tick and disease caused by them

Tick Rajeev Kumar Mishra

L2015v38M

COVs, GADVASU,Ludhiana

Ticks

• Class Arachnida– closely related to mites

Ticks

• Class Arachnida– closely related to mites

• obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites– vectors

Ticks of Veterinary Importance

Ixodidae

• sclerotized dorsal shield– “hard ticks”

Argasidae

• unsclerotized– “soft ticks”


Ixodidae

• sclerotized dorsal shield– “hard ticks”

• sexually dimorphic– females larger– male scutum covers dorsum

Argasidae

• unsclerotized– “soft ticks”

• little sexual dimorphism


Ixodidae

• primarily off host– “sit-and-wait”

• mate on host• require days to complete

engorgement• live outdoors

Argasidae

• live in close proximity to host

• mate off host• require mins - hrs to feed

and feed repeatedly• live in dwelling/sleeping

places of hosts

Life cycle of a tick

Differences in Life Cycle (1)

hard ticks soft ticks

L.C. O->L->N->A O->L->N1->N2->N3->A

Habitat Free range spp. Attack host in the day

Burrow inhabiting spp. nocternal feeder

Nymph 1 instar Several (5-7) instars

Adult feeding 1 blood meal Intermittent feeders (5-12 or more)

Differences in Life Cycle (2)

hard ticks soft ticks

Hosts 1-3 hosts More than 10 hosts

Egg laying Thousands / single batch

Less than thousand in several batches

Life span 2 months – 3 years

Long duration (as long as 16 years)

Argus persicus: fowl tick/blue bug.

Otobius mengnini: spinose ear tick.

Ornithodoros moubata :eyeless tampan of Africa.

Family:- Argasidae

Ixodes ricinus : castor been tick

Boophilus microplus : the topical catle tick

Boophilus decoloratus : blue tick

Rhipicephalus sanguineus : brown dog tick

Rhipicephalus evertsi : red legged tick

Haemaphysailis leachi leachi : yellow dog tick

Family:- Ixodidae

Tick Pathogenesis

• anemia– heavy infestations

Picture credits: UC Davis Veterinary School (top) and http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_93608.html (bottom)

http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/PC_93608.html

Tick Pathogenesis

• anemia• dermatosis– inflammation, swelling, itching, ulceration from

tick’s saliva and mouthparts

Tick Pathogenesis

• anemia• dermatosis• paralysis– neurotoxin present in saliva of some species

Dermacentor sp.

Tick Pathogenesis

• anemia• dermatosis• Paralysis• Tick toxicosis.• vector-borne diseases– viral, bacterial, and protozoal

Tick-borne Viral Diseases

• Colorado tick feverrodents Dermacentor human



• tick-borne encephalitishumans, cattle, horses, dogs



• tick-borne encephalitishumans, cattle, horses, dogs

• African swine fever wild suids Ornithodorus pig

Tick-borne Rickettsial Diseases

• Rickettsia rickettsiiRMSFrabbits, rodents Dermacentor dogs, humans


• Rickettsia rickettsii• Anaplasma sp.

bovine anaplasmosis: cattle Dermacentorcanine anaplasmosis: rodents, ruminants, dogs Ixodes


• Rickettsia rickettsii• Anaplasma sp.• Ehrlichia sp.

canine ehrlichiosisdogs, white-tail deer Rhipicephalus


• Rickettsia rickettsii• Anaplasma sp.• Ehrlichia sp.

obligate intracellular parasites


• Rickettsia rickettsii • Anaplasma sp.• Ehrlichia sp.

• Coxiella burnetti...no longer grouped with Rickettsia– Q fever

obligate intracellular parasites

• Borrelia sp. Lyme disease

bovine borreliosis

avian spirochetosis

Tick-borne Bacterial Diseases

• Borrelia sp.

• Mycoplasma haemocaniscanine hemoplasmosis

dogs Rhipicephalus


• Borrelia sp. • Mycoplasma haemocanis• Francisella tularensis

tularemia

rabbits various ticks humans, dogs


• Hepatozoon canisRhipicephalus dog

Tick-borne Protozoal Diseases

• Hepatozoon canis• Babesia sp.

bovine, canine, feline babesiosis, equine piroplasmosis

Rhipicephalus


• Hepatozoon canis

• Babesia sp.

• Cytauxzoon feliswild felids Dermacentor cats


Hepatozoonosis............................

• etiologic agent: – Hepatozoon canis...an intracellular parasite in various tissues

– transmitted via ingestion of infected tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineous)

Differential diagnosis:-

Tick infestation can be differentially diagnosed

by grossly examining the sample.

Tick removal:- Pull straight upward, slowly and

steadily, do not tug or twist. Avoid rupturing the tick body Wash and disinfect bite area

Tick control

Tick control cont...

Cont…. • Use of tick repellent on the coat

of animal.Daily grooming of animal can reduce the infestation.

Anti tick bath can be used

Treatment

• powder 5% as dust• Liquid 10% is used as spray.

Carbaryl :–

Ivermectin :- 1% is given S/C. Bolus/tablet o.2mg/kg b.w 0.5% used as pour-on

Tick control cont...Doramectin :-

1% is given S/C 0.2mg/kg b.w

Shampoo like ketochlore Or frontline plus can be used for bathing of dog.

Vaccines

Produced using biotechnology from crude extract of partially engorged female tick.

The immune mechanism is totally different form that induced by tick infestation.

TickGARD™

Gavac™

References• Craig, T.M. 1998. Hepatozoonosis, pp 458-465, In: Infectious Diseases of

the Dog and Cat, 2nd Edition; Craig E. Greene (Ed), W.B. Saunders, Pennsylvania.

• Greiner, E.C. 2006. Diagnosis of arthropod parasites, pp 185-263, In: Veterinary Clinical Parasitology, 7th Edition; Anne M. Zajak and Gary A. Conboy (Eds), Blackwell Publishing, Iowa.

• Holman, P.J., and K.F. Snowden. 2009. Canine hepatozoonosis and babesiosis, and feline cytauxzoonosis. Vet Clin Small Anim 39: 1035-53.

• Little, S.E. 2009. Vector-borne diseases, pp 240-253, In: Georgis’ Parasitology for Veterinarians, 9th Edition; Dwight D. Bowman (Ed), Saunders Publishing, Missouri.

• Panciera, R.J., Mathew, J.S., Ewing, S.A., Cummings, C.A., Drost, W.T., and A.A. Kocan. 2000. Skeletal lesions of canine hepatozoonosis caused by Hepatozoon americanum. Vet Pathol 37: 225-230.

• Shaw, D. and S. Ihle. 2006. Joint diseases, pp 439-450, In: Small Animal Internal Medicine; Shaw, D. and S. Ihle (Eds), Blackwell Publishing, Iowa.

tick and disease caused by them

Health & Medicine