably or entirely ignored and incorrectly estimated.

1. The anticipated volume of demand was not scientifically and correctly

estimated before exploring the technical feasibility of the project.

2. Owing to unscientific and unsystematic estimation of the overall demand

situation, the market did not come up to forecasts.

3. The knowledge of the market was not acquired in its wider sense i.e.

consumers’ tastes, actual and potential demand and supplies, competitors

and all kinds of technical, material, political, legal and administration

complexities.

4. Market research was not done on scientific basis i.e. the planners did not

apply a set of techniques for gaining information about the environment of



350

the enterprise and for forecasting future trends so that the enterprise may

react efficiently to change.

The following important aspects were not realistically kept in to consideration

about the knowledge of the market.

1. Size of the market and its growth.

2. What volume of Out put can the enterprise in question hope to sell in the

years to come, bearing in mind the potential customers, the reactions of the

existing competitors, the possible arrival of new competitors, the patterns

of costs and prices and their past and expected future trends.

3. The aspect as to whether the enterprise is expected to compete and

depending on this the basis of its distribution and marketing policy or the

geographical or sectoral market was out taken due account of .

4. As revealed the inferior quality and lack of advertisement support were

also amongst the main aspects leading to collapse of industrial unit over

looking such important factors as attitude of the customer, underlying

demand such as behavior of the consumer, his intentions, motivations, age,

social back ground, local customs, and his choice between local and

foreign products were important reasons for the failure of the project.

The concept of profit maximization was completely neglected by the

executors of the project. Under any socio-economic formation pattern of ownership,

profit motivation although in varying degrees cannot be set aside. While ignoring raw

material aspect the scheme was bound to failure, and there were no prospects of

earning profits. As such aggregate losses amounted to Rs. 6,031.933 during the period

1976-77 to 1982-83.

Consequently, it would not be out of place to briefly take up the point relating

to the controversial issue of Public versus Private Sector with in the frame work of

Tribal Areas, Project. Public sector has closely to be seen in the context of

“Functioning within the overall socio-economic set up swayed by private motivations.

Private entrepreneur, would never take up such a project, because his motivational

aspect is purely oriented towards the maxim of Profit maximization”, none the less, a

realistic and honest approach is an essential pre-requisite, as to whether the project is

under taken by private or public sector.

Bruno (1989) investigated the input supply constraints to the fruit and

vegetables market in NWFP.

PACKAGI�G

Bags Onions, potatoes, turnip, okra, egg plant, peas and other vegetables are mostly

packed in jute bags. Onion and potato bags are covered in a net shaped manner with a

string in order to make the product visible. The biggest onions and tubers are put on



351

the top to deceive commission agents/wholesalers but of course this practice is well

known by every body. The contents of these bags are between 45 and 100 Kgs,

depending on the crop.

Baskets, Crates, Boxes

Locally made woven flat baskets are used to transport fruits and vegetables to

the nearest markets. Prices of these baskets range between Rs. 30 to Rs. 40,

depending on the size. They contain 10 to 15 Kg’s.

For transportation of fruits and tomatoes to more distant markets (and export

out of the region), the traditional, newspapers lined crates of very poor quality are

mainly used. Straw and dried grass is put between the layers in order to protect the

product. Crates get overfilled and the contents nailed down by a wooden lid, which

often damage the only good quality layer on top.

CO�STRAI�TS

Extension There is a lack of farmer training in what crops to grow, what fertilizer to use

and what kind of plant protection should be done. Marketing intelligence is not

sufficiently available for the small farmers. Retailers involved to distribute inputs are

not sufficiently trained.

Credit Availability of suitable credit for small farmers is lacking. Traditional sources

are not likely to raise the motivation of small farmers to produce more, as they are

either expensive or tie them up to a possibly unfavorable marketing system.

Transport

Bad road condition and poor availability of transport have a negative effect on

availability of extension(field assistants have not sufficient transport/time to get

there), marketing of crops as well as supply with inputs needed.

Institutional Links

Cooperation between government institutions among themselves as well as

with manufacturers/distributors of inputs is lacking. Recommendations might be

given but are not dispersed comprehensively. Forecast of stocks/pests are not done

efficiently.

Suitability of Packages/Promotion

Label, size of packages of inputs available are not always suitable. Promotion

material from manufacturers does not consider local circumstances (language,

illiteracy) and distribution channels are insufficient.



352

Roger White (1989) reported the fruit & vegetable marketing constraints

faced by Malakand farmers.

EFFICIE�CY OF THE PRESE�T SYSTEM

In any assessment of the Pakistan fruit and vegetable marketing system. There

are various criteria by which efficiency can be judged. The more important of these

criteria are:

• Price information

• Distribution

• Post harvest losses and waste

• Consumer prices

• The margin of the various trade participants

• Farmer returns

In particular we are interested in assessing the marketing system in terms of

the extent to which it is a constraint on the future development of the small farmer.

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE APPLE MARKET

The problem is, there almost no grading or more accurately the top layer is

selected and lower quality fruit is concealed in the lower layers of fruits. The “facing”

of packages is endemic in the system. A further important finding is that markets

differs in there quality requirements. Mingora and Peshawar are noted as being low

quality and low priced markets whilst Lahore is high quality market. In broad terms

70% of the Swat apple crop is consigned direct to Lahore. Only the smaller growers

market their apples through Mingora. In Peshawar there also significant volumes of

apples form Afghanistan.

What are the Implications of these Findings for the Small

Farmer

I. Because Mingora is a low quality, low priced market the small farmer tied

by credit is at a disadvantage.

II. For the tied farmer supplying Mingora there is little incentive to improve

quality.

III. The contractors only consign low quality fruit to Mingora, all high quality

fruit is consigned to Lahore direct.

IV. Increased competition from Afghanistan, Balochistan in the future and

further plantings in the project area will increase competition and may

depress prices. The small farmers with out access to credit to choose his

market outlet will be at a serious disadvantage.



353

CO�CLUSIO�

In summary there are many marketing constraints confronting the small

farmer, the more important of these are the following:

I. Tied credit.

II. Market information.

• Prices.

• Markets.

• Quality standards/grading.

III. Poor production techniques.

• Poor seed and saplings.

• Inadequate pest and control disease control measure.

• Absence of any continuity in planning.

IV. Poor packaging and bad handling at all stages of marketing.

V. An extension constraint.

VI. Poor market facilities.

VII.Absence of simple storage techniques.

VIII.Restricted direct market access to the farmer.

Roger White (1989) surveyed the fruit and vegetable whole sale markets and

market operations in Malakand area.

PACKAGI�G OF FRUIT A�D VEGETABLES

A wide range of often inappropriate packaging materials are currently used in

the marketing of fruits and vegetables, these range from sacks, woven baskets and

many different sized rough wooden crates. A characteristic of the trade is a total

absence of standardization of container weights.

Many commodities including tomato and apples are transported form the farm

to rural market in bulk, and often over rough tracks and roads. This inevitably

contributes to high levels of bruising and mechanical damage. Where wooden crates

are used there is a widespread practice of over filling containers which with liding and

subsequent stacking is a major factor contributing to bruising and high post harvest

losses. Where sacks are used these too are almost always over filled which combined

with their size (onion 75-85 Kg) contributes to inevitable bad handling and

subsequent damage.



354

The consequences of these many inefficient packaging practices is the

currently high risk of product damage. The findings of Seymour's Post Harvest Study

(1988) of bruised levels ranging from 30-40 percent in apples, tomato and persimmon

are supported by the consultants market investigations.

GRADI�G

There is almost complete absence of any systematic grading of fruits and

vegetables in Pakistan. On farm grading is confined to ‘facing’ of packs, a practice of

placing higher quality fruit at the top of the crate while substantial, small poorly

colored and damaged produce at the bottom of the container resulting in widespread

regrading and repackaging of produce by wholesalers and retailers. There is however,

evidence that the market is responsive to quality with higher quality sold at often a

significant premium. It cannot, however be concluded that grading in all

circumstances will automatically increase farmer returns. Assessments of onions in

village stores in Dir also support the view that for many of these producers grading

would probably be uneconomic if the total crop was predominantly of small sized

bulbs with very few large onions, in short the problem was production based.

It is concluded that the high percentage of low quality third grade produce in

the market is therefore primarily a symptom of poor production practices, inadequate

packaging and bad handling.

STORAGE

With the exception of potatoes and apples there is currently little utilization of

cold storage for other fruits and vegetables.

Cold Storage Facilities An undated study of cold stores identified significant cold storage capacity in

the project area. All the indications are that private sector has responded to an

increased demand for cold storage. It is reported that the Government owned cold

storage company in Swat has not stored apples for several years. Swat producers and

contractors predominantly store their crop in Lahore.

Cold Storage Practices

For maximum storage life and individual variety has an optimum stage of

maturity when it should be harvested and placed in cold storage. There is no evidence

that producers are aware of this critically important factor. Given that most fruit

storage is planned and speculative, fruit is being stored in its market crate. With paper

and straw between layers of fruit, cooling will be slow.

With in the store fruit is stacked in solid blocks with inadequate, or no, air

spaces between cartons. Air flows within the store are poor and it is probable that

within the center of stacks fruit may take weeks to reach its recommended storage

temperature. These factors combined with bruising of fruit during grading, packing

and transportation will all further reduce the quality of fruit when it is with drawn

from store. In consequence the full potential of cold storage will seldom, if ever, be

obtained.



355

TRA�SPORT

Road �etwork

Whilst Pakistan is reasonably well served by major trunk roads which link the

main project area production zones with the major wholesale markets a lack of farm

feeder roads is a major constraint of many small farmers. The problem is most severe

in parts of upper Swat, Dir and of course Chitral.

The absence of feeders roads imposes a further handling constraint, produce

has to be transported on donkeys and horses or on backpacks, all of which when

combined with often inadequate packaging contribute to additional damage, added

cost and delays in transit, the consequences of which are lower quality and lower

returns.

Transit Damage

Damage directly attributable to the transport system is difficult to quantify

with any precision. Indeed it can be argued that it is the packaging which is the

primary constraint and not the transport system.

Credit

Insufficient is known of the small farmers income, expenditure and

dependency on credit or indeed of all his sources for credit. It would appear that the

small farmer has no access to institutional credit for marketing. All the evidence

points to the commission agent (either directly or indirectly through a beopari) as the

primary source of marketing, and often input credit.

Master plan for fruit and Vegetable production and marketing in the

Malakand Division 2nd Draft Report (1989) reported the situation, market potential

and constraints of fruit and vegetable processing in Malakand Division.



356

PROCESSI�G

1. Current Situation Within the Malakand Division and NWFP there are no significant fruit and

vegetable processing factories. Some preservation of fruit by women is practiced,

whose production being marketed locally.

The Fruit and Vegetable Development Board are actively promoting

household processing of fruit and vegetables. The program, titled “Scheme for

training women folk in fruit and vegetable production and preservation” operates

through out NWFP.

In Gilgit there are successful processing enterprises producing a range of dried

fruits, jams, jellies and juices for sale in local markets and major cities of Pakistan.

2. Market Potential and Constraints

Developing an industry for processed fruits and vegetables in the Malakand

Division or indeed in Pakistan faces certain underlying constraints.

I. Processed products will be more expensive than fresh, resulting in low

demand.

II. Diversity of climates in Pakistan ensure availability of many fresh fruits and

vegetables year round.

III. For processing industry to be competitive raw material have to be cheap with

continuous supply.

IV. Requirement for low priced raw material processing industries draw their

supplies primarily from the larger farmer.

V. Small farmers exploit seasonal fresh market opportunities than to supply to

processor.

VI. Processing industries can not be based on processing grades. With the

exception of certain fruit for juice production it is uneconomic to process fruit

and vegetables which are of too low a quality for the fresh market.

The factors outlined indicate that processing is unlikely to represent a

significant opportunity and source of income for majority of the Malakand Division

small farmers. Preservation of fruit and vegetables for household use could still offer

the prospect of significantly improving the diet of farm families.

5.4 FOOD GRAI�S �urul Islam Mian (1962) studied the actual domestic requirements of food

grain and the consumption trends for the future. This project determines

1. The annual consumption of food grain in NWFP.

2. The daily and annual consumption per capita.

3. The quality of food grains used as feeds per year and

4. The annual wastage of food grains in various forms.



357

Regarding problems it was concluded that various malpractices were found in

the marketing process. There was an absence of standardization of grades and of the

amount of products in crate, bag or basket. These malpractices created uncertainties

and risks which necessitated the need for greater profits.

Market imperfections were found at various steps of the marketing process.

Collective monopoly among commission merchants, partial collective monopoly of

truck associations, oligopoly among booking clerks at railway stations, and polypoly

in the crate markets are the cases in point. All these market imperfections create

opportunities for high profit margin. However, the need for and opportunities of high

profit margin result in higher marketing costs and, therefore, mean smaller

satisfaction per unit resource outlay.

�urul Islam Mian (1970) reviewed development made during 1945-1970 in

NWFP, determined food supplies and consumption during Fourth Five Year Plan, and

calculated requirements of fertilizers and rural credit.

FOOD CO�SUMPTIO� A�D SUPPLIES

Consumption

The demand for food is constantly increasing due mainly to rapid growth of

population, improvement in real income, and higher physical efforts required per

man.

Causes Of Shortfalls

The lag in the production of food grains can be attributed to inadequate

irrigation water increasing the scope for productivity increasing cultivation methods,

adverse effects of water logging, salinity and soil erosion, artificial trade barriers

impeding the incentives to produce food grains and import substitution policy

providing greater incentives to cash crops. The first two are obviously clear and need

no explanation.

The increase in production of food grains in the past has been smaller

compared to cash crops. The index of food grain production rose from 111 in 1950-51

to 147 in 1968-69. The index of acreage for the corresponding years was 102 and 134.

The index of cash crop production was 81 and 259 in 1950-51 and 1968-69

respectively. The increased production of food grains could not keep pace with

increase in population. The per capita production has, therefore, declined. The index

of per capita production of food grains declined from 109 in 1950-51 to 102 in 1968-

69. The shift in product prices as consequence of economic policy measures has

worked against food grains and in favor of cash crops. The policy of the Government

in respect of arbitrarily fixing the price for procuring food grains, imports of food

grains under PL 480 and rigorous import substitution with respect to sugar, tobacco,

and other essentials have reduced the incentives of cultivators for food grains in favor

of the former products.



358

The rationing and price controls of food grains in the past helped keeping their

price at low level. The importance of price mechanism, which might have brought

order in the economy, was neglected. The cultivator was not better off, as his food

grains fetched a low price since due consideration was not given to the aspect of

incentives. This situation might have forced the cultivator to divert his resources to

the production of more profitable commodities. Later the advantages of freer

competition have been accepted. The compulsory procurement at fixed prices has

been removed and food grains have been decontrolled. To avoid unnecessary

fluctuations in the price level the government committed itself to “Keep prices within

a defined range through the mechanism of purchase and sale of reserve stock.” This

had positive effects on the output and productivity of food grains. The reduction of

the floor price of wheat from Rs. 17 to Rs. 15 per maund in April 1969 at a time when

the crop was already sown ad was near maturity and despite the fact that the floor

price had been fixed in 1968 for three years was not justified. The wheat growers

have suffered a loss of Rs. 2 per maund and might have lost confidence in

Government policy there by adversely affecting the future production. This grievance

of growers has been redressed. On the recommendation of West Pakistan Agricultural

Policy Committee, the Governors’ Conference in October 1969 restored the purchase

price of wheat to Rs. 17 per maund.

Fazli Wahid et al. (1980) determined the economics of maize production in

the North West Frontier Province so as to draw policy recommendations for fixation

of prices of final products of the crop and its crucial inputs.

It was concluded that several inter-regional and intra-regional discrepancies

have been discovered by the present study in project area in respect of maize acreage,

production, farming cost, gross and net profit. The variations are apparently very

meaning full as they furnish an insight in to the problems/difficulties faced in raising

physical productivity of maize farm in the study area. As such they deserve serious

consideration. As regards maize price it has exhibited constant rise in the project area

as else where in the country since, 1945. From 11.26 per maund during 1945-50

maize price jumped to Rs. 31.75 during 1970-75 there by recording an increase of

181.75%. This phenomenal rise in maize price has resulted from general inflationary

trend and rise in demand for maize as a cereal owing to constantly increasing

population. However, successive hikes in the price of maize have not been beneficial

to the cultivator in view of the market imperfections, monopolistic position of the big

grain dealers and rise in the price of inputs. Instead he suffers a lot as he receives low

price for his product and pays high price for inputs. On the other hand, the big grain

dealer pays lower price to the grower and charges higher price from the consumer.

Keeping in view this anomalous situation it is highly desirable to recommend

adoption of policy regarding the fixation of a suitable procurement price for maize by

the Government. This is in line with the agricultural price policy, as the prices of

wheat, rice cotton, sugarcane etc. are revised by the Government from time to time.

Muhammad �awab Khan et al. (1981) determined the production cost of

wheat and arrives at the net profitability of the crop which would be employed to

draw policy recommendations for the fixation of wheat prices and crucial inputs like

fertilizer.



359

POLICY RECOMME�DATIO�

To achieve higher production the following suggestions are made for

improved wheat technology.

1. Land Preparation

The old plough has become obsolete and is no more capable of efficient tillage

and proper seed bed preparation. These operations are essential for creating optimum

physical conditions for germination, growth of plants and better response to

agriculture inputs for obtaining increased production. It is assumed that production

per acre can be increased up to 50% through mechanized and better cultivation.

2. Improved and Diseased Free Seeds

One farmer survey indicates that about 50 per cent of farmers are using the

improved seed of which only 15% is purchased from government agencies, 35% from

local markets and the remaining 50% from their own farm produce. The timely supply

of improved and treated seed would alone help to achieve 10 per cent higher produce.

3. Fertilizers

Farmers are now fully aware of the effects and benefits of the fertilizers.

However, timely supply, application and right combination of macro nutrients is not

being used to realize full benefits. Usually nitrogenous and phosphate fertilizers are

being applied in a greater ration as against the optimum established standard of 2:1. In

addition time and method of application is not rightly followed by the farmers due to

inadequate advisory services.

4. Green Manuring and Farm Yard (Manure)

Soils in Pakistan are mostly deficient in organic matte because of the tropical

climate. To maintain the biological process and physical structure of the soil farm

yard manure and green manuring by growing leguminous crops, such as barseem and

guara on normal soils and jantar on saline soils is a must.

5. Unscientific Land and Water Management

Due to traditional and unscientific land and water management practices, an

enormous amount of water is lost during delivery in canal, water courses and on

uneven farm field due to seepage. According to the findings of experimental trials

conducted in the Punjab, an acre of wheat can mature with 22.86 cm of water

excluding “Rauni” with improved land and water management practices.

6. Cultural Practices



360

Traditional and unimproved cultural practices in farming cause 50 per cent

depression in yield. Therefore it is suggested that improved cultural practices may be

popularized among the cultivators.

Moreover the traditional method of harvesting, threshing and winnowing

causes a lot of delay and losses of 3 to 5 per cent because of the shedding of grains

and inefficient winnowing and damages caused by abnormal climate. In addition to

the losses the produce becomes wet because of rain, causing deterioration in the

quality of the produce, making it easily susceptible to pests and diseases during

storage.

7. Agricultural Extension Services

The extension services, which are the basic institution and instrumental in

modernizing in our traditional agriculture have not proved successful to the desired

level because of inadequate staff less mobility and traditional approach to contact the

farming community. Other institutions should also help and coordinate with the

agricultural extension services for the overall development of agriculture.

8. Coordinated Wheat Research Institute

To stream line and coordinate provinces and avoid duplication of work a

wheat research institute may be established at the federal level which should conduct

research on all aspects of wheat production. Some of the important aspects are viz.;

breeding, seeding, time of sowing, irrigation, interculture, effect of climate factors,

harvesting, threshing winnowing, pricing, marketing and storage.

9. Agricultural Credit

To achieve the planned target for wheat production, the farmers would require

financial aid for increased agricultural inputs and on-farm developments. Therefore,

adequate credit facilities on easy terms are to be provided to them with special

consideration to small owners. A credit survey in D.G. Khan district indicate that

credit facilities availed by the big farmers are much higher than needy farmers having

smaller holdings.

10. Mechanization And Cooperation

The traditional method of harvesting, threshing and winnowing causes a lot of

delay and losses ( 3 to 5%) because of the shedding of grain, birds, inefficient

winnowing and damages due to caused by unusual and abnormal climate.

11. Storage

Damages due to inadequate and unscientific storage have been estimated at 15

to 20 per cent. They amount to Rs. 2,395 million. The present inadequate storage

facilities available for 2 million tones should be increased in relation to the

marketable surplus determined thorough field surveys.



361

5.5 DAIRY I�DUSTRY

Qureshi (1971) Surveyed livestock resources, dairy farming, sheep breeding and

poultry farming. Suggests improvements to ensures adequate supplies of meat, milk and

butter.

Basit (1975) studied the problems of dairy development in NWFP.

MARKETI�G OF MILK

Adulteration with Water

The enquiry revealed that with the exception of the urban stable owner who

sells milk directly to the consumers almost all the producers-cum-wholesalers adds

about 8 seers of water per maund of milk. Dudhi adds about 10 seers of water per

maund to milk. Most of the wholesalers add some sugar to milk which raises its

specific gravity and this gives higher reading on lactometer.

Milk Processing and Milk Schemes

The enquiry revealed that there was not a singly milk plant in any city of the

NWFP., worth its name.

Muhammad S. Anjum et al. (1989) analyzed the current issues of Pakistan’s

dairy industry.

OVER VIEW OF PAKISTA�’S DAIRY SECTOR

Current Issues

The most urgent problem in the dairy industry is the over built of UHT

processing sub-industry. Recent sharp increases in the price of dry milk powder

concern milk processing plants since such increases not only raise costs but reverse

the traditional price advantage of extending available milk by adding milk solids from

skim milk powder. Also, some owners of UHT plants are not satisfied with the quality

of packaging material supplied and costs of replacement parts, etc. Users of

alternatives to the dominant Tetra Pak packaging consider the structure of import

duties and charges as discriminatory. Finally livestock feed costs have increased,

especially in the Karachi peri-urban area.

Milk Processing Sector

Background

The first attempt to establish a modern dairy sector in Pakistan began in the

early 1960s and about 23 processing plants were setup over the next two decades.

However, with the exception of a few specialized dairy processors, most milk plants

setup operated considerably below capacity and eventually closed down. The major



362

factors responsible for the failure of what are often refered to as Pakistan’s “first

generation” dairy plants were:

a) The inability to procure sufficient quantities of milk.

b) Marketing problems related to the short shelf life of the product with out

refrigeration.

c) Weak consumer acceptance.

d) Poor management.

e) Lack of trained dairy technologists and plant technicians.

Problems with market acceptance were attributed in part to the consumers

dislike of the taste of “recombined” milk as compared with that of fresh milk. the

short shelf life of the product with out refrigeration was also regarded as a particularly

serious constraint. In fact, the failure of the “first generation” milk plants was widely

perceived to be due to the inappropriateness of pasteurization as a processing

technology for Pakistan given the high ambient temperatures in the summer as well as

the under developed state of its marketing infrastructure.

Constraints Facing the UHT Milk Industry

The UHT milk industry represents Pakistan’s second attempt to establish a

modern dairy processing sector in the country. Like the earlier, largely unsuccessful

attempt, it too is beset by a number of problems. The major ones relate to marketing,

while others are discussed below.

Overcapacity

The basic and most fundamental problem facing the UHT milk processing

industry is the Overcapacity. There is simply more production capacity already

installed or underway than is warranted by even the most optimistic projections of the

growth in demand for UHT milk. As other reports have pointed out, it is surprising

how so many UHT milk plants could have been financed by both domestic and

international lending agencies without adequate market analysis. It is even more

surprising that the government was unable to monitor these developments and

allowed development finance institutions to, in effect, make dairy policy for the

country. the result of this spectacular, and largely unplanned, growth in UHT milk

processing capacity is that most plants are operating at such low levels of capacity

that they are unable to meet their fixed and variable costs. The situation is expected to

deteriorate as the additional capacity currently being constructed comes on line.

Much of the over investment in UHT capacity occurred because of liberal

lending policies of government owned banks. The availability of debt finance together

with the possibility of over invoicing imported machinery meant that little equity was

required for investment in new capacity. As a result, entrepreneurs exhibited less

caution in setting up new projects than they would have if more of their capital was at

risk. At the same time, bank lending to the sector was largely uncoordinated with the

result that each financial institution sanctioned loans oblivious of what others were

doing.



363

High Packaging Cost

A major factor inhibiting the growth of the market for UHT milk as we have

seen earlier is its high price relative to competing products. One of the main reasons

for this is high packaging cost which accounts for nearly 24 percent of the retail price

of the product. While this high packaging cost is to some extent inevitable, given

UHT processing technology, it is also due in part to government taxes on packaging

material. Taxes and duties on the import of intermediate materials used in the

manufacture of packaging material range between 20-120 percent while a sales tax of

1.25 percent is levied on the sale of packaging material to the dairy industry.

Altogether, these various taxes and duties as estimated to add approximately Rs. 0.50

per liter to packaging and hence UHT milk processing costs.

Another problem is the alleged poor quality of domestically produced

packaging material which by contributing to high processing costs, storage and

marketing losses, increases costs per liter of milk sold. Many plants indicated that

they were experiencing packaging material losses during processing and storage

between 3-4 percent while market returns due to package failures outside the plant

averaged over 3 percent. Given the extremely narrow processing margin estimated

above, few milk plants can expect to operate profitably at these levels of efficiency.

The UHT milk cost analysis suggests that even a 1 percent increase in market returns

over 3 percent would result in a negative processing margin.

At the same time the existing duty structure on imported packaging material

has virtually created a monopoly for Tetra Pak Pakistan Limited, the sole domestic

supplier of paperboard carton packaging material. Duties and taxes amounting to

nearly 120 percent on the import of finished paperboard cartons.

Because of the high cost and alleged problems with the quality of available

packaging materials, a number of new plants appear to have opted for plastic sachet

packaging. Although reported to be almost Rs. 1 per liter cheaper than paperboard

cartons, the acceptability of this type of packaging in the marketplace is as yet

unproved. For most equipment, there appear to be few options available, at least until

the initial capita costs of the equipment are written off.

Competition From Raw Milk

Most consumers in Pakistan continue to purchase raw milk which is

considerably cheaper in comparison with UHT processed milk. There is a widespread

perception that this is because they prefer the taste of the “high fat” raw milk over

UHT milk. However, in the absence of controlled consumer tests, it is not readily

apparent that what is being demonstrated is a “taste preference” rather than a “price

preference” for the cheaper product. In any case, because of consumer acceptance of

the cheaper, but often diluted and unhygienic, raw milk, it is extremely difficult for

the UHT milk industry to compete with the former. This situation is unlikely to

change radically unless the government establishes and enforces milk composition

and hygiene quality standards.

Competition form Whole Milk Powder



364

As a “Convenience” product, UHT processed milk competes most directly

with imported whole milk powder (WMP). Competition is particularly strong in

Karachi where WMP has since long established a market niche for itself partly due to

the inability of raw milk supplies to keep pace with the city’s rapidly growing

population. Whole milk powders imported in tins and in bulk (25 Kg bags), though

the latter is subsequently repackaged by retailers in 1 and 1/2 Kg polyethylene bags

prior to sale. Although tinned milk is mainly consumed by upper income groups, that

available in polyethylene bags is bought largely by lower and middle income groups.

The dairy industry claims, with some justification, that the present level of

import duty on WMP (enhanced this year to Rs. 10/Kg) does not provide adequate

protection from subsidized imports. This is particularly true of the WMP imported in

bulk whose retail price, when repackaged, is still considerably below that of UHT

milk. WMP imports over the last three years have averaged about 16,500 metric tons

or 125 million liters in liquid milk equivalent terms annually. This is 45 percent more

than the total UHT milk sold in the country or the equivalent of the production form

eight new UHT plants.

Unrealistic Milk Standard

According to the Pure Food Laws established by the government, the solids

not fat (SNF) content of ‘standardized’ milk should be at least 8.9 percent. Since the

average SNF level of raw milk procured by milk plants ranges between 6-8 percent,

they have to add costly Skimmed Milk Powder to raise the SNF content to the level

prescribed. The current milk standard seems to be excessive as most cattle milk

produced in the country does not contain this level of SNF. This is increasingly likely

to be the case as more breeding is introduced. A lowering of the SNF standard form

8.9 to 8.5 percent would not only make it realistic but would reduce UHT milk

processing costs by Rs. 0.15-0.20 per liter.

Poor Product Image

Generally, UHT milk has a very poor product image and lacks credibility in

the eyes of the public as a quality product. This is partly due to a lack of

understanding of the role of SMP addition in UHT milk processing. It also stems, in

part, from negative publicity generated as a result of advertising campaigns mounted

by competitors. One campaign in the form of leaflets distributed to household, of

example, warned parents not to give UHT milk to their children because it claimed

that the nutrients in the milk had been destroyed by the high heat treatment. In these

circumstances, it is surprising that the industry has done little collectively to promote

its product or educate consumers. While some individual UHT milk processors

advertise their product, most do not spend much on promotional activities which is in

sharp contrast to the expensive advertising campaigns of foreign powder milk

manufacturers.

Lack of Product Diversification

In contrast to the milk market which offers a range of milk products with respect to

price, quality, fat content etc., UHT milk plants offer a single, uniform product

standardized at 3.5% fat and 8.9 SNF. It is extremely unlikely that this product



365

meets the requirements of all market segments and the lack for choice for consumers

must surely limit potential UHT milk sales.

In addition, few UHT milk processors have managed to diversify production

to include other products such as butter, cheese, cream, yogurt, ice cream or fruit

juices. To be fair, the scope of product diversification appears to be somewhat limited

at present as the market for many of these products is either small or already

saturated. A government ban on the export of dairy products prevents processors form

tapping potential export markets and acts as a further disincentive to product

diversification.

Raw Milk Procurement

The acquiring of raw milk has not yet constituted a serious problem for most

UHT milk processing plants. In fact, during the winter flush raw milk production

season, plants often refuse to buy all the milk offered for sale due to their inability to

market the extra quantity. However, the situation is completely reversed in the

summer when, due to low milk production, it becomes difficult to procure adequate

quantities of raw milk. Apart from the issue of quantity, the quality of raw milk also

deteriorates during summer and plants require a large input of SMP to raise SNF

levels.

Milk processing plants have traditionally resolved their raw milk procurement

problems during summer by resorting to rather liberal use of SMP in order to enhance

production volumes. However, this option has become increasingly unattractive due

to rising SMP prices. As more UHT plants become operational, competition for raw

milk supplies is likely to intensify. This will tend to raise milk collection costs and

further squeeze processing margins.

Seasonality and Powder Milk Production

Pakistan’s dairy sector is characterized by seasonal imbalances in the supply

and demand for milk. Seasonality of milk and other dairy products is highest during

summer when raw milk production is lowest. The resulting shortages met largely by

milk powder imports, part of which are used by both milk plants as well as urban milk

producers an dodhis to expand the volume of milk supply in the summer months. In

contrasts, there is generally oversupply during winter when the market is unable to

absorb the entire milk production, a part of which is converted into desi ghee and

butter.

UHT milk plant offer only limited possibilities for stretching milk supplies to

meet peak summer demand because of the large storage and financing requirements

this would involve as well as the relatively short shelf life of its product. Milk powder

production, therefore, represents the principal means by which Pakistan can overcome

the present seasonal imbalances between milk production and consumption. By

conserving milk from the flush winter season for use later during the year, milk

powder manufacture would not only contribute towards solving the seasonality

problem but would also substitute imports and thereby save foreign exchange. Milk



366

imports have averaged nearly 25,000 tones valued at Rs. 410 million annually over

the past five years.

Pasteurization

UHT is an inherently expensive process. Even if all the various taxes and

regulations affecting the cost of UHT milk are removed, it will remain a relatively

high priced product beyond the reach of most consumer. Therefore, in order to

promote the consumption of hygienic and quality milk among a larger segment of its

population Pakistan will probably have to look towards alternative technologies,

particularly pasteurization.

Pasteurization has its disadvantages, the principal one being the short shelf life

of the product. On the other hand there are a number of advantages of pasteurization.

First, Processing and particularly packaging costs are low.

Unlike UHT technology pasteurization also offers a greater choice with

respect to the type of packaging and distribution system which can be used. The range

includes bulk vending machines, glass and plastic bottles, plastic sachets and

paperboard cartons. The second advantage is that pasteurized milk closely resembles

raw or fresh milk as there is no cooked flavor. Therefore, it is more likely to be more

acceptable to consumers used to the taste of fresh milk. Finally, because

pasteurization units can be smaller in scale, they offer greater possibilities for

integrating processing with milk production.

Pakistan’s earlier experience with pasteurization plants in the 1960s and 1970s

is generally regarded as a failure. However, this appears to have been due mainly to

its public sector orientation, the emphasis on “recombined” milk, poor management,

and inadequate marketing.

There are good reasons to believe that conditions are now more favorable for

pasteurization. As marketing facilities are more developed, chilled distribution

facilities exist for ice cream, yogurt and soft drinks and there is sizable domestic

refrigeration industry.

Dairy Industry Policy Recommendations

Recommendations on policy measures for the dairy industry are focused on

the UHT industry. This is because of the immediacy of the problem and the large

public investment at stake. If specific measures are not taken, many of the UHT plants

are likely to fail. This would result in financial losses to the private entrepreneurs and

public sector financial institutions. Furthermore, the confidence of investors in the

dairy industry would be undermined. The primary responsibility for the success or

failure of the UHT industry rests with the private sector and the financial institutions

which financed it. The government’s role should be limited to ensuring that the

industry is not unjustifiably penalized with respect to taxes, regulations and other

policies and that it has the opportunity to compete fairly with other products in the

marketplace. The specific dairy industry policy recommendations are summarized as

under:



367



368

Do �ot Sanction Additional UHT Plants

In view of the existing excess capacity and low demand expansion for UHT

milk, the obvious recommendation is that no more UHT processing plants be set up in

the country. There is more production capacity already installed or underway than is

warranted by the most optimistic projections of the growth in demand for UHT milk.

As other reports have pointed out, most UHT milk plants have been financed by both

domestic and international lending agencies without adequate market analysis. In

addition, the government has been unable to monitor these developments and has

allowed financial institutions to in effect, make dairy policy for the country. The

result of this spectacular, and largely unplanned, growth in UHT milk processing

capacity is that most plants are operating at such low levels of capacity that they are

unable to meet their variable costs and a number of them will probably close down in

the future.

The existing critical situation of the UHT industry could have been avoided if

the Federal Dairy Development Board were more active and vigilant in monitoring

the expansion of UHT milk processing capacity. There is also a need to review the

lending policies of the financial institutions involved for regulating the levels of

equity required for investment in new capacity and over invoicing etc. Also, an active

coordination among all the concerned agencies of the Government such as National

Livestock Development Committee, Federal Dairy Development Board and the

financial institutions is a must for a viable dairy sector.

Promote Development of Market Economy Based Industry

As discussed earlier, development of the dairy industry has passed through

various start up stages. The more recent development of UHT milk processing, except

for its wasteful buildup of Overcapacity, has brought about an important change in the

traditional milkman dominated milk marketing in Pakistan. The overcapacity situation

will continue to be a handicap to UHT plant owners during the coming years but that

should not lead to abandoning the industry. There is some sign of renewed interest in

pasteurization and the future development of the dairy industry may well be in this

direction. However it is important that the government and the financing institutions

do not try to force the pace of development but let the industry develop in response to

market stimuli. The government should therefore promote the development of a

market based industry by removing all regulations and policies which impede its

efficient. Some of the suggested policy actions are shown below.

Remove Export Ban On Dairy Products

The current ban on dairy products exports is unnecessary. The modern milk

processing industry is producing refrigerated yogurt, ghee and cheese along with

UHT milk for the domestic market. Removal of the existing ban on the export of dairy

products will not have any significant impact on the domestic market because exports

are likely to be a small proportion of total milk production. The entire UHT industry

is using only less than 2 percent of the total milk produced in the country, 85 percent

of which is utilized for processed UHT milk. In addition, there is a weak likelihood of

finding a sizable competitive UHT milk market overseas.



369

Reduce Import Duties On Packaging Materials

One of the main reasons for the high cost of UHT milk is the packaging cost

which accounts for about one-fourth of the total. While this high packaging cost is to

some extent inevitable, given UHT processing technology, it is also due in part to

government taxes on packaging materials. Altogether, these various duties and taxes

are estimated to add approximately Rs. 0.50 per liter to packaging and hence UHT

milk processing cost. At the same time, the existing duty structure on imported

packaging material has virtually created a monopoly of finished paperboard cartons

are prohibitive for plants to contemplate purchasing alternative packaging systems. It

should also be noted that, with a ban on exports, import duties cannot be recovered

from duty draw backs.

Revise S�F Standard for UHT Milk

According to Pure Food Laws established by the government, the solids not

fat (SNF) content of ‘standardized’ milk should be at least 8.9 percent. Since the

average SNF level of raw milk procured by milk plants ranges between 6-8 percent,

they have to add SMP to raise the SNF content to the prescribed level. The current

milk standard seems to be excessive as most cattle milk produced in the country does

not contain this level of SNF. Lowering of the SNF standard from 8.9 to 8.5 percent,

on the other hand, would not only make the regulation more realistic but reduce UHT

milk processing costs by Rs. 0.15-0.20 per liter.

This policy could be reviewed from the standpoint of its actual performance, with

special attention to the income needs of the livestock industry. The impact may be

slight, but even an image of discriminating against low income livestock producers,

especially the landless dairy herd owners, appears regrettable. The existing price

ceilings on meat, and particularly beef, need to be removed because these are not

discriminatory but also seem ineffective and invite corruption.

Take regular Inventory of Milk Animals

Given the existing discrepancy an the range of estimates of livestock numbers

and consequent milk production level, it is strongly recommended that existing data

collection and analysis capability in the livestock field be improved. Beginning with

the crucial question of livestock numbers and herd inventory to production costs and

farm level prices, are some of the basic foundations on which future sectoral

development plants depend upon. The desired action demands taking an inventory of

buffaloes and cows in the country on an annual basis not only to properly monitor the

impact of dairy programs and policies but also to diagnose problems in crisis

situations.

Livestock products are a crucial part of Pakistan’s food supply. The number of

livestock are the production foundation for the supply of livestock products. The

current extrapolation method does not provide an early warning for critical and

politically destabilizing shortages of milk and meat. However, annual statistically

significant estimates of livestock numbers would show the ever present cattle and

some warning of impending shortages or heavy supplies.



370

5.6 OTHER FOOD I�DUSTRIES

�urul Islam Mian (1955) in a series of reports on the cost of production and

marketing of sugar cane and gur in Mardan and Peshawar Districts, plums and pears

in the village of Akbarpura; Peshawar District, tobacco, maize and wheat in Mardan

and Peshawar Districts, concluded that the production costs of agricultural products

have increased more than ever before. The reasons are

1. Increased Population.

2. Low yield per acre.

3. Failure of crops.

In order to overcome these difficulties, greater attention must be paid to our

agricultural methods and to the efficient allocation of the resources of the cultivator

which would increase his income, by maximizing output per unit of input. The

cultivator in addition may be helped in his activities through:-

a) Co-operatives.

b) Agricultural Credit.

c) Crop Planning.

d) Village Aid Projects etc.

The assessment of land revenue should be improved. The present method of

assessment is 1/4th of the average of the last 20 year’s net assets which is very

defective. The calculation of the net value of assets being conjectural, land revenue

assessment tends to be unsatisfactory. This is due to the fact that the land revenue

officials generally confuse the actual rent paid by the tenants with the economic rent.

The actual rent appears to be more than the economic rent owing to the following

factors:-

1. Scarcity of land resulting in competition.

2. Land hunger among the cultivators.

3. Inclusion of the remuneration of the farmer and his family labor, which is

generally not recognized.

4. Exploitation of the tenants on the part of the landlords.

The due consideration of the above factors may lead to a satisfactory and

scientific assessment of land revenue, particularly advantageous to the tenants6.

The cultivation of sugar cane has received an impetus due to the sugar mills.

The adjoining areas of these mills specialize in sugar cane cultivation. From an

economic point of view the producers should be primarily interested in input output

66 The Indian Enquiry Committee recommended that revenue should be 25% of the annual value of

land. It defined the annual value of land as “The gross produce, less cost of production; including the

value of labour actually expended by the farmer and his family and the return for enterprise”.



371

relationship, i.e. in cost and income. The costs vary from area to area and even from

farm to farm. The price which determines the income of the farmer does not vary

correspondingly. The price is determined by the sugar-content of the cane which is

fixed by sugar factories` managements. This formula is not always in the interest of

the farmers. It does not take into consideration the cost of individual farmers. Besides,

the farmers themselves may not anticipate any gain when they sell their produce to

the factories. They may be paid less than their actual cost of production. It is,

therefore, recommended that a formula which might be devised before the cultivation

of the crop. This will enable the farmers to resort to such cultivation or abandon it if it

does not seem profitable. The farmers should not be left at the mercy of blind chance

which rarely helps them.

�urul Islam Mian (1962) in the third report on marketing of agricultural

commodities of the former North West Frontier Province. It defines the scope of

agricultural marketing as a part of the production process and describes analytically

forms of the market. It covers the whole process of marketing. Determines the prices

of “gur”, potatoes, indigenous tobacco, dates, guava, apricots, banana, maize, wheat

and gram paid by consumers, and the price of sugar cane and Virginia tobacco paid

by sugar mills and tobacco barns respectively. Possibilities of effecting reduction in

marketing costs are explored.

Problems reported and concluded are:

1. Various malpractices were found in the marketing process. There was an

absence of standardization of grades and of the amount of products in

crate, bag or basket. These malpractices created market uncertainties and

risks which necessitated the need for grater profits.

2. Market imperfections were found at various steps of the marketing

process. Collective monopoly among commission merchants, partial

collective monopoly of truck associations, oligopoly among booking

clerks at railway stations, and polypoly in the crate markets are the cases

in point. All these market imperfections create opportunities for high profit

margin. However, the need for and opportunities of high profit margin

results in higher marketing costs and, therefore, mean smaller satisfaction

per unit of resource outlay. Thus, our hypothesis were confirmed.

�urul Islam Mian (1965) reported that there was complete absence of

grading resulting in market uncertainties. Owing to the lack of refrigeration facilities

in the railway trains as much as 50 percent of eggs in transit go addled during

summer. The study also revealed the prevalence of graft among railway officials

which accounted for 4.2 percent of the total marketing costs.

Muhammad Ibrahim Beg (1969) focused on the problems of cold storage

industry in the North West Frontier region and proposed suggestions for its

improvements.



372

PROBLEMS

Machinery Of Cold Storage’s7

The machinery of cold storages consist of the following items.

1. Compressors with motors

2. Diffusers

3. Condenser

4. Receivers

5. Oil Separators

There are two types of plants

a) Dry process plants and

b) Wet process plants.

In dry process plants the gas (ammonia or freon) goes direct to the sore rooms

and causes cooling by expansion. In wet process plants the gas goes to the brine

which is then circulated in the store rooms. Different manufactures have designed

different plants on the basis of these two principles.

All the parts of cold storage machinery can be manufactured in Pakistan and

one cold storage is using home made machinery but the general view is that so far as

material and craftsmanship are concerned the locally made machinery leaves much to

be desired and there were frequent breakages.

So all the cold storages’ proprietors want to import the machinery and spare

parts. But getting a license is a complicated and time consuming process. It is claimed

that inspite of all the influence it takes two to three years from the date of sending and

application to the import of the necessary items.

Lack Of Trained Personnel

Lack of technically trained mechanics and operators is another problem

besetting the cold storage industry of this region. Most of the operators working in the

cold storages have no technical education, they have merely picked up some

knowledge by looking at the working of the machines. The result is that due to their

ignorance and the habit of taking things easy sometimes the machinery is damaged

and at other times the stored products are damaged.

But there is another aspect of this problem as well. As the manager of a cold

storage confessed, it suits the proprietors to employ half backed mechanics and to pay

them lower wages because as he claimed, financially they are not in a position to

employ highly trained personnel and to pay them high salaries.

7 Source: Mr. Mohammad Afzal, M.Sc., Fruit Technologist, Peshawar Fruit Canning and Preserving

Industries Limited.



373

Heavy Electricity Charges

All the proprietors complained against the heavy electricity charges on the one

hand and frequent failures of electricity on the other. The cold storages are considered

seasonal industry so they are burdened by heavy electricity charges. On the one hand

the rates of electricity have increased and on the other the cold storages have to pay

25% seasonal charges on every bill.

The fluctuations in the electric current and the frequent break downs are also a

source of trouble. In several cases small motors have been burnt due to fluctuations in

the current. The problem is aggravated because the operators f the cold storages are

not technically trained to the required level. Moreover, if the failure of electricity is

for long duration the temperature of the storage rises it takes time to bring it down to

the optimum level. Thus consumption of electricity increases and thereby electricity

charges also increase.

Difficulty In The Supply Of Oil, Cork And Gas

It is self evident that no machinery can work properly without lubrication oil

but the cold storages find it difficult to get it in sufficient quantity. One proprietor

claimed that he was so short of the supply of lubrication oil that he was reduced to the

expedient of filtering the used oil and using it again.

Cork is needed for the proper insulation of the rooms of cold storages. It has to

be imported form abroad but difficulty is experienced in getting the license for the

required quantity, thus expansion of the present capacity becomes difficult. On

account of difficulty of importing the necessary quantity of cork in some cases the

saw dust has to be used for insulation8. It is claimed that saw dust is neither as

efficient as cork not does it prove as economical. Double walls have to be erected and

one foot thick layer of saw dust is put between the walls. Moreover, the saw dust has

to be changed after every two years. On the other hand two layers of 2 1/4 inch thick

cork are more efficient and do not have to be changed, unless damaged or broken.

Ammonia gas, which is used in cold storages, is produced in Daud Khel but its

supply has its own problems. The factory does not have any agent at Peshawar sot he

gas has to be procured from Daud khel. Moreover, money has to be deposited at

Daud Khel as the security for the cylinders in which ammonia gas is supplied. if a

cold storage provides its won cylinders then these have to be sent to Lahore for

checking because the Chief Inspector is stationed at Lahore. This procedure results in

a lot of trouble and blocking of capital in the form of security deposits.

Damage To Fruits

It has already been pointed out that most of the operators of cold storages are

not properly trained so they do not comprehend the significance of maintenance of

optimum temperature, specially for the fruits which are delicate. Instead of

maintaining a constant temperature they sometimes bring it down much below the

8 Source: Mr. Mohammad Ishaq of Azeem Cold Storage Limited.



374

normal and then stop the machine. Then slowly the temperature rises to the normal

level and sometimes when the operators are not vigilant it rises above the normal

level. These abnormal fluctuations of temperature ruin the fruits. For example, in the

case of citrus fruits too low temperature makes the fruit bitter and too high

temperature results in black spots and fungus on the skin of the fruits. Even if there is

no immediate defect in the fruits their storage periods is reduced. It was found that

there were several cases of spoiled fruits in different cold storages.

Lack Of Gradation Of Fruits And Defective Cold Storages

Only those fruits should be stored which are not over ripe and injured and are

free from other defects. But proper selection of fruits is not done and fruits of good

and bad quality are mixed together. So they are often spoiled and their storage period

is reduced.

The packing is often defective. To place as much fruits as possible in the same

crate, they are very tightly packed, with the result that the efficiency of cold storage is

reduced. Sometimes fruits are not plucked properly and at the proper time. For

example, the Malta oranges meant to be put in cold storage should be plucked late in

the morning when the dew on the fruits is completely dried.

Lack Of Proper Maintenance

The cold storages do not care about humidity control. They do not have

exhaust fans to draw out the humid air and to bring in the fresh air. They even do not

have the necessary windows. Regular spraying and white washing is also not

practiced in some cases. These factors reduce the efficiency of the cold storages.

Generally the growers of fruits are poor so they want to dispose off their crops

as early as possible, whatever the price. They are in so much hurry that sometimes try

to start bringing the produce to the market even before it is fully ripe.

As a result of lack of funds growers in many cases sell the fruits while they are

still on the trees; often they receive advances from the prospective buyers so they

usually get smaller prices. On the other hand, in some cases they receive advances

from the commission agents on the condition that they would sell their fruits through

them. In such cases also they seldom get fair prices for their produce.

These facts indicate that they are short of funds so they cannot take advantages

of cold storage facilities and are unable to receive better prices for their products. If

they keep their products in the cold storages their money is blocked for the duration

of the storage period.

Small Quantity Of Fruits

A very large portion of the supply of fruits is brought to the market for fresh

disposal. Generally the growers have a very small quantity which they may like to

keep in the cold storage. But for many growers it is costly and troublesome to bring

this small quantity to the distant places where cold storage are working. Moreover,



375

the cold storages do not encourage such persons who desire to store very small

quantities of fruits.

Ignorance

In the distant areas of the region the fruit growers are ignorant about the

existence of cold storage facilities and the benefits which they can get by using these

facilities. In most of the cases cold storages are getting enough business so the

proprietors do not feel any strong urge for a large scale publicity campaign to

popularize the use of this industry. As a result a very small supply of the fruits is

finding its way to the cold storages.

Low Purchasing Power

The stored fruits are comparatively costly and they have to compete with other

fruits of the season which are cheap and their supply is large. The purchasing power

of the people is low so they generally prefer to consume the cheaper fruits. Thus their

is a limited demand for stored fruits.

Abdul Matin (1970) studied the prospects for development of supply oriented

industries including food processing and manufacturing, corn products complex.

SUPPLY ORIE�TED I�DUSTRIES One of the most promising lines of development is in the establishment of

supply oriented industries. It is a matter of common knowledge that the production of

many major agricultural products in excess of their demand for non industrial

purposes. for example, the supply of sugar cane, sugar beet, tobacco, fruits and

vegetables, corn, hides and skins, wool, grass and mazri and some forest products is

greater than their requirements for direct use. The volume, quality and variety of all

these materials is by no means limited to what is produced at the moment. Their

supply can be easily increased and quality improved with the increase in the demand

for them. It is empirically found that the supply of cash crops in this region is greatly

responsive to the increase in demand. This provides a unique opportunity for the

establishment/expansion of the following groups of industries:

A. Food Processing and manufacturing industries and utilization of their by

products.

Included here are:

1. Manufacturing of sugar, both from beet as well as sugarcane.

2. Industries based on the by products of the sugar mills like bagasse and

molasses. The production of spirit, citric acid, alcohol, paper, hard and soft

boards, fodder mix, monosodium glutamate and yeast are particularly

mentionable.

3. Industries based in the input of refined sugar like confectionery, chocolate,

biscuits, and bakery, fruit juices and soft drinks.

4. Manufacturing of cigarettes and related products as well as the production of

insecticides from powdered tobacco.

5. Fruits and vegetables preservation, canning, refrigeration and dehydration.



376

6. Oil and fat manufacturing based on peanuts.

7. Corn products including starch and dextrose.

8. Animal feed mix production from the waste materials of various industries.

B. Industries based on animal raw materials.

1. Pasteurization, sterilization and bottling of milk. This is, of course, contingent

upon the development of modern dairy farms around the district headquarters

and other major towns of the region.

FOOD PROCESSI�G A�D MA�UFACTURI�G

Actually the region has already made perceptible headway in some of the

aforesaid supply oriented industries. For example in the food processing and

manufacturing field progress is registered in the production of sugar and related

industries, beverages and soft drinks as well as cigarettes. Flour mills and cold

storages have come up on an extended scale. Only the fruits and vegetables canning,

preservation, and dehydration industry and corn manufacturing are characterized by

sluggish growth. They therefore call for greater attention.

Fruits, vegetables and mushrooms are highly perishable stuffs. There

production is seasonal in character. More than 60 to 70 per cent of these products are

either consumed fresh or transported to the rest of West Pakistan and even abroad.

Normally 30 to 40 per cent of the production remains surplus. In view of the limited

progress in the development of canning and preservation industries some potion of the

surplus is liable to go waste during the season. It also depresses the prices obtained by

the producers, the establishment of additional plants would not only ensure fuller use

of the crops but help stabilize the prices received by the farmers and warrant supply of

canned fruits, jellies, jams and juices to the consumers all the year round. The

possibility of exporting the goods so manufactured to the Middle Eastern countries is

very promising. The canning technology is sufficiently standardized and

internationally acceptable quality of products can be made.

The quality and flavor of our fruits, vegetables and mushrooms is nice and the

chances of growing still better varieties would brighten up once manufacturing

capacity amounting to say 30 to 40 percent of raw production is built up. The canning

and preservation plants have often specific requirement for such factors as the shape,

texture, color, odor, acidity, and vitamin content etc., of the materials. Hence the

management takes intimate interest in encouraging the production of desired varieties.

The mill owners become true partners of the growers in evolving improved quality of

crops. The development of the industry thus innovates and boosts up orchard

production and the increased and refined output of fruits and vegetables in its turn

reinforce the expansion of manufacturing units on sound bases.

Corn Products Complex



377

The region produces superior quality of corn. The produce is now consumed

mainly for food purposes by the lower income group. There is just one factory which

used the commodity for the production of starch and other by products like cattle

feed, corn oil, oil cakes and sediments9. In view of the abundance of the supply of raw

materials and growing demand for starch stemming from the paper and board industry

an additional mill can be established. If the by products emerging from the

manufacturing operation such as germs and gluten are fully utilized the economics of

the industry can be changed for better. It is known that refined corn oil of dietetic

value can be extracted from germs. Corn gluten and oil cakes are useable as feed

mixture for dairy cattles.

In planing for the expansion of the other food processing and manufacturing

industries it is important to avail the promising lines of investment springing from

inter industrial linkages. Besides, the horizontal development of the existing units in

proportion to the expanding demand and raw materials supply, the time is now ripe

for the utilization of the opportunities arising from the forward and sideways linkage

of these industries. The output as well as the by products and waste material can be

subjected to further fabrication and use. This line of approach would prove helpful in

reducing the cost of the main products and ensure exploitation of the residues.

At present, with the possible exception of sugar industry, little attention is

given to the scope for fruitful investment offered by vertical and lateral

diversification. The outlets for the by products utilization are infinite in reality. The

avenues must be systematically explored and availed. This might appear and

uninspiring and undramatic type of affair as compared to heavy doses of investment

in gigantic projects, yet the course is full of promises. If expansion proceeds along

these lines the very cost structure of the parent industries would change. The social

yield on capital outlay would go up considerably.

Janbaz Khan (1970) reviewed utilization of capacity in large scale food and

tobacco industries of Frontier region and high lighted the difficulties encountered in

the process of fuller utilization.

REASO�S FOR U�DER UTILIZATIO�

Sugar Industry Sugar industry is perhaps the most developed industry of Frontier region.

Being the oldest of its kind in the region, it has overcome a number of other

bottlenecks which an infant industry may face in the initial stages. The industry as a

whole does not face the problems of fuel and power, skilled and semi skilled

manpower, finance and credit particularly in terms of domestic currency.

The industry produces large quantities of bagasse the most important by

product of sugar industry which is presently being used as fuel in power. Thus it

9 The Swat corn products factory located at Malakand agency produces 3,100 tons of starch. The

production of cattle feed, amounts to 1,301 tons. The output of corn oil and oil cakes is of the order of

70 to 80 tons. The production in terms of money has experienced dramatic rise during the past four

years. It increased from Rs. 0.4 million in 1964 to Rs. 4.1 million in 1968. The ever rising demand for

the products keeps the plant running in three shifts daily. Presently fixed investment in the factory is

Rs. 3 million.



378

fulfills her main fuel requirements through this source. In service training is also

provided to the existing staff for taking up higher and more complicated jobs in the

mills. The migration of one or few skilled workers does not create a vacuum in the

overall performance of any individual plant. Rupee finance is no problem to the

industry. they have abundant of their own resources and also the financial institutions

are almost always ready to extend credits due to the high security that these provide.

Prospects of sugar industry are bright in view of the fact that on the one hand the per

capita consumption in the country is low and is sure to rise in future and on the other

hand the demand for sugar is going up because of a rapid increase in population and

change in consumption pattern. Inspite of all this, the industry faces three major

obstacles in the process of utilization of its productive capacity i.e. raw materials,

technical break downs and foreign exchange for import licenses.

Utilization in sugar industry basically depends upon regular and sufficient

supply of sugarcane and sugarbeet. The availability of both these crops in turn

depends upon the climatic condition and fall of freeze and frost during the season,

control of diseases and distribution of rainfalls. Unsuitable climatic conditions, fall of

severe freeze and frost, lack of plant protection measures and unsuitable distributed

rain falls, damage the crops very badly and thus hinder the regular flow of raw

materials to the sugar mills resulting in under production and shorter season.

Utilization receives a set back at the hands of growers also. When the prices of gur are

high in the market, the growers convert their sugarcane into gur through local

methods of production rather than sell it to the sugar manufacturers in order to earn

more profits. This situation badly affects utilization and as such the cost of production

of white sugar. It is reported that almost 50% of the sugarcane is annually converted

into gur. Making an allowance of 15-20 % for chewing, seed and wastage, only 30%

of the cane is available for sugar production. In case of sugarbeet the situation is

slightly different. Beet has recently emerged as a commercial crop. Till recently it was

not very popular among the farmers’ community of the region. Efforts are now being

made to educate the farmers regarding its commercial profitability. Prospects of beet

sugar industry are reported to be very bright both for the beet growers and the sugar

manufacturers.

Technical breakdowns are equally bad for overall utilization of sugar plants.

Minor breakdowns, it is reported, are easily repaired within the factory premises but

in case of major breakdowns the factory may not be able to operate for an indefinite

time, because it may involve import of a given part of machinery in question. It is

commonly complained that although the sugar mills get annual foreign exchange

quota for the import of spares and implements yet this is not sufficient to meet the

total import requirements of all the mills under study.



379

Flour Mills

While conducting the present inquiry, it was noticed that almost all the flour

mills face no difficulties in obtaining, wheat for milling purposes. Supply of fuel and

power and working labor force, both skilled and semi skilled workers, is not a serious

problem which may adversely affect the overall production of flour. Availability of

finance and credit in home currency is also not a challenging task in the utilization of

production capacity. Inspite of the availability of these basic requirements of the

industry under study, the present under utilization of production capacity has been

attributed mainly to the fluctuations in the market demand. It is said that the

competition in the local market is very tough. More flour mills have already emerged

and they are likely to increase further in the near future. As the number of flour mills

increases the competition also become tightened up. This consequently leads to the

emergence of a number of sales problems. Production as such keeps pace with the rise

in actual demand and salesmanship of the mill’s authorities. In view of the conditions

prevailing in the region almost all the factories work on the basis of one to two shifts

a day. Major technical break downs and inadequate supply of spare parts and

implements for balancing and replacement purposes have reported to be the next

important factors of under production. It is said that the current licensing facilities

provided by the Government are not sufficient to meet the requirements of spare

parts. The spare parts are not readily available in the home market. They have

adequate licensing facilities and foreign exchange for the purpose. The flour mills are

short of both these provisions which bear detrimental effects on the utilization of the

flour milling plants.

Vegetable Ghee Industry

The existing under production in the factory understudy is mainly due to the

fact that it operates on the basis of two shifts a day. The factory remains idle during

the third shift because of inadequate supply of basic raw materials including edible

oils and oil seeds such as cotton seeds, groundnuts and soybean etc. The shortage of

these raw materials is an economic problem of the country. It id reported that the

available domestic supply of edible oils and oil seeds is hardly sufficient to meet only

about 20 % of the oil requirements of the country. The rest of the 80% requirements

are met through imports from abroad. The bulk of the requirements are however met

through imports of soybean oil from USA It is further reported that the firm in

question has no problems in obtaining the required fuel and power, labor force both

skilled and semi skilled and finance and credit. Presently the factory is self sufficient

in all these aspects. Major technical breakdowns seldom occur. Minor type of

breakdowns can be repaired by the existing technical staff of the factory. Market

demand is vast and hence the factory does not face any sales problem.

Honey

The under utilization is basically due to the fact that the factory works only

one shift per day. During the other two shifts the plant remain idle. This implies that

2/3rd of the total installed capacity is entirely unutilized. Only 1/3rd of the installed

capacity is used for production purposes. Three major factors are reported to be

responsible for the existing under utilization of capacity. Firstly it is said that the



380

licensing facilities for the import of spare parts and implements for balancing and

replacement purposes are inadequate to meet the factory requirements. In case of

major technical breakdowns the production receives a set back because the spares are

not readily available in the market. On availability of skilled labor force and other

technical personnel is the second major problem of the firm. Swat area is reported to

be directly short of skilled and technical personnel because of its remoteness from

highly industrialized area of the country, such as Karachi, Hyderabad and Lahore.

There is little charm for man of this kind in Swat as the area does not warrant better

job opportunities and future prospects. Last but not the least commercial banks are

providing adequate credit facilities to medium sized industrial units. In the matter of

finance, it is reported, Swat areas do not get their due share as against the more

developed parts of the country.

Maize Starch Industry

The major bottleneck in the utilization of production capacity in the starch

factory under discussion is the market demand. The principal consumers of starch are

the textile, paper and chemical industries. The demand for starch is determined by the

magnitude of purchases by these industries. An increase in the demand for starch in

aforesaid industries subsequently leads to increased production of starch in the starch

factories.

Matiullah (1970) highlighted various aspects of “industrial finance” in the

geographic area of the North West Frontier region. The author has analyzed the

financial structure of the large scale (food and tobacco) industrial units; examined the

various sources of industrial credit and their relative importance.

Liaqat Ali Khan (1975) discussed the utilization of by-products of large scale

industries in the North West Frontier Province. The original plan of the study was to

enumerate the

1. Waste and by-products of the industries concerned

2. The uses they are or can be put to

3. Their contribution to total revenue of the industries concerned, etc.

1. SUGAR I�DUSTRY

There are presently four sugarmills in the Province. The by-products of this

industry are:

1. Bagasse

2. Molasses

3. Press mud

4. Beet Pulp

5. Furnace ash

All these by-products can be put to a number of uses. At present commercial

scale utilization is, however, limited only to bagasse and molasses. Press mud, beet

pulp, and furnace ash go waste.



381

Bagasse

The major uses to which bagasse is being put are

a) as fuel in sugarmills and

b) for making paper

As fuel, bagasse proves relatively cheaper than furnace oil. There fore, despite

the fact that bagasse is badly demanded by the paper mill established at Charsadda,

the sugarmills do not spare enough of it to meet the paper mills full requirements. The

paper mill under reference was commissioned in 1970. It is designed to produce

30,000 tons paper per annum. During 1970-74 it consumed, 45,602 tons of bagasse,

and produced 28,903 tons of paper. The production was far below the capacity mainly

because of raw material scarcity. This problem is, however, surmountable with the

help of proper incentives to divert bagasse from sugarmills to paper production.

Bagasse can be used also for making news print an hard board. It can be used,

though less profitable as cattle feed as well. Other uses of bagasse are

1. For making light weight building block with cement, and

2. For fuel requirements.

Molasses

Molasses can be used for a variety of purposes important among which are the

following.

1. For manufacturing alcohol, acetic acid, and other acid products.

2. For items of food for human beings and cattle.

3. For making power alcohol.

4. As an ingredient in making tobacco.

5. As fertilizer.

6. For making Adhesive.

7. As fuel.

At present only two sugarmills (at Mardan at Takht-i-Bhai) are equipped with

distilleries. During 1969-74, the Premier Sugar Mills processed 55 per cent of its

molasses in to spirits. The corresponding figures is 71 percent for the Frontier Sugar

Mills, Takht-i-Bhai.

During 1970-74 the Premier Sugar Mills produced 781,166 gallons of

industrial alcohol per annum on the average. At the Frontier sugar mills the average

annual production of industrial alcohol during the same period was 463,304 gallons.

Addition of similar plants to other sugarmills and fuller utilization of the

capacity of the existing ones would be beneficial for the mills concerned as well as

country.

Other By-Products



382

With the exception of bagasse and molasses no commercial exploitation of

other by-products has been reported by the sugar mills. The opportunities are

however, quite vast.

2. MAIZE STARCH I�DUSTRY

The province has only two maize starch manufacturing units. They are located

at Sakhakot and Peshawar with maize grinding capacity totaling at 60 tons of maize

per day of 24 hours. The by-products of this industry are cattle feed, gluten, germs, oil

cakes, and corn oil. All these by-products have high nutritive value, and are in great

demand at home and also abroad. At present, this industry is not functioning properly.

This is mainly due to management problem. Otherwise it has no economic problem as

its main and by-products enjoy sellers market, and it has no problem of raw material

supply. The Government should pay attention to this industry; get the existing plants

in motion, and set up new ones. As to the latter, a plan is already there to establish

maize starch plant with 20 tons daily capacity at Topi in District Mardan. The

establishment of this plant is expected to vitalize this industry and set momentum for

further progress.

3. VEGETABLE GHEE I�DUSTRY

Presently there is only one vegetable ghee plant in NWFP. It is located at

Nowshera. the by-product of this industry are laundry soap and oxygen gas.

Laundry Soap

The production of laundry soap is carried on a small scale, and is marked by

erratic trends. During 1965-67, the production ranged form 21 tons to 356 tons a year.

The factory increase or decreases the output of soap as the market situation demands.

Normally, the wastes on which soap is based get easily sold in the market in raw form

at profit. Therefore, the factory hardly ever uses all the waste material for making

soap at its own plant. Nevertheless the processing of waste into soap makes valuable

addition to the factory’s revenues.

Oxygen Gas

Oxygen gas is produced in the process of the production of vegetable ghee. It

is conserved in special containers. Revenue from this by-product varied from Rs.

41,531 to Rs. 1,43,521 per annum during 1965-74.



383

4. FRUIT A�D VEGETABLE PROCESSI�G I�DUSTRY

The fruit and vegetable processing industry is composed of four units, all in

Peshawar district. They process about 27 to 30 thousands maunds of fruit and

vegetables annually.

The factories accumulate huge quantities of wastes material in the course of

processing. These take the form of peels, cores, trimmings, pits, stems, and skins in

the case of fruit. The vegetable wastes are tomato seed, cobs and husks from core and

vine and pods from peas.

Presently only negligible part of wastes is used for further processing into

products like jellies, jams, marmalades etc. For a greater utilization of wastes the pre-

requisite is that their should be ready demand for the products based on them. To this

end, sale promotionate home and particularly abroad is needed.

5. THE HO�EY A�D FLOUR MILLI�G I�DUSTRIES

The main by-product of honey industry is wax. And that of flour milling, bran.

No commercial scale processing of these by-products into other high value products

has been reported by the industries concerned.

CO�CLUDI�G REMARKS A large part of wastes and by-products of the large scale industries is not

profitably being utilized. There is, however, both need and scope for their fuller

utilization. The research for new uses of the by-products should continue. The aim

should be to profitably use every part of the raw-material and its resultant products.

Janbaz Khan (1982) analyzed the existing industrial investment in the North

West Frontier Province, Problems faced by the private industrialists in the

expansion/making fresh investment, and how to over come the difficulties and

bottlenecks which retard the pace of industrial investment.

The common problems which retarded industrial investment in the NWFP are

unfavorable investment climate, remoteness from the sea port, monopolistic

tendencies, difficulties in financing of business, availability of skilled and semi

skilled workers, lack of coordination between various agencies involved in the under

taking industrial investment, procedural difficulties and documentation, red-tapasim

and partial treatment, lack of guidance and advice to potential investors.

I�DUSTRY-WISE-PRE-OPERATIO� A�D POST PRODUCTIO�

PROBLEMS

1. Flour Mills Flour Mills have reported the following difficulties which they faced at the

establishment stage.

1. Sanctioning of project and obtaining N.O.C., from the Government.

2. Obtaining loans from the credit agencies for the purchase of machinery.

3. Non-availability of water at the factory site.

4. Delay caused in getting power and electric connection for their concerns.



384

5. Difficulties faced in sanctioning of wheat quota.

The general feeling among the industrialists, is that the investors come across

a host of problems at the establishment stage which includes red tapism, favoritism,

inefficiency, documentation and procedural difficulties at almost every stage, lack of

sanctioning authority at the local level in the case of credit agencies, and non-

availability, or shortage of infrastructure facilities etc. These initial difficulties usually

decelerate the pace of investment and discourage the private investors to opt for

industrial investment.

Among the post production problems some of the flour mills have pointed out

the following issues which have serious repercussion on industrial investment in the

Frontier Province.

1. Financial strengencies due to lack of adequate credit facilities offered by

the commercial banks, losses incurred due to high rate of interest charged

by the commercial banks and low rate of grinding wheat (Rs. 3/- per

maund) as approved by the Government.10

2. The supplies of wheat, the main raw material, are not only controlled by

the Government but also the quotas granted are insufficient to operate the

mills on three shift basis, resulting in constant under-utilization of

capacity11, hence denying the economies of scale to the flour mills thereby

squeezing the margin of profit. The extraction of Suji and meda, the main

sources of earnings for the mills, is forbidden which puts the flour millers

in a disadvantageous position.

3. The import of machinery and spare parts, it is said, involves difficult and

lengthy procedures. Moreover the intending investors cannot exercise

option in selecting a country for the import of machinery of their choice

because the line of credit against which the import of machinery is

allowed, is usually tied i.e. only such machinery can be imported against

the loan which the donor country specifies in the terms of its line of credit.

This puts investors in difficult situation because it usually happens that

similar machinery with better quality and relatively lesser cost can be

arranged from other countries if the investors are given the choice to select

the country of import.

4. Shortage of technical hands and increasing labor facilities in the form of

house rent, insurance, gratuity, welfare and education cess etc., are also

reported to have created financial stringencies for the manufacturers. In

some cases it has also been reported that inspite of the fact that millers are

charged Rs. 100/- per worker per annum as education cess the children of

10 It is reported that the rate of grinding in wheat in NWFP is Rs. 3/- per maund as against Rs. 4/- per

maund in Punjab and Sind Provinces. 11 Some of the flour mills have reported under-utilization in capacity to the extent of one third one half

and four fifth per working day.



385

these laborers are not provided the said facilities, for which the amount has

been charged by the Government12.

5. Rising cost of production due to increase in the rate of electricity and fuel,

rising prices of raw materials, machinery and spare parts and other

requisites of production and heavy taxes13 are reported to have affected the

profitability of the flour mills. The contention that the cost production has

risen is correct but the plea that it has affected the profitability is incorrect

because with the increasing cost of production the prices of finished goods

have also gone up by many folds and the burden of increasing cost has

been shifted over to the consumers. In fact many industrialists have

exploited the situation and in the garb of rising cost of production earned

millions of rupees14.

There is a general feeling among the flour millers that the existing flour

milling capacity is sufficient to meet the provincial requirements of atta, suji and

maida. Instead of making expansion in capacity or creating new flour milling

capacity, it is more appropriate that measures are taken to ensure fuller utilization of

the existing capacity. According to industrialists a sizable capacity of flour milling

units in NWFP is idle and waiting fuller utilization.

The following points have been suggested by the flour millers for developing

the flour milling industry on proper lines in the NWFP.

1. Measures for increasing production of wheat in NWFP should be adopted

to avoid dependence on other areas.

2. The mill owners should be allowed to purchase wheat from the local

market so that they could utilize their production capacity in full.

3. At least fifty percent of the flour extracted from wheat should be allowed

to the mill owners to sell in the open market as was the case previously.

12 The author has observed that managers of factories are quite liberal in enumerating facilities

extended to the workers, some times to the extent of exaggeration, the overall labour conditions need

considerable improvements. Ordinary laborers in NWFP in most of the factories are given monthly

remuneration of Rs. 250/- to Rs. 350/- (for 6 days to week and 8 hours a day work) which seems too

insufficient to assure a reasonable standard of living even to a single worker to keep his efficiency up

not to talk of a familied laborer. 13 One of the flour mill has reported that taxes account of 65 percent of the net income assessed by the

Income-Tax Department. 14 One of the industrialists during the course of discussion, has pointed out that the flour milling

industry falls in the category of favored industries in a sense, because it draws its raw material supplies

i.e. wheat, from the locally situated government godowns on quota basis and hence flour mills have to

incur no significant expenditure on transportation of wheat both at the time of procurement form

distant areas and during the course of disposal of its flour (atta) after grinding. Similarly maintenance

expenses usually incurred on stocking of wheat and losses caused due to pests and insects and rains

etc. are also born by the Government and therefore the flour mills are relieved of many a serious

problems which other industrialists usually come across in self procurement of the raw materials.

Marketing of flour also does not pose any problem to the flour mills because the flour (atta) is

distributed on the basis of permits issued by the Food Department to the Food Depots. Hence flour

mills enjoy advantageous position as compared with other industries whose supplies of raw materials

are not controlled by the Government and whose finished products are sold in the open market.



386

4. The existing grinding rate of Rs. 3/- per maund is not at par with the mills

in Punjab. It should be raised to Rs. 4/- per maund to bring it at par with

Punjab for the encouragement of the local millers.

5. The local mill owners are not allowed to purchase wheat from Punjab

directly for grinding in NWFP, but on the other hand, the mills located in

Punjab are allowed to sell their flour in NWFP in the local market. This

anomaly should be removed.

6. Instead of making further investment in flour mills, it would be

appropriate to lay stress on fuller utilization of the existing capacity.

7. Extraction of maida and suji should be allowed from wheat to assure the

millers in NWFP, a far margin of profit. Business in maida an suji

according to the millers is quite profitable.

2. Sugar Industry

No initial bottleneck with regard to basic requirements such as road, transport,

water, fuel and power and obtaining of no objection certificate (N.O.C.) from the

government, preparation of feasibility reports, registration with joint stock companies

and obtaining finances from the financial institutions has been reported. The

responding unit has pointed out that the unit was primarily established by the Pakistan

Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) in the public sector which was

subsequently disinvested and its shares sold to private sector. With changing

economic conditions, multifarious problems however croped up in the subsequent

years. A discussion on these issues is given as follows.

One of the most crucial current problem identified by the industrial concern is

its worst financial crisis due to which the management of the factory is not in a

position even to pay for its electricity and telephone charges. The paid up capital as

against the employed capital is reported to be insufficient needing reformation. The

unit concerned which was established in 1956 with a subscribed capital of Rs.

13,800,000 has hardly grown up to Rs. 17,016,350. The equity of the company mostly

comprises long term and short term loans.

Procurement of adequate sugarcane, the basic raw material, is reported to be

another serious problem confronting the unit concerned. Non-availability of adequate

sugarcane is said to be a problem of recurring nature because the prices of gur15 are

rising due to which the farmers convert their sugarcane into gur instead16 of offering it

15 Gur is a crude form of sugar which is consumed as a popular substitute of sugar. In fact most of the

households in rural areas use gur in place of sugar. It is less costly, easily available and suits the taste

of the rural folk. 16 During 1978-79, it is said, the purchase price of sugarcane was fixed at Rs. 5.50 per maund which

was least attractive to the farmers hence the cane offered to the sugar factories was inadequate because

much of the cane was converted by the farmers into gur which was selling in the market at very high

rates. In fact many of the farmer did not grow sugarcane in view of the least attractive prices fixed for

the season. For the current year i.e. 1979-80 although the price of sugarcane has been raised to Rs. 6.50

per maund, nonetheless the announcement to this effect has been made at such a time that it is



387

to the sugar factories which offer relatively low prices. This leads to underutilization

of capacity and thereby results in huge financial losses to the factory concerned17.

Lack of irrigation water has also been reported to have forced the farmers of

the area, in which one of the sugar factory is located to grow poor quality18 of

sugarcane which gives less recovery and hence less profit to the managements.

Low level of cane-crushing capacity (1000 tons per day) is reported to be

uneconomical affecting both the cost of production of sugar and the profitability of

the firm negatively. To make the unit economically sound and viable, expansion in

capacity and its modernization is highly essential.

Imports of machinery and spare parts, it is reported, also pose a serious

problem due to which expansion in capacity, balancing and modernization of the

existing units, and replacement of unserviceable parts is very difficult. In the absence

of liberal import facilities, the sugar industry cannot be expected to come up to the

national expectations and aspirations.

In case of labor problems, it is pointed out that labor is a serious issue for the

sugar industry because on the one hand labor demands are rising but on the other

hand, it is reported, their working efficiency is deteriorating. Labor management

mutual respect and understanding has declined. Lack of interest, absenteeism and

non-cooperation are said to be some of the features of the working labor force19.

Another problem which is affecting the profitability of sugar industry is

reported to be the rising trend in excise duty. According to the information supplied,

excise duty was charged at the rate of Rs. 11/- per maund before 1971-72. After

experiencing many fold rises and adding flood reliefs to the excise duty, it has gone

up to Rs. 135/- per bag at the moment20. This trend is still continuing and needs be

rationalized to allow a fair margin of profit to the industrial concerns.

The responding unit has offered no further comments either on the expansion

of capacity both in the past and at the present or the resource potential of the NWFP

for further development of the sugar industry. No suggestions have been offered for

promotion of the sugar industry in NWFP.

practically not possible for the farmers to adjust their cane production as the season for sowing of

sugarcane has already ended. For the coming season i.e. 1980-81 the price of sugarcane has further

been raised to Rs. 8.75 per maund which is quite in time and encouraging for both the farmers as well

as the manufacturers of sugar. 17 The shortage of sugarcane, it is said, can be evidenced from the fact that the responding unit crushed

during 1978-79, 17000 tons of cane and extracted 1017 tons or 10,177 bags of sugar as against

300,502 tons of cane crushed and 24,808 tons of sugar produced during 1977-78. 18 Variety No. 245 of sugarcane, according to the officials of the mill, is grown in the areas where the

supply of irrigation water is relatively less, as is the case in Takht Bhai area of Mardan. 19 Labor issue is not so simple. It has many facets and if we are interested in its solution we have to go

deep down into the causes of unrest among the laborers, keeping in view their existing services

conditions and the monetary reward that they receive in return of their services. 20 Before the take over of the present regime in 1977 the sugar units are reported to have been paying

fixed excise duty. Currently duty is posed on the capacity of the sugar industrial concerns.



388

Mir Kalan Shah (1986) identified and estimated the capacity of available

storage facilities for three selected products, viz., wheat, rice and sugar and their trend

in capacity development over the last fifteen years. The study determined the level of

utilization and identified reasons for shortages of storage. Suggest ways and means

for improving the storage facilities in North West Frontier Province.

GROWTH OF STORAGE I� �WFP

The total storage capacity in the NWFP was 80,000 Metric tons in 1970-71

which has been gradually developed to 327,100 Metric tons in 1984-85 as shown in

Table-5.11.

TABLE-5.11 YEAR WISE I�CREASE I� STORAGE I� �WFP

Years Total Capacity (Tons) % Increase Over The Previous

Year

1970-71 80,000 -

1971-72 81,000 1.25

1972-73 81,500 0.62

1973-74 81,500 -

1974-75 81,500 -

1975-76 84,500 3.68

1976-77 107,500 27.22

1977-78 113,500 5.58

1978-79 138,000 21.51

1979-80 151,000 9.42

1980-81 166,000 9.03

1981-82 184,000 10.84

1982-83 209,000 13.85

1983-84 249,000 18.85

1984-85 327,100 31.36

Source: Mir Kalan Shah

There was practically no expansion during the period 1970-75. But the post

1975 period has witnessed rapid progress. Of the existing 327,100 tons capacity as

much as 245,600 tons of capacity was created after 1975-76.

CAPACITY UTILIZATIO�

This section explains the situation regarding the availability and utilization of

storage capacity in the province during 1970-71 to 1983-84. It provides information

about

1. Quarterly periods in the given year.

2. The year as a whole and also

3. For the whole period 1970-71 to 1983-84.

The capacity utilization is indicated by AS-SC (AS is aggregate available

stock) and (SC is storage capacity).



389

A positive product indicate that there was more storage capacity at any time in

a given period than the aggregate available stock in that period. While a negative sign

would indicate the contrary.

PERIOD 1970-71 TO 1983-84

During the period under study the average quarterly stock for storage was

1386.09 metric tons against the average storage capacity of 129.14 metric tons,

resulting in capacity shortage to 1256.95 metric tons. In 1972-73 to 1974-75 the

Province experienced surplus storage capacity. The year wise details in Table-5.12.

Thereafter the province experienced shortages of storage capacity. Total shortages of

storage capacity during 1975-84 was on the average was 273 metric tons per year.

The shortage varied between a maximum of 666.80 metric tons (1982-83) and a

minimum of 12.75 metric tons (1978-79). The quarterly date indicating surplus or

shortages of capacity, is summarized below.

TABLE-5.12 QUARTERLY DATE I�DICATI�G SURPLUS OR

SHORTAGES OF CAPACITY

Year First

Quarter

(May-July)

Second

Quarter

(Aug-Oct)

Third

Quarter

(�ov-Jan)

Fourth

Quarter

(Feb-April)

Average

1970-71 -10.00 -122.00 -34.00 -29.00 -48.75

1971-72 -54.00 -33.00 +14.00 +38.02 -08.74

1972-73 +62.50 +41.50 +24.50 +37.50 +41.00

1973-74 +24.50 -0.50 +44.50 -26.50 +10.50

1974-75 +34.50 +32.50 -18.50 +39.50 +22.00

1975-76 +51.50 -70.50 -105.50 -173.50 -74.50

1976-77 -149.50 -393.50 -148.50 +7.60 -171.00

1977-78 +13.50 +69.50 -254.50 -29.50 -57.00

1978-79 +24.00 -46.00 -33.00 +4.00 -12.70

1979-80 -21.00 -257.24 -337.79 -128.79 -186.14

1980-81 -122.84 -564.24 -444.86 -51.89 -296.10

1981-82 -184.87 -3103.00 -670.13 -634.71 -408.28

1982-83 -520.18 -754.07 -911.50 -841.49 -666.00

1983-84 -390.89 -470.27 -511.62 -416.49 -447.31

Average -90.70 -405.12 -242.08 -131.82 -1256.95

Munir Khan et al. (1989) studied employment of NWFP Agricultural

graduates in Private sector through enquiry and concluded that there are a number of

reasons why the agricultural industries do not employ agricultural University

graduates. This could be due to the following.

a) The skills and education presently taught at the university do not prepare

the graduates for jobs in the private industry.

b) There is a lack of communication between the university and the private

industry and as a result the industry have little knowledge about the



390

available expertise and on the part of the University knowledge of

employment opportunities in the private industry.

The university curriculum needs to be synchronized to the needs of the private

industry by adding/altering the related course.

Dr. Arbab Ikramullah (1991) studied the technology problem in the North

West Frontier Province.



391

THE PROBLEM

The technology problem facing the province can be split in to three categories

viz.; the problem of

I. A poor technological base;

II. Extension of the available range of technologies to the ultimate users; and

III. Removal of non-technical constraints to the adoption of new technology.

I. Poor Technological Base

Sugar Production

A review of cane crushing capacity and its utilization during 1947-80 reveals

that only 74 percent capacity was utilized. Most mills normally run with excess

capacity. This is explained, besides economic factors, by the physical constraints

facing the industry. Most important of these is that of transportation problem which

would not arise if similar but smaller units were established in a larger number and

located suitably.

Such mills can be located over a number of convenient places to reduce the

transportation distance. Hauling of cane over shorter distance would help avoid the

loss of cane weight and improve sugar recovery rate. The time needed to run to

unload the sugarcane and pass it on to the cane crusher belt in the factory would be

reduced considerably. Mini plants are preferable to high capital cost large scale plants

also as they provide more jobs at reduced capital cost.

Fruit Preservation And Processing

At present the province has only six fruit and vegetable processing plants.

Their products viz.; canned fruits and vegetable, Jams, Jellies. etc.; are with in the

reach only mainly of the rich class.

Huge quantities of fruit not readily salable for direct consumption but other

wise quite suitable for processing at the factory, go waste on the farms. Estimates are

not available of the quantity of fruit lost due to absence/inadequacy of

processing/preserving facilities.

The farmers do preserve, but only a very small part of their fruit production

through the traditional method. Scientific cheap, and easy to handle methods need to

be introduced in rural area to prevent this waste.

II. Extension of the Available Technology

There exists the problem of producer’s lack of awareness of the available

technology range. Moreover, producers’ absorption and understanding of the known

technology is not satisfactory.



392

The Appropriate Technology Development Organization has perfected a

number of improved techniques usable in processing and manufacturing industries.

Fruit de-hydration technique is one of them. but the fruit growers of NWFP; are still

largely unaware of it.

Making of jams, jellies and squashes are no secret formula. These enclose

simple processes, but most of the farmers are not aware of these.

III.�on Technical Constraints to Adoption of Appropriate

Technology

There are some not-technical impediments, too, to the adoption of appropriate

technology as available. The foremost obstacle is lack of financial resources.

For the new technology to be adopted on a suitable scale, it must be acceptable

to the producers. At least in one case, the existing law has been preventing the

adoption of a more economical technology. The case in that of power cane crushers

replacing the primitive style Ghani.

William E. Scott et al. (1992) identified

1. The restrictions and regulations governing the export of agricultural

commodities from Pakistan. These include

a) Bans and quantitative restrictions such as quotas

b) Taxes and duties

c) Licensing

2. The barriers to agricultural exports caused by inadequate infrastructure

(marketing facilities, roads, etc.) government marketing, grading services,

etc.

3. The potential costs and benefits of increases in the export of agricultural

commodities presently restricted.

4. Recommended possible changes in legislation and regulations, as well as

improvements in government marketing services, other marketing

facilities, etc. with the goal of increasing the profitable export of

agricultural commodities.

CO�STRAI�TS TO THE EXPORT OF AGRICULTURAL

COMMODITIES

Direct Restrictions

There are two types of direct restrictions on exports from Pakistan. First, there

are absolute bans on exports. Second there are quantitative restrictions or quotas,

which limit the amount of a product that can legally be exported. These export

restrictions have a long history in Pakistan, with the first export bans placed on Wheat



393

in the early 1950’s. By 1980, the list of agricultural goods banned and restricted for

export had grown considerable and included items such as beef, mutton, grains, flour,

dairy products, edible oils, blood meal, corn gluten meal, sesame oil cake, and certain

hides and skins.

Export Bans

There are a considerable number of products which legally cannot be exported

form Pakistan. This includes live sheep, beef and mutton (except for 50% of the total

production of commercial feed lot units, live stock farms and bilateral joint ventures),

animal fat, milk and milk products (except for infant formula and cheese), certain

types of vegetables, wheat, pepper, pulses, beans certain bran’s and fodder, edible

oils, gur, hides and skins, charcoal and timber.

The following vegetable exports are presently banned:

a) Fresh tomatoes and fresh green chilies.

b) Spices: ginger (fresh), garlic (whole, dry), turmeric (whole), and cumin

seeds (whole).

All other fruit and vegetable exports are allowable at the moment.

Quantitative Restrictions

Other items on the list are subject to an annual quota, determined with the

assistance of the relevant agencies. For example, the Pakistan Flour Mill Association

helps to determine the quota for wheat flour, wheat bran, another wheat by-products

(suji and maida). The Ministry of Food and Agriculture sets other quotas. For

example, live animals such as buffaloes, cows, goats, and camels are allowed for

export only for breeding purposes with a limit on the number of animals that can be

exported 10,000 for buffalo and goats, 4000 for cows. The export of sheep is not

allowed at all. Dry chilies, on the banned list last year, are subject to an export limit of

5,000 MT in 1990. Maize, gram, gramsplit, and barley are also subject to annual

quota set by the Govt. of Pakistan. At the moment, the quota for these last four

commodities is zero.

POLICY OPTIO�S A�D RESTRICTIO�S

Trade Policy

Direct Restrictions

Because of economic benefits of increased trade, the Government should try

to keep export restrictions to a minimum. Export bans should be used on the

minimum of commodities. Quantitative restrictions are costly in terms of

administrative times to the Government and to exporters in terms of lost marketing

flexibility. They too should be used as little as possible.



394

List of items to remove from the Banned list if the GOP adopts the strategy

suggested, it would begin by carefully examining the list of restricted items and

reducing the number of items on the list to the absolute minimum. Fruits and

Vegetables and spices would probably be the first items to remove from the list, as

well as UHT milk, and all meats processed in modern slaughter house facilities.

Set of criteria for determining export restrictions in addition, the decision to

restrict the export of a good could be made according to a set of explicit criteria.

1. An estimate of the domestic price versus an adjusted international price, to

determine if a product will be exportable at all. Domestic prices well

above international prices would indicate that even if a trade restriction

were lifted, the product would not be exported and an export restriction is

redundant.

2. The estimated quantity of goods that might be exported. This could based

historical data or on a sector study in which a team visited major target

markets.

3. The individual and cumulative effect of price rises on the Consumer Price

Index.

4. The expected supply response for a given increase in price.

Need for a stable business environment perhaps one of the most important

goals of the Government’s export policy is to provide a stable and conclusive

environment in which exporter can conduct their business. With out the environment,

growth in the agriculture export sector will be stunted.

Indirect Restrictions

There is the need for commercial oriented approach to indirect restrictions on

trade. Export duties can be a convenient way of collecting taxes, but they may render

Pakistani exports uncompetitive in an increasingly competitive international market.

Higher duties on lowered levels of exports may bring in less revenue that lower duties

on higher levels of exports.

Similarly, the minimum export price is way of ensuring the deposit of a

certain amount of foreign exchange by private exporters. But it may also limit he

flexibility of the private sector in making valid sales from an economic point of view.

Greater flexibility is needed by adopting one of the following options:

1. Setting a lower minimum export price, which becomes more a minimum

foreign exchange deposit and allows traders more flexibility.

2. Creating a system which allows for quality variations, but which is more

costly to administer; or



395

3. Abolishing the minimum price system and assume that a reasonable

amount of foreign exchange will be deposited in Pakistani banks.

Grading and standards exist to a certain extent in Pakistan. However,

government services need to be strengthened to have a wider reach. At the same time,

the private sector must adhere more strictly to the grades and standards already

established. Some revision of those grades and standards by the appropriate

authorities is needed, including efforts to harmonize them with international

standards.

Import Policy

Pakistan has made considerable strides in reducing the dispersion and average

rate of its tariff system.

The duty draw back system does provide a mechanism for exempting

exporters from paying duties. Attempts are being made to streamline this system to

make it more useable by a wide range of exporters. The duty drawback on fresh fruit

and vegetables is under five percent, making it marginally worth the effort to collect.

There are several possible options for handling this situation:

1. Create an even more simplified method of obtaining duty drawbacks for

exporters whose percentage is say 7.5%.

2. Lower the duties on Kraft paper (and possibly wood pulp) in hopes of

including the use of a higher quality of packaging for exports.

A system of determining the standard rate of drawback that is more flexible

and able to respond more rapidly to changing market conditions would also be useful.

IMPROVEME�T I� SERVICES A�D I�FRASTRUCTURE There are a number of improvements needed in the government services and

the country’s infrastructure that must be made if export volumes, particularly of fruits

and vegetables, are to increase. These include:

1. Cold Storage Facilities Particularly at airports, cold storage facilities are needed through out the

country. These could be built and operated by the private sector or by cooperative

venture of exporters. Currently smaller volumes emphasize the need for Government

to provide these facilities in the first instance.

2. Grading Centers near Production Areas

The grading program of the Government needs to be nearer to production

centers. In fact, private procurement and packing facilities should also be closer to

production areas. Pilot scale demonstration is needed to show the advantages of pre-

cooling, grading, and proper packing techniques. An extension program is needed to

be launched.

3. Air Cargo



396

PIA needs to become a more active player in the total export scheme. The

reliability of PIA service for export must be increased during the high export and

harvest season. Freight rates need to be reviewed to reflect the competition from

Indian air shippers.

4. Grower Associations

Develop export grower associations to assist in self-help activities and to set

up links with international associations.

5. Joint Ventures

Encourage the formation of joint ventures between Pakistani producers and

foreign marketing firms. This would mean, creating entities producing specifically for

export, a necessary change in the “surplus mentality” exhibited by many in Pakistan.

George E. Battese et al. (1993) discussed the importance of the large scale

food processing industry and its sub sectors in Pakistan. determined the possibility of

capital labor substitution, briefly described the methodology for estimating the

elasticity of substitution and concluded the major policy implications for employment

generation in the large scale, food processing industry in Pakistan.

THE FOOD PROCESSI�G I�DUSTRY I� PAKISTA�

The data on the relationship between value added and wage per worker in the

large scale, food processing industry from 1970 to 1987 show that while average

productivity per laborer (V/L) has increased remarkably, the wage rate has risen much

more slowly. Moreover, the gap between the two continued to increase from 1971 to

1986. There is , however, a narrowing of this gap in the last year covered by this

study.

CO�CLUSIO�S

An analysis of the data from recent Census of Manufacturing Industries

reveals that the possibilities of capital-labor substitution are far greater in the food

processing sector of Pakistan. This implies that more labor intensive techniques can

be efficiently adopted with out sacrificing output. This finding has important policy

implications for Pakistan’s economic development. Two possibilities exist for

generating employment. One is through the adoption of techniques that are labor

intensive in sub sectors and the other is through changes in the output mix, i.e.,

through increased production from those sub sectors that are more labor intensive.

AGRICULTURAL PRICES

Tila Muhammad (1972) reported as fourth in the series of price movement

studies of farm products in the North West Frontier Province. The study provide basic



397

data on the wholesale and retail prices of agricultural commodities in Chitral for the

period 1961-70.

Syed Moeenud-din (1972) reported detailed information about whole sale and

retail prices of 48 agricultural commodities in Dera Ismail Khan city for the period

1961-70. The data presented here would help us a guide to cultivator in planning the

farming operation and cropping pattern with a view to maximizing return and

minimizing costs. It would also help the planners in farming agriculture price policies.

Arbab Ikramullah (1975) reported as eight in the series on prices of

agricultural commodities in North West Frontier Province. The study deals with

whole sale and as well as retail prices of 27 selected agricultural commodities in

Kohat City covering the period 1960-74.



398

5.7 REFERE�CES 1. Ahmad, M.K. 1965. A study of cooperation in the supply of sugarcane to sugar mills in

Peshawar and Mardan Valley. Pub.No.20. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP

Agricultural University, Peshawar.

2. Ali, B.S.S. 1975. Development of dairying in North West Frontier Province. Pub.No.101.

Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

3. Anjum, M.S. 1993. Marketing constraints and development strategy for edible oils in

Pakistan. World Bank / MINFAC / PARC study. Agri business, Winrock

International Islamabad.

4. Anjum, M.S; Lodhi, K; Raza, A.A; Walters, F. and Krause, S. 1989. Pakistan Dairy Industry:

Issues and Policy Alternatives. Special Report Series No.14. Directorate of Agricultural

Policy and Chemonics International Consulting Division for The Economic Analysis

Network Project, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives, Government of

Pakistan, and United Stated Agency for International Development. Islamabad. Asian

Productivity Organization. 1995. Growth of the food processing industry in Asia and the

Pacific: report of an APO Symposium 28th September - 5th October, 1993, Tokyo,

Japan. 1995, P.488.

5. Anwar, A.A and Ahmad, M.K. 1965. A survey of the sugar industry of Pakistan with special

reference to its socio-eco-nomic benefits. Pub.No.129. Board of Economic Enquiry,

NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

6. Anwar, A.A. and Ahmad, M.K. 1962. Introductory report on the socio-economic benefits of

sugar industry in West Pakistan. Pub.No.124. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP


7. Aurangzeb, M. 1989. The development of sugar manufacturing in the Pakistan. Pub.No.196.

Institute of Development Studies, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

8. Battese, G.E; Malik, S.J. and Sultana, N. 1993. Capital labour substitution in the large-scale

food-processing industry in Pakistan: some recent experience.

Pakistan-Development-Review. 1993, 32: 4, II, P. 847-857.

9. Bhatty, K.M. 1980. Management efficiency of public versus private sector industries in North

West Frontier Province. Pub. No.134. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural

University, Peshawar.

10. Board of Economic Enquiry. 1976. Fruit and Vegetable marketing in Peshawar. Pub.No.107.

Institute of Economic Studies, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

11. Cooperation and Marketing Advisor. 1958. Report on the Marketing of Fresh Fruits in

Pakistan. Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

12. Ali, F. 1986. Time series analysis of economics of production of sugarcane 1981-86.

Pub.No.182. Institute of Economic Studies, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

pp. 14-26.

13. Hangarter, Bruno. 1989. Input supply situation in Malakand Division of NWFP:

Constraints and possible solutions. Malakand Fruit & Vegetable Development Project

(MFVDP) Swat, Pakistan. pp.47.



399

14. Ibrahim, M.B. 1969. The economics of fresh fruit's storage in the North West Frontier

Region. Pub.No.45. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar. pp.28-32.

15. Ikramullah, A. 1975. Prices of agricultural commodities in Kohat 1960-74. Pub. No. 98.


16. Ikramullah, A. 1991. Technology Problem in the North West Frontier Province, Journal

Rural Development & Administration, Vol. XXIII. No.1. Winter 1991. Pakistan

Academy for Rural Development Peshawar. pp.111.

17. Iqbal, M.M. 1979. Economics of production of sugarcane and gur in North West Frontier

Province. Pub.No.116. Institute of Economic Studies. NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar.

18. Iqbal, M.M. 1979. Economics of Sugarbeet production in North West Frontier Province.

Pub.No.121. Institute of Economic Studies, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

pp. 14-32.

19. Janbaz, K. 1970. Utilization of production capacity in food and tobacco industries of North

West Frontier Region. Pub.No.47. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural

University, Peshawar. pp.14-29.

20. Janbaz, K. 1982. Promotion of investment industries in North West Frontier Province.

Pub.No.106. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

21. Kalan, M.S. 1986. Storage facilities for agricultural products in North West Frontier

province. Pub.No.185. Institute of Development Studies, NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar. pp.6, 11-13.

22. Khan, G. J. 1970. Industrial exports from North West Frontier Province. Pub. No. 53. pp. 18-

22. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

23. Khan, M and Edington, E. 1989. Employment of NWFP Agricultural graduates in the

private sector. Institute of Development Studies, NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar.

24. Khatoon, Z. 1967. Some economic aspects of fruit and vegetable preservation industry in the

former North West Frontier Province. Pub. No.34. Board of Economic Enquiry, 1967.


25. Liaqat, A.K. 1975. Utilization of by-products of large scale industries in the North West

Frontier Province. Pub.No.103. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural


26. Lodhi, K. 1989. The Pakistan Sugar Industry. Policy Options Briefing Paper Series.No.1.

Pakistan Economic Analysis Network Project, Ministry of Food, Agriculture and

Cooperatives, Government of Pakistan and United States Agency for International

Development. Islamabad.

27. Master plan for fruit and vegetable production and marketing in the Malakand Division.

Volume. 1. 2nd Draft Report. 1989. Malakand Fruit & Vegetable Development

Project. Saidu Sharif, Swat. Pakistan.



400

28. Matin, A. 1962. The advisability of manufacturing beetsugar in the Peshawar Valley.

Pub.No.128. Board of Economic Enquiury, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

29. Matin, A. 1970. Industrialization of North West Froniter Province. Pub. No. 46. Board of

Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. pp. 96-102.

30. Matiullah. 1970. Financing of large scale industry in the Noth West Frontier Region: food

and tobacco industries. Pub.No.50. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural


31. Mian, N.I. 1955. A report on cost of production and marketing of tobacco, maize and wheat

(Mardan and Peshawar Districts). Pub.No.4. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP


32. Mian, N.I. 1955. A report on the cost of production and marketing of sugarcane and gur in

Mardan and Peshawar Districts. Pub.No.2. Board of Economic Enquiry,NWFP

Agricultural University, Peshawar. pp.50-51.

33. Mian, N.I. 1955. A report on the cost of production and marketing of plums and pears in the

village of Akbarpura (District Peshawar). Pub. No.3. Board of Economic Enquiry,


34. Mian, N.I. 1962. Analysis of food grain consumption in the North West Frontier Province.

Pub.No.10. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. pp.

50.

35. Mian, N.I. 1963. Marketing of agricultural products of former North West Frontier

Province:Malta Orange. Pub.No.14. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural


36. Mian, N.I. 1963. Marketing of agricultural products of the former North West Frontier

Province:Fazali-i-Manani Plums and Leconte Pears. Pub. No.11. Board of Economic

Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. pp. 61-64.

37. Mian, N.I. 1964. Marketing of agricultural products of the former North West Frontier

Province:twelve selected products. Pub.No.16. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP


38. Mian, N.I. 1970. The agricultural economy of North West Frontier. Pub.No.52. Board of

Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

39. Mian, N.I. 1976. Marketing of Fruit and Vegetable in NWFP. Pub. No. 107. Board of

Economic Enquiry, NWFP. Peshawar. pp.70-82.

40. Mian, N.I. 1983. Marketing of Sugarcane and sugarbeet to sugar mills in North West Frontier

Province: an evaluation of sugar factories control act. Pub.No.156. Institute of

development Studies, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

41. Mian, N.I. and Ahmad, M.K. 1976. Marketing of selected vegetables, pulses and fruit in

North West Frontier Province and Baluchistan. Pub.No.106. Board of Economic

Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.



401

42. Mian, N.I. and Ahmad, M.K. 1980. Sugar production in North West Frontier Province:

problems and policies. Pub.No.138. Institute of Economic Studies, NWFP Agricultural

University, Peshawar. pp. 36-53.

43. Mian, N.I. and Marwat, M.K. 1965. Inter-regional exports of eggs of the North West Frontier.

Pub.No.23. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

44. Moeenud-din. S. 1972. Prices of agricultural commodities in Dera Ismail Khan. 1961-70.

Pub.No. 79. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

45. Muhammad, T. 1972. Prices of agricultural commodities in Chitral 1961-70. Pub. No. 75.


46. Nawab, M.K. and Iqbal, M.M. 1981. Economics of wheat production in North West Frontier

Province. Pub.No.145. Institute of Economic Studies, NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar. pp. 24-32.

47. Qureshi, M. Anwar (1971) Livestock industry in the North West Frontier Province. Pub. No.

56. Peshawar: Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar.

48. Rahim, F. 1972. Fruit and vegetable processing industry in the North West Frontier Province.

Pub.No.78. Board of Economic Enquiry, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. pp.

97-106.

49. Rahim, F. 1984. Problems and Prospects of promoting industrial exports in North West

Frontier Province. Peshawar. Pub.No.162. Institute of Development Studies. NWFP


50. Rahim, F. 1989. Evaluation of industrial units in FATA: a case study of Kurram fruit

products Sadda, Kurram Agency. Pub.No.195. Institute of Development Studies, NWFP


51. Sahibzada, M.I. and Ahmad, M. 1965. A study of relative profitability of sugarbeet and

sugarcane in the Peshawar Valley. IDS. Pub. No. 22. Peshawar; Board of Economic

Enquiry, 1965.

52. Seymour, John. 1988. Post harvest investigation. Malakand Fruit & Vegetable

Development Project. Saidu Sharif, Swat, Pakistan.

53. Wahid, F. and Iqbal, M.M. 1980. Economics of maize production ln North West Frontier

Province. Pub.No.141. Institute of Economic Studies, NWFP Agricultural University,

Peshawar.

54. White, Roger. 1989. Fruit and Vegetable marketing constraints for the small farmers:

Future strategies for fruit and vegetable production and marketing. Malakand Fruit &

Vegetable development project. Saidu Sharif, Swat. Pakistan.

55. White, Roger. 1989. Survey of produce wholesale markets and market operations.

MFVDP. Swat, Pakistan. pp.33-52.

56. William E. Scott; K.A. Siddiqi; William Spencer; Albert Madsen; Muhammad Ijaz

Ahmad. 1992. Export Restrictions. A study of Restrictions on Agricultural Exports in

Pakistan. Special Report No. 17.

402

A��EXURES

Annexure-1.1 Statement showing the �umber of Registered Factories in

Pakistan, 1948-53. (By Industries)

Source: Labor Bureau. 1956. The classified List of Registered Factories in Pakistan. 1954.

Department of Central Labor Commissioner, Ministry of Labor, Government of Pakistan

Press, Karachi.

Annexure-1.2 Statement showing the �umber of Workers in Registered

Factories in Pakistan, 1948-53. (By Industries)

Industry 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953

Food, Drink and Tobacco 24,755 19,956 21,234 22,259 23,143 24,751

All Industries 172,429 181,752 178,805 190,872 214,124 262,880 Source: Labor Bureau. 1956. The classified List of Registered Factories in Pakistan. 1954.

Department of Central Labor Commissioner, Ministry of Labor, Government of Pakistan

Press, Karachi.

Industry 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953

Food, Drink and Tobacco 416 413 412 415 421 481

All Industries 1,386 1,564 1,502 1,633 1,731 2,398

403

Annexure-1.3 Statement showing the �umber of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries 1954-57.

(All Pakistan only Food & Beverage Industries)

Industry major groups and industries Establishments (�umber)

Years 1954 1955 1957

Grand Total 1,867 2,458 2,910

FOOD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES EXCEPT BEVERAGE

INDUSTRIES

321 350 328

Canning and preservation of fruits and vegetables - 9 5

Grain milling, except rice milling 31 33 31

Rice milling 139 135 102

Manufacture of bakery products and confectioneries - 23 32

Sugar factories and refineries 8 9 12

Edible oils and fats 107 118 123

Tea 113 4 6

Salt - 7 7

Miscellaneous food preparations 36 12 10

BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES 7 7 14

Food and Beverage Total 238 357 342 Source: Central Statistical Office, 1959-60. Census of Manufacturing Industries-1954,1955,1957. Economic Affairs Division,

Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan.

404

Annexure-1.4 Employment in Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan. 1954-57.

(All Pakistan only Food & Beverage Industries)

Industry major groups and industries Average Employment

Years 1954 1955 1957

Grand Total 200,813 290,511 343,093

FOOD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES EXCEPT BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES 18,151 23,050 24,401

Canning and preservation of fruits and vegetables - 210

Grain milling, except rice milling 2,442 3,413

Rice milling 3,839 2,608

Manufacture of bakery products and confectioneries - 2,227

Sugar factories and refineries 5,755 7,260

Edible oils and fats 3,889 5,342

Tea - 1,447

Salt - 1,403,

Miscellaneous food preparations 2,226 491

BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES 281 784

Food and Beverage Total 18,432 23,050 25,185 Source: Central Statistical Office, 1959-60. Census of Manufacturing Industries-1954,1955,1957. Economic Affairs Division,


405

Annexure-1.5 Value of Fixed Assets in Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan. 1954-57.


Industry major groups and industries Value of Fixed assets

Years 1954 1955 1957

Grand Total 925,350 1,080,526 1,529,040

FOOD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES EXCEPT BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES 136,903 100,231 110,095

Canning and preservation of fruits and vegetables - 997

Grain milling, except rice milling 13,157 16,200


Manufacture of bakery products and confectioneries - 6,920

Sugar factories and refineries 74,963 38,113

Edible oils and fats 28,551 30,200

Tea - 2,963

Salt - 4,183

Miscellaneous food preparations 9,854 3,136

BEVERAGE INDUSTRIES 1,878 2,349

Food and Beverage Total 138,781 112,444 Source: Central Statistical Office, 1959-60. Census of Manufacturing Industries-1954,1955,1957. Economic Affairs Division, Ministry of Finance,

Government of Pakistan.

406

Annexure-1.6 Statement showing the �umber of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries. 1962-65.

Years 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66

All Industries 3,515 4,634 5,207 5,208

Food Manufacturing Industries Except Beverage Industries 457 518 507 532

Manufacture of dairy products 2(d) 7 5 5

Canning and preserving of fruits & vegetables 10(d) 11 12 14

Canning and preserving of fish and other sea-foods 7 7 13 11

Grain milling except rice milling 45 58 36 44

Rice milling 122 133 113 126

Flour milling - - 23 26

Grain milling products n.e.c 2(d) 3(d) - 3(d)

Manufacture of bakery products 29 53 57 58

Sugar factories and refineries 20 19 19 21

Manufacture of Cocoa, chocolate & sugar confectioneries 15 11 9 10

Edible Oils and Fats 76 88 90 79

Tea 7(d) 112 111 114

Salt 7 6 7 7

Black Tea manufacturing 106 - - -

Tea Blending - - - 3(d)

Starch 2(d) 3(d) 3(d) -

Vanaspati - - 2(d) 2(d)

Decorticating, processing of nuts - 2(d) - -

Miscellaneous food preparations n.e.c 7(d) 6 5 9

Beverage Industries 16 28 26 2

Distilling , rectifying and blending of spirits 1(d) 2(d) 1(d) 1(d)

Breweries and manufacture of malt 3(d) 1(d) - -

Manufacture of soft drinks and carbonated waters 12 25 25 27

n.e.c: not else where classified. d : Data not shown, but included in total. (-): Nil. Source: Central Statistical Office, 1962-63 to 1965-66. Census of Manufacturing Industries-1962-63 to 1965-66. Economic Affairs Division,


407

Annexure-1.7 �umber of Workers in Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries 1962-65.

Years 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66

All Industries 534,229 525,539 575,612 540,632

Food Manufacturing Industries Except Beverage Industries 46,722 50,852 52,946 53,893

Manufacture of dairy products - 452 363 469

Canning and preserving of fruits & vegetables - 810 924 887

Canning and preserving of fish and other sea-foods 398 583 1,434 1,135

Grain milling except rice milling 4,423 3,331 2,702 2,616

Rice milling 35,171 3,700 3,437 3,224

Flour milling - - 557 600

Grain milling products n.e.c - - - -

Manufacture of bakery products 2,758 3,864 4,460 4,612

Sugar factories and refineries 15,307 16,576 16,839 20,759

Manufacture of Cocoa, chocolate & sugar confectioneries 372 322 192 245

Edible Oils and Fats 4,854 7,545 8,708 6,529

Tea - 11,877 11,349 10,516

Salt 991 272 - 459

Black Tea manufacturing 9,476 - - -

Tea Blending - - - -

Starch - - 396 -

Vanaspati - - - -

Decorticating, processing of nuts - - - -

Miscellaneous food preparations n.e.c - 289 58 309

Beverage Industries 1,536 1,998 1,453 1,317

Distilling , rectifying and blending of spirits - - - -

Breweries and manufacture of malt - - - -

Manufacture of soft drinks and carbonated waters 1,007 1,310 1,265 - Source: Central Statistical Office, 1962-63 to 1965-66. Census of Manufacturing Industries-1962-63 to 1965-66. Economic Affairs Division,


408

Annexure-1.8 Value of Fixed Assets in Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries. 1962-65.


Years 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66

All Industries 3,969,314 4,063,936 4,385,138 4,637,633

Food Manufacturing Industries Except Beverage Industries 359,391 499,714 501,314 639,216

Manufacture of dairy products - 9,350 8,740 7,234

Canning and preserving of fruits & vegetables - 4,562 7,042 12,013

Canning and preserving of fish and other sea-foods 3,203 9,206 14,447 15,865

Grain milling except rice milling 27,168 41,267 25,108 25,566

Rice milling 11,249 10,245 9,721 9,642

Flour milling - - - -

Grain milling products n.e.c - - - -

Manufacture of bakery products 13,498 16,110 13,374 18,684

Sugar factories and refineries 163,331 196,077 187,247 302,811

Manufacture of Cocoa, chocolate & sugar confectioneries 1,038 2,063 1,591 2,334

Edible Oils and Fats 62,622 84,246 77,317 74,931

Tea - 112,987 109,372 123,535

Salt 6,259 4,145 4,751 4,384

Black Tea manufacturing 82,499 - - -

Tea Blending - - - -

Starch - - - -

Vanaspati - - - -

409

Years 1962-63 1963-64 1964-65 1965-66

Decorticating, processing of nuts - - - -

Miscellaneous food preparations n.e.c - 627 - 8,112

Beverage Industries 8,946 13,413 19,073 18,485

Distilling , rectifying and blending of spirits - - - -

Breweries and manufacture of malt - - - -

Manufacture of soft drinks and carbonated waters 7,352 10,811 14,704 14,145 Source: Central Statistical Office, 1962-63 to 1965-66. Census of Manufacturing Industries-1962-63 to 1965-66. Economic Affairs Division,


410

Annexure-1.9 �umber of Registered Factories by Major Groups and

Industries in Pakistan. 1969-70.

Years 1969 1970

All Industries 3,587 3,549

Food Manufacturing 378 489

Dairy products 6 4

Preserving of fruits & vegetables 13 13

Canning fish and sea-foods 11 20

Hydrogenated Oils - 18

Vegetable Oils (except hydrogenated cotton seed oils) - 4

Cotton seed Oils - 87

Inedible Oils - 5

Rice milling - 129

Wheat and gain milling except rice milling 136 67

Bakery Products 15 15

Refined Sugars 18 19

Chocolate & Confectionery 9 4

Desi Sweet meats - 3

Edible Oils & Fats 80 -

Processing and blending tea and Coffee 6 4

Starch 3 -

Salts 7 5

Ice - 69

Miscellaneous food products - 3

Other industries 11 20

Beverage Industries 24 19

Drinks & carbonated water 21 11

Other industries 3 8 Source: Statistical Division. Census of manufacturing Industries 1969-71. Ministry of Finance, Planning

& Development, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

411

Annexure-1.10 �umber of Workers in Registered Factories by Major Groups and

Industries in Pakistan. 1969-70.

Years 1969 1970

All Industries 418,360 427,411

Food Manufacturing 34,103 42,109

Dairy products 593 612

Preserving of fruits & vegetables 1,210 1,218

Canning fish and sea-foods 825 1,155

Hydrogenated Oils - 5,390


Cotton seed Oils - 2,723

Inedible Oils - 115


Wheat and gain milling except rice milling 2,440 2,877

Bakery Products 1,437 1,542

Refined Sugars 15,515 19,648

Chocolate & Confectionery 303 142


Edible Oils & Fats 7,089 -

Processing and blending tea and Coffee 1,515 1,752

Starch 521 -

Salts 571 418

Ice - 939


Other industries 521 1,600

Beverage Industries 1,784 1,570

Drinks & carbonated water 1387 892

Other industries 397 678 Source: Statistical Division. Census of manufacturing Industries 1969-71. Ministry of Finance, Planning

& Development, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

412

Annexure-1.11 Value of Fixed Assets in Registered Factories by Major Groups and

Industries in Pakistan 1969-70.


Years 1969 1970

All Industries 4,852,949 5,172,590

Food Manufacturing 681,270 853,598

Dairy products 15,844 9,607

Preserving of fruits & vegetables 16,670 12,326

Canning fish and sea-foods 11,094 17,118

Hydrogenated Oils - 95,684


Cotton seed Oils - 33,552

Inedible Oils - 6,050


Wheat and gain milling except rice milling 46,065 56,023

Bakery Products 13,382 20,030

Refined Sugars 433,656 529,392

Chocolate & Confectionery 3,441 1,918


Edible Oils & Fats 106,979 -

Processing and blending tea and Coffee 5,781 8,126

Starch 9,441 -

Salts 2,719 2,492

Ice - 19,871


Other industries 8,012 30,216

Beverage Industries 30,848 23,689

Drinks & carbonated water 23,636 12,610

Other industries 7,212 10,991 Source: Statistical Division. Census of manufacturing Industries 1969-71. Ministry of Finance, Planning &

Development, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

413

Annexure-1.12 �umber of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan, 1975-80.

Year 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1979-80 1980-81

Food & Beverage Total 370 402 493 498 529

All Industries 3,140 3,373 3,676 3,750 3,815

Food Manufacturing 349 374 462 464 494 Dairy products except ice cream - 4 2 3 3

Ice cream - 3 3 3 4

Processing, canning and preserving of fruits - 9 9 10 7

Processing, canning and preserving of fish and other seafoods. - 12 15 14 17

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils - 27 28 27 26

Vegetables oils except hydrogenated oils and cotton seed oils - 10 8 8 10

Cotton seed oils - 67 77 79 88

Vegetable and inedible animal oils & fats n.e.c. - 5 6 - -

Rice milling - 5 42 34 57

What & grain milling (except rice) - 84 116 116 123

Breads, buns and other bakery products except biscuits - 6 16 15 15

Preparation of grain milled products - - 2 - -

Biscuits - 13 14 18 21

Manufacture of bakery products n.e.c - - 75 3 4

Refined sugar - 25 25 31 31

Manufacture of Cocoa, chocolate & confectionery except "desi"

sweetmeats

- 6 5 8 9

Desi sweetmeats - 4 3 - 3

Blending of tea - 5 4 6 6

Feeds for animals - - 2 4 5

Feeds for fowls - 7 6 7 3

Starch & its products - 3 4 3 -

Edible salt refining - 7 6 8 8

Manufacture of Ice - 64 59 54 44

Slaughtering meat animals & birds and preparing meat - - 1 - -

414

Year 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1979-80 1980-81

Manufacture of miscellaneous food products n.e.c - - 4 7 3

Others - 8 - 6 7

Beverage Industries

21

28

31

34

35

Distilling, rectifying, blending of spirits/wine - - 2 - -

Fruit Drinks - 5 6 - -

Soft Drinks & carbonated water etc n.e.c - 20 23 26 28

Others - 4 - 8 7 Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1976 to 1981. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

Annexure-1.13 �umber of Workers in Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan, 1975-80.

Year 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1979-80 1980-81

Food & Beverage Total 47,012 51,425 54,386 55,266 56,252

All Industries 462,021 456,761 459,451 451,935 451,710

Food Manufacturing 444,130 48,182 50,990 51,266 52,408

Dairy products except ice cream - 643 - 174 192

Ice cream - 195 150 220 362

Processing, canning and preserving of fruits - 367 509 405 404

Processing, canning and preserving of fish and other seafoods. - 659 1,194 799 1,171

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils - 9,713 10,178 10,230 9,512

Vegetables oils except hydrogenated oils and cotton seed oils - 280 276 368 516

Cotton seed oils - 1,219 1,410 1,532 1,681

Vegetable and inedible animal oils & fats n.e.c. - 200 191 - -

Rice milling - 272 646 683 1,152

Wheat & grain milling (except rice) - 3,177 4,529 4,086 4,295

Breads, buns and other bakery products except biscuits - 239 894 1,006 812

Preparation of grain milled products - - - - -

Biscuits - 885 1,097 1,369 1,370

415

Year 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1979-80 1980-81

Manufacture of bakery products n.e.c - - 306 47 139

Refined sugar - 24,785 24,338 25,076 26,054


sweetmeats

- 553 159 508 504

Desi sweetmeats - 55 38 - 85

Blending of tea - 2,420 2,496 2,446 1,607

Feeds for animals - - 100 594

Feeds for fowls - 277 243 314 105

Starch & its products - 767 739 811 -

Edible salt refining - 184 154 289 282

Manufacture of Ice - 678 671 524 549

Slaughtering meat animals & birds and preparing meat - - - - -

Manufacture of miscellaneous food products n.e.c - - 119 207 55

Others - 614 653 72 967


Distilling, rectifying, blending of spirits/wine - - - - -

Fruit Drinks - 945 - - -

Soft Drinks & carbonated water etc n.e.c - 1,937 2,245 3,035 3,174

Others - 361 1,151 965 670 Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1976 to 1981. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

416

Annexure-1.14 Value of Fixed Assets in Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan, 1975-80.


Year 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1979-80 1980-81

Food & Beverage Total 1,559,700 1,726,924 2,075,626 3,809,179 4,469,403

All Industries 8,989,700 9,753,900 11,382,913 18,139,242 22,718,734

Food Manufacturing 1,516,900 1,663,355 1,981,296 3,577,704 4,267,366 Dairy products except ice cream 25,115 - 7,065 4,668

Ice cream 17,311 9,107 24,454 23,351

Processing, canning and preserving of fruits 7,763 15,219 9,388 8,795

Processing, canning and preserving of fish and other seafoods. 15,482 21,026 22,417 28,889

Hydrogenated Vegetable Oils 138,359 152,632 298,986 303,554

Vegetables oils except hydrogenated oils and cotton seed oils 13,902 11,879 26,978 41,472

Cotton seed oils 17,280 24,691 24997 50,869

Vegetable and inedible animal oils & fats n.e.c. 11,341 6,935 - -

Rice milling 46,107 49,687 76,458 110,810

Wheat & grain milling (except rice) 106,195 150,821 155,829 182,048

Breads, buns and other bakery products except biscuits 1,219 37,811 30,504 22,986

Preparation of grain milled products - - - -

Biscuits 16,295 17,190 20,830 22,255

Manufacture of bakery products n.e.c - 13,784 6,037 8,825

Refined sugar 1,158,063 1,359,432 2,721,159 3,226,866


sweetmeats

8,452 5,915 16,796 32,819

Desi sweetmeats 127 194 - 1,030

Blending of tea 20,017 23,551 39,165 97,085

Feeds for animals - - 3,833 5,755

Feeds for fowls 5,407 4,379 6,143 6,926

Starch & its products 23,089 30,388 50,125 -

Edible salt refining 1,634 1,038 5,271 4,564

Manufacture of Ice 23,815 23,443 24,272 21,276

417

Year 1975-76 1976-77 1977-78 1979-80 1980-81

Slaughtering meat animals & birds and preparing meat - - - -

Manufacture of miscellaneous food products n.e.c - 1,123 6,099 3,415

Others 6,382 21,051 898 59,108


Distilling, rectifying, blending of spirits/wine - - - -

Fruit Drinks 10,910 - - -

Soft Drinks & carbonated water etc n.e.c 44,679 69,018 210,870 154,649

Others 7,980 25,312 20,505 47,388 Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics, Census of Manufacturing Industries, 1976 to 1981. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

418

Annexure-1.15 �umber of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan, 1981-90.

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

All Industries 3,882 3,931 4,047 4,423 4,349 4,594 4,753 4,277 4,487 4,792

Food

Manufacturing

581 675 720 848 730 831 822 - - 858

Dairy products 5 5 9 8 9 12 12 - - 14

Ice cream 5 4 5 6 6 7 6 - - 7

Canning of fruits &

vegetables

11 10 13 9 11 11 9 - - 14

Canning of fish and

sea foods

15 13 8 9 10 11 8 - - 7

Vegetable ghee 32 35 34 39 41 49 49 - - 54

Other Vegetables oils 11 11 12 18 20 18 16 - - 17

Cotton seed oils 89 98 102 136 112 112 108 - - 83

Vegetable & inedible

animal oils n.e.c.

3 - - - - - - - - -

Rice milling 90 167 171 194 125 170 184 - - 208

Wheat & grain

milling

152 157 178 199 200 211 214 - - 259

Grain milled

products & other

grain milling

3 3 3 3 10 4 3 - - 4

Bread & Bakery

products

15 16 18 20 18 22 18 - - 13

Biscuits 21 20 21 26 23 31 28 - - 23

Other bakery

products n.e.c

4 3 3 - 4 5 6 - - 7

Refined sugar 34 34 38 38 38 39 40 - - 46

Confectionery not 9 9 9 12 9 11 12 - - 17

419

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

sweetmeats

Blending of tea 6 5 5 4 6 6 6 - - 5

Feeds for animals 8 9 8 8 9 8 10 - - 6

Feeds for fowls 7 5 7 11 9 15 13 - - 24

Starch - 3 3 3 3 3 3 - - 3

Edible salt 9 9 9 5 8 7 7 - - 5

Ice 46 52 61 94 56 69 59 - - 33

Other food products 6 7 3 6 3 10 11 - - 10

Beverage

Industries

40 42 41 51 51 50 52 - - 47

Distilling, rectifying,

blending of

spirits/wine, fruit

drinks

- - 9 14 16 35 14 - - 15

Soft Drinks &

carbonated water etc

n.e.c

32 34 32 37 35 - 38 - - 32

Others 8 8 - - - 15 - - -

Food & Beverage

Total

621 717 761 899 781 881 874 865 913 905

Source: 1. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1981-82 to 1990-91. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

2. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Annual Establishment Enquiry. 1988 to 1990. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

420

Annexure-1.16 �umber of Workers in Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan, 1981-90.

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

All Industries 474,311 464,637 477,504 494,484 508,488 532,060 516,628 525,410 532,978 623,380

Food Manufacturing 59,558 61,214 61,763 64,446 65,810 69,026 67,426 84,042 Dairy products 247 418 552 525 841 1,287 1,275 1,458

Ice cream 632 472 609 832 720 899 996 918

Canning of fruits &

vegetables

633 642 676 423 640 571 339 1,432

Canning of fish and sea

foods

599 425 209 234 601 482 369 347

Vegetable ghee 10,551 10,389 10,108 10,899 11,165 11,436 11,017 12,054

Other Vegetables oils 806 466 371 712 802 1,020 1,201 792

Cotton seed oils 1,807 1,868 1,645 2,386 2,498 3,611 2,455 1,912

Vegetable & inedible

animal oils n.e.c.

100 - - - - - - -

Rice milling 1,256 1,829 1,897 1,890 1,757 1,829 2,325 2,776

Wheat & grain milling 4,487 4,868 4,565 4,721 5,396 5,254 5,392 10,570

Grain milled products &

other grain milling

47 43 133 126 666 134 125 138

Bread & Bakery products 755 790 1,052 1,158 1,037 927 902 573

Biscuits 1,411 1,298 1,626 1,858 2,068 3,321 3,146 2,657

Other bakery products

n.e.c

77 52 70 - 157 207 238 285

Refined sugar 31,469 31,184 32,004 32,719 31,651 31,571 31,553 39,029

Confectionery not

sweetmeats

583 811 725 859 853 740 917 1,791

Blending of tea 1,717 2,713 2,534 1,611 106 2,098 1,708 1,346

Feeds for animals 294 393 569 434 2,232 287 515 145

Feeds for fowls 425 151 285 380 426 686 617 1,312

421

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

Starch - 1,299 1,142 1,169 279 1,134 1,082 1,205

Edible salt 288 249 236 124 1,215 293 222 219

Ice 552 537 510 1,027 230 471 441 2,795

Other food products 822 317 225 354 470 768 591 588

Beverage Industries 4,344 4,414 4,786 5,510 6,090 4,916 5,839 5,506

Distilling, rectifying,

blending of spirits/wine,

fruit drinks

2,582 3618 1,008 1,203 232 3,766 4,468 1,442

Soft Drinks & carbonated

water etc n.e.c

762 796 3,778 4,307 4,238 1,150 1,367 4,064

Others - - - - 1,620 - - -

Food & Beverage Total 639,02 65,628 66,549 69,956 71,900 73,942 73,265 71,202 70,284 89,548 Source: 1. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1981-82 to 1990-91. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.


422

Annexure-1.17 Fixed Capital of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan, 1981-90.


Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

All Industries 31,575,943 39,171,388 47,453,093 55,292,964 73,378,976 91,395,036 89,346,379 - - 125,619,857

Food

Manufacturing

4,840,521 5,215,808 6,378,762 6,506,452 8,512,515 9,169,571 12,674,634 15,491,285

Dairy products 93,356 99,398 232,331 149,301 202,243 494,445 421,049 946,850

Ice cream 46,148 44,554 66,011 105,292 108,675 123,720 212,145 207,849

Canning of fruits

& vegetables

21,951 16,037 31,975 27,226 540,408 43,390 17,855 104,755

Canning of fish

and sea foods

26,487 22,319 13,501 22,400 210,870 18,403 21,110 30,793

Vegetable ghee 405,552 440,793 454,420 622,963 759,415 789,951 791,815 926,286

Other Vegetables

oils

45,871 48,472 79,830 107,967 102,215 121,365 120,821 162,971

Cotton seed oils 64,472 60,219 69,450 81,900 76,116 104,646 152,515 91,334

Vegetable &

inedible animal

oils n.e.c.

6,749 - - - - - - -

Rice milling 129,885 136,799 165,574 165,133 164,266 183,511 231,154 216,528

Wheat & grain

milling

231,056 214,493 249,332 279,377 391,367 360,212 428,887 734,611

Grain milled

products & other

grain milling

1,982 3,453 13,108 10,904 29,006 41,111 8,765 28,288

Bread & Bakery

products

24,388 30,617 30,817 44,680 32,305 38,020 64,729 35,512

Biscuits 30,713 55,199 67,127 165,936 120,388 413,595 479,712 489,925

Other bakery

products n.e.c

7,799 1,513 11,479 - 34,226 72,726 619,64 58,982

Refined sugar 3,391,807 3,549,796 4,427,292 4,252,345 5,163,729 5,365,119 7,863,358 9,985,417

Confectionery

not sweetmeats

25,746 56,337 76,980 97,364 153,666 97,485 210,890 426,598

423

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1988-89 1989-90 1990-91

Blending of tea 132,687 44,945 112,879 70,533 83,263 72,342 94,586 102,198

Feeds for

animals

18,466 29,059 22,880 29,950 32,311 18,896 764,438 14,275

Feeds for fowls 15,471 9,655 19,892 28,210 21,873 125,462 41,691 351,456

Starch - 150,220 161,323 153,074 211,081 504,866 557,384 450,344

Edible salt 7,667 8,006 8,081 5,425 7,391 13,640 4,049 1,729

Ice 57,854 79,329 58,228 76,088 65,795 76,746 87,505 73,905

Other food

products

54,414 14,595 6,232 10,384 1,906 89,920 38,212 50,679

Beverage

Industries

238,940 299,799 313,624 472,291 774,275 1,658,234 805,091 - -- 1,302,492

Distilling,

rectifying,

blending of

spirits/wine

- - 63,476 111,376 5,277 533,546 - -

Fruit drinks - - 250,148 - 365,559 1,124,688 413,394 752,327

Soft Drinks &

carbonated water

etc n.e.c

201,554 264,788 - 360,915 403,439 - 391,697 550,155

Others 37,386 35,011 - - - - -- -

Food &

Beverage Total

5,079,461 5,515,607 6,692,386 6,978,743 9,286,790 10,827,805 13,479,725 - - 16,793,777

Source: 1. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1981-82 to 1990-91. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.


424

Annexure-1.18 �umber of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in �WFP, 1981-1990.

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1990-91

All Industries 193 208 220 223 311 313 355 425

Food Manufacturing 43 48 51 53 61 65 65 83

Processing, canning and preserving of

fruit & vegetable

4 5 - 3 3 - - 5

Vegetable Ghee - - - 6 6 7 8 8

Other vegetable oils 3 - - - 4 3 - -

Wheat & grain milling 23 21 24 26 32 35 35 59

Refined Sugar 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4

Manufacture of Ice 5 - - - - - - -

Others 3 17 22 13 11 15 17 7

Beverage industries - 2 1 6 3 4 3 5

Other soft drinks - - - 3 3 4 3 5

Food & Beverage Total 43 50 52 59 67 73 71 93 Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1981-82 to 1990-91. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

425

Annexure-1.19 �umber of Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in �WFP, 1981-1990.

Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1990-91

All Industries 34,822 38,248 39,567 39,160 41,666 40,100 34,011 46,528

Food Manufacturing 8,014 8,164 7,572 7,913 8,159 7,715 7,714 10,160

Processing, canning and preserving of

fruit & vegetable

162 188 - 54 49 - - 137

Vegetable Ghee - - - 1,260 1,212 1,258 1,375 1,204

Other vegetable oils 831 - - - 368 257 - -


Refined Sugar 5,797 5,496 4,782 4,828 4,752 4,412 4,589 3,151

Manufacture of Ice 119 - - - - - - -

Others 50 1,434 1,668 730 531 574 487 2,607

Beverage industries - 4,380 4,757 274 274 288 280 272

Other soft drinks - - 274 274 288 280 272

Food & Beverage Total 8,014 8,544 8,329 8,461 8,707 8,291 8,274 10,704 Source: 1. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1981-82 to 1990-91. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

426

Annexure-1.20 Fixed Assets in Registered Factories by Major Groups and Industries in �WFP, 1981-1990.


Year 1981-82 1982-83 1983-84 1984-85 1985-86 1986-87 1987-88 1990-91

All Industries 2,136,192 3,387,034 4,100,314 4,149,428 4,894,056 6,640,565 5,422,881 5,773,386

Food Manufacturing 592,893 715,070 793,577 894,720 836,938 1,325,347 1,336,975 827,085

Processing, canning and

preserving of fruit &

vegetable

3,697 6,383 - 6,394 7,828 - - 22,362

Vegetable Ghee - - - 130,245 143,435 162,956 176,951 144,880

Other vegetable oils 63,298 - - - 56,856 45,584 - -


Refined Sugar 424,447 403,399 476,723 530,330 380,040 919,813 894,388 264,229

Manufacture of Ice 27,233 - - - - - - -

Others 4,990 241,552 252,728 151,656 131,342 99,553 142,976 111,132

Beverage industries - 117,008 135,519 36,601 36,140 156,675 39,590 83,864

Other soft drinks - - - 36,601 36,140 156,575 395,90 83,864

Food & Beverage Total 592,893 715,070 793,577 967,922 909,218 1,638,497 1,416,155 994,813 Source: 1. Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1981-82 to 1990-91. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan, Karachi.

427

Annexure-1.21 Investment, Capacity and Employment by Major Groups and Industries in �WFP, 1983

S.�o. Major Groups & Industries �o. of

Units

Total Investment (Rs. in

million)

Capacity Employment

Foreign Local Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FOOD, BEVERAGES A�D TOBACCO

1. Sugar 5 405.624 275.883 681.5071 i. Cane: 11,380 M.T. daily 6,690

ii. Beet: 7,320 M.T. daily

iii. Spirit: 13,500 Gallons daily

2. Vegetable Ghee 5 1.640 118.139 119.779 63,000 M.T. Per annum 1,178

3. Cooking Oil 2 -- 14.461 14.461 6,180 M.T. Per annum 90

4. Flour Milling 29 7.293 76.524 83.817 4,243 Tons daily 911

5. Rice Milling 16 -- 3.340 3.340 32,600 K.Gs. daily 97

6. Corn 3 22.703 75.943 98.646 160 Tons daily 250

7. Biscuits 3 -- 5.380 5.380 1,152 Metric tons per annum 57

8. Roti 1 3.270 3.450 6.720 12,500 Roti or 1100 bread daily 58

9. Vermicellies 1 -- 0.6000 0.600 479,700 K.Gs. per annum 7

10. Dal Milling 2 -- 1.666 1.666 50 tons daily 11

11. Beverages 1 1.007 0.864 1.871 9,600 Bottles per hour 291

12. Ice & Cold Storages 100 21.948 162.454 184.402 Storage: 27,000 tons daily 767

13. Processing, canning & preservation

of fruits & vegetable

10 2.019 14.697 16.716 i. ice: 1,764 tons daily 304

14. Cigarettes 11 64.641 151.793 216.434 21,836 Million per annum 5,221

15. Tobacco Depots 17 1.091 44.383 45.474 -- 4,434

16. Poultry Farms/Dairy Farms 7 11.000 19.523 30.523 1,95,000 Birds 281

Total 213 1511.336 20,647 Source: Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor & transport department. 1983. Industrial Investment in NWFP. Government of North West Frontier

Province.

428



Units


million)

Capacity Employment

Foreign Local Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FOOD, BEVERAGES A�D

TOBACCO

1. Sugar 5 405.624 352.389 758.013 i. Cane: 11380 M.T. daily 6,615

ii. Beet: 7320 M.T. daily

iii. Spirit: 13500 Gallons

daily

2. Vegetable Ghee 8 1.123 195.259 204.382 99714 M.T. Per annum 1,393

3. Cooking Oil 6 - 63.377 63.377 27816 M.T. Per annum 349

4. Flour Milling 42 9.593 158.833 168.427 5614 Tons daily 1,232

5. Rice Milling 20 - 5.393 5.393 42600 K.Gs. daily 125

6. Corn 3 22.703 75.943 98.646 160 Tons daily 250

7. Biscuits & Sweets 6 0.090 10.846 10.936 2120 tons per annum 68

8. Roti 1 3.270 3.445 6.715 12500 Roti or 1100 bread

daily

58

9. Vermicellies 1 - 0.600 0.600 479700 K.Gs. per annum 7

10. Dal Milling 2 - 1.66 1.66 50 tons daily 11

11. Beverages 5 15.630 45.336 60.966 29178 Bottles per hour 594

12. Ice & Cold Storages 139 21.777 94.480 216.257 i. ice: 2305 tons daily 1,044

Storage: 28000 tons daily

13 Processing, canning &

preservation of fruits &

vegetable

13 2.016 25.699 27.718 384

14. Cigarettes 11 82.921 154.585 237.506 17696 million per annum 4,980

15. Tobacco Depots 17 0.840 44.856 45.696 17696 million per annum 3,857

16 Poultry Farms/Dairy Farms 44 1.25 48.997 50.247 1. Birds: 419100 Nos. 310

429


Units


million)

Capacity Employment

Foreign Local Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2. Breeder: 211500 Nos.

3. Layers: 1200 Nos.

4. Cow & Buffalo: 30 Nos.

5. Milk: 170 Kgs. per day

17. Feed Industries 3 - 11.154 11.154 150 tons per day 61

18. Spice Grinding 2 - 1.226 1.226 2 million packets per annum 3 (Closed) Source: Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor & transport department. 1987. Industrial Investment in NWFP. Government of North West

Frontier Province.



Units


million)

Capacity Employment

Forgein Local Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

FOOD, BEVERAGES A�D

TOBACCO

1. Sugar 5 406.324 362.889 769.213 i. Cane: 11380 M.T. daily 5,321

ii. Beet: 7320 M.T. daily

iii. Spirit: 19000 Gallons

daily

2. Vegetable Ghee 8 7.373 216.946 224.319 93,714 M.T. Per annum 1,437

3. Cooking Oil 7 -- 74.811 74.811 -- 266

4. Flour Milling 60 11.311 279.130 290.441 8,143 Tons daily 1,523

5. Rice Milling 25 -- 6.021 6.021 44050 K.Gs. daily 136

6. Corn 3 22.703 75.943 98.646 160 Metric Tons daily 420

7. Biscuits & Sweets 10 0.090 25.267 25.357 3,128 tons per annum 94

430


Units


million)

Capacity Employment

Forgein Local Total

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8. Roti 1 4.280 3.640 7.920 1100 bread daily 16

9. Vermicellies 1 -- 0.600 0.600 479,700 K.Gs. per annum 7

10. Dal Milling 4 -- 3.716 3.716 80 tons daily 20

11. Salt Grinding 1 -- 0.313 0.313 10 M.T. daily 4

12. Meat Processing 1 0.384 1.500 1.884 80 M.T. daily 9

13. Beverages 5 16.771 77.270 94.041 -- 323

Ice & Cold Storages 154 19.893 218.504 238.397 Storage: 30,000/34530 M.T 998

i. ice: 2,472 tons daily

14. Processing, canning &

preservation of fruits &

vegetable

10 1.999 15.504 17.503 -- 100

15. Cigarettes 13 83.222 163.973 247.195 17,408 million per annum 4,131

16. Tobacco Depots 17 0.840 44.856 45.696 -- 3,882

17. Poultry Farms 86 19.030 79.371 98.401 -- 417

18. Dairy Farms 3 5.0 15.796 20.796 -- 70

19. Feed Industries 4 -- 10.050 10.050 151 tons per day 29

20 Spice Grinding 3 -- 1.526 1.526 4

Total 421 599.22 1,677.62 2276.846 19,207 Source: Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor & transport department. 1989. Industrial Investment in NWFP. Government of North West

Frontier Province.

431

Annexure-1.24 Statement showing Sector-wise �umber of Industries, Investment & Employment in �WFP upto

December, 1996.

S.�o. �ame of Industry �o. of Units Investment (Rs. in

million)

Employment

1 2 3 4 5

SECTOR - I

Food Beverages & Tobacco

1. Sugar / Distillery 6 1352.685 5,643

2. Vegetable Ghee & Cooking Oil 30 1131.523 2,400

3. Oil expellers 7 37.250 28

4. Flour Milling 106 773.980 2,399

5. Rice Milling 33 15.370 145

6. Corn Products 2 83.636 250

7. Biscuits & Sweets 58 313.908 1,843

8. Bread/Food 9 32.321 262

9. Vermicellies 2 2.544 13

10. Dal Milling 12 44.560 230

11. Salt Grinding 1 8.200 60

12. Meat Processing 2 35.280 16

13. Beverages/Mineral Water 12 310.963 425

14. Ice & Cold Storages 136 238.871 684

15. Processing, canning & preservation of Food &

vegetable

14 266.601 464

16. Spice Grinding 2 9.750 30

17. Cigarette Industries 24 842.269 2,063

18. Feed Industries 4 11.784 34

Total 460 5,511.495 16,989 Source: Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor & transport department. 1996. Directory of Industrial Establishment, NWFP. Government of North


432

Annexure-1.25 Accumulative Progress in �umber of Industries, Employment and Investment in �WFP upto

December, 1996.

Period �o. of Units Accumulative

Progress


Employment

Investment

(in million

Rs.)

Accumulative Investment

(in million Rs.)

Upto 1947 11 11 1,063 1,063 81.621 81.621

1948-1950 4 15 1,155 2,218 195.741 277.362

1951-1955 21 36 9,250 11,468 1,432.586 1,709.948

1956-1960 10 46 977 12,465 259.381 1,969.329

1961-1965 28 74 7,097 19,562 1,640.040 3,609.369

1966-1970 79 153 2,439 22,001 431.082 4,040.451

1971-1975 64 217 2,365 24,366 628.208 4,668.659

1976-1980 143 360 3,960 28,326 1,032.042 5,700.701

1981-1985 272 632 6,827 35,153 4,260.395 9,961.096

1986-1990 401 1,033 7,258 42,411 2,370.595 12,331.691

1991-995 791 1,824 26,586 68,997 17,952.521 30,284.212

1996 23 1,847 1,974 70,971 9,807.501 40,091.713 Source: Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor & transport department. 1996. Directory of Industrial Establishment, NWFP. Government of North


433

Annexure-1.26 Accumulative Progress in �umber of Industries, Employment and Investment in �WFP upto December,

1996.

(Only Food, Beverages and Tobacco)

Period �o. of Units Accumulative

Progress


Employment

Investment

(in million Rs.)

Accumulative Investment

(in million Rs.)

Upto 1947 6 6 73.004 73.004 754 754

1948-1950 2 8 195.556 268.56 1,129 1,883

1951-1955 4 12 668.778 937.338 1,466 3,349

1956-1960 3 15 221.145 1,158.48 656 4,005

1961-1965 11 26 270.121 1,428.604 1,710 5,715

1966-1970 13 39 60.383 1,488.987 304 6,019

1971-1975 31 70 84.325 1,573.315 478 6,497

1976-1980 71 141 503.304 2,076.619 1,617 8,114

1981-1985 70 211 1381.91 2,458.567 752 8,866

1986-1990 87 298 575.175 3,033.742 1,731 10,597

1991-995 176 474 2471.659 5,505.401 6,160 16,757

1996 3 477 12.930 5,518.331 74 16,831

Source: Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor & transport department. 1996. Directory of Industrial Establishment, NWFP. Government of North


434

Annexure-1.27 Sector-Wise % Position of Industrial Units Established in �WFP upto December, 1996.

S.�o. Industries �o. of Units Employment Investment

(Rs. in million)

1. Food, Beverages, Tobacco 460

(26.93%)

16,989

(25.05%)

5,511.495

(12.89%)

2. Textile, Wearing, Apparal, Carpet, Leather and Foot

Wear

415

(24.24%)

20,276

(28.89%)

13,613.451

(31.84%)

3. Wood & Wood Products 84

(4.91%)

1,498

(2.21%)

575.304

(1.35%)

4. Paper, Paper Products 42

(2.45%)

2,160

(3.18%)

1,143.874

(2.68%)

5. Chemical, Petroleum and Plastic Goods 289

(16.885)

10,802

(15.93%)

5691.604

(13.35%)

6. Mineral Products 226

(13.20%)

6,774

(9.99%)

10,997.226

(25.72%)

7. Metal, Metal Products & Electronic Goods 170

(9.99%)

8,604

(12.68%)

4950.463

(11.58%)

8. Other Manufacturing Industries 24

(1.40%)

727

(1.07%)

269.954

(0.63%)

Total 1,710 67,830 42,753.371

Source: Industries, Commerce, Mineral Development, Labor & transport department. 1996. Directory of Industrial Establishment, NWFP. Government of North


435

Annexure-1.28 Summary Statistics By Industry Major Groups and Industries in Pakistan, 1995-96.


Industry Major Groups and

Industries

�o. of reporting

Establishments

Value of fixed assets

at the end of the

year

Average

daily persons

engaged

(�umber)

All Industries 4,474 235,774,122 562,666

Food Manufacturing 931 32,638,612 78,365 Dairy products 5 1,521,452 2,203

Ice cream 6 881,497 1,186

Canning of fruits & vegetables 9 177,474 826

Canning of fish and sea foods 7 17,225 489

Vegetable ghee 51 122,6384 6632

Other Vegetables oils 12 701,518 1435

Cotton seed oils & inedible animal oils

n.e.c.

66 337,321 1,352

Rice milling 241 415,677 2,742

Wheat & grain milling 330 1,392,020 8,583

Grain milled products & other grain

milling

4 51,752 148

Bread & Bakery products 22 182,335 956

Biscuits 31 748804 5,277

Other bakery products n.e.c 5 50,483 358

Refined sugar 58 23,450,307 41,391

Confectionery not sweetmeats 9 195,232 463

"Desi" Sweetmeats & confectionery 3 9,068 86

Blending of tea 5 269,851 823

Feeds for animals 6 28,690 196

Feeds for fowls 19 273,947 1,139

Starch 4 527,750 1,331

436


Industries

�o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average

daily persons

engaged

(�umber)

Edible salt 6 813 340

Ice 25 118,386 222

Other food products 8 60,636 487

Beverage Industries 38 1,821,632 4,676

Distilling, rectifying, blending of

spirits/wine, fruit drinks

15 848,697 1,739

Other Soft Drinks 23 972,935 2,937

Food & Beverage Total 969 34,460,244 83,041 Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1995-96. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. Karachi.

Annexure-1.29 Summary Statistics By Industry Major Groups and Industries in Punjab, 1995-96.

(Value in Million Rs.)


Industries

�o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average daily

persons engaged

(�umber)

All Industries 2,364 123,682,760 301,094

Food Manufacturing 360 17,496,522 40,190

Dairy products, Ice cream 5 1,521,452 2,203

Canning of fruits & vegetables 6 865,020 1,212

Vegetable ghee 23 568,740 3,559

Cotton seed oils & inedible animal oils

n.e.c.

53 571,028 1,623

Rice milling 18 228,991 582

Wheat & grain milling 169 391,362 3,607

Grain milled & bread,bakery products 8 148,350 500

Biscuits & other bakery products 9 193,597 1,882

437


Industries

�o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average daily

persons engaged

(�umber)

Refined sugar 30 12,225,613 22,691

Confectionery not sweetmeats 4 17,787 106

Blending of tea -- -- --

Feeds for animals and fowls 15 267,380 1,196

Starch -- -- --

Edible salt -- -- --


Ice 16 17,068 96

Beverage Industries 16 960,719 2,514

Wine and fruit drinks 9 720,982 1,333

Other Soft Drinks 7 239,737 1,181


Annexure-1.30 Summary Statistics By Industry Major Groups and Industries in Sind, 1995-96.



Industries

�o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average daily

persons engaged

(�umber)

All Industries 1,628 81,033,788 202,671

Food Manufacturing 379 11,990,177 27,348

Ice cream &

Canning of fruits & vegetables 4 133,135 645

Canning of fish and sea foods 7 17,225 189


Cotton seed oils & other vegetable oils. 17 90,948 558

Rice milling 213 184,654 2,121

438


Industries

�o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average daily

persons engaged

(�umber)



Biscuits & other bakery products 18 413,197 2,826

Refined sugar 23 10,219,669 15,927

Confectionery not sweetmeats -- -- --

"Desi" Sweetmeats & confectionery 5 13,592 158

Blending of tea -- -- --

Feeds for animals 8 269,085 758

Feeds for fowls 6 36,023 204

Ice & Edible salt 13 102,112 322


Beverage Industries & Tobacco 13 631,938 2,090

Fruit drinks 3 65,910 238

Other Soft Drinks 7 352,013 988

Others 3 114,015 869


Annexure-1.31 Summary Statistics By Industry Major Groups and Industries in �WFP, 1995-96.



Industries

�o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average

daily persons

engaged

(�umber)

All Industries 468 22,785,465 45,565

Food Manufacturing 152 2,809,452 9,665 Canning of fruits & vegetables 5 60,816 155

439


Industries

�o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average

daily persons

engaged

(�umber)


Other vegetable oils. 7 339,892 555



Biscuits 8 155,166 847

Refined sugar 5 1,005,025 2,773

Other 8 100,718 554

Beverage Industries & Tobacco 7 336,342 392


440

Annexure-1.32 Summary Statistics By Industry Major Groups and Industries in Balochistan, 1995-96.


Industry Major Groups and Industries �o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average

daily persons

engaged

(�umber)

All Industries 69 6,414,397 9,792

Food Manufacturing & Beverage Industries 29 218,803 775

Vegetable ghee & Rice Milling 11 5,771 80

Wheat & grain milling 12 3,745 109

Other 6 209,287 586

Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1995-96. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. Karachi.

Annexure-1.33 Summary Statistics By Industry Major Groups and Industries in Islamabad, 1995-96.


Industry Major Groups and Industries �o. of reporting

Establishments


at the end of the

year

Average

daily persons

engaged

(�umber)

All Industries 45 1,857,715 3,544

Food Manufacturing & Beverage Industries 16 230,306 931 Wheat & grain milling 9 24,658 352

Other soft drinks 3 102,919 413

Other 4 102,729 166 Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1995-96. Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan. Karachi.

441

Annexure-1.34 Comparative data for 1995-96 and 1990-91 for

Pakistan, its Provinces and Federal Capital Territory of Islamabad.

(Value in million Rs.)

�ame �o. of reporting

establishments

Value of fixed

assets at the end

of the year

Average daily

employment

during the year

1995-96

Pakistan 4,474 535,774.1 561,921

Punjab 2,364 123,682.8 300,498

Sind 1,528 81,033.8 202,580

NWFP 468 22,785.4 45,556

Balochistan 69 6,414.4 9,775

Islamabad 45 1,857.7 3,215

1990-91

Pakistan 4,792 125,619.9 302,002

Punjab 2,452 52,915.2 254,647

Sind 1,751 57,863.5 254,647

NWFP 425 5,773.4 46,487

Balochistan 110 6,726.4 14,513

Islamabad 54 2,341.4 4,585

Annual Growth Rate in 1995-96 Over 1990-91

Pakistan -1.36 13.42 -2.02

Punjab -0.73 18.51 -0.10

Sind -2.69 6.97 -4.47

NWFP 1.95 31.60 -0.40

Balochistan -8.91 -0.95 -7.60

Islamabad -3.58 -4.52 -5.19

Source: Federal Bureau of Statistics. Census of Manufacturing Industries. 1995-96. Statistics


442

Annexure-1.35 Performa for the Research Institutes

PERFORMA-I

1. Full name of Section/Department/Lab:

2. Address:

3. Telephone: Location:

4. Status: Year Established

5. Primary Function:

6. Parent Organization:

7. Year Established (Parent Organization):

8. Chief Officer:

9. Grade: BPS Year in Position:

10. Highest Education:

(Only fill Performa for Food Section)

No.2 Specimen to show list of Topics of Research (From Est. upto 1999 only Food Section.

S.No. Topic/Title Researchers Duration Year Published /Unpublished Reference Of

Published

Research

No. 3 Specimen to show Projects / Schemes.

S.No. Name of Scheme / Project Budget Expenditure Balance % age Utilization

No. 4 Specimen to show Research Staff (From Est. upto 1999)

S.No. Name Qualification Designation Year/Duration Remarks

No. 5 Specimen to show Students.

S.No. Name of student Name of

Project

Requirement Duration/Year Remarks

No. 6 Specimen to show Training Courses

S.No. Course offered Duration/Year Target

Trainees

Total No. of

Trainees

Remarks

title-improve years of food...english biscuits manufacturer ebm, karachi. r&d profile 17. mr....

Documents