THS Science GHSGT THS Science GHSGT ReviewReview

THS Science GHSGT THS Science GHSGT ReviewReviewPresented Presented

ByBy

Coach Rippy and Mrs. Coach Rippy and Mrs. SnellgroveSnellgrove

Cells and Heredity25%

Prokaryotes“Pro-No”

•No true nucleus•No membrane-bound organelles

•No well-organized membrane

Prokaryotes“Pro-No”

•All prokaryotes are bacteria and all bacteria are prokaryotes

•Prokaryotes = bacteria (Monera)

Eukaryotes“Eu-True”

•True nucleus•Well organized membrane

•Membrane – bound organelles

Eukaryotes“Eu-True”

•Most plants and animals and other specialized organisms

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration

• Reactants yields Products

6H2O + 6CO2 + Sun energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6H2O + 6CO2

Photosynthesis and Respiration

ANIMAL CELLS• centrioles

(responsible for cell reproduction)

• Respiration product is Carbon Dioxide used by plants

PLANT CELLS• cell wall (provides

structure)• chloroplast

(location of photosynthesis/ energy production)

=production of oxygen and energy

MacromoleculesORGANIC

COMPOUNDDEFINITION FUNCTION

carbohydrates

sugars and starches

provide energy

lipidsfats

(insoluble in water)

store energy

proteins amino acidsresponsible for most cell

functions

nucleic acidsDNA and

RNA

store hereditary information

Homeostasis•The maintenance of a constant, stable environment internally

•example: body temperature of bears in winter due to excess lipids/fat

Cell Membrane and Homeostasis

•utilizes active and passive transport

•diffusion and osmosis depends on environment (hydrophobic or hydrophilic)

DNA=Double Helix

• deoxyribonucleic acid• found in chromosomes in the

nucleus• determines the hereditary traits

of an organism• contains all the information needed

for the production of proteins• protein sequences determine traits

RNA-Single and Runs• ribose nucleic acid• aids in protein synthesis in the

ribosome• 3 types:

• messenger RNA: mRNA carries the DNA nucleotide sequence for a protein from the nucleus to the ribosome

• transfer RNA: tRNA transports amino acids (building blocks of proteins) to the ribosome

• ribosomal RNA: rRNA makes up the structure of the ribosome

DNA translation•process of translating the

genetic code to the amino acid sequence

•tRNA decodes the mRNA to read the DNA in order to make the correct protein

DNA transcription• to “transcribe” is to copy• mRNA is synthesized in the cell nucleus from

the DNA molecule• Just as in replication, the helix unwinds and

free nucleotides attach to make mRNA. . . • C-G (cytosine binds with guanine)• U-A (uracil binds with adenine)• Only DNA has thymine

• mRNA separates and moves out of the nucleus• DNA double helix reforms

Mendel and Meiosis

• Mendel is the Father of Genetics• Probability is the likelihood an

event will occur• Geneticists use Punnett squares to

predict the probability of genetic combinations

B b

B BB Bb

b Bb bb

Example: When two heterozygous brown eyed guinnea pigs mate . . .

Meiosis

• Chromosomes are the physical basis of inheritance (carry DNA).

• Variability results from dominant and recessive alleles.

• Gametes play a “game” and “meet”-sexual reproduction

• The chromosomes in the male gamete and female gamete join together during fertilization to form a zygote.

• gamete = sex cell• zygote = fertilized egg

DNA in Medicine and Technology

• A mutation is any change in the DNA sequence.

• A change in one nucleotide may cause a change in the structure of the protein.

• During pregnancy, observing a karyotype (a chromosome picture) can detect chromosomal defects.

• DNA changed in plants to make them bigger and stronger

• DNA used in forensics to catch criminals

Ecology 17%

Levels of Biological organization

• Organism-- Deer• Organ System–

Nervous system• Organ-- brain• Tissue– nervous

tissue• Cell– nerve cell• Molecule-- DNA

Biosphere

EcologyOrganisms Population Community Ecosystem Biome

An organism is just one individual of a species. Example: one dog or one elephant

A population is a group of the same type of organism living in a particular area.Ex. white tail deer

Community is a group of two or more different types of animals living in a particular area. Ex. forest animals

An ecosystem is all of the biotic and abiotic factors in a particular area.Ex. coral reef

A biome is a large area of land that is has the same type of plant life and climate. Ex. Deciduous forest

Food Chaina diagram that shows a diagram that shows the way energy is the way energy is transferred from one transferred from one organism to anotherorganism to anothereach step in a food each step in a food chain is called a chain is called a trophic leveltrophic levelbegins with producers begins with producers and ends with and ends with decomposersdecomposers

Food Web

Pyramids of Energy/Biomass

Looses energy by 10% as you move up the pyramid each level

Consumer Classifications

• Herbivore = primary consumer who only eats plants; example: cow

• Carnivore = secondary consumer who only eats other animals; examples: shark and tiger

• Omnivore = consumer that eats both plants and animals; example: most humans

• Scavengers = animals that find dead plants or animals and eat them; examples: flies, wasps, cockroaches, earthworms

• Decomposers = break down dead organisms to receive energy; examples: fungi and bacteria

Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism Competition Predation

Parasitism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits one organism but harms the other. The organisms that benefits is the parasite and the one that is harmed is the host.

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship tat is beneficial to both organisms. Example: Shark and the remoras and the clown fish and sea anemones

Commensalism is a symbiotic relationship in which one member benefits, and the other is unaffected. Example: Hermit Crab and the shell abandoned by another organism.

Competition occurs when two organisms try to use the same resource that is in limited supply. Example of Resources: food, water, light, or space.

Predation occurs when one organism is the predator (an organism that feeds on another organism) and the other is the prey (The food the predator eats). Predation helps to maintain an ecological balance.

Structure and Properties of Matter

26%

Periodic Table block

18

ArArgon

39.948

2,8,8

# of Protons

Makes the element unique

40 atomic mass (or weight) = # P + # N Valence electron

Atomic Symbol

Energy levels

Periodic Table “Hints”Families run up and down and are similarEx. family 11, gold (Au) and silver (Ag) Most active metal, #1 Alkali, Most active non-metal #17, Halogens

Period goes at the end of the sentence, thus a period goes across the periodic table Left side-metals, right nonmetals

Isotopes are “I so fat” Deals with Atomic mass or Atomic Weightex. C-12 and C-14Different numbers of neutrons P (+) + N(neutral)

nucleus

Electron E- cloud

Atoms have subatomic particles

Solute vs. Solvent in Solutions

• SolUte –part that gets dissolved

• SolvENt-does the dissolving

• Ex. Salt water or sodium chloride dissolved in water

Ex. salt

solute

H2O is the universal solvent

Quick Reminder

“U” put the Solute into the

Solvent!

Like dissolves likePolar molecules dissolve polar moleculesNon-polar molecules dissolve non-polar molecules

Energy Transformations

16%

Sample Question

Answer “B” is correctBecause gamma radiationIs the most energetic radiationSo it penetrates deepest into body tissue

Half-LifeEvery radioactive element has a

distinctive rate of decay.The formula : t1/2

That is half the time it takes half of

the atoms to undergo decay

Sample problem:

How much of a 100.0g sample of 198Au is left after 8.10 days if it’s half-life is 2.70 days?

Time(hr) Amount 198Au

remaining (g)

0 100.0 g

2.7 50.0 g

5.4 25.0 g

8.1 12.5 g

Answer: 12.5 g Strategy: Make a chart

Phases of Matter

STATE OF MATTER

SHAPE VOLUMEPARTICLE

DESCRIPTION

SOLIDhas definite

shapehas definite

volume

particles move slowly and cannot be

compressed

LIQUID

has no definite shape (takes the

shape of container)

has definite volume

particles move faster but cannot be

compressed

GAShas no definite

shape

has no definite volume (fills volume of container)

particles move the fastest and

can be compressed

Phase Changes of Water

Phase Change Diagram of Water

Phase changehere

Phase changehere

Types of Energy• potential energy = stored energy

due to position or chemical composition

• kinetic energy = energy due to motion

Types of EnergyMechanical

HeatNuclear

ElectricalLight

SoundChemical

Electromagnetic

Energy Transformations

Heat Energy• Heat can be transferred through:

– Conduction = when objects have Direct Touch– Convection = when matter moves (like in an OVEN)– Radiation = in the form of waves (does not require

matter) like RAYS of the sun\

• Conductors = easily transmit energy – Example: metals

• Insulators = do not easily transmit energy– Example: gases such as air

Forces, Waves and Electricity

16%

Speed and Velocity• Speed = distance divided by time

s = d/t• Units of speed = m/s• Velocity = speed in a given direction• Example:

– 55 mph = speed– 55 mph north = velocity

Acceleration

• Acceleration = rate at which velocity changes

• Involves a change in speed OR directiona = (vf – vi )/ t

• Units of acceleration = m/s2

• Example: 0 to 60 mph in 5 seconds • For acceleration to occur a net (unbalanced)

force must be applied

Sample Question #1

• Use the equations for velocity and acceleration to solve the following examples: – A ball rolls in a straight line very slowly across

the floor traveling 1.0 meter in 2.0 seconds. Calculate the velocity of the ball. • Answer: v = 0.50 m/s

– If the ball from the above question rolls to a stop in 2.0 seconds, calculate the acceleration (deceleration) of the ball.• Answer: a = -0.25 m/s2

Newton’s 1st Law of Motion

– An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in constant motion will remain in constant motion unless acted on by an unbalanced force.

– Reason for seatbelts

Newton’s 2nd Law of Motion• Force = mass x acceleration

F = ma

Newton’s 3rd Law of Motion

• For every action, there is an equal but opposite reaction

• Examples: – Punch a wall, it

punches back– Rocket propulsion

Gravity• Gravity = attractive force between two objects that have

mass• Makes falling objects accelerate (g = 9.8 m/s2)• Depends on mass and distance• MASS Doesn’t change on different planets

Mass versus WeightMASS

• measure of the amount of matter in an object

• measured in kilograms

• does not depend on location– an object’s mass on

Earth is the same as its mass on the Moon

WEIGHT• measure of the force

of gravity on an object

• measured in Newtons• does depend on

location– an object’s weight on

Earth is more than its weight on the Moon

Energy and Work• Energy = The ability to do work • Work = transfer of energy by applying

a force to move an objectW = Fd

where force and distance are in same direction

• Both work and energy are measured in Joules

Examples of Work and No Work

• Hammer applies a force to move the nail in the same direction = WORK

• Waiter applies a force upward while the tray moves forward = NO WORK

Types of Mechanical Energy

• Kinetic = energy of motion

• Potential = stored energy due to position

Light• Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EM)• EM spectrum shows the forms of radiation in

order of increasing frequency (and energy) and decreasing wavelength

Electromagnetic Wave (EM) versus

Mechanical Wave

EM WAVE• does not require

matter to transfer energy

• CAN travel through a vacuum

• example: light

MECHANICAL WAVE

• does require matter to transfer energy

• CANNOT travel through a vacuum

• example: sound

Reflection of Light• When light strikes a

boundary, it reflects.• The angle at which the

wave approaches a flat reflecting surface is equal to the angle at which the wave leaves the surface (like a bounce pass of a basketball).

• Reflection results in image formation.

Refraction of Light• Light waves travel

faster in air than in water and slower in glass than water.

• More dense = slower light

• When light enters a different medium, speed changes and it bends.

• Bending of light due to change in speed = REFRACTION

Wave Interference• the phenomenon

which occurs when two waves meet while traveling along the same medium

• constructive = waves add to produce a larger wave

• destructive = waves cancel to produce a smaller wave

CONSTRUCTIVE

DESTRUCTIVE

The Doppler Effect• observed

whenever the source of waves is moving with respect to an observer

• an apparent change in frequency occurs

• toward = higher frequency

• away = lower frequency

Electricity• Electrons carry a negative charge.• Lost electrons = positive charge• Gained electrons = negative charge• REMEMBER:

– Like charges repel– Opposites attract

Electrical Circuits• Current flows in a

closed circuit• Ohm’s Law

– V = IR

• Two types of circuits:– Series (single path)– Parallel (poly

paths)

SERIES

PARALLEL

Electromagnet• One can make an electromagnet with a

nail, battery, and wire• When current flows through the coiled

wire, the nail becomes magnetized.

• Waves – – Hertz - frequency

• Electricity– Coulomb- charge C– Volts- Potential Difference Voltage V– Amps- Current A– Ohms- Resistance Ω

• What is the mechanical advantage of this simple machine?

• A. 0• B. 1• C. 2• D. 3

34. The mechanical advantage of a simple machine is 4. If the

output distance is 3m, What must be the input distance?

• A. 0.75 m• B. 1 m• C. 7 m• D. 12 m

Success takes place when preparation meets opportunity.