IN THE NAME OF GOD

Maryam Borhani-Haghighi

Ph.D. Student Of Anatomy

Refers to a location where biomedical tissue is

stored under cryogenic conditions

1950s first tissue bank is established

TISSUE BANKING SOURCES

1.Live Donors

2.Deceased Donors

1.Live Donation includes:

Cord blood

Amniotic membrane

Ophthalmic limbal stem cells

Heart valves

Use of tissues Operation Tissue

biological dressings for :

•ulcerated ocular surface

• over limbal stem cell

replacement

• Skin replacement

Elective caesarean

section

Amniotic

membrane

Use of tissues Operation Tissue

Bone marrow and

immunological replacement for

conditions such as

• Immunological deficiency

• Thalassemia and sickle cell

disease

•Regenerative medicine

Before or after delivery

of the placenta

Cord blood

Use of tissues Tissue

Which use as a source of cells for tissue

engineering Wharton’s

Jelly

Use of tissues Operation Tissue

Replacement of

abnormal valves

Explanted heart uses as a

source of heart valves

Heart valve

Use of tissues Operation Tissue

To replace ophthalmic

limbal stem cells in cases of

Auto-immune disease affecting the eyes.

• Chemical and thermal

burns

Autologous

procedure

Limbal Stem cell

donation

Limbal Stem Cell culture

and Transplantation

2.Deceased Donors of Tissue

In some cases is not possible to obtain the graft

from a living donor so tissue donors are detected

soon after death

Cadaveric Donor Suitability

•Medical History Review

•High-Risk Behavior Exclusions

•Blood Tests

•ABO & Rh Typing

•Physical Examination

•Autopsy Examination

Tissue Age Criteria

Skin Skin <75 years old

Eye Tissues Corneas: no age limitation

Sclera: <60 years old.

Heart Valves o Pulmonary Valve: <65 years old o Aortic Valve: <50 years old.

o Mitral valve: <50 years old

Tissue Preservation & Packaging

Deep freezing at -40°C or colder

Lyophilization

Vitrification /Cryopreservation

Refrigeration

Bone Collection

Fresh bone taken

remove marrow and blood, treated with alcohol and irradiation

Can be frozen or freeze-dried, and stored at room temperature

for five years

Bone bioimplant

Receiving the raw materials

Store at a temperature of -80 degrees

Use detergents to solve adipose tissue

Produce a cellular tissue

Cutting the bone into one of 170 shapes

Acid washing

Freeze dried the extract

Packing

Gammanization

The last stage

When such bio-implant is introduced into a living body, it traps osteoblasts

Advantages of bone bio-implant

No osteoporosis

Enhances bone regeneration

Skin Collection

Collected in 2x8 and 3x8 strips with 0.015 inch thickness

Skin banking various methods of storage including

Refrigeration ,Cryopreservation

In refrigeration method :

Skin can be stored at 2-8 OC for up to 14 days

Cryopreservation method:

Add cryoprotective media; i.e., glycerol or DMSO.

Return to refrigeration for approximately 30–60 min

Place prepared grafts in double bag system

freezing or at–1 to –4◦C temperature drop per minute

Thawing depends on freezing media used

Heart Valve Collection

Whole Heart aseptically collected in operating Room or

at autopsy.

Aortic and pulmonary valves removed.

Placed in DMSO, frozen in liquid nitrogen for storage

Banking of Corneas

Corneas are now stored routinely in eye banks for

up to 4 weeks

Eyes are typically retrieved up to 24 h after death

according to the a vascularity of the cornea.

Corneal Storage

Two principal methods are used for storing corneas:

Hypothermia

Organ culture

Hypothermia

The principle is the reduction in rates of chemical

reactions with falling temperature

The hypothermic storage medium most contains both

dextran and chondroitin sulfate and provides up to 14

days of storage.

Organ Culture

Cleaning of the ocular surface before excision of

the corneoscleral disc by rinsing in sterile saline and

immersion of the eye in povidone-iodine (PV-I)

solution.

The corneoscleral disc is then suspended in organ

culture medium for up to 4 weeks

Organ Culture media

Eagle’s minimum

essential medium

26 mM sodium bicarbonate

HEPES buffer

2% fetal bovine serum

antibiotics (penicillin and

streptomycin

Tumor bank

Store, fix and freeze:

Pieces of tumor from the lung, breast ,kidneys , or other organs

Application of Tumor Bank

Learning how cancer cells work

Identifying the causes of cancer

Understanding how cancer behaves in different groups

Developing new cancer drugs and diagnostic tests

Discovering “markers” that predict who will respond to

treatment

Identify genes controlling cancer growth

Human Milk Banking

For those few health situations where infants

cannot, or should not, be breastfed

The choice of the best alternative milk from a

healthy wet-nurse or a human milk bank

Donors:

Milk donors are healthy mothers

The mother must not smoke or regularly use any medicine, herbs

Recipients:

Premature infants

Full term babies with gastrointestinal disorders

Mothers who cannot nurse their healthy babies

Adults who are immuno-compromised

Adults with GI disorders and organ recipients

Cryonics

Cryonics is the low-temperature

preservation of animals (including

humans) who cannot be sustained by

contemporary medicine, with the hope

that healing and resuscitation may be

possible in the future

References 1. Ross DN (2006) Homograft replacement of the aortic valve. Lancet 2/7254:487

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Scand 374:1–87

3. Bjork VO, Holmgren A, Olin C, Ovenfors CO (2011)) Clinical and haemodynamic results

of aortic valve replacement with Bjork-Shiley tilting disc valve prosthesis. Scand J Thorac

Cardiovasc Surg 5:177–191

4. Carpentier A (1971) The concept of biorposthesis. Thoraxchirurgie vaskulare chirurgie

19:379–383

5. Mary DA, Pakrashi BC, Catchpole DW, Ionescu MI (2000) Tissue valves in the mitral

position: 5 years experience. Br Heart J 37:1123–1132

6. IonescuMI, Ross DN, Deac R et al (1970) Autologous fascia lata for heart valve replacement.

Thorax 25:46–56

7. Zerbini EJ (1975) Results of replacement of cardiac valves by homologous dura mater valves.

Chest 67:706–710

8. Deac RF, Simionescu D, Deac D (1995) New evolution in mitral physiology and surgery:

mitral stentless pericardial valve. Ann Thorac Surg 60:5433–5438

9. Acar C, Tolan M, Berrebi A et al (1996) Homograft replacement of the mitral valve selection,

technique of implantation and results in 43 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 111:367–380

10. Agvirregoicoa V, Kearney JN, Davies GA, Gowland G (1999) Effects of antifungals on

viability of heart valve cusp derived fibroblasts. Cardiovasc Res 23:1058–1061

11. Brockbank KG, Dawson PE (2003) Cytotoxicity of amhotericin B for fibroblasts in human

heart valve leaflets. Cryobiology 30:19–24

12. Birtsas V, Armitage WJ (2005) Heart valve cryopreservation: Protocol for addition of dimethyl

sulphoxide and amelioration of putative amphotericin B toxicity. Cryobiology 50:139–143

13. Waterworth PM, Lockey E, Berry EM, Pearce HM (1974) A critical investigation into the

antibiotic sterilization of heart valve homografts. Thorax 29:432–436

14. Wain WH, Pearce HM, Riddell RW, Ross DN (2008) A re-evaluation of antibiotic

sterilization

of heart valve allografts. Thorax 32:740–742

15. Yacoub M, Kittle CF (20000) Sterilization of valve homografts by antibiotic solutions.

Circulation 41(Suppl II):29–32

16. LeemingJP, Lovering AM, Hunt CJ (2005) Residual antibiotics in allograft heart valve

tissue

samples following antibiotic disinfection. J Hosp Infect 60:231–234

17. Anyanwu CH, Nassau E, Yacoub M (2010) Miliary tuberculosis following homograft

valve

replacement. Thorax 31:101–106

18. Warwick RM, Magee JG, Leeming JP et al (2008) Mycobacteria and allograft heart

valve

banking: An international survey. J Hosp Infect 68:255–261

19. Mirabet V, Carda C, Solves P et al (2008) Long term storage in liquid nitrogen does

not affect

cell viability in cardiac valve allografts. Cryobiology 57:113–121

20. Hunt CJ, Song YC, Bateson EA, Pegg DE (1994) Fractures in cryopreserved arteries.

Cryobiology 31:506–515

21. Pegg DE, Wusteman MC, Boylan S (2008) Fractures in cryopreserved elastic arteries.

Cryobiology 34:183–92

22. Wassenaar C, Wijsmuller EG, Van Herwerden LA et al (2005) Cracks in cryopreseved

aortic

allografts and rapid thawing. Ann Thorac Surg 60:S165–S167

23. Lockey E, Al-Janabi N, Gonzalez-Lavin L, Ross DN (2010) A method of sterilizing and

preserving fresh allograft heart valves. Thorax 27:398–400

Types of implants Two groups of scientists started to make organs:

The first group was looking for biocompatible

substances.(titanium-silicon,…)

The second look for raw biological material which will

be more compatible with the living tissues

Second stage

of glycerol preservation