tieu luan lich su 1

Bai tieu luan Pham Nhue Giang _ MSSV: 10LT044

I. LI NI U:

Khi nghin cu lch s pht trin x hi Hy Lp c i, F.Engels nh gi Hy Lp l giai on u th p nht ca loi ngi v i n kt lun khng c Hy Lp, khng c chu u hin i.

Con ngi t trc n nay lun c gng gii quyt cc vn ca cng ng v tng c nhn thng qua xut mi hoc ci thin m hnh t chc x hi. Cc nh th hc, quy hoch s v kin trc s t xa n nay lun theo ui mc ch to ra mi trng trong con ngi sng hi ha vi con ngi v vi thin nhin. M hnh thnh bang (Polis) ca ngi Hy Lp c i tng t c mc ch nng cao tnh c kt cng ng, s giao tip gia con ngi vi con ngi bn cnh vic gii quyt cc vn x hi khc ca thi i. Nhng tng v t chc x hi trong cc polis vn cn m hoc nhn loi hn 2000 nm.

Nu th l biu tng ca nn vn mnh (ch city c gc l civiliazation), th th cng tr thnh cng c vn ha qua con ngi n lc t c mt khi nim cng ng y hn. Trong tc phm ca mnh, Aristotle gi con ngi l zoon politikon nhng sinh vt sng trong mt polis nhn mnh rng polis, hay cng ng, l khng gian duy nht mt con ngi c th hin thc y nng lc tinh thn, o c v tr tu ca chnh mnh.

Polis l nhng cng ng c lp c qun l bi hi ng cng dn xut hin vo khong th k 5 trc Cng Nguyn ti Hy Lap. c im dn ch ca x hi Hy Lp l mt tin b quan trng. Chnh n nng cao vai tr ca con ngi trong x hi, khi dy nhng tim nng ca con ngi, lm cho khoa hc, trit hc v cc loi hnh ngh thut pht trin rc r theo hng phc v con ngi. Ni bt trong s cc loi hnh ngh thut y l kin trc v iu khc. T hnh thnh khi nim ngh thut v nhn sinh. Kin trc Hy Lp - kt qu ca tr tu, sc sng to ca con ngi v con ngi tr thnh chun mc c in l tin cho nhiu sng to kin trc ca cc thi i sau.

thc c tm quan trng , thng qua bi tiu lun ny ti xin trnh by mt s tm hiu v nhn nh da trn c s phn tch nhng di sn vt cht - kin trc, ngh thut v mt s s v qui hoch t chc th ca nn vn minh Hy Lp c i.

Cn c vo mc ch ni dung, ti ny phi hp cc phng php tip cn khc nhau, tuy nhin phng php ch yu chnh vn l phng php bin chng, trong bao gm thu thp ti liu c ting Vit ln ting Anh, c, phn tch, tng hp ti liu v x l cc thng tin c c mt cch hp l.Ngun thng tin s dng trong ti c thu thp t Internet v cc ti liu chuyn nghnh lch s kin trc.

1 Nhng thanh tu tieu bieu cua nghe thuat kien truc Hy Lap co ai


MC LC:

I. LI NI U:.. 01

II. GII QUYT VN : 03

II.1 Quan nim v th: ... 03

II. 2 Phn khu chc nng th:.... 03

II.3 Hnh thi khng gian th: ... 04

II.4 Qui m th:... 05

II.5 Cc loi hnh kin trc (ca thi k Hy Lp chnh thng)... 06 II.5.1 Kin trc tn gio: . 06 II.5.2. Kin trc biu din......................................................................................................... 06 II.5.3 Kin trc hnh chnh: ... 06 II.5.4 Kin trc th dc th thao: .. 06 II.5.5 Kin trc lng m: .. 06 II.5.6 Kin trc nh v cung in: .... 06 II.6 Cc th php to hnh trong kin trc v iu khc: ...... 07

II.6.1 T l vng........... 07 II.6.2 Kch thc hong trng so vi con ngi: ...... .07 II.6.3 Th php th gic: .......... 07 II.6.4 Thc ct ........ 07 II.6.5 S a dng trong kin trc n th Hy Lp: .. 08

III. KT LUN... 12



II. GII QUYT VN :

II.1 Quan nim v th:

Ngi Hy Lp quan nim th l mt thit ch x hi cng ng mang tnh a phng r rt, cc th lun c t chc v xy dng sao cho ph hp vi iu kin t nhin, vi c im x hi v kinh t ca tng a phng. V vy, mi mt th khng nhng c c im ring d nhn din m gia chng lun c s cnh tranh pht trin. th l nim t ho ca mi cng dn t do Hy Lp, l cng sc tp th xut pht t thc xy dng cuc sng cng ng thng qua mt thit ch dn ch tin b. Hi ng Cng dn trc ht tp hp kin ng gp ca cng dn v cc vn th v sau t chc cho mi cng dn thc hin nhng quyt nh ca Hi ng Qu tc. Nhng sinh hot cng ng nh vy din ra thng xuyn trn cc qung trng cng cng hay trong nhng nh hp cnh cc qung trng cng cng.

Chnh thc t chc cng ng vi u th ca nhng sinh hot cng cng dn n quan nim th l mt th thng nht, trong cc chc nng c mi lin h vi nhau. Ring khu vc tn gio, tn ngng v hnh chnh, chnh tr, tuy c tng bo v, song vn c mi lin h s dng thun li v trc tip vi cc khu vc chc nng khc ca th. iu ny hon ton khc vi cch t chc th Ai Cp, Lng H v phng ng ni m cc khu vc chc nng hot ng c lp trn nguyn tc phn bit giai cp v c bo v bng h thng thnh, ly kin c, to nn tng th bit lp, khp kn trong lng mt th.

II. 2 Phn khu chc nng th:

_Khu vc c tr (Asty): l ni xy dng nh . Khu vc ny cn gi l khu th dn. Nh Hy Lp c xy dng tng i thng nht v th loi, c xy dng phn tn. Khng to thnh nhng khu ring bit cho cc giai tng x hi nh thng gp trong cc th c i ca Ai Cp v phng ng. (Xem hnh 10)

_Khu vc tn gio, tn ngng (Acropolis): l thnh a, ni xy dng n th cc thn, khu vc thing ling ni din ra cc nghi thc tn gioca ngi Hy Lp. Khu vc ny c tng thnh bo v, cn gi l khu vc thnh ni, thnh ht nhn. Vo thi k c in thnh k, cc acropol c xy dng thm cc nh ht ngoi tri c thm dc bc cc khu vc chn ni. Cc acropol ni ting nht l acropol Athena (Acropolis), Bergama (hay , Pergamos) v Paestum. (Xem hnh 3,4,6)

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acropolishttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergamahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paestum&action=edit&redlink=1


_Khu vc sinh hot cng cng (Agora): bao gm cc hot ng hi hp chnh tr, x hi, vn ha, gii tr, thng mi, dch vy thc cht l trung tm cng cng ca th nm trong khu vc c tr. Agora cng l tn gi ca Hi ng Cng dn. Nh hp ca hi ng cng dn c snh v hng hin ct ln nhn ra qung trng cng cng ni thng xuyn din ra hi hp tp trung. Do cng v tr v tnh cht hot ng nn ngi Hy Lp dng chung tn gi Agora cho c Hi ng Cng dn v qung trng cng cng. (Xem hnh 1)

Din tch cc agora khong 5% din tch t thnh ph. Nhng agora tin k c hnh dng bt quy tc nhng t cui th k 4 TCN tr i, n c dng hnh hc nht nh v c bao vy bi cc hng ct thc hai tng. gia agora c t bn th v tng thn. Cc agora quan trng c th k ra l agora Miletos (), Megalopolis (), Asoss v Knid.

_Khu vc sn xut th cng nghip v nng nghip: Khu vc sn xut th cng chnh nm ngoi th thng khu vc cng. trong phm vi ca i thnh bang v trc thuc th, xen k gia cc khu lu tr l cc cnh ng, vn cy nh.(Hnh 21)

Qua cch phn khu chc nng trn, chng ta thy c trung tm ca th l khu vc tn gio tn ngng v khu vc sinh hot cng ng. hon cnh c i, do s cha pht trin ca khoa hc t nhin, con ngi nh b trc thin nhin nn tn ngng lun c coi trng. Mi mt thnh bang Hy Lp c i u th phng mt s v thn nht nh. Cc tc phm iu khc cho thy cc v thn c hnh hi nh con ngi. Thm ch qua cc thn thoi, chng ta cng thy nhiu nt tng ng v nhn cch gia h vi con ngi. y l im rt c o v n ni ln kht vng ca con ngi mun tr nn u vit hn ca cc c nhn trong cng ng. Cc v thn ca mi thnh bang ni ln kht vng ca dn chng v nhm phm cht u vit m h mun hng ti. iu ny lm nn sc thi bn a r nt ca th thnh bang.

II.3 Hnh thi khng gian th:

_Dng th b cc t do: Cc ng ph, nhng qung trng cng cng cng vi cc cng trnh kin trc c hnh thnh trong s kt hp vi a hnh t nhin, do cc th ny c hnh thi khng gian rt a dng. Dng b cc th ny xut hin vo giai on u ca vn minh Hy Lp c i v pht trin mnh n khong th k V trc cng nguyn. (Hnh 01, 03, 04)

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_4_TCNhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miletos&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megalopolis&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asoss&action=edit&redlink=1


i vi dng b cc t do, chng ta thy rng y c s tn dng trit yu t t nhin trong t chc th. Trong thi k u dng b cc ny c u tin s dng v l do kinh t-k thut cng th hiu ha hp vi thin nhin. Tuy nhin, chng ta thy c rng dng b cc ny ch ph hp vi th qui m nh v t chc hot ng n gin. im c sc y l s hon m ca yu t ha hp v kho lo khai thc t nhin. Cc sn dc c tn dng lm khn i, cc hng tt c khai thc cho ph hp vi hot ng ca cng trnh cng cng. Bn cnh , cc cng trnh p t thn v b cc rt hi ha hon ton trong s ch ca cc c dn Hy Lp. Ngay c acropolis Athen, d gy n tng mnh cho chng ta v b cc t do, vn hm cha mt qui lut v gc to bi tm cng thnh vi cc cnh cng trnh.

_Dng th pht trin theo nguyn tc hnh hc: Mt bng th c dng bn c. Hnh thc b cc ny do Hippodamus xut ln u tin vo th k V trc Cng nguyn cho thy nhng nh hng ca phng php quy hoch th phng ng c i. T n c ph bin v c p dng ch yu trong thit k v xy dng cc th mi ca Hy Lp c i. (Hnh 10, 22, 23)

i vi dng b cc hnh hc ny, chng ta thy c s thun li v giao thng v qui c t chc. c bit thnh ph cng Piraeus, chng ta thy rng t mt ngi lng nh ng vai tr mt lng th cng v cng bin ca Athens, Hippodamus pht trin thnh mt th qui m ln hn vi mng li c. iu ny c ngha thun li v giao thng v qun l cho hot ng sn xut ca thnh ph, thun li cho mt thnh ph cng vi nhiu khch ngoi bang. Tuy nhin, d phng thc t chc th dng hnh hc, chng ta vn thy ngi Hy Lp c i vn khai thc tt thin nhin qua vic pht trin cc cng bin hon ton l cc cng nc su t nhin vi cc vnh kn gi v ni chn sng.

Xa hn na, chng ta thy rng thnh ph Piraeus pht trin gip thnh bang Athens gim ti sc nng pht trin ni ring v thc y vng th Athens pht trin ni chung. iu ny t hn l cm hng cho m hnh th v tinh m chng ta vn p dng n ngy nay. V cng nh vy i vi dng th pht trin theo hnh hc ca Hippodamus vn c s dng n ngy nay.

II.4 Qui m th:

Trong tc phm Politics (Chnh tr hc), trit gia Aristotle xut quy m l tng ca mt polis l 5000 cng dn, mt quy m nh ting ni ca mi cng dn c lng nghe bi c cng ng nhng ln c th (hnh thnh nn kinh t) t cung, t cp. Chng ta c th ngc nhin v quy m dn s nh b ny



nhng thc t th ch nhng ngi n ng trng thnh t do c gi l cng dn. Do , quy m dn s thc t ca mt polis c th gp hn 10 ln s cng dn ca n nu tnh thm cc b v, tr em, n l v ngi ngoi bang. Aristotle cho rng, bng ging vn hm hnh ca mnh, rng mt polis ch c 10 cng dn l khng th v polis khng th t tn ti, nhng mt polis c 100.000 cng dn th li qu ng c th qun l.

Trc , theo Hippodamus th qui m dn s khng nn vt qu 10.000 ngi. y l con s y t chc cuc sng cng ng th hp l. 10.000 ngi y ch tnh nam gii cng dn t do tui trng thnh. Nu tnh c ph n, tr em v n l th t khong 50.000. ng nghin cu gii quyt cc vn chc nng th v kt ni vi h thng vng th. Kt qu, ng chia cng dn thnh 3 loi: binh lnh, th th cng v nng phu. t ai cng c chia lm 3 loi: t tn gio, t cng hu, t t hu.

V qui m th, d sao chng na qua hai hc gi trn, chng ta thy c yu t duy l trong chin lc xy dng th ca ngi Hy Lp. iu ny c th xem nh mt tng v s pht trin bn vng s khai. Mt bi ton v pht trin m n nay cc nh hoch nh vn ang i mt.

II.5 Cc loi hnh kin trc (ca thi k Hy Lp chnh thng). II.5.1 Kin trc tn gio: n th Hy Lp ngoi chc nng th cng cn l ni sinh hot cng cng vi cc c im sau: - C bc thang bao bc xung quanh. - Mt chnh quay v hng ng, mt tri chiu vo bn th trong nh. - Thng xy dng thnh qun th v tr cao nht trong thnh ph. Cng trnh tiu biu: Qun th Acropolis Athens.(Hnh 03,04,05, xem them II.6.5) II.5.2. Kin trc biu din: ngoi mc ch biu din cng trnh cn l ni hnh l tn gio, thng c xy dng l thin da vo sn ni. Cng trnh tiu biu: Kch trng Delphin.(Hnh 2) II.5.3 Kin trc hnh chnh: Do yu cu ca nn dn ch ch n nn nhu cu hi hp lm pht sinh nhiu loi cng trnh nh: phng hp ca nhng ngi trng c, phng hp cng chng v ngi ng c...(Hnh 20) II.5.4 Kin trc th dc th thao: Sn vn ng, Trng ua nga, Thao trng, Trng dy th dc th thao.(Hnh 07,08,09) II.5.5 Kin trc lng m: Lng m ni ting nht trong cc lng m l lng Mausoleum ti Halicarnassos, t t mausoleum tr thnh t ch chung cc cng trnh lng m. II.5.6 Kin trc nh v cung in: Cung in thi Hy Lp c i t c ch ti. Ngi Hy lp ch yu sinh hot ti ni cng cng v cc n i, v vy nh cng rt khim tn. Cc cng trnh thng c xy dng pht trin theo



chiu cao (2 tng), mt bng gm cc phng bao quanh cc sn trong nh.

II.6 Cc th php to hnh trong kin trc v iu khc:

II.6.1 T l vng: T l vng xut hin trong nhiu nn vn ha. Hy Lp, Pythagoras xut vo th k VI trc Cng nguyn. T l vng c s dng rng ri trong kin trc v iu khc Hy Lp. S ng dng ny to ra nhng tc phm tha mn tnh cn bng v cht ch, hi ha trong sp xp, b cc thm m. ng thi to tin cho cc ng dng v sau nh Vitruvius man (La M). (Hnh 13)

II.6.2 Kch thc hong trng so vi con ngi: Cc cng trnh tn gio c kch thc to ln s vi ngha l ngi nh ca cc v thn. To ra b cc honh trng v t ch s nh b ca con ngi. (Hnh 17)

II.6.3 Th php th gic: Vi mt cng trnh n gin v hnh khi nh Pathenon. Cc nh kho c ch ra mt s th php th gic tng cng hiu qu thm m y tinh t nh: Cc ct gc c ng knh hi ln hn mt cht. B hng ct c cong ln pha trn v pha trung tm 60 mm (2,36 inch) v u pha ng v pha Ty, v 110 mm (4,33 inch) hai bn. Hiu ng ca ng cong tinh t ny lm n th c v cn i hn l cch nhn tht v n. (Hnh 13)

II.6.4 Thc ct (Hnh 11,12)

Thc ct l h thng t l v hnh thc trang tr ct, l cch ngi Hy Lp c i tm kim n ci p l tng. C 3 loi thc ct c bn trong kin trc Hy Lp: ct Doric, ct Ionic v ct Corinth. Nhng thc ct Hy Lp mang n cho kin trc mt hnh thc, mt sc sng, chu ng c th thch ca thi gian, biu trng cho v p trong sng, khe mnh v tinh t ca kin trc c in. Thc ct Hy Lp c xem nh biu tng ca kin trc c in.

Thc ct Doric:

Thc ct Doric, c hu thn l thc ct Toscan, l thc ct c nht v n gin nht trong h thng cc thc ct c in. Thc ny c hnh thnh t mt tr thng ng phnh to y. Ni chung, thc ct ny khng c phn ct (base) ln khng c phn u ct (capital). V p thc ct ny thng c so snh vi v p khe mnh ca ngi n ng cng trng v c kh nng chu lc cao nht (v sau thi La M n c s dng tng di cng ca u trng Coliseum). T l ng knh ct trn chiu cao ct khong 1:4.

Thc ct Ionic:

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A9c_c%E1%BB%99t_Dorichttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A9c_c%E1%BB%99t_c%E1%BB%95_%C4%91i%E1%BB%83n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Coliseum&action=edit&redlink=1


Thc ct Ionic mang dng dp n tnh, mnh d v giu tnh trang tr hn ct Doric. Ngun gc ct Ionic l Ionia, thuc a ca Hy Lp. Ct Ionic c 24 g sng ng trong khi ct Doric ch c 20 g, t l ng knh ct trn chiu cao ct l 1:9. Ngoi ra, ct ny c thm ct (base) pha di v u ct c hnh m nh, pha trn c hnh xon c loe ra ri cun vo trong (volute). Cc dm ngang ca ct Ionic c phn v theo chiu ngang thnh ba di. Cc ngi n c ct ny l n Artemis Ephesus (), n th Apollo Epikourios Bassae (, Bassaes), n Erecteyon Athena.

Thc ct Corinth:

Thc ct Corinth ra i sau hai ct trn, vo khong th k th 5 trc Cng nguyn, c ng nt mnh mai, giu trang tr, u ct c nhiu chi tit hoa l, ging nh mt lng hoa kt hp cng vi my tng l phin tho dip (acanthe). Thc ct ny do kin trc s Callimachus sng to ra. Ct ny c u im hn hai ct trn l i xng nhiu chiu v c th cm nhn c trong khng gian. C th thy cng trnh s dng loi ct ny ti n Olympeion Athena v n Apollo Bassae.

Cc loi ct trn sau ny c ngi La M c i k tha v pht trin, ng thi sng to thm hai loi thc ct mi l Toscan v Composite.

Cc thc ct Hy Lp l s biu trng y chun mc cho nn kin trc Hy Lp c i. Cng nh kin trc Hy Lp c i c th xem l nguyn khi cho kin trc Chu u mi v sau. Hn th na, th hiu y vn tn ti v p dng cho n ngy nay, cng nh nhiu phng php v tng vn c tip ni, nhiu b n vn c pht hin nh nhng mn qu ng gi cho cc nh nghin cu kin trc Hy Lp c i.

II.6.5 S a dng trong kin trc n th Hy Lp:

n th Hy Lp c i c c im l nhiu ct chy vng pha bn ngoi. Cc loi hnh n i c phn theo mc phc tp ca cch thit k nhng ct nh sau:

Loi n c nht c dng hnh ch nht, li vo chnh cnh ngn v c hai ct chnh cnh ngn ny, gi l dng ct i hin (Distyle); v d nh ngi n th thn Themis Rhamnus.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Distyle1.jpghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A9c_c%E1%BB%99t_Ionichttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ionia&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Artemishttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ephesus&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_Epikourios&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apollo_Epikourios&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bassae&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erecteyon&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A9c_c%E1%BB%99t_Corinthhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_5_TCNhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_5_TCNhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%E1%BA%BFn_tr%C3%BAc_s%C6%B0http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Callimachus&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Olympeion&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A9c_c%E1%BB%99t_Toscan&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%E1%BB%A9c_c%E1%BB%99t_Composite&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9mes_%28th%E1%BA%A7n_tho%E1%BA%A1i%29

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Bai tieuu luan Pham Nhue Giangg _ MSSV:

g thanh tu

Loi n hghp thmbao quanh

Loi n hgi l loi (hay TheseAthna),

Mt bng

Loi n htn gi l Miletos

u tieu bieu

hnh ch nhm cc ct, gh (Pseudo-

hnh ch nhn c cc

eio - n Paestum

n th d

hnh ch nhn Dipter().

u cua ngh

ht c tngi l loi Peripteral)

ht c mtc hng ct) v n

m...

ng Peript

ht, c hai ral; v d ...

e thuat kie

ng chu lcn c cc); v d n

t hng ct t bao quanParthenon

eral

hng ct cn Olympe

en truc Hy

c l chnh, nc hng ct n th thn

chy vnh (Peripter

n (

chy bao xeion Athe

y Lap co

nhng mtgi bao quZeus Oly

t ngoi tuanh hay bympia (

nh ngoi chral); v d ) At

xung quanhena, n th

ai

hu vi cngn Hephathena (

h cng trnh Apollo

10LT044

10

ng b tr ).

trnh, estos ,

nh, c

Nhng
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Peripteral.pnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeushttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympia_%28Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympia_%28Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympia_%28Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympia_%28Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Hephaestos&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Hephaestos&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Hephaestos&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Hephaestos&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Hephaestos&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Parthenonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Parthenonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Parthenonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Parthenonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athena_%28Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Athena_%28Hy_L%E1%BA%A1p%29&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paestum&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paestum&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paestum&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BB%81n_Olympeion&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miletos&action=edit&redlink=1


Mt bng n th Hy Lp c i c to thnh bi ba thnh phn chnh: pronaos (tin snh), naos (gian th) v pathenon (phng chu bu). Ngoi ra, trong mt s n cn c thm opisthodomos (hu snh).

V p ca n i Hy Lp c i gn lin vi s ra i v pht trin ca cc loi thc ct. Yu t bn a v s n lc sng to ca ngi Hy Lp c i cho chng ta thy r trong th loi kin trc n th. D khng gian th phng kh tng ng v n iu, s khc bit gia cc ngi n th ca nhng v thn khc nhau c v qui m cng nh hnh thc l rt cn thit. Hn na, cn c s khc bit gia n th cc v thn ca nhng thnh bang khc nhau, iu ny quan trng vi lng t ho cng dn thnh bang. V kt qu, chng ta thy c nhng n lc sng to phong ph cho th loi kin trc n th nh trnh by trn.

(Hnh 15,16,17,18,19)



III. KT LUN:

Trong vic nghin cu v cc nn vn minh c xa, thnh tu vt cht c gi tr nh nhng bng chng ng gi. D l nhng mnh vn khng ton vn ca mt tc phm ngh thut, nhng dng c sinh hot i thng, nhng ph tch hoang tn cng ng cc nh nghin cu dng cng khm ph hoc xc tn nhng nhn nh trc .

Qua vic tm hiu ngh thut t chc th v kin trc Hy lp c i, chng ta nhn thy rng trong quan nim ca ngi Hy Lp c i thit ch x hi cng ng mang tnh a phng r rt, cc th lun c t chc v xy dng sao cho ph hp vi iu kin t nhin, vi c im x hi v kinh t ca tng a phng. Cc th thnh bang y va d bit, va tng ng, c c im ring d nhn din v lun c s cnh tranh pht trin. th tr thnh cng c vn ha qua con ngi n lc t c mt khi nim cng ng y hn, l cng sc tp th xut pht t thc xy dng cuc sng cng ng thng qua mt thit ch dn ch tin b. So vi x hi giai cp ca Chu cng thi im th y qu l mt s c o ring c ca cc thnh bang Hy Lp.

Tn ngng i ci dn Hy Lp c i c vai tr quan trng th hin nhng kht khao, s cu th v n lc vn ti ca con ngi. Cc v thn ca mi thnh bang ni ln kht vng ca dn chng v nhm phm cht u vit m h mun hng ti. iu ny lm nn sc thi bn a r nt ca th thnh bang. ng thi thng qua , chng ta cng tr li c cu hi ti sao kin trc n th ca Hy Lp c i phong ph v chng loi v qui m. chnh l v nhu cu khng nh yu t bn a cng nh kht vng tin b v pht trin ca con ngi thc y s sng to khng ngng.

Bn cnh , chng ta cng thy c s kho lo, ti tnh ca dn Hy Lp c i trong vic chung song ha hp vi t nhin v khai thc t nhin. Cng nh s khn ngoan v duy l ca h trong vic hc tp tin b ca cc dn tc khc, cng nh s gn lc qu kh v k tha qu kh. ri kt qu m h c c chnh l nhng th php kin trc, nhng thm thy v t l kin to cht ch v honh trng, s hiu qu trong t chc sn xut, t chc x hi. Kin trc v ngh thut Hy Lp c i xng ng l nguyn khi cho kin trc chu u, cng nh nhng gi tr ngh thut to hnh v ch nhn vn v con ngi mt ln na quay tr li thi Phc Hng. Ngi Hy Lp gii quyt rt nhiu tin , lm nn cho vn minh chu u pht trin, cng nh nhng thc, tm nhn v nh liu chin lc pht




trin bn vng ca h tht ng chng ta nhn li khi phi i mt vi nhng kh khn trong th gii ngy nay.

tieu luan lich su 1

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