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This report was compiled by an ADRC visiting researcher (VR) from ADRC

member countries.

The views expressed in the report do not necessarily reflect the views of the

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Earthquake Building Risk Assessment Earthquake Building Risk Assessment Earthquake Building Risk Assessment Earthquake Building Risk Assessment

in Sana’a city, Yemenin Sana’a city, Yemenin Sana’a city, Yemenin Sana’a city, Yemen

Prepared by:

Moneer Abdullah Al-Masni

Seismological and Volcanological Observatory Center (SVOC)

Ministry of Oil & Minerals

• Building Damage Prediction at Sana’a city by

Developing Historical Earthquake Scenarios and

investigate the behavior of buildings during the

strong earthquakes.

•Improvement our Disaster Management

Planning through rising preparedness at city

level.

Location:

Yemen is located in the southern west of

GENERAL INFORMATIONGENERAL INFORMATION�� TopographyTopography

The country’s

topography of

Rugged

Mountains,

Volcanic

Highlands,

Deserts, and

Coastal plains.

�� GeoGeo--Tectonic Tectonic

settingsetting

Red

SEA

SAUDI

ARABIA

OMAN

the southern west of the Arabian peninsula.

AREA :528,000 km², 21

Governorate

POPULATION:22 million.

settingsetting

(Arabian plate)

is bordered by

active seismic

zone : the Red

Sea from the

west and Gulf of

Aden from the

south..

GULF OF ADEN

Geology and Tectonic

Earthquakes in Yemen and Sana’a region

Recent Earthquakes

Historical Earthquakes

Identified Yemenis Building Types

Example : Un-Reinforcement Masonry Building types (URM)

ＢｕｒｎｔＢｕｒｎｔＢｕｒｎｔＢｕｒｎｔ

Brick

ＢｕｒｎｔＢｕｒｎｔＢｕｒｎｔＢｕｒｎｔ

Brick

＋＋＋＋

stone

block

clay

Example : Reinforcement Masonry Building types (RM) filled by block stone and bricks

Concrete Filled by stones ＆＆＆＆brick

Concrete Filled by block

Example : Reinforcement Masonry Building types (RM) filled by stone

Concrete Filled by light stonesConcrete Filled by Heavy stonesConcrete Filled by Heavy stones

Building inventory and Data Base Preparation.

Building Distribution in Sana’a City

14

5

3 RC+Block

38 40

RC+Stone

Masonary block/stone

Masonary bricks

Masonary clay

Construction Type ( I )1.Reinforced concrete building filled with Blok

2.Reinforced concrete building filled with Stone

3. Masonry (Stone/concrete Block) buildings

4. Masonry (Bricks) buildings

5. Masonry (Clay) buildings

Number of stories ( J )

Example for Classification of Building Types

According to Existing Database

Number of stories ( J )1. Low -rise (1-3 stories)

2. Mid -rise (4-6 stories)

3. High-rise (more than 6 stories)

Construction date ( K )1. Construction year: Pre-1982

2. Construction year: Post-1982

Seismic level Design in Buildings ーーーー HAZUS

pre-code

Low-code

Example Results of Buildings classification

0

44942231

2205

6377

2232

1519

5848

3595

3067

305

2174

Old sana`a

Shuaub

Azal

Al-Safiya

Al-Sabain

Al-Wahdah

Al-Tahrir

Ma`ain

Al-Thawra

Bani_Al-harith

Dhawahi Hamdan

Sanhan - Bani_ Bahlol

0

226

112

111

321

112 76

294

181

154

15

109 Old sana`a

Shuaub

Azal

Al-Safiya

Al-Sabain

Al-Wahdah

Al-Tahrir

Ma`ain

Al-Thawra

Bani_Al-harith

Dhawahi Hamdan

Sanhan - Bani_ Bahlol

Low- rise Concrete Frame fill with Block , 1-3 story Mid- rise Concrete Frame fill with Block , 4-6 story

0

86

43

42

123

43 29

112

69

59

6

42

Old sana`a

Shuaub

Azal

Al-Safiya

Al-Sabain

Al-Wahdah

Al-Tahrir

Ma`ain

Al-Thawra

Bani_Al-harith

Dhawahi Hamdan

Sanhan - Bani_ Bahlol

7576

552

274

271

783

274

187

718 442 430

73 298 Old sana`a

Shuaub

Azal

Al-Safiya

Al-Sabain

Al-Wahdah

Al-Tahrir

Ma`ain

Al-Thawra

Bani_Al-harith

Dhawahi Hamdan

Sanhan - Bani_ Bahlol

High-rise Concrete Frame fill with Block , > 6 story Low- rise Masonry (Bricks) , 1-3 story

Application Of HAZUS Methodology in Sana’aApplication Of HAZUS Methodology in Sana’a

ＥａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＥａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＥａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅＥａｒｔｈｑｕａｋｅ ＲｉｓｋＲｉｓｋＲｉｓｋＲｉｓｋ ＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔＡｓｓｅｓｓｍｅｎｔ

diagram show the methodology used for risk assessment analysis

Simulation of Earthquake Scenarios.Simulation of Earthquake Scenarios.Simulation of Earthquake Scenarios.Simulation of Earthquake Scenarios.

Development of Earthquake Scenarios.Development of Earthquake Scenarios.Development of Earthquake Scenarios.Development of Earthquake Scenarios.

Sana’ city

HamdanEQ

Figure shows the location of earthquakes used for scenario damage assessment

DhamarEQ

ＳｉｔｅＳｉｔｅＳｉｔｅＳｉｔｅ ｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｓｅｆｆｅｃｔｓ ，，，，SoilSoilSoilSoil ConditionsConditionsConditionsConditions andandandand ClassificationClassificationClassificationClassification

Based on AVS30m and NEHRP guidelines

geological unites divided to 3 Groups

BA C

( ) )()(52)6(3)6(21(VA

VsbvLnrLnbMbMbbSLn A ++−+−+=

hr jbr

22 +=

=Rvb

ssb

allbb

1

1

11

For strike-Slip earthquakes

For reverse Slip earthquakesIf mechanism not specified

Where

And

Attenuation Model and soil conditionAttenuation Model and soil conditionAttenuation Model and soil conditionAttenuation Model and soil condition

Imm= 1.6 * Ln PGA+ 0.545 * Mw +5.78

=allb

b1

1

SA is spectral acceleration to be derived

b1,b2,b3,b5,bv are constants provided with the equation

M is the magnitude of the earthquake

rjb is the horizontal distance from epicenter

Vs the shear wave velocity of the soil class

provided by NEHRP classification

5

5.5

6

6.5

7

7.5

8

8.5

9

9.5

10

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Distance (Km)

Imm

Wald_Soil_B

Bendimerad_Soil_B

Wald_Soil_C

Bendimerad_Soil_C

Wald_Soil_D

Bendimerad_Soil_D

<all other values>HamdINTsHamdINTsHamdINTsHamdINTs2.73.13.23.73.944.344°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E15°50'0"N 15°50'0"N

15°40'0"N 15°40'0"N44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E15°50'0"N 15°50'0"N

15°40'0"N 15°40'0"NDHM_INTDHM_INTDHM_INTDHM_INT2.93.33.43.53.6

Seismic Intensity MAP

DHAMAR_ＥＱＥＱＥＱＥＱ. SCENARIOHAMDAN_ＥＱＥＱＥＱＥＱ. SCENARIO

4.64.84.955.25.35.55.65.75.86.16.2 44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E

15°30'0"N 15°30'0"N15°20'0"N 15°20'0"N15°10'0"N 15°10'0"N

44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E

15°30'0"N 15°30'0"N15°20'0"N 15°20'0"N15°10'0"N 15°10'0"N

3.944.34.44.54.64.755.7

DHM_S1DHM_S1DHM_S1DHM_S10.0110.0120.0160.0180.0190.020.02144°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E15°50'0"N 15°50'0"N15°40'0"N 15°40'0"N

Spectral Acceleration MAP

Long period Spectral Acceleration MAP、１．０、１．０、１．０、１．０sShort period Spectral Acceleration MAP、０．２、０．２、０．２、０．２s44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E15°50'0"N 15°50'0"N15°40'0"N 15°40'0"NDHM_SSDHM_SSDHM_SSDHM_SS0.0360.0370.0520.0560.060.0650.0660.077DHAMAR_ＥＱＥＱＥＱＥＱ. SCENARIODHMAR_ＥＱＥＱＥＱＥＱ. SCENARIO

0.0240.0250.0260.030.0360.0380.0430.0440.0460.0470.0490.0520.0680.071 44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E

15°30'0"N 15°30'0"N15°20'0"N 15°20'0"N15°10'0"N 15°10'0"N44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E

15°30'0"N 15°30'0"N15°20'0"N 15°20'0"N15°10'0"N 15°10'0"N0.0770.080.0810.0830.0980.10.1010.1060.1070.1080.1090.1130.120.1280.159

ＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇＢｕｉｌｄｉｎｇ Damage AnalysisDamage AnalysisDamage AnalysisDamage Analysis

１）１）１）１）Building Response CalculationBuilding Response CalculationBuilding Response CalculationBuilding Response Calculation

２）２）２）２）Building Fragility Curves

Set up Input building data base and site condition ａｓａｓａｓａｓ HAZUS Method

Calculation Fault , fragility and capacity parameters

Calculation Vulnerability curves for all URM(Block) buildings

Calculation Vulnerability curves for all RM(Rc+stone) buildings

Calculation Vulnerability curves for all URM(bricks) buildings

Calculation Vulnerability curves for all URM(clay) buildings

Expected Damage on buildings caused by Dhamar EQ .Scenario

DHAM AR EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO

Probability of Total Building Damage _RM Class based on Hight le ve l

(low-rise ,M id-rise and High rise )

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Old CityOld CityOld CityOld CityShu'aubShu'aubShu'aubShu'aub Az'zalAz'zalAz'zalAz'zalAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAs SabainAs SabainAs SabainAs SabainAl WahdahAl WahdahAl WahdahAl WahdahAt TahrirAt TahrirAt TahrirAt Tahrir Ma'ainMa'ainMa'ainMa'ainAth'thaorahAth'thaorahAth'thaorahAth'thaorahBani Al HarithBani Al HarithBani Al HarithBani Al HarithDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ Bahlol ArhabArhabArhabArhab NihmNihmNihmNihmPe

rc

en

t o

f B

uil

din

g D

am

ag

e

Low-rise bu i ldings

Mid-rise bu i ldings

Hi gh -rise bu i ldin gs

DHAMAR EARTHQUAKE SCENARIO

Probability of Total B uilding Damage _URM Class based on Hight leve l

(low-rise and Mid-rise )25.00Dhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ Bahlol

District Nam e

0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Old CityOld CityOld CityOld CityShu'aubShu'aubShu'aubShu'aub Az'zalAz'zalAz'zalAz'zalAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAs SabainAs SabainAs SabainAs SabainAl WahdahAl WahdahAl WahdahAl WahdahAt TahrirAt TahrirAt TahrirAt Tahrir Ma'ainMa'ainMa'ainMa'ainAth'thaorahAth'thaorahAth'thaorahAth'thaorahBani Al HarithBani Al HarithBani Al HarithBani Al HarithDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ Bahlol ArhabArhabArhabArhab NihmNihmNihmNihmDistrict Nam e

Per

ce

nt

of

Bu

ild

ing

Da

ma

ge

Low-rise bui ldings

Mid-ri se bu ildin gs

HAMDAN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOHAMDAN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOHAMDAN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOHAMDAN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOProbability of Tota l Building Damage _RM Class based on Hight levelProbability of Tota l Building Damage _RM Class based on Hight levelProbability of Tota l Building Damage _RM Class based on Hight levelProbability of Tota l Building Damage _RM Class based on Hight level ( low-rise,Mid-r ise and High r ise ) ( low-rise,Mid-r ise and High r ise ) ( low-rise,Mid-r ise and High r ise ) ( low-rise,Mid-r ise and High r ise )0.005.0010.0015.0020.0025.00

Old CityOld CityOld CityOld City Shu'aubShu'aubShu'aubShu'aub Az'zalAz'zalAz'zalAz'zalAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAs SabainAs SabainAs SabainAs SabainAl WahdahAl WahdahAl WahdahAl WahdahAt TahrirAt TahrirAt TahrirAt Tahrir Ma'ainMa'ainMa'ainMa'ainAth'thaorahAth'thaorahAth'thaorahAth'thaorahBani Al HarithBani Al HarithBani Al HarithBani Al HarithDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ Bahlol ArhabArhabArhabArhab NihmNihmNihmNihmPercent of Buildinge DamagePercent of Buildinge DamagePercent of Buildinge DamagePercent of Buildinge Damage Low-rise BuildingMid-rise BuildingHigh-rise Building

Expected Damage on buildings caused by Hamdan EQ .Scenario

HAMDAN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOHAMDAN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOHAMDAN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOHAMDAN EARTHQUAKE SCENARIOProbability of Total Bu ilding Damage _URM Class based on H igh t leve lProbability of Total Bu ilding Damage _URM Class based on H igh t leve lProbability of Total Bu ilding Damage _URM Class based on H igh t leve lProbability of Total Bu ilding Damage _URM Class based on H igh t leve l ( low-rise and Mid- rise ) ( low-rise and Mid- rise ) ( low-rise and Mid- rise ) ( low-rise and Mid- rise )25.00 Low-rise BuildingSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolDist r ic t NamaeDist r ic t NamaeDist r ic t NamaeDist r ic t Namae0.005.0010.0015.0020.00

Old CityOld CityOld CityOld City Shu'aubShu'aubShu'aubShu'aub Az'zalAz'zalAz'zalAz'zalAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAssafi'yahAs SabainAs SabainAs SabainAs SabainAl WahdahAl WahdahAl WahdahAl WahdahAt TahrirAt TahrirAt TahrirAt Tahrir Ma'ainMa'ainMa'ainMa'ainAth'thaorahAth'thaorahAth'thaorahAth'thaorahBani Al HarithBani Al HarithBani Al HarithBani Al HarithDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanDhawahi HamdanSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ BahlolSanhan - Bani_ Bahlol ArhabArhabArhabArhab NihmNihmNihmNihmDis trict NamaeDis trict NamaeDis trict NamaeDis trict NamaePercent of Buildinge DamagePercent of Buildinge DamagePercent of Buildinge DamagePercent of Buildinge Damage Low-rise BuildingMid-rise Building

Risk Map in term of completely damage（Ｄａｍａｇｅ（Ｄａｍａｇｅ（Ｄａｍａｇｅ（Ｄａｍａｇｅ ＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎＤｉｓｔｒｉｂｕｔｉｏｎ ｍａｐｍａｐｍａｐｍａｐ ））））

DHM_000_CDHM_000_CDHM_000_CDHM_000_C0.51257891316

44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E15°50'0"N 15°50'0"N15°40'0"N 15°40'0"N15°30'0"N 15°30'0"N

<all other values>HamdanHamdanHamdanHamdan013457101516243944°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E15°50'0"N 15°50'0"N15°40'0"N 15°40'0"N15°30'0"N 15°30'0"N

DHAMAR_ＥＱＥＱＥＱＥＱ. SCENARIOHAMDAN_ＥＱＥＱＥＱＥＱ. SCENARIO

202137555669848690106147183219295 44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E

15°30'0"N 15°30'0"N15°20'0"N 15°20'0"N15°10'0"N 15°10'0"N

601351831852292752803044204338038128381576 44°30'0"E44°20'0"E44°10'0"E44°0'0"E

15°30'0"N 15°30'0"N15°20'0"N 15°20'0"N15°10'0"N 15°10'0"N

Discussion and Ｃｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓ•The initial results of, expected damage on buildings shows ｏｖｅｒｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｏｖｅｒｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｏｖｅｒｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎｏｖｅｒｅｓｔｉｍａｔｉｏｎ results

acceptable at the broad level evaluation. However, the results seem not to be very

accurate for fine level risk evaluation.

The graphs indicates that:

• High an Moderate rise buildings (URM or RM) is the most vulnerable to

earthquake damage. Whereas low rise buildings is least vulnerable.

• Buildings located above soft sediments site have higher damage and more • Buildings located above soft sediments site have higher damage and more

vulnerable to risk comparing to buildings located on hard rock

• Buildings having structural properties similar to URMＬ model type is damaged

more than RML type.

• The highest Spectral ground acceleration was (0.05-0.07g) for long period and

(0.1-0.15g) for short period aｎｄ ｌｏｃａｔｅｄ at central part of Sana'a city.

Whereas maximum estimated seismic intensity around VI.

:

Discussion and ＣｏｎｃｌｕｓｉｏｎｓExpected damage on buildings Expected Damage On Build ing-Dhamar EQ-ScenarioExpected Damage On Build ing-Dhamar EQ-ScenarioExpected Damage On Build ing-Dhamar EQ-ScenarioExpected Damage On Build ing-Dhamar EQ-Scenario60993609936099360993 36094360943609436094 9545954595459545 1547154715471547010000200003000040000500006000070000

No.of Damaged buildings All ClassesExpected Damage On Build ing-Handan EQ-Scenar ioExpected Damage On Build ing-Handan EQ-Scenar ioExpected Damage On Build ing-Handan EQ-Scenar ioExpected Damage On Build ing-Handan EQ-Scenar io78321783217832178321 66922669226692266922 26676266762667626676 66666666666666660100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000

No.of Damaged buildings All classes

The structural properties of Yemini’s buildings such as capacity, damage function, height of

building ,exact number of buildings per district, population and location must be provided

completely with accurate level in future work to get the more realistic results of risk evaluation of

buildings in study area.

0 Slight Moderate Extencive CompleteDamage state0 Slight Moderate Extencive CompleteDamage state

(Thank you!)(Thank you!)(Thank you!)(Thank you!)