third edition mechanics of 11 materialseng.sut.ac.th/me/box/2_54/435301/11_energy_methods.pdf ·...

MECHANICS OF

MATERIALS

Third Edition

Ferdinand P. Beer

E. Russell Johnston, Jr.

John T. DeWolf

Lecture Notes:

J. Walt Oler

Texas Tech University

CHAPTER

© 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

11 Energy Methods


MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Th

ird

Ed

ition

Beer • Johnston • DeWolf

11 - 2

Energy Methods

Strain Energy

Strain Energy Density

Elastic Strain Energy for Normal Stresses

Strain Energy For Shearing Stresses

Sample Problem 11.2

Strain Energy for a General State of Stress

Impact Loading

Example 11.06

Example 11.07

Design for Impact Loads

Work and Energy Under a Single Load

Deflection Under a Single Load

Sample Problem 11.4

Work and Energy Under Several Loads

Castigliano’s Theorem

Deflections by Castigliano’s Theorem

Sample Problem 11.5

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 3

• A uniform rod is subjected to a slowly increasing load

• The elementary work done by the load P as the rod

elongates by a small dx is

which is equal to the area of width dx under the load-

deformation diagram.

workelementarydxPdU

• The total work done by the load for a deformation x1,

which results in an increase of strain energy in the rod.

energystrainworktotaldxPU

x

1

0

11212

121

0

1

xPkxdxkxU

x

• In the case of a linear elastic deformation,

Strain Energy

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 4

Strain Energy Density

• To eliminate the effects of size, evaluate the strain-

energy per unit volume,

densityenergy straindu

L

dx

A

P

V

U

x

x

1

1

0

0

• As the material is unloaded, the stress returns to zero

but there is a permanent deformation. Only the strain

energy represented by the triangular area is recovered.

• Remainder of the energy spent in deforming the material

is dissipated as heat.

• The total strain energy density resulting from the

deformation is equal to the area under the curve to 1.

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 5

Strain-Energy Density

• The strain energy density resulting from

setting 1 R is the modulus of toughness.

• The energy per unit volume required to cause

the material to rupture is related to its ductility

as well as its ultimate strength.

• If the stress remains within the proportional

limit,

E

EdEu x

22

21

21

0

1

1

• The strain energy density resulting from

setting 1 Y is the modulus of resilience.

resilience of modulusE

u YY

2

2

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 6


• In an element with a nonuniform stress distribution,

energystrain totallim0

dVuU

dV

dU

V

Uu

V

• For values of u < uY , i.e., below the proportional

limit,

energy strainelasticdVE

U x 2

2

• Under axial loading, dxAdVAPx

L

dxAE

PU

0

2

2

AE

LPU

2

2

• For a rod of uniform cross-section,

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 7


I

yMx

• For a beam subjected to a bending load,

dVEI

yMdV

EU x

2

222

22

• Setting dV = dA dx,

dxEI

M

dxdAyEI

MdxdA

EI

yMU

L

L

A

L

A

0

2

0

22

2

02

22

2

22

• For an end-loaded cantilever beam,

EI

LPdx

EI

xPU

PxM

L

62

32

0

22

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 8


• For a material subjected to plane shearing

stresses,

xy

xyxy du

0

• For values of xy within the proportional limit,

GGu

xyxyxyxy

2

2

212

21

• The total strain energy is found from

dVG

dVuU

xy

2

2

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 9


J

Txy

dVGJ

TdV

GU

xy

2

222

22

• For a shaft subjected to a torsional load,

• Setting dV = dA dx,

L

L

A

L

A

dxGJ

T

dxdAGJ

TdxdA

GJ

TU

0

2

0

22

2

02

22

2

22

• In the case of a uniform shaft,

GJ

LTU

2

2

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 10

Sample Problem 11.2

a) Taking into account only the normal

stresses due to bending, determine the

strain energy of the beam for the

loading shown.

b) Evaluate the strain energy knowing

that the beam is a W10x45, P = 40

kips, L = 12 ft, a = 3 ft, b = 9 ft, and E

= 29x106 psi.

SOLUTION:

• Determine the reactions at A and B

from a free-body diagram of the

complete beam.

• Integrate over the volume of the

beam to find the strain energy.

• Apply the particular given

conditions to evaluate the strain

energy.

• Develop a diagram of the bending

moment distribution.

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 11

Sample Problem 11.2

SOLUTION:

• Determine the reactions at A and B

from a free-body diagram of the

complete beam.

L

PaR

L

PbR BA

• Develop a diagram of the bending

moment distribution.

vL

PaMx

L

PbM 21

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 12

Sample Problem 11.2

vL

PaM

xL

PbM

2

1

BD,portion Over the

AD,portion Over the

43 in 248ksi1029

in. 108in. 36a

in. 144kips45

IE

b

LP

• Integrate over the volume of the beam to find

the strain energy.

baEIL

baPbaab

L

P

EI

dxxL

Pa

EIdxx

L

Pb

EI

dvEI

Mdx

EI

MU

ba

ba

2

2223232

2

2

0

2

0

2

0

22

0

21

6332

1

2

1

2

1

22

EIL

baPU

6

222

in 144in 248ksi 10296

in 108in 36kips4043

222

U

kipsin 89.3 U

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 13

Strain Energy for a General State of Stress

• Previously found strain energy due to uniaxial stress and plane

shearing stress. For a general state of stress,

zxzxyzyzxyxyzzyyxxu 21

• With respect to the principal axes for an elastic, isotropic body,

distortion todue 12

1

change volume todue 6

21

22

1

222

2

222

accbbad

cbav

dv

accbbacba

Gu

E

vu

uu

Eu

• Basis for the maximum distortion energy failure criteria,

specimen test tensileafor 6

2

Guu Y

Ydd

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 14

Impact Loading

• Consider a rod which is hit at its

end with a body of mass m moving

with a velocity v0.

• Rod deforms under impact. Stresses

reach a maximum value m and then

disappear.

• To determine the maximum stress m

- Assume that the kinetic energy is

transferred entirely to the

structure,

202

1 mvUm

- Assume that the stress-strain

diagram obtained from a static test

is also valid under impact loading.

dVE

U mm

2

2

• Maximum value of the strain energy,

• For the case of a uniform rod,

V

Emv

V

EUmm

202

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 15

Example 11.06

Body of mass m with velocity v0 hits

the end of the nonuniform rod BCD.

Knowing that the diameter of the

portion BC is twice the diameter of

portion CD, determine the maximum

value of the normal stress in the rod.

SOLUTION:

• Due to the change in diameter, the

normal stress distribution is nonuniform.

• Find the static load Pm which produces

the same strain energy as the impact.

• Evaluate the maximum stress

resulting from the static load Pm

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 16

Example 11.06

SOLUTION:

• Due to the change in diameter,

the normal stress distribution is

nonuniform.

E

VdV

E

mvU

mm

m

22

22

202

1



L

AEUP

AE

LP

AE

LP

AE

LPU

mm

mmmm

5

16

16

5

4

22 222

• Evaluate the maximum stress resulting

from the static load Pm

AL

Emv

AL

EU

A

P

m

mm

20

5

8

5

16

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 17

Example 11.07

A block of weight W is dropped from a

height h onto the free end of the

cantilever beam. Determine the

maximum value of the stresses in the

beam.

SOLUTION:

• The normal stress varies linearly along

the length of the beam as across a

transverse section.





contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 18

Example 11.07

SOLUTION:

• The normal stress varies linearly

along the length of the beam as

across a transverse section.

E

VdV

E

WhU

mm

m

22

22



For an end-loaded cantilever beam,

3

32

6

6

L

EIUP

EI

LPU

mm

mm



22

66

cIL

WhE

cIL

EU

I

LcP

I

cM

m

mmm

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 19

Design for Impact Loads

• For the case of a uniform rod,

V

EUmm

2

V

EU

VLcccLcIL

cIL

EU

mm

mm

24

//

6

412

4124

412

2

• For the case of the cantilever beam

Maximum stress reduced by:

• uniformity of stress

• low modulus of elasticity with

high yield strength

• high volume

• For the case of the nonuniform rod,

V

EU

ALLALAV

AL

EU

mm

mm

8

2/52/2/4

5

16

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 20


• Previously, we found the strain

energy by integrating the energy

density over the volume.

For a uniform rod,

AE

LPdxA

E

AP

dVE

dVuU

L

22

2

21

0

21

2

• Strain energy may also be found from

the work of the single load P1,

1

0

x

dxPU

• For an elastic deformation,

11212

121

00

11

xPxkdxkxdxPU

xx

• Knowing the relationship between

force and displacement,

AE

LP

AE

LPPU

AE

LPx

2

211

121

11

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 21


• Strain energy may be found from the work of other types

of single concentrated loads.

EI

LP

EI

LPP

yPdyPU

y

63

321

31

121

1121

0

1

• Transverse load

EI

LM

EI

LMM

MdMU

2

211

121

1121

0

1

• Bending couple

JG

LT

JG

LTT

TdTU

2

211

121

1121

0

1

• Torsional couple

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 22

Deflection Under a Single Load

• If the strain energy of a structure due to a

single concentrated load is known, then the

equality between the work of the load and

energy may be used to find the deflection.

lLlL BDBC 8.06.0

From statics,

PFPF BDBC 8.06.0

From the given geometry,

• Strain energy of the structure,

AE

lP

AE

lP

AE

LF

AE

LFU BDBDBCBC

2332

22

364.02

8.06.0

22

• Equating work and strain energy,

AE

Ply

yPAE

LPU

B

B

728.0

364.021

2

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 23

Sample Problem 11.4

Members of the truss shown consist of

sections of aluminum pipe with the

cross-sectional areas indicated. Using

E = 73 GPa, determine the vertical

deflection of the point E caused by the

load P.

SOLUTION:

• Find the reactions at A and B from a

free-body diagram of the entire truss.

• Apply the method of joints to

determine the axial force in each

member.

• Evaluate the strain energy of the

truss due to the load P.

• Equate the strain energy to the work

of P and solve for the displacement.

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 24

Sample Problem 11.4

SOLUTION:

• Find the reactions at A and B from a free-body

diagram of the entire truss.

821821 PBPAPA yx

• Apply the method of joints to determine the

axial force in each member.

PF

PF

CE

DE

815

817

0

815

CD

AC

F

PF

PF

PF

CE

DE

821

45

0ABF

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 25

Sample Problem 11.4

• Evaluate the strain energy of the

truss due to the load P.

2

22

297002

1

2

1

2

PE

A

LF

EEA

LFU

i

ii

i

ii

• Equate the strain energy to the work by P

and solve for the displacement.

9

33

2

21

1073

1040107.29

2

2970022

E

E

E

y

E

P

PP

Uy

UPy

mm27.16Ey

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 26

Work and Energy Under Several Loads

• Deflections of an elastic beam subjected to two

concentrated loads,

22212122212

21211112111

PPxxx

PPxxx

• Reversing the application sequence yields

21111221

22222

1 2 PPPPU

• Strain energy expressions must be equivalent.

It follows that 1221 (Maxwell’s reciprocal

theorem).

22222112

21112

1 2 PPPPU

• Compute the strain energy in the beam by

evaluating the work done by slowly applying

P1 followed by P2,

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 27

Castigliano’s Theorem

22222112

21112

1 2 PPPPU

• Strain energy for any elastic structure

subjected to two concentrated loads,

• Differentiating with respect to the loads,

22221122

12121111

xPPP

U

xPPP

U

• Castigliano’s theorem: For an elastic structure

subjected to n loads, the deflection xj of the

point of application of Pj can be expressed as

and j

jj

jj

jT

U

M

U

P

Ux

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 28

Deflections by Castigliano’s Theorem

• Application of Castigliano’s theorem is

simplified if the differentiation with respect to

the load Pj is performed before the integration

or summation to obtain the strain energy U.

• In the case of a beam,

L

jjj

L

dxP

M

EI

M

P

Uxdx

EI

MU

00

2

2

• For a truss,

j

in

i i

ii

jj

n

i i

ii

P

F

EA

LF

P

Ux

EA

LFU

11

2

2

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 29

Sample Problem 11.5

Members of the truss shown

consist of sections of aluminum

pipe with the cross-sectional areas

indicated. Using E = 73 GPa,

determine the vertical deflection of

the joint C caused by the load P.

• Apply the method of joints to determine

the axial force in each member due to Q.

• Combine with the results of Sample

Problem 11.4 to evaluate the derivative

with respect to Q of the strain energy of

the truss due to the loads P and Q.

• Setting Q = 0, evaluate the derivative

which is equivalent to the desired

displacement at C.

SOLUTION:

• For application of Castigliano’s theorem,

introduce a dummy vertical load Q at C.

Find the reactions at A and B due to the

dummy load from a free-body diagram of

the entire truss.

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 30

Sample Problem 11.5

SOLUTION:

• Find the reactions at A and B due to a dummy load Q

at C from a free-body diagram of the entire truss.

QBQAQA yx 43

43

• Apply the method of joints to determine the axial

force in each member due to Q.

QFF

QFF

FF

BDAB

CDAC

DECE

43;0

;0

0

contents.ppt



Th

ird

Ed

ition


11 - 31

Sample Problem 11.5

• Combine with the results of Sample Problem 11.4 to evaluate the derivative

with respect to Q of the strain energy of the truss due to the loads P and Q.

QPEQ

F

EA

LFy i

i

iiC 42634306

1

• Setting Q = 0, evaluate the derivative which is equivalent to the desired

displacement at C.

Pa1073

104043069

3

NyC mm 36.2Cy

contents.ppt

third edition mechanics of 11 materialseng.sut.ac.th/me/box/2_54/435301/11_energy_methods.pdf ·...

Documents