IMMUNITY/IMMUNIZATION:

Presented By:

Tahir Ahmed Shaikh4th Year

MBBS

IMMUNOLOGY:IMMUNOLOGY: Deals with complex defense mechanism of

the body & also with equally complex invading agent.

IMMUINITY:It is the defense mechanism of the body.Resistance to a given disease or organism ,

or the reaction of the body towards any foreign substance

IMMUNOLOGY

TYPES OF IMMUNITY: INNATE IMMUNITY:It is present in all the living being ,initiated

immediately against any invader without any previous contact.

Innate immunity also known as Non Specific Immunity.

TYPES OF IMMUNITY:ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:The body reacts specifically with the

corresponding antigen & time is required to build up against the attack.

It is associated with evaluation of lymphoid tissue.

Acquired Immunity also known as Specific Immunity.

TYPES OF ACQUIRED IMMUNITY:

CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY:It is associated with sensitized lymphocytes &

produced in response to viral , fungal & bacterial infections ,

as well in rejection of foreign graft.

HUMORAL IMMUNITY:

In this type of immunity antibodies are synthesized & secreted by plasma cells in extra

cellular fluid.Also known as Antibody Mediated Immunity.

ANTIGEN:ANTIGEN:A substance w/c when introduce into the

body stimulate specific immune response.

ANTIGENCITY:The capability of agent to produce a

systemic or a local immunological reaction in the host.

ANTIBODY:It is protein molecule produced in response

to a foreign substance e.g. microorganism responsible for infection.

Antibody has capacity to bind specifically to foreign substance that draws out its

production , thus supplying a mechanism for production against infectious disease.

HERD IMMUNITY:

It is the resistance of a group to an invasion & spreads of an infectious disease.

• It is the immunity of a group of people where the proportion of non-susceptible is greater

then susceptible.

IMMUNIZATION

IMMUNIZATION:Define as protection of susceptible

individuals from communicable disease by administration of vaccine or performed antibodies.

Immunization is of two types.

• Active ImmunizationPassive Immunization

ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION:Immunization done by administration of a living

modified agent “live attenuated vaccine” , a suspension of killed organism or an inactivated toxin” toxoid”.

Passive Immunization:Temporary passive immunization produced by

administration of preformed antibody in the form of immune globulin or antiserum.

Immunizing agents are vaccine , immunoglobulin's & antisera.

VACCINE

VACCINES:An immuno-biological substance designed to

produce specific protection against a given disease.

Mode of Action:It stimulate the production of antibodies & other

immune mechanism.

Types:Live attenuated vaccineInactivated or Killed vaccineToxoidsCombined preparations.

LIVE ATTENUATED VACCINED:Prepared from live attenuated organisms w/c

have lost their capacity to induce full blown disease but retained their immunogenicity.

Live attenuated vaccine are ;Bacterial:BCG”bacilli-calmette guerin” , typhoid &

plague vaccine.Viral:Oral polio vaccine , yellow fever ,measles ,

mumps & influenza.

INACTIVATED OR KILLED VACCINE:

These are the vaccine in w/c organism are killed by heat or chemicals in such a way that their antigenicity is retained w/c when injected into the body stimulate active .

TOXOIDS:Produced by detixicating exotoxin produced

by certain organism in such a way that toxicity is destroyed bun antigenicity is retained.

Examples are Tetanus & Diphtheria Toxoid.

COMBINED VACCINE:More then one kind of immunization agent

included in vaccine ; aim is to simplify administration , reduce cost & minimize the number of visits.

Examples:DPT”Diphtheria-pertusis-Tetanus”MMR”Measles-mumps-rubella”DPTP”DPT plus inactivated Polio”

IMMUNOGLOBULINS:These are the agent for passive

immunization. TYPES:Normal Human ImmunoglobulinSpecific Human Immunoglobulin

ANTISERA:It is a serum containing antibody or

antibodies obtained from an animal that has been immunized either by injection of antigen into the body or by infection with microorganism containing the antigen.

TYPES:MonovalentPolyvalent

EXPENDED PROGRAMME OF IMMUNIZATION:

The global expanded programme of immunization “EPI” was launched following resolution of World Health Assembly in 1974 for the control of six communicable disease

w/c have high mortality & morbidity in childrens.

Six communicable disease are Diphtheris , Measles,Poliomyelitis , Tuberculosis , Tetanus

& Pertusis.

EXPENDED PROGRAMME OF IMMUNIZATION:Pakistan started this programme in june-july

1978 with the help of WHO & UNICEF.Vaccinationof hepatitis B was started in

pakistan in nov 2001 in selected districts on pilot basis.

This has made part of routine immunization in EPI since july 2002.

VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR CHILDREN UNDER 2

YEARS OF AGE:AGE VACCINE TO BE

GIVENROUTE OF ADMINISTRATION

At Birth BCGOPV

Intra-DermalOral

At 6 weeks DPT 1OPV 1HBV 1

Intra-MuscularOralIntra-Muscular

At 10th week DPT 11OPV11HBV11

Intra-MuscularOralIntra-Muscular

At 14 week DPT111OPV111HBV111

Intra-MuscularOralIntra-Muscular

At 9th month Measles Sub-cutaneous

20-24 monthBOOSTER

DPTOPV

Intra-MuscularOral

CONTRAINDICATIONS OF VACCINE:There are few contraindication of routine

vaccinations.

GENERAL CONTRAINDICATION:Any acute illness,severe malnutrition & in known case

of immune defciency.

RELATED TO GROUPS OF VACCINES:During pregnancy,steroid therapy & radiation therapy.INDIVIDUALS VACCINES:BCG contraindicated in extensive dermatosis

VACCINATION SCHEDULE OF TETANUS TOXOID FOR WOMEN “15-45”YEARS:

DOSE TIME

TT1 At first contact or as early as possible during pregnancy

TT2 4 weeks after TT1

TT3 6-12 montha after TT2

TT4 At least 1 year after TT3

TT5 At least 1 year after TT4

COLD CHAIN:It is a system of protection against high

envoirmental temperature for the heal liable vaccine,antisera & other biological preparation & their storage & transport at the correct cold temperature “0 to 8”centigrade from the site of manufacture to the actual vaccination site.

From the manufacture to the person to be immunized the vaccine will only survive when they maintained at the correct temperature.

GLOBAL POLIO ERADICATION INITIATIVE:In 1988 the Forty-First World Health Assembly

launched a global initiative to eradicate polio by the end of year 2000.

Prior to certification by the WHO of a country/region to be polio free three conditions must be satisfied.

At least 3years of zero polio cases due to wild polio virus.

Excellent certification standard surveillance.

Each country must illustrate the capacity to detect , report & respond to imported polio cases.

POLIO ERADICATION PROGRAMME PAKISTAN:The activities includeImprove routine immunization.National immunization days “NIDs-1994”Other supplementary activities “SNIDs-1999”Surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis”AFP”The strategy is to report & investigate all

cases of AFP.

Thanks