thiet ke nha may sx bot giat

THIT K NH MY SN XUT BT GIT NNG SUT 12 000 TN/NM

GVHD: KS. Phm Qunh Thi Sn http://www.ebook.edu.vn 1

LI M U

Bi tp ln mn thit k nh my vi ti THIT K NH MY SN XUT

BT GIT CNG SUT 12000 TN/NM c thc hin t thng 08/2010 n

thng 10/2010 do nhm sinh vin lp DH07HH thc hin, khng ch gip chng em

c dp h thng li cc kin thc hc, m cn gip chng em a nhng kin thc

hc vo thc t, cng nh c thm nhng kin thc mi m ca nhng chuyn

ngnh khng thuc chuyn ngnh ang theo hc, bi tp cng gip chng em c nhng

ci nhn ton din hn v kt cu mt cng ty m chng em c th s c dp lm vic

trong tng lai.

Vi ti ny, chng em mong mun thnh lp mt cng ty 100% vn Vit Nam

chim lnh th trng ni a v vn ra th gii, iu m hin ti rt nhiu doanh

nghip nh nc hin nay vn cha thc hin c.



CHNG 1: TNG QUAN KINH T -K THUT 1.1. Tng quan v bt git

Mt b qun o sch s lun mang li tm l tht thoi mi cho chng ta mi khi

giao tip, lm vic hay c gii tr, tp luyn th thao. Bt git cng ra i v nhu cu

lm sch qun o cho mi ngi

Hin nay, trn th gii, ngi ta sn xut bt git ch yu dng rn, gm hai loi:

Bt git truyn thng hay cn gi l bt git quy c ( bt git thng thng)

chim 80% tng sn lng bt git.

Bt git m c chim khong 20% tng sn lng v ang c xu hng tng

ln.

1.1.1. Nguyn liu

C rt nhiu loi cht bn m ta phi lm sch, nhng a s vn l cc cht bo. V

vy, cht ty ra cho vi vc, o qun phi cha cc tc nhn hot ng b mt thch

hp loi tr cc cht bn. Ngi ta cng a vo cng thc cc cht xy dng lm

tng kh nng hot ng ca cht hot ng b mt, cc loi enzyme ty vt mu v

protein hay cht ty trng ty ht nhng vt bn khc ng thi gip vi sng p

hn. Ngoi ra, cc cht ph gia trong bt git cng gp phn ci thin mt s c tnh

ca bt.

Hin nay trn th gii, nguyn liu dng trong bt git rt a dng, c loi bt git

m thnh phn ca n bao gm n 20 cht. Tuy nhin, bt c mt sn phm bt git

no cng c nhng thnh phn chnh sau:

Bng 1.1: Cc thnh phn chnh trong bt git

Cht hot ng b mt anionic

- Alkyl benzene sulphonate ( ABS)

- Fatty alcohol sulphate

- Alpha-olefin sulphonate

- Alpha-sulpho-methylester

- X phng

Cht hot ng b mt khng ion (NI) - Ethoxylated alkyl-phenol

- Ethoxylated fatty alcohol

- Zeolite A



Cht xy dng (builders) - Natri tripolyphosphate (STPP)

- Natri carbonate (Soda)

- Poly carboxylate (NTA)

- Citrate

Cht ty trng

- Natri perborate

- Natri percarbonate

- Tetra acetyl ethylene diamine ( TEAD)

Cht n - Natri sulphate

- Nc

Cht ph gia

- Natri silicate : chng n mn

- Alkyloamide : to bt

- CMC Na : chng ti bm

- Cht n nh

- Cht ty trng quang hc

- Enzyme ( alcalase, protease)

- Hng

- Mu

1.1.1.1. Cht hot ng b mt

1.1.1.1.1. Chc nng

Nhim v ca qu trnh git:

Tch cht bn v cht bo ra khi b mt cn ty ra ( vi vc).

Khng cho cc cht ny ti bm ln b mt cn ty ra m chng tri theo

nc git thi i.

i vi vi vc, bt git cn c kh nng ha tan tt c th thm vo cc th vi

d dng. Tnh cht ny lin quan n sc cng b mt.

Nc l cht c sc cng b mt ( SCBM) ln, nhng khi ha tan cht hot ng

b mt ( CHBM) vo nc th ng sut b mt ca nc s gim dn cho n khi

nng ca dung dch t n mt gi tr no ph thuc vo loi CHBM s

dng. V gi tr ng sut b mt ny s khng i cho d c tng nng ca



CHBM ln. Nng m ng sut b mt ngng gim uc gi l nng micelle

ti hn (cmc).

Ngi ta thy rng, khi cho mt lng nh CHBM vo nuc, cc ion ca

CHBM s tp trung trn b mt cht lng nhiu hn l trong lng cht lng. Ti

y chng c nh hng nh sau:

u a nc s hng vo lng cht lng.

u k nc s hng ra khi cht lng.

i vi cc h c nc, cmc, thng thng dung dch s b bo ha nhng nu

thm CHBM th chng s to micelles trong dung dch gm cc b ion CHBM tp

trung li gn nh hnh cu vi u a nc hng ra ngoi dung dch, u k nc

hng vo trong, to nn nhng git gn nh git du.

Cc micelles lm cho dung dch CHBM c dng t nhin l dng keo, iu ny

rt quan trng i vi nhng tnh cht ca cht ty ra, v:

Cung cp lng CHBM d tr b mt cht lng gi cho dung dch bo

ha v lm cho ng sut b mt ca dung dch lun lun nh nht, iu ny

gip vic thm t cc th vi d dng hn.

C th ha tan cc cht du: bn trong cc micelle gn nh l mt dung mi

hydrocarbon c th cha cc cht bn dng du v mang n theo thi cng

nc git.

Nh vy, cht hot ng b mt trong bt git l tc nhn chnh cho qu trnh ty

ra do mt s tnh cht sau:

Khi c cht hot ng b mt trong nc th sc cng b mt dung dch gim

lm tng tnh thm t i vi vi si.

SCBM

cmc Nng



Cc phn t cht hot ng b mt hp ph ln b mt si v ln cc ht cht

bn rn hay lng v khi , di nh hng ca sc cng b mt khng i trn

ranh gii cht bn vi, cht bn se li thnh git v d dng tch ra khi b

mt si di tc dng c hc.

Cht hot ng b mt to cc mng hp ph trn b mt cc ht cht bn lm

cho chng c bn vng tp hp cao v ngn nga chng lin kt tr li ln

b mt si.

Bt c hnh thnh t cht hot ng b mt lm tng thm s tch c hc ca

cc cht bn hay s ni ca chng ( do cc ht cht bn lin kt vo cc bng

kh)

1.1.1.1.2. Phn loi

Cc cht hot ng b mt c chia lm bn loi sau:

CHBM anionic: Cht hot ng b mt anionic l CHBM c phn phn cc lin kt vi phn k

nc mang in tch m ( -COO-, -SO3-, SO4-)

Vd:

X phng: RCOO-Na+ (R=C12-18)

LAS: RC6H4SO3-Na+

Cc ru sulphate bc I

CHBM cationic: Cht hot ng b mt cationic l CHBM c nhm phn cc mang in tch

dng ( -NR1R2R3+)

Vd: cc mui ammonium bc 4 nh alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride:

RN(CH3)3+Cl-

CHBM khng ion: Cht hot ng b mt khng ion ( NI) c nhng nhm phn cc NI ha trong

dung dch nc. Phn k nc gm dy cht bo. Phn a nc cha nhng nguyn t

Oxy, Nit hay Lu hunh khng ion ha.

S ha tan ca cht hot ng b mt NI l do lin kt hydro gia cc phn t nc

vi mt s phn a nc c bit nh eter ca nhm polyoxyetylen chng hn (

hydrate ha).



Vd:

Cc dn xut ca polyoxyetylen hay polyoxypropylen

Cc ester ca ng

Cc alkanolamit

CHBM lng tnh: Cht hot ng b mt lng tnh l nhng hp cht c mt phn t to nn mt

ion lng cc.

Vd : acid cetylamilo-acetic trong mi trng nc cho hai th:

C16H33-+NH2-CH2-COOH: CHBM cationic trong mi trng acid.

C16H33-NH-CH2-COO- : CHBM anionic trong mi trng kim

D s dng cc nguyn liu khc nhau nhng c th sn xut c nhng sn

phm bt git c c tnh ti u, ngi ta phi to cho sn phm c nhng tnh cht

vi mc ngang nhau nh: kh nng ty ra, to bt, ha tan Trong thc t,

iu ny c th t c bng cch s dng phi hp nhiu loi cht hot ng b mt.

Tuy nhin, cht hot ng b mt ch yu v ph bin nht c phi ch trong cc

n cng ngh sn xut bt git hin nay vn l LAS.

1.1.1.1.3. LAS ( Linear alkyl benzene sulphonate)

Gii thiu: LAS c to thnh t phn ng ca mt hp cht hu c cha nhn thm vi mt

tc nhn sulphonate ha mnh. Cht lng sn phm ca phn ng ty thuc vo

nhng iu kin sau:

Sn phm sulphonate ha c mu sng.

Cho hiu sut cao, t hm lng free oil ( cc cht khng b sulphonate ha).

Cha t mui v c nht.

LAS c xem l CHBM kh tt do gi thnh thp v l cht ty ra kh linh

hot vi thi gian hot ng kh lu. N cng trong cc sn phm ty ra gia dng

dng lng hay bt, hay trong cc sn phm ty ra cng nghip.

Ty theo yu cu ca tng loi sn phm ty ra, LAS c a vo n cng

ngh cng vi mt s cht hot ng b mt khc nhm lm tng hay gim mt s tnh

nng ca qu trnh ty ra.



Vd: i vi nc ra chn bng tay, yu cu ca sn phm l ha tan cao

nhit thng, nhiu bt cng nh bn bt phi tt. i vi bt git dng cho

my git, kh nng ty ra li c vai tr quan trng hn l bt v ho tan.

Chnh v vy, nu ch dng mt loi CHBM l LAS th khng th to ra loi sn

phm c nhng tnh nng ti u m phi kt hp nhiu CHBM khc nhau.

Thnh phn hot ng ( AM: active matter): Thnh phn hot ng ca sn phm trung ha ( LAS) thay i trong khong 40-

60% ph thuc vo tnh cht lu bin ca loi acid sulphuric c trung ha.

Trong iu kin c th ca phn thc nghim, nguyn liu s dng l LABSA (

Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid).

LABSA l mt sulpho acid. Cc sulpho acid l nhng acid mnh, nn khng ch

cc mui ca chng vi cc cation ha tr mt m c cc mui vi cation ha tr cao

hoc ngay c acid trng thi t do u tan kh nhiu trong nc to thnh dung

dch c tt c cc tnh cht c trng ca dung dch ty ra. Do , c th dng chng

lm cht ty ra trong mi trng nc cng ( c ion Mg2+, Ca2+) v c trong mi

trng acid.

c tnh ca LAS: V l acid mnh nn phn ng hon ton vi baz, phn ng ta nhiu nhit, gy n

mn nhm ng, hi bc ra kh SO2 rt c, c mi hc.

Mt c tnh khc ca LABSA l lm kh, gy rt khi tip xc vi da.

Bng 1.2: Tnh cht vt l ca LABSA

Tn Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic

Acid

Cng thc ha hc C18H29SO3H

Khi lng phn t trung bnh 326

Thnh phn LABSA nguyn cht: >98%

H2SO4: ~1%

Cht khng sulpho ha: ~1%

Ngoi quan Mu h phch, st

Khi lng ring ( kg/m3) Nhit (oC) 30 40 50



Mch thng 1050 1045 1040

Mch nhnh 1075 1070 1060

Nhit dung ring 1.6 kJ/kg oC

dn nhit 0.13 W/m oC

LABSA em trung ha vi Soda cho ra LASNa (thng gi l LAS) l mt cht

hot ng b mt rt tt, kh nng to bt tt, tnh ty ra mnh.

Bng 1.3: Tnh cht vt l ca LAS

Tn Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonate

Cng thc ha hc C18H29SO3Na

Khi lng phn t trung bnh 348

Ngoi quan Mu trng c, nht cao

T trng Thay i theo AM, khong 1000 kg/m3

Nhit dung ring ( kJ/kg oC) AM % 35 40 45 50

Cp 3.3 3.2 3.1 3.0

dn nhit ( W/m oC) AM % 35 40 45 50

dn 0.43 0.40 0.38 0.35

T sut lng cht hot ng cn dng: Rt kh xc nh t sut hm lng CHBM cn dng v c nhiu yu t tc ng

ln n. Ngi ta thng xem xt cc yu t sau:

T trng ca sn phm.

Loi cht xy dng.

Tnh cht ca cht xy dng.

Vd:

cc nc ang pht trin, bt git thng cha LAS khong 16-22% c t

trng khong 0.2-0.32.

chu u, bt git c cha phosphate c t trng khong 0.7 th t sut LAS

Na khong 8-12%.

Nht Bn, cc nh sn xut thng phi LAS theo t sut 25-35%.



Kh nng thay th cht hot ng b mt: Hin nay trn th gii ngi ta ch yu dng LAS phi trong bt git. Tuy

nhin, mt vi nc pht trin, ngi ta chuyn sang dng cht hot ng b mt

dng sulphate ( CnH2n+1OSO3Na) trong bt git v l do mi trng LAS c vng

benzene nn phn hy chm.

Ngoi ra, trong bt git thng phi mt lng cht hot ng b mt NI thch hp

tng hiu qu git ty hoc thm mt lng nh x phng vo, v s hin din ca

cc cht ny gip phn tn tt cc cht hot ng b mt chnh lm tng kh nng git

ty.

Trong phng php sn xut bt git sy phun thng, cht hot ng b mt NI

v LAS gy mt s cn tr v kh khn do d phn hy nhit cao. Tuy nhin

trong phng php sn xut bt git m c NTD ( khng thp), ngi ta thy rng,

c th sn xut c sn phm c c tnh nh mong mun ch vi mt vi cht hot

ng b mt, thm ch ch vi mt loi duy nht l LAS.

1.1.1.2. Cht xy dng ( Builders)

1.1.1.2.1. Chc nng

Thng khi git gi, vn c t ra l ngun nc git thng cha nhiu ion

Mg2+, Ca2+, c kh nng lm kt ta cc cht hot ng b mt, lm gim hiu sut

git ty. Cc ion ny ch yu l do ngun nc s dng l nc cng, ngoi ra cn c

th do cc cht bn hay cht lng c trong si vi trong qu trnh git.

Vic khc phc hin tng ny l chc nng chnh ca cht xy dng, mc ch

to phc vi ion Mg2+, Ca2+ thnh nhng hp cht mi, tan c m khng nh hng

n git ty. Ngoi ra, cht xy dng cn c mt s cng dng sau:

To tnh kim cho mi trng git.

Cung cp mt tc dng m duy tr pH ca dung dch git gn bng vi gi

tr mong mun trong sut thi gian git.

Phn tn cc phn t cht bn.

Vic loi b cc ion Mg2+, Ca2+ t nc git c th c thc hin bng mt trong

ba cch sau:

To ta:



Dng mt s mui nh natri carbonate, natri orthophosphate hay natri silicate, cc

mui ny s lm tng tnh kim cho nc git, to mui vi cc ion Mg2+, Ca2+ . Tuy

nhin, theo cch ny s lm cho vi b th rp, x x do b mui bm ln.

C lp cc ion Mg2+, Ca2+:

To phc vi cc ion thnh nhng hp cht mi tan c m khng gy nh hng

n qu trnh git ty. C rt nhiu tc cht c th thc hin nhim v ny, nhng loi

thng dng v c kh nng hot ng tt nht l STPP ( natri tri polyphosphate).

Ngoi ra cn c th k n NTA ( nitrilo-acetate acid), EDTA ( ethylene diamine

acetic acid)

Trao i ion:

Dng cc loi zeolite tng hp tng t nh cc loi zeolite dng trong cht lm

mm nc thng thng. Tuy nhin, cc zeolite ny khng trao i nhiu vi ion

Mg2+, Ca2+ iu kin thng v thng phi dng phi hp vi nhiu loi cht xy

dng khc.

Tuy nhin, ta cng cn tm hiu thm v mt s cht xy dng thng dng khc.

1.1.1.2.2. Mt s cht xy dng thng dng

Tripolyphosphate: Trn 25 nm tr li y, STPP c mt trong cc sn phm ty ra nhiu quc

qia trn th gii vi vai tr l cht xy dng. S d c iu ny l do STPP c mt s

u im hn cc cht xy dng khc nh sau:

STPP c kh nng lm mm nc tt, tr gip cho s thm t vi v git ty.

STPP gip khng ch mi trng kim ca nc git v phn tn cc cht bn

trong khi git. V vy, n c tc dng chng ti bm.

STPP c kh nng to dng tinh th STP-hexa hydrate rt bn, c tc ng n

cht lng ngoi quan ca bt git.

Ngoi ra, STPP cn c chc nng ph l c kh nng ci tin hiu qu ca cc cht

hot ng b mt anion v khng ion. Quan trng nht l s gim CMC ca sc cng

b mt c tc ng lm tng ha tan ca cht hot ng b mt.

STPP tn ti hai dng tinh th, thng gi l dng I v dng II.

Dng I : STPP thu c t qu trnh nung vi nhit 450 -500oC. Dng ny

hydrate ha nhanh trong lc phi trn.



Dng II: STPP thu c t qu trnh nung vi nhit thp hn khong

350oC. Dng ny hydrate ha rt chm nhng lu c ni nng m.

STPP thng mi thng l hn hp ca hai dng trn, cha khong 70% dng II

v 30% dng I. C dng I v II u c th cho ra mt dng tinh th hexahydrate nh

nhau: STP 6aq ( STP 6H2O).

S hydrate ha STPP trong dung dch ta nhit mnh, nhit pht ra khong 67

kJ/mole i vi dng I v 59 kJ/mole i vi dng II. C ch ca qu trnh hydrate ha

STPP trong dung dch c th c tm tt nh sau:

STPP khan ho tan trong dung dch to dung dch qu bo ha. ( kh nng ha

tan ca STPP khan tt hn tinh th STP 6H2O )

Hnh thnh nhn ca tinh th STP 6 H2O trong dung dch qu bo ha.

Nhn ny s ln dn hnh thnh cc tinh th STP6H2O vi cc kch thc khc

nhau.

Cc hin tng ny s lm gim qu bo ha v to nn mt cn bng gia

STPP trong dung dch v cc tinh th STP 6H2O.

Kh nng hydrate ha ca STPP s nh hng n kch thc ca tinh th STPP

6H2O. iu ny cng c tc ng n mt s c tnh vt l ca bt sau khi sy phun

nh chy, ngoi quan v khuynh hng ng bnh.

STPP dng khan qua qu trnh sy phun khng b phn hy. Cc tinh th STP

6H2O qua qu trnh sy phun b phn hy thnh TSP ( tri natri phosphate Na3PO4)

khng c tc dng trong bt git v TSPP ( tetra natri pyro phosphate Na4P2O7) tnh

nng khng bng STPP.

STPP c tnh kim do c cha nhm Na2O trong phn t. Dung dch STPP 1% c

pH 9.8-10.

Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im va nu, STPP cng tc dng khng tt i

vi mi trng. iu ny c th c gii thch nh sau:

cc ao h i khi xut hin hin tng nghn bn do thiu cht dinh dng lm

nh hng n i sng sinh vt. Khi nc sng v nc ma em n cht dinh

dng, to v cc loi thc vt khc tng trng, y l hin tng giu dinh dng.

Hin tng ny thng do vic thi ra mt lng ln cht thi cng vo cc con

sng lm ng mt lng ln cht dinh dng trong ao h. S giu cht dinh dng



s dn n s bng n sinh trng ca to i i vi vic sn sinh oxy. n cui thi

k sinh trng, a s to s cht v vi khun s tn dng ngun thc n ny pht

trin. Qu trnh ny i hi phi c lng oxy kh ln. Do , s phn hy trn xc

to c tc ng mnh n cc loi sinh vt khc. Hu qu l nc trong cc ao h s

chuyn t mi trng ho kh sang mi trng ym kh, thiu oxy ha tan trong nc

lm cho c v cc sinh vt khc b cht hng lot. Trong mi trng ym kh, cc vi

khun ym kh s hot ng mnh v c th to c t v to nhng hp cht cha lu

hunh c mi kh chu lm cho nc b nhim c v hi thi.

c rt nhiu tranh ci xung quanh vic cht no l nhn t chnh gy ra hin

tng ny, photpho, nit hay ngay c carbon, nhng kt lun cui cng th photpho l

nguyn nhn chnh. Nguyn t photpho c mt trong sng v h l cht thi t phn

ngi v t vic tiu nc trong nng nghip cng nh t nc thi ca cc sn phm

git ty.

Ti nhiu nc phng Ty, ngi ta cm cc sn phm ty ra c photpho,

nhng thc t th lnh cm ny hu nh khng c hiu qu bi l lng photpho t cc

ngun khc nh nc thi trong nng nghip hay t con ngi chim n 2/3 tng

lng photpho thi b.

Mt gii php cho vn ny l lm lng photpho bng cch cho vo mi nhnh

sng khong 20g st di dng mui trn 1m3 nc sng th thy rng lng photpho

gim xung cn khong 0.5ppm nng c th lm gim thiu hin tng giu dinh

dng v c thc hin hiu qu Thy in.

Bng 1.4: Tnh cht vt l ca STPP

Tn Natri tripolyphosphate

Cng thc ha hc Na5P3O10

Khi lng phn t 368

Thnh phn P2O5 : 57.60%

Na2O : 42.20%

Phn t ngm nc STP 6H2O

ha tan ( trong 100g nc) 20oC : 12.9g

40oC : 13.7g



Kch thc ht ( m) 50-100

T trng ( kg/m3) 1150

T l dngI/ dngII 1/99 50/50

Zeolites: T nhng nm 70, xu hng s dng zeolite lm cht xy dng trong bt git

tng ln ng k, thng dng nht l zeolite A.

Zeolite A c cu trc tinh th vi nhiu l xp. Nh im c bit ny, cc ion

Natri cha bn trong cu trc ca n c linh ng cao v c th d dng trao i

vi cc ion trong nc cng, c bit l Canxi.

Chc nng chnh ca zeolite A l lm mm nc git bng cch lm gim nng

Canxi v Magne. Kh nng hot ng ca zeolite A s c tng cng bng cch

thm vo mt lng nh cc cht ha tan c trong nc, c gi l cht tr xy

dng, thng l polycarboxylate.

Ngoi ra, zeolite A cn gip to s n nh v cc tc nhn lm trng trong cc sn

phm ty ra.

Ty theo kch thc phn t zeolite A, n c th gy bi, ngi s dng nn trnh

ht phi. V khng ha tan c nn zeolite A khng ht m v khng b ng bnh.

Tuy nhin, kh nng git ty ca cc sn phm dng cht xy dng l zeolite A

km hn l cc sn phm cha phosphate v chng khng tan c, kh nng x l ion

Canxi, Magie km, kh nng chng ti bm km.

1.1.1.3. Cc tc nhn ty trng ha hc

1.1.1.3.1. Chc nng

Ngi ta thng dng cc tc nhn ty trng ha hc trong bt git ci thin kh

nng ty trng cho bt bng cch loi b cc tp cht mu hu c trn vi bng phn

ng ha hc. Cc phn ng ny tng ng vi s oxy ha hoc kh oxy lm phn hy

khng o ngc c cc h thng to mu. Phng cch ny i hi s s phn hy

hoc bin i cc nhm to mu v cc th mu thnh cc ht nh hn v d tan hn

c th loi chng d dng.

Ngi ta chia cc tc nhn ty trng ha hc lm ba loi:

Cc tc nhn kh oxy ( nh cc sulfit v bisulfit).

Cc hp cht ca chlor.



Cc hp cht c kh nng gii phng oxy t do.

Trong , cc hp cht kh oxy c kh nng hot ng tt nhng li bt tin do hi

ca chng rt kh gi bng du thm nn t c s dng trong cng ngh sn xut

cht ty ra.

Cc hp cht ca chlor c mt s thun li nh kh nng hot ng nhit thp

v nng thp ng thi cng c gi thnh thp nhng li gy ra mt s vn khi

s dng nh nh hng n mu nguyn thy ca vi, lm mc mt s si t nhin v

lm vng cht h vi. Do vic s dng cc hp cht ca chlor cng rt t.

Hin nay, cc hp cht c kh nng gii phng oxy t do c s dng ph bin

nht, c th k n nh perborate, percarbonate, oxy gi

Trc tin, ta hy nghin cu c ch lm trng ca cc tc nhn ny.

1.1.1.3.2. C ch lm trng

Cc vt bn trn qun o c chia lm ba loi:

Vt bn nhn ( du, m).

Vt bn l cht m ( mu, trng) v cc vt khng bo ( tri cy, ch,

cph).

Vt bn dng ht.

Cc vt bn du m, cht m v dng ht c loi tr tun t bi cc cht hot

ng b mt, cht xy dng v cc enzyme. Vt bn khng bo s c loi tr bi

cht kh oxy hoc cht oxy ha.

Xt c ch ty trng i vi nc oxy gi:

Nc oxy gi l mt acid yu trong dung dch nc, c pKa = 11.75. Nc oxy gi

khng phn gii v tng i n nh. V vy, mi dung dch oxy gi bn trn th

trng c a v pH acid.

Trong mi trng kim, nc oxy gi c hai kh nng:

Phn gii thnh acid kim:

H2O2 HOO- + H+

B bin i:

2H2O2 H2O + O2

Phn ng phn gii to anion perhydroxyt HOO- l phn ng lm trng.



Mu ca cc vt bn l do s hin din ca ni i phi hp trong phn t tanin.

S ty trng l ly i nhng ni i phi hp ca nhng cht mu dnh vo si. iu

ny c th thc hin c bng cch to ni i mi ( trng hp kh oxy) hay ct

nhng ni i khng bo ha sn sinh nhng phn t nh mi ( trng hp oxy

ho).

S ct phn t vt bn c th thc hin c bi s tn cng vo nhn nhng ni

tch in km theo c ch sau:

Lin kt - O O ca anion perhydroxyl c th b ct t v phng thch nguyn

t oxy hot tnh. Nguyn t oxy ny c th ghp vo mt lin kt i cho mt

epoxit, cht ny sau b thy phn to mt diol.

Nh vy, oxy gi v cc hp cht oxy ha khc ( perborate, percarbonate) c th

b gy cc lin kt i trong cht mu bng s oxy ha.

1.1.1.3. Mt s cht ty trng ha hc thng dng

Perborate: Perborate c s dng lm tc nhn tng trng t lu chu Au. Trong nhng

nm 80, vic s dng perborate lan sang nhiu nc khc nh Hoa K, cc nc

Nam M v chu .

Perborate c cng thc l: NaBO3.4H2O hay NaBO2.H2O2.3H2O cha khong 10%

oxy hot tnh. Nhc im ca perborate l ch hot ng tt 80 -100oC. m



nh, NaBO3.4H2O s dehydrate ha dn dn thnh NaBO3.2H2O 20oC. Trn 90%

RH, NaBO3.4H2O s hp thu nc v ng rn.

Cn bo qun perborate trong mi trng kh ro, trnh nng v gi nhit di

25oC. Vt liu cha perborate c th l nha, gm hay cc vt liu c trng lp

nha bn trong.

Bng 1.5: Tnh cht vt l ca Natri perborate

Tn Natri perborate

Cng thc ha hc NaBO3.4H2O

Khi lng phn t 154

Ngoi quan Tinh th hoc bt, mu trng,

khng mi

Nhit ng c (oC) 63

Hydrate NaBO3.H2O ( trn 40 )

ha tan ( trong 100g nc) 40 oC 6.5g

60 oC 29.1g

T trng ( kg/m3) 720-800

Percarbonate: Natri percarbonate ( Na2CO3.1,5 H2O2) c kt hp dng nh mt tc nhn ty

trng cht ty ra dng NSD.

u im:

ha tan tt.

T sut oxy hot tnh cao.

a chc nng: ngun H2O2 v kim.

Khng gy nhim.

Nhc im:

Percarbonate d b phn hy bi m trong khng kh. nhit trn 25oC kt hp

vi m t do trong khng kh c th lm cho s phn hy mnh hn. Hi nng v

nc gii phng trong khi phn hy cn mnh hn phn ng v trong mt s trng

hp c bit khc, s pht sinh nhiu hi nc, oxy v nhit s xy ra cng vi s hnh



thnh Natri carbonate. Nu c cc vt liu d bt chy gn nh mn ca, rm, gi

c th gy chy.

Cn bo qun percarbonate nhit thp, khong di 25oC v m di 60%

RH trong cc vt cha bng PVC, PE, thy tinh hay c th cha percarbonate trong

bnh cha bng thp khng g.

C Natri perborate v percarbonate u khng th sy phun v ch c cho vo

sau khi thi bt xong.

Bng 1.6: Tnh cht vt l ca Natri percarbonate

Tn Natri percarbonate

Cng thc ha hc Na2CO3.1,5 H2O2

Khi lng phn t 157

tinh khit Cha khong 16% oxy hot ng

Kch thc ht ( m) 720

T khi ( g/l) 850-1050

chy ( ml/s) 140

H2O2 (oxy gi): Oxy gi c phun vo ty cc cht mu trong LASNa. S c mt ca oxy gi

trong bt git ngoi vic lm cho bt c ngoi quan p hn cn gip cho ht bt git

ti xp hn v c chy tt hn.

H2O2 d phn hy thnh H2O v O2 nht l khi un nng, chiu sng, xc tc

V vy H2O2 thng c bo qun bng cch cch ly vi nh sng, ni mt v

c thm cht c ch.

Bng 1.7: Tnh cht vt l ca oxy gi

Tn Nc oxy gi

Cng thc ha hc H2O2

Ngoi quan Cht lng, snh nh sirop

tan Tan v hn trong nc



Bng 1.8: T sut oxy hot tnh ca mt s cht ty trng ha hc

Tn cht T sut oxy hot tnh (%)

Dd H2O2 35% 16.5

1.1.1.4. Cc tc nhn ty trng quang hc

Cc cht ty quang hc c nhiu cu trc ha hc khc nhau. Cc h thng thch

hp nht c xy dng t nhng cu trc thm hay thm khng u kt lin vi

nhau, hoc trc tip, hoc do trung gian ca nhng cu ethylene.

V d:

Cc cht ty quang hc dng trong bt git l cc dn xut ca acid 4 4-

diaminostilben 2,2 disulfonic vi cu trc sau:

Ngi ta cng s dng nhng cht siu ty quang hc nh Tinopal, Blankophore

c nhng c tnh sau:

Ha tan nht lnh tt hn.

n nh tt i vi cc tc nhn oxy ha.

n nh tt i vi nh sang.

Lm cho bt trng hn.

1.1.1.5. Cc enzyme

Cc enzyme tr thnh mt trong nhng thnh phn chnh thm vo cng thc

ty ra khong na thp k gn y, vi nhng l do sau:

S pht trin ca cc loi bt m c v lng: lng enzyme c a vo

n cng ngh t sut thp nhng em li hiu qu cao.



Cc thi quen ca ngi tiu dng thay i. Trc kia, ngi ta git qun o

ch lm sch. Ngy nay, ngi ta cn quan tm n vic gi mi trong thi

gian cng lu cng tt, do , s c mt ca enzyme c ng gi cao.

Tnh khng gy hi ca enzyme i vi mi trng.

Cc enzyme l nhng hp cht rt phc tp cha nit ca cc loi protein lm xc

tc cho cc phn ng khc nhau trong ha hc vi sinh. Mt s phn ng xy ra trong

cc c th sng hu c, nhng mt s khc xy ra trong cc h khng sng ( non-

living) nh tinh bt chuyn ha thnh ng trong cng nghip sn xut thc ung c

cn. T nhng nm 60, ngi ta rt quan tm n cc loi enzyme dng trong bt

git nh:

Protease: thy phn cc vt bn c ngun gc protein.

Lipase: tc ng ln cc vt du m, thy phn cc glycerit khng ha tan.

Amylase: thy phn cc vt bn tinh bt.

Cellulase: thy phn cc vt bn c ngun gc cellulose.

Cc enzyme cn c mt khong thi gian hot ng v ch c th hot ng

nhit di 55oC, nhit cao hn, chng s b phn hy. Trong cc loi enzyme

trn th protease c ch nhiu nht.

Cc enzyme dng trong bt git c chit bng cng ngh ln men nc tht

dng bt c thm vo mt s mui v c lm long. Tuy nhin, s chit ny khng

th c kt hp trong bt NSD v hai l do:

Hot ng ca cc enzyme s b ph hy nhanh chng do nh hng ca cc

thnh phn khc, c bit l perborate.

Qu trnh chit sinh ra rt nhiu bi gy c v kch thch da.

Thi gian cn thit cc enzyme ha tan trong nc c dung dch 95%

25oC l khong 5 pht.T trng ca cc enzyme dng bt khong 1000kg/m3 v cc

phn t c kch thc t 300-1500 m.

Bng 1.9: Nhng ch dn v cc loi enzyme theo pH v nhit

Enzyme pH Nhit (oC)

Protease:

Alcalaza

7-9.5

9-10.5

10-65

10-65



Savinaza

Everlaza

Esperaza

9-10.5

10-11.5

10-65

40-75

Amylaza:

Termamyl

Ban

8-11.5

7-9.5

10-90

10-40

Lipaza:

Lipolase

7-11 5-45

Cellulaza:

Celluzym

Carezym

7-9.5

7-10.5

20-70

20-55

1.1.1.6. Mt s thnh phn khc

1.1.1.6.1. Soa ( Natri carbonate Na2CO3) :

Soda c s dng trong sn xut bt git :

Trung ha LABSA thnh LASNa, trung ha c H2SO4 trong LABSA.

L cht xy dng to mi trng kim thy phn cc cht bn c ngun gc

du m, m hi.

Lm mm nc ( bng cch to ta vi cc ion Ca2+, Mg2+ to mui carbonate

tng ng).

Trong thng mi, soda thng dng bt mu trng gm hai loi: ht nh v ht

nng. Soda khan ht m v c th kt hp vi CO2 to NaHCO3 dng cc v tinh

th.

Bng 1.10: Tnh cht vt l ca Soda

Tn Natri carbonate ( soda)

Cng thc ha hc Na2CO3

Khi lng phn t 106

Thnh phn 99% Na2CO3.

1% gm: NaHCO3 ( nhiu nht),

CaCO3, Na2SO4, NaCl, MgCO3



Hydrate Na2CO3.10H2O (



1.1.1.6.3. Methyl cellulose v carboxy methyl cellulose natri ( CMC Na)

Methyl cellulose dng trong bt git nh mt tc nhn chng ti bm trn vi si

tng hp v tr gip hot tnh ca cht ty ra. Methyl cellulose ho tan trong nc

lnh, c kch thc phn t khong 0.3-0.5 mm, t trng khong 400-500 g/l.

CMC Na c th phn tn tt trong hn hp bt nho (slurry) trong phng php

sy phun v cng c dng trong cng ngh sn xut bt git khng thp.

CMC Na hp thu m t khng kh, v vy, n rt d ng bnh. Do , cn bo

qun CMC Na trong mi trng kh ro, thong mt.

Lng CMC Na thng dng trong bt git khong 1-2%.

Bng 1.12: Tnh cht vt l ca CMC Na:

Tn Natri carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC Na)

Cng thc ha hc R-OCH2COONa

Ngoi quan Dng bt trng, khng mi

T khi ( g/l) 400-700

Kch thc phn t ( mm) 0.3-0.4

1.1.1.6.4. Hng, mu

Hng v mu thng c cho vo bt git sau khi hon thnh giai on trn.

Vic la chn mi hng thch hp rt quan trng v y cng l mt trong nhng tiu

ch thu ht c ngi tiu dng.

1.1.2. Phn loi bt git

1.1.2.1. Bt git truyn thng

Bt git truyn thng hay cn gi l bt git quy c hay c in l loi bt

git c c tnh chnh l cc thnh phn ph chim t l rt cao ( cht tr gip cho qu

trnh, cht n ) v vy c tnh nng ty ra thp.

T trng ca chng thay i trong khong 200 g/l ~700 g/l.

Bt git truyn thng gm c hai loi sn phm dnh cho hai i tng s dng

khc nhau:

To bt ( thng dng cho git tay).

Khng to bt ( thng dng cho my git).



1.1.2.1.1. Bt git c to bt

Cc cht hot ng b mt dng trong loi bt git ny phn ln l loi anionic

nh: LAS, PAS. Cc CHBM NI i khi c thm vo vi lng thp hn 4 -5 ln

so vi CHBM anionic.

Lng cht xy dng c dng vi mc ty thuc vo cng ca nc, loi

vt bn cng nh gi thnh, thng thng ngi ta thng dng STPP, Natri Silicate,

Natri Carbonate.

Cc thnh phn ph khc nh Natri Sulphate, Calcit gip b tc cng thc, tng

t trng v gim gi thnh. Cc thnh phn khc nh cht ty quang hc, enzyme

chim hm lng rt nh.

V d v cng thc bt git to bt:

CHBM anionic 15-30

CHBM NI 0-3

STPP 3-20

Silicate Natri 5-10

Carbonate Natri 0-15

Bentonit/ Calcit 0-15

Enzyme, cht ty quang hc, hng, CMCNa +

Nc v/100

1.1.2.1.2. Bt git khng to bt

loi bt git ny, cc thnh phn cng tng t nh loi to bt, im khc bit

gia chng l c s hin din ca cc tc nhn chng bt.

V d v cng thc bt git khng to bt:

C phosphate Khng c phosphate

CHBM anionic 10-20 10-20

CHBM NI 0-5 0-5

X phng 0-2 0-2

STPP 15-30 -

Zeolite - 15-30

Carbonate Natri 5-15 5-20

Silicate Natri 5-15 5-15



Perborate Natri 0-15 0-15

Enzyme, cht ty quang hc,

hng + +

Nc v/100 v/100

1.1.2.2. Bt git m c

Trong nhiu nm qua, trn th trng ch c cc sn phm bt git truyn thng,

nhng ngy nay, theo xu th pht trin kinh t ca th gii, nhng yu cu v nhng

loi bt git c kh nng ty ra tt hn, t trng cao hn vi nhiu tnh nng a dng

hn dn dn hnh thnh.

V vy, cc nh sn xut cng cho ra i nhng sn phm c t trng cao hn bng

nhiu phng php khc nhau. Qua nhiu nm sau, cng ty KAO ca Nht Bn

tung ra th trng mt loi bt git m c vi t trng cao to ra mt xu hng pht

trin mi cho th trng bt git.

Bt git m c c c im phi trn nh sau:

Gia tng ti a cc thnh phn hot ng ( gim thiu lung cht n)

Tng t trng ln n 600-900 g/l thm ch 1000 g/l

Chnh v vy, bt git m c hi t cc u im sau:

i vi ngi tiu dng

o Mt sn phm thc tin ( d dng vn chuyn, lu tr v nh lng).

o Mt k thut cng ngh mi m c tnh cch mng v git ty c c

mi u im ca cc bt git sn xut theo cng ngh sy phun m khng

vp phi nhng iu bt thun tin ca cc bt pha trn kh v c s

dng n ngy nay nh phng thc sn xut mi.

i vi vic bun bn:

o t chon ch trng by v lu tr cc sn phm

o Thu c li nhun cao

i vi nh sn xut:

o i tin phong trn mt th trng tht s i mi.

o Li nhun cao hn ( t bao b hn, gi phn phi sn phm thp hn).

o Mt bc tin quan trng hn trong vic gim gy nhim mi trng.



Nguyn tc thnh lp cng thc bt git m c: thnh lp cng thc cho cc sn phm m c, ngi thnh lp cng thc phi:

Loi b bt c thnh phn no tht s khng ch li cho kh nng hot ng ca

sn phm (cc cht hay tc nhn phc v cho hot ng ty ra nh sulphat

natri chng hn).

Gim lng nc trong sn phm. Ngi ta thng dng perborate mono

hydrate hn l perborate tetra hydrate c in.

Dng cc nguyn liu m c nht m cc phng php o c c ht ln lt

gip lp y tt c cc khong trng , v ph y phn bn trong ca cc ht

rng.

Tuy nhin, c c bt git m c cn lu hai yu t:

S gia tng cc thnh phn c hot tnh trong cng thc v loi ti a cc cht

n v nc.

S gia tng t trng ca bt git.

Trong , vn chnh vn l gia tng hm lng cht hot ng b mt.

V d v cng thc bt git m c:

C phosphate Khng c phosphate

LAS Natri 12-15 7-15

NI 4-8 5-12

X phng 0-2 1-3

STPP 20-25 -

Zeolite 0-5 25-30

Carbonate Natri 12-20 10-15

Silicate Natri 3-7 0.5-1

Sulphate Natri 0-2 -

Perborate 0-15 12-18

TAED 4-8 5-8

CMC Natri 0.5-1.5 0.4-1

Cht ty quang hc 0.15-0.30 0.1-0.25

Enzyme ( protease, lipaza) ++ ++



Tc nhn chng bt -/+ -/+

Hng ++ ++

Nc v/100 v/100

1.1.3. C ch ty ra

1.1.3.1. Ty vt bn

S ty ra c nh ngha l lm sch mt ca mt vt th rn, vi mt tc nhn

ring bit- cht ty ra- theo mt tin trnh l ha khc hn vic ha tan n thun

Trong trng hp ny, ty ra bao gm:

Ly i cc vt bn khi vi vc

Gi cho cc vt bn ny l lng trnh cho chng bm li trn b mt vi vc.

Trn qun o thng thng, ngi ta thng thy nhng vt bn c cht bo ( du,

m) v cc vt bn dng ht (ht mn). Cc vt bn ny c th tn ti c lp hay ha

ln vo nhau vi cc t l khc nhau. n gin ngi ta xem hai loi vt bn ny

tch bit nhau.

1.1.3.1.1. Ty vt bn c cht bo

Xt mt cht bo H ( du) v mt b mt rn F ( si). Vic ty bn F bi H c

biu din nh sau:



Cc tc nhn b mt hp ph ln si v vt bn lm gim sc cng giao din ca

chng so vi nc n mc nh hn sc cng giao din si- vt bn lc vt bn s

t ty i.

1.1.3.1.2. Ty vt bn dng ht

Cc hin tng bm v ty cc vt bn dng ht da trn l thuyt v in v

thuyt hp ph.

Xt mt b mt F v mt ht P. mt khong cch , F v P u chu tc ng ca

lc ht Van der Waals v lc y tnh in. Khi P v F tip xc vi nhau ( =0), chng

s gn lin nhau do lc ht. Vic tch ht P ra khi b mt F c th c biu din

bng s sau:

S tch ht P ra khi b mt F i t I n II ri n III. Trong giai on I, ta phi

cung cp mt cng tch ht P ra khi b mt F mt khong cch. Trong giai on

II, dung dch ty len vo gia ht P v b mt F v tch ht P ra khi b mt F.

Chng ta c th vn dng cc l thuyt khc nhau cho cc loi vt bn c th khc

nhau nh thuyt Rolling up ty vt bn th lng c cht bo hay thuyt nhit ng

hc ty vt bn c cht bo hay dng ht hay hn hp ca c hai

1.1.3.2. Chng ti bm

Nh trnh by, qu trnh ty ra trong git gi khng ch tch cc cht bn ra

khi vi vc m cn phi ngn khng cho chng bm tr li trn b mt vi. Chnh v

vy, cc tc nhn chng ti bm trong bt git v hot ng ca chng ng vai tr

kh quan trng.

Trc ht, ta hy xt mt s vn v s ti bm.

1.1.3.2.1. S ti bm



Xt mt mt vi v mt vt b c biu din bng mt mt phng v mt hnh cu.

Trong dung dch ty ra, phn ln b mt vi v ht tch in m. Bn cnh chng

cng tch in dng m bo s trung ha v in, to nn lp in tch kp.

Theo hnh trn ta thy mt lp dy c c ion tri ngc nhau, c gi l lp

Stern. Sau l lp khuch tn Gouy. Lp ny kt thc ni c nng ca cc ion

bn trong lp bng nng ca dung dch.

Mt lp cc phn t nc dy hn lp Stern bao bc cc mt tch in bi tc ng

tng tc ion lng cc. Lp hydrate ha ny di chuyn vi cc ht.

Nh vy, ta c mt th nng nhit ng lc hc hay th nng Nernst b mt ca

bn th hay ca ht, th nng b mt ca lp Stern; th nng Zeta b mt phn chia

lp hydrate ha vi nc t do.

Trong nc git cha nhng vt bn dng ht c th c xem nh mt s phn

tn cht rn trong nc hoc hydrosol. Cc cht rn c th a nc hay k nc. Ty

theo c tnh cc ca cc ht a nc, nu nng lng t do giao din rn/nc

km: cc ht phn tn tc th trong nc v s phn tn nykh n nh, do , khng

c s ti bm trong trng hp ny. Ngc li, nng lng t do giao din cht rn

khng a nc v nc rt ln s gy nn s ti bm.

S ti bm b khng ch bi ba yu t:

in lc.

Lc khng in, khng y.

Cc lc khng b nh hng bi mi trng ngai nh lc ht Van der Waals

hay lc y ca Born.

Chng loi v c tnh ca vi.



Mc vt bn.

Nhit .

1.1.3.2.2. Cc tc nhn chng ti bm

1.1.3.2.2.1. Cc cht hot ng b mt

Cht hot ng b mt anionic: Cc anionic b ht vo cc ht v cc si lm tng in tch hoc th nng Zta ca

chng. Hng ro tnh in v th s cao hn. Do , s phn tn s n nh hn, lm

gim s ti bm.

Cht hot ng b mt nonion: Cc NI b hp ph vo b mt ca si v ht bng cch hng u a nc ra

ngoi. Th nng Zta khng b bin i bi s hp ph ny. Trng hp ny, c s

phn tn hng ro pha ngoi v trong lp nc hydrate ha bao quanh b mt b hp

ph ngn ht tin li gn si. Do , NI c th lm gim s ti bm.

1.1.3.2.2.2. Cc polyphosphate

Cc polyphosphate trong bt git ch yu lm mm nc. Ngoi ra, trong khi hp

ph vi cc ht bn, cc polyphosphate lm tng ng k in tch ca chng lm gia

tng lc y gia cc ht bn, gp phn hn ch s ti bm.

1.1.3.2.2.3. Cc polymer

Kh nng chng ti bm ca cc cht hot ng b mt so vi x phng kh km.

V vy, ngi ta tm ra nhng gii php cho vn ny, vic s dng polymer l

mt trong s . Trong s cc polyner c s dng trong bt git th CMC Na c

dng kh ph bin. CMC Na lm tng kh nng chng ti bm bng hai cch:

Bin i in tch ca cc ht l lng bi s hp ph giao din rn- lng

Bin i nhng c tnh in lp th ca b mt cc si bng s hp ph trn

vi. Tht vy, in tch m ca nhm COO- trong CMC Na lm tng th nng

Zta, tng hng ro th nng nn t ti bm hn.

Lng CMC Na thng dng trong cc cng thc bt git c t sut thay i t

0.5-1%.



1.1.4. Yu cu v sn phm bt git

1.1.4.1. Cc yu t nh hng n kh nng git

Qu trnh git l mt qu trnh kh phc tp vi s tham gia ca nhiu tc nhn v

ha hc, vt l cng nh c hc. C th k n mt s yu t nh hng trc tip n

qu trnh git l:

pH.

Nhit git.

Thi gian git.

Thi quen git ca tng a phng, cng ng.

iu kin git ca tng quc gia, khu vc, c nhn

Tuy nhin quan trng nht vn l cc yu t sau:

1.1.4.1.1. Nc

Nc l mt cht khng th thiu ca qu trnh git gi. Nc ng nhng vai tr

quan trng nh sau:

Nc c th ha tan mt s cht.

Nc c th dn nhit.

Nc gip to ra cc phn ng ha hc.

Nc thm t vi si.

Tuy nhin, bn cnh nhng u im trn, nc cng gy mt vn kh kh chu.

l do trong nc lc no cng tn ti cc kim loi v khong cht, c bit l cc

ion Canxi, Mange ( nc cng). Cc ion ny to ta vi cht hot ng b mt lm

gim hiu sut git ty.

1.1.4.1.2. Cc loi vt bn

Cc vt bn thng gp trong lnh vc git ty c nhng ngun gc khc nhau: t

thn th con ngi, t mi trng xung quanh, t thc phm, dng hay do cc cng

vic c th gy ra.

T cc ngun gc khc nhau ca cc vt bn, ngi ta c th a ra nhng cc x

l thch hp.

1.1.4.1.3. Cc loi si dt



Ngy nay, cc chng loi vi vc ngy mt a dng i hi s git ty thch hp

khc nhau di tc dng ca nc, nhit , tc dng c hc ca my git v tc dng

ha hc ca cht ty ra.

1.1.4.2. Cc yu cu i vi sn phm bt git

Cc sn phm ty ra phi c phi ch sao cho c kh nng ty ra tt nht

trong iu kin s dng, ng thi chng phi p ng nhiu tiu chun theo tng

quc gia, quc t hay hip hi. C th nu mt s yu cu sau:

An ton i vi my mc thit b trong khi sn xut cng nh i vi ngi

tiu dng. iu ny bao gm vic khng gy hi hay ph hy cc i tng ty

ra hay ngi s dng nh: gy n mn thit b hay d ng cho da.

Mang mt s c tnh khc hp dn ngi tiu dng nh hng, mu

Gi nguyn cht lng trong thi gian bo qun, lu tr, vn chuyn hay s

dng.

Yu cu t pha ngi tiu dng:

Bao b, mu m p.

Hnh dng v kch thc ht ng u, ht ti xp.

ha tan v phn tn tt.

Tc dng ty ra tt.

Khng gy tc dng ph ln da v vi vc.

Yu cu i vi bt git:

C s cn bng gia cc thnh phn nh: cht hot ng b mt, cht xy dng

v cc cht khc.

Nguyn liu c cht lng tt.

Ht ti xp v ng nht.

Mu v hng to cm gic d chu v hp dn.

Yu cu i vi bt git m c:

T trng cao.

Hm lng cht hot ng b mt cao ( kh nng ty ra cao).

ha tan v phn tn ti a.

1.1.5. Ngun cung cp cc nguyn liu



1.1.5.1. LABSA (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid)

ng gi: 210kg/phuy.

Thng s k thut:

Test items Units Specification Test methods

Appearance at 25 Brown.Ropy Liquid Visual

Active Matter % wt 96 min GB/T8447-1995 4.1

Free Oil % wt 2.0 max GB/T8447-1995 4.3

Sulphate % wt 1.5 max GB/T8447-1995 4.2

Color5% Am.aq.sol.Klett OK 50 max GB/T8447-1995

Cty: Anyang Xingya Washing Products Co.,Ltd.

a ch: ADD No.35 Donggong Road, Anyang, Henan Province,

China .

P.C.:455000.

Tel: 86-372-2938869 .

Fax: 86-372-2918288.

Http:www.china-xyjt.com.cn.

Gi: USD1,380/mt .

1.1.5.2. Sodium Tripolyphosphate

C cu trc tinh th, dng rn. y l loi bt trng nng chy 622oC, d

dng ha tan trong nc. L thnh phn khng th thiu trong bt git.



Thng s sn phm :

Na5P3O10 94% min

P2O5 57% min

Lng nc 0.1% max

Fe 0.01% max

Khi lng ring 0.4-1g/cm3

PH 9.2-10

trng 90%

C ht ln hn 1.00mm 5%max

Contact:Susan Zhang Anyang Xingya Washing Products Co.,Ltd.

ADDNo.35 Donggong Road, Anyang, Henan Province, China.

P.C.:455000.

Tel: 86-372-2938869.

Fax: 86-372-2918288.

Http:www.china-xyjt.com.cn.

1.1.5.3. Zeolit

Company Name: Xiamen Zhonxinglon Import & Export Co., Ltd. ( China).

Company Address: Xinluo Area Fujian of China.

Postal Code: 361000.



Company Phone: 86-592-5653587.

Company Fax: 86-592-5653912.

Contact Person: Mr. Frenk Zhang (sales manager).

Mobile Phone: 86-5653587.

Website: http://www.asiazeolite.com.

1.1.5.4. Sodium perborate

Cng ty: Shangyu Jiehua Chemical Co., Ltd.

a ch: sanpeng brdg,baiguan town, shangyu, Zhejiang, China 312351.

Gim c: Mr. Jerry Zheng.

Phone: 86-138-5858-7756.

Fax: 86-575-8219-2375.

n gi / thanh ton: FOB USD450/mt.

1.1.5.5. Soda

Nhn hiu: Vng Xun Nhn.

Ngun gc: Trung Quc.

Gi: 300.000 VN/tn.



1.1.5.6. Carboxy Methyl Cellulose (CMC)

Cng thc phn t : [C6H7O2(OH)2OC2COONa].

M t: c mu trng hoc vng nht, dng tinh th.

HS NO. : 3912310000.

Thng s k thut:

Cng ty: Chongqing Weekee Import & Export Co., Ltd.

a ch: 10-1,12#,Jinke Langqiaoshui'an, Jiangbei District, Chongqing, China

Zip: 400025.

Website: http://www.hiweekee.cn.

Gi: 1200 USD/tn.

Loi XYG-1

m (%) 10 max

tinh khit (%) 75 pht

Mc thay th 0,50

Gi tr PH 8-11.5

nht (nng 2% dung

dch)

250min



1.2. Tng quan kinh t:

1.2.1. Tnh hnh s dng Bt git:

1.2.1.1. Tnh hnh s dng trn th gii:

Cc sn phm ty ra v chm sc c nhn l nhng sn phm tiu dng hng u

ca con ngi v cc cng ng x hi. X hi ngy cng pht trin th nhu cu s

dng cc loi sn phm ny cng tng. Ngy nay, ngi ta cn phn bit cc nc pht

trin v ang pht trin da vo nhu cu s dng cc sn phm ty ra v chm sc c

nhn. iu ny cho thy, cc sn phm ty ra v chm sc c nhn gi mt vai tr rt

quan trng trong i sng ca con ngi.

Khc vi cc nc ang pht trin vi cht ty ra chnh dnh cho hu ht cc hnh

thc git ty l x phng, ti cc nuc pht trin, cc sn phm ty ra c nhiu chng

loi v chc nng hn p ng nhu cu chuyn bit ca ngi tiu dng nh: cc

sn phm dng cho o qun mc hng ngy, cc cht lm mm vi, cc cht lau chi

gia dng thch hp vi tng i tng ty ra khc nhau, cc dng sn phm chm sc

c nhn

Mc tiu dng trung bnh tnh trn phm vi ton th gii i vi cht ty ra l:

4.5kg/ngi/nm. i vi cc nc pht trin th mc tiu th l 9.8-9.9

kg/ngi/nm. Ring i vi khu vc ng Nam , chu c v Chu Phi , mc tiu

th ch khong 2kg/ngi/ nm.



( Ngun : Sch Handbook of detergent, part F: Production ca tc gi Uri Zoller and

Paul Sosis ).

Bng 1.13: Thng k mc sn xut cc sn phm ty ra trn th gii (n v 1000

tn) (theo s liu ca World Market Analyses.)

Loi cht

ty ra

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2000 2001

X phng

cng %

5149

24.48

5059

24.50

5035

24.30

4995

24.10

5084

23.80

5076

23.70

5968

22.22

5108

22.30

Cht ty

ra tng

hp %

1208

5.7

1277

6.2

1289

6.2

1378

6.2

1323

6.2

1339

6.3

1356

5.9

1374

6.0

Bt nho

(gel) %

210

1

213

1

312

1.5

222

1.1

341

1.6

359

1.7

373

1.6

392

1.7

Cht ty

ra lng

(%)

1595

7.6

1536

7.4

1484

7.4

1544

7.5

1757

6.3

1337

6.3

1400

6.1

1567

6.8

Bt git % 12904

61.3

12675

60.9

12664

61.2

12555

60.7

12859

60.1

13245

62

13774

62

14462

63

Tng

cng:

21006

20766 20694 20684 21404 21372 21971 22903

Qua bng thng k, ta thy r rng nhu cu v bt git chim t l kh cao, khong

60-63% tng lng sn phm ty ra trn th gii. iu ny cho ta thy, bt git l

loi sn phm khng th thiu c trong i sng v l sn phm ch yu trn th

trng cht ty ra.



Biu : So snh mc tiu th bt git vi cc cht git ty khc 1 s nc

tnh trn mc tiu th u ngi trong nm 2006 ( ngun:

www.ewaonline.de/journal/2007_03.pdf).

Biu : M t mc tiu th cc dng sn phm bt git

Ngun: (Trch t sch: Laundry detergent ca tc gi E. Smulder).



T biu trn , ta nhn thy bt git dng bt ang chim lnh th trng, v

mang ngun li nhun to ln cho cc n v sn xut.

1.2.1.2. Tnh hnh sn xut bt git trong nc:

Cng nh khp ni trn th gii, ti Vit Nam, th trng sn phm ty ra ang

ngy mt pht trin, a dng v phong ph. Tuy nhin, mc tiu th cht ty ra ca

ngi Vit Nam cn kh thp khong 2.5 kg/ngi/nm ( ch yu l bt git quy c)

v c d on l s tng theo tng dn s. Mt iu ng ch khc l cc sn

phm ty ra gia dng chim phn ln th phn cht ty ra trong nc cn cc cht

ty git trong cng nghip nh dt, nhum, may cha c quan tm nhiu.

Ti thnh ph H Ch Minh ni ring v c nc ni chung, cc sn phm ty ra

dng bt ca cng ty lin doanh LeverViso chim th phn cao nht ( trn 60%) vi

sn lng khong trn 100 tn/thng vi cc nhn hiu OMO, VisoTrong , sn

phm bt git m c ( c hm lng cht ty ra khong trn 20%) ch chim di

20% th phn vi nhn hiu OMO. Ngoi ra, cn c mt cng ty khc cng chim th

phn kh cao vi nhn hiu Tide ( c hm lng cht ty ra trn 25%) l cng ty

P&G.

Trong khi , cc sn phm bt git ca cc cng ty nh nc ( NET, Tico) ch

chim mt th phn rt nh trn cc th trng khng c nhiu tim nng min Ty

Nam B v bin gii Campuchia, cn ti thnh ph H Ch Minh - th trng tiu th

ln nht nc- th cc sn phm ca cc cng ty ny hu nh khng c ch ng.

iu ny c th c gii thch bi s chm chp trong chuyn i c cu, chm

tip cn vi xu hng pht trin ca th trng, u t cho k thut nng cao cht

lng, mu m sn phm, tip th v qung b cho sn phm cn thp dn n vic

nh mt th trng v thng hiu vn quen thuc vi ngi dn trc y.

Danh sch mt s nhn hiu bt git ca cc doanh nghip Vit Nam. Mt s c

tiu th ti th trng ni a, cn li ch yu a i xut khu ra th trng th gii

nh M, EU, Nht, Trung ng...

Cng ty C phn Bt git Net: Bt git NET, Bt git tng hp ROSE, Bt git

Blustar.

Cng ty TNHH Vico: V Dn, Waha, Fami, Star, V Dn C Gi, Bt git Mio.

Cng ty C phn bt git Lix: Lix.



Cng ty C phn bt git ha cht c Giang: Bt git c Giang.

Cng ty Ho M Phm Daso - Dacco: Bt git Daso, Pro 3x, Pro Siu sch.

Cng ty ho m phm Quc t ICC: bt git Bay.

Cng ty TNHH Ho M Phm Ho Hp: Bt git Aka, Hoa M Lin Hip

HTX TM TP H Ch Minh ( Saigon Co.op): Bt git Co.opmart hng hoa.



CHNG 2: QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT BT

GIT Hin nay, trn th gii c rt nhiu phng php v thit b khc nhau sn xut

bt git vi tiu ch ngy cng ci thin cht lng sn phm. C th k n mt s

phng php sau:

Phng php sy phun.

Phng php tng si.

Phng php kt t khng thp.

Phng php kt hp sy phun - kt t.

Phng php trn kh.

Trong , phng php sy phun l phng php ph bin sn xut bt git.

2.1. S khi



LABSA

Khuy ty

Trung ho

Khuy trn

Bn cha

Lc t

Sy phun

Phn loi ht

Trn b sung

Phun hng

ng gi

Sn phm

H2O2

Dd NaOH

STP, Na2SO4, Silicat, CMC

Na,

Ph gia

Nghin



2.2. S quy trnh cng ngh

Quy trnh sy phun truyn thng.

(a) Bn cha nguyn liu lng (b) Bn cha nguyn liu rn

(c) Trn lng (d) Trn v cha rn

(e) Bn trn (f) Bn trung gian

(g) Bm thc (h) Bm cao p

(i) Nn kh (k) Vi phun

(l) h thng ht chn khng (m) Bn tr

(n) Cn nh lng (o) Trn bt

(p) Sng (q) ng gi

(r) Qut kh vo (s) L t

(t) Vng phun kh (u) Thp phun

(v) Lc nh thp (w) Kh thi.



2.3. Thuyt minh quy trnh

2.3.1. LABSA ( Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid):

LABSA l mt sulpho acid. Cc sulpho acid l nhng acid mnh, nn khng ch

cc mui ca chng vi cc cation ha tr mt m c cc mui vi cation ha tr cao

hoc ngay c acid trng thi t do u tan kh nhiu trong nc to thnh dung

dch c tt c cc tnh cht c trng ca dung dch ty ra. Do , c th dng chng

lm cht ty ra trong mi trng nc cng ( c ion Mg2+, Ca2+) v c trong mi

trng acid.

V l acid mnh nn phn ng hon ton vi baz, phn ng ta nhiu nhit, gy n

mn nhm ng, hi bc ra kh SO2 rt c, c mi hc.

Mt c tnh khc ca LABSA l lm kh, gy rt khi tip xc vi da.

Tnh cht vt l ca LABSA

LABSA nguyn liu dng rn trc ht c cho vo bn khuy trn cng vi

nc a LABSA thnh dng dung dch c nng 50%.

2.3.2. Khuy ty

Nguyn liu LABSA trc khi i vo quy trnh sn xut s c khuy ty bng

dung dch nc oxy gi (H2O2) 35% tng tinh khit ca nguyn liu. Hm lng

H2O2 dng ty trng LABSA khong 0.1-0.15%.



2.3.3. Trung ho

Sau khi khuy ty xong, LABSA c bm vo bn khuy trn, sau ta tin

hnh cho dung dch NaOH c chun b trc vo bn khuy trung ho

LABSA to mui Natri linear alkyl sunfonate (LAS), l mt cht hot ng b mt

rt tt, kh nng to bt tt, tnh ty ra mnh. Lng NaOH cn trung ho khong

28%, tc 100kg nguyn liu LABSA cn 28-28.5kg dung dch NaOH m c (40-

45%).

+ Na

Tnh cht vt l ca LAS

2.3.4. Khuy trn

Sau khi qu trnh trung ho, ngi ta tip tc cho cc thnh phn khc nh cht xy

dng (STP, Zeolit), cht chng n mn (Natri silicate), cht chng ti bm (CMCNa,

polyme), cht n (Na2SO4), cht ty trng (TEAD, perborat), bt git sau sy phun

khng t kch c ht dng bt vo bn khuy trn vi t l tu theo yu cu thnh

phn ca bt git to dung dch dng kem nho chun b cho qu trnh sy phun.

Nc cng c thm vo giai on ny to dung dch kem nho c m

khong 60%. H c gi khong 80oC.



Hn hp kem nho phi m bo:

S ng u cc thnh phn cha trong khng thay i gia cc m. Do vy,

yu cu dosing (liu lng) phi chnh xc.

Bo m s ng pha, trnh tch lp.

Cc cht xy dng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic to kem nho. Ngoi ra, gip

cho cc cht hot ng b mt, cht lng khc hp thu vo. Khi cht xy dng c cht

hot ng b mt hp thu vo v em sy phun, cu trc tinh th gi nguyn, cht hot

ng b mt khng b tht thot, phn b sn phm khng u.

Qu trnh to kem nho c th theo m hay lin tc, tu theo nng sut yu cu.

Quy trnh to kem nho

2.3.5. Nghin v lc

Dung dch kem nho sau khi ra khi bn khuy trn s c a vo mt my

nghin trc vt nghin nh cc ht cht rn c kch thc ln cha ho tan ht, v

cc tinh th hnh thnh trong hn hp kem nho.

Trc khi i vo sy phun, kem nho c a vo mt h thng li lc t nhm

loi b cc cht rn kim loi hoc cc cht rn khc c kch thc ln. Qu trnh ny



c thc hin nhm trnh hin tng tc nghn, gim s mi mn cc vi phun ca

thp sy phun.

Sau khi lc t, hn hp kem nho c a vo mt bn cha trung gian.

2.3.6. Sy phun

Sy phun l qu trnh lm mt nc ca hn hp kem nho. Chuyn hn hp t

dng kem nho c m 60% thnh dng bt. m yu cu ca bt sau khi sy l 3-

10%.

Hn hp kem nho t bn cha trung gian c mt h thng bm hai cp ht vo

v y ln i vo pha trn nh thp sy phun. Kem nho di tc dng ca h thng

bm hai cp v h thng my nn kh s i vo vi phun vi p sut khong 100 atm.

Kem nho khi qua vi phun s c tn ra thnh cc ht rt nh (dng sng) vo thp

sy.

Trong khi , khng kh t mi trng ngoi s c qut ht ht vo bung t

gia nhit khng kh ln 300oC thnh tc nhn sy. Bung t s dng du FO v

truyn nhit gin tip vo khng kh sy. Khng kh sy c qut thi kh a vo

pha di thp sy phun. Dng khng kh nng i ln t y thp s gp cc ht lng

s nhanh chng bc hi nc ca cc git lng, hnh thnh cc ht rn bt git. Cc

ht bt git c hnh thnh c m giao ng t 2 10% v s ri xung y thp.

giai on ny, m khng kh trong bung sy nh hng rt ln n cu trc v

kch thc ht bt git thnh phm. Nu m khng kh trong bung sy qu thp,

cc ht bt git s c kch thc rt nh v tr nn ri rc do chng khng th kt dnh

li vi nhau. Ngc li, nu m khng kh trong bung sy qu cao, hin tng kt

dnh gia cc ht bt git s xy ra mnh m lm tng kch thc ca chng. Kt qu

l bt git khng t mn, ng nht v kch thc v cu trc ht. Cc ht bt

git to thnh s c tho vo bng ti.

Dng khng kh sy sau khi qua thp s li cun theo cc ht bt git c kch thc

nh, nh s c dn vo h thng thu hi bi nh thp trc khi a ra ngoi.

Bt git sau qu trnh sy phun c nhit cao s c lm ngui bng khng kh

khi vn chuyn trn bng ti.



2.3.7. Phn loi ht

Bt git t bng ti s c a n ng ng t thng ng ca h thng ht

chn khng phn loi ht. Khi bt git i vo ng, di tc dng ca lc ht chn

khng, cc ht c kch thc t yu cu s c li cun theo dng kh i ln pha

trn, v c thu hi li nh cc cyclone, cc ht c kch thc qu nh thot ra khi

cyclone s c a vo thit b lc ti v a v ho tan li vo dung dch to kem

nho. Cn cc ht c kch thc qu ln, trng lng ca chng thng c lc ht

chn khng s b ri xung di vo bng ti a v li thit b khuy trn to dung

dch kem nho sy phun li.

2.3.8. Trn b sung v phun hng

Bt git sau khi phn loi ht c a vo cc bn cha. Sau ngi ta s trn

b sung cc thnh phn khc, cc cht nhy nhit, d bin i bi nhit cao khng

th cho vo trc qu trnh sy phun, nh: cht hot ng b mt khng ion (NI), cht

ty trng quang hc, enzyme, cht chng to bt, cht mu. Cc cht ny c thm

vo bng h thng cn nh lng.

Tt c hn hp ny c cho vo mt h thng trn thng quay nhm trn u cc

thnh phn v kt hp phun hng to mi thm cho bt git.

Sau khi phi trn bt git c t trng: 650-750 g/l.

2.3.9. ng gi

Thng thng, ngi ta s dng bao b bng nha, nylon ng sn phm.

Yu cu chung v bao b: hn ch c s tip xc ca nh sng, khng kh v

m t mi trng xung quanh n bt git.

2.4. Mt s thit b chnh ca quy trnh

Bn cha.

Bn khuy trn.

Lc t.

Bm (bm thc, bm cao p).

Thp sy phun.

H thng phn loi chn khng.

Cyclone.

H thng trn b sung v phun hng.



Bng ti.

My ng gi.

Qut thi kh.



CHNG 3: CN BNG VT CHT Sn phm cui c: = 250 - 450 (g/l)

d = 0.2 0.8 (mm)

m 2 - 10%

Chn: = 400 (g/l)

m 6%

Nng sut 12000 tn/nm

Tnh trn c s cho 1000 kg

Suy ra khi lng kh ca sn phm: 94% 1000 = 940 (kg)

Trong h thng sn xut ta d on cc tn tht cho cc cng on nh sau:

Khuy ty 1%

Trung ha 1%

Khuy trn 2%

T khuy trn n bn cha 0.05%

Bn cha 0.5%

Tn tht ng ng t bn cha n nghin 0.05%

Nghin 1%

Lc t 1%

T lc t n sy phun 0.05%

Sy phun 3%

Tn tht ng ng sy phun n phn loi ht 0.05%

Phn loi ht 1%

T phn loi ht n trn b sung 0.05%

Trn b sung 1%

Sng 1%

Tn tht t sng n bn cha (chun b cho phun hng) 0.05%

Phun hng 0.05%

ng gi 0.05%



Do qu trnh ng gi tn tht 0.05% nn ta c khi lng trc ng gi:

1940 940.47

1 0.05%m = =

(kg)

Khi lng bt git trc phun hng:

2940.47 940.94

1 0.05%m = =

(kg)

Hng liu phun vo l cc loi du thm vi khi lng khng ng k do c

th b qua trong qu trnh tnh ton

Tn tht t sng n bn cha (trc phun hng) l 0.05% nn khi lng sau khi

sng 2 l:

3940.94 941.41

1 0.05%m = =

(kg)

Tn tht ti sng l 1% nn khi lng trc khi sng 2 l:

4941.41 950.921 1%

m = =

(kg)

Tn tht trong qu trnh trn b sung l 1% nn khi lng trc khi trn b sung

l:

5950.92 960.531 1%

m = =

(kg)

Cc cht a vo giai on trn b sung vi t l nh sau:

NI 6%

TAED 7%

Enzyme 0.2%

Cht ty trng quang hc 0.3%

Cht to mu khng ng k

Do ta c khi lng cc ph gia b sung nh sau:

mcht ph gia = T l % m5

mNI = 57.63 (kg)

mTAED = 67.24 (kg)

mEnzyme = 1.92 (kg)

mCht ty trng = 2.88 (kg)

Tng khi lng cht ph gia cn thm vo: ph gia = 128.97 (kg)



Vy khi lng trc b sung l: m = 960.53 128.97 = 831.56 (kg)

T phn loi ht n giai on trn b sung qua tn tht ng ng l 0.05% nn

khi lng sau khi sng 1 l:

6831.56 831.98

1 0.05%m = =

(kg)

Tn tht ti khu phn loi ht l 1% nn khi lng trc khi phn loi ht l:

7831.98 840.381 1%

m = =

(kg)

Tn tht ng ng t sy phun n phn loi ht l 0.05% nn khi lng sau khi

sy phun l:

8840.38 840.8

1 0.05%m = =

(kg)

Tn tht sy phun l 3% nn khi lng trc khi sy phun l:

9840.8 866.81 3%

m = =

(kg)

Tn tht ng ng v bm t giai on lc n sy phun l 0.05% nn khi lng

bt git sau lc l:

10866.8 867.23

1 0.05%m = =

(kg)

Tn tht lc t l 2% nn khi lng bt git trc khi lc l:

11867.23 875.991 1%

m = =

(kg)

Tn tht nghin l 1% nn khi lng bt git trc khi nghin l:

12875.99 884.841 1%

m = =

(kg)

Tn tht ng ng t bn cha n nghin l 0.05%:

13884.84 885.28

1 0.05%m = =

(kg)

Tn tht ti bn cha l 0.05% nn khi lng bt git trc khi vo bn cha l:

14885.28 889.73

1 0.5%m = =

(kg)

Tn tht ng ng t khuy trn n bn cha l 0.05% l:

15889.73 890.18

1 0.05%m = =

(kg)



Tn tht khuy trn l 2% nn khi lng trc khi vo khuy trn l:

16890.18 908.351 2%

m = =

(kg)

Cc nguyn liu a vo giai on khuy trn:

X bng 2%

TPP 23%

Zeolit 5%

Na2CO3 15% Na2SiO3 6%

Na2SO4 2%

Polyme 2%

Perborat 13%

CMC Na 1.5%

Suy ra khi lng cc nguyn liu trn cn cho vo l:

mnguyn liu = T l % m16 (kg) mX bng = 18.17 (kg)

mTPP = 208.92 (kg)

mZeolit = 45.42 (kg)

mNa2CO3 = 136.25 (kg)

mNa2SiO3 = 54.5 (kg)

mNa2SO4 = 18.17 (kg)

mPolyme = 18.17 (kg)

mPerborat = 118.09 (kg)

mCMC Na = 13.63 (kg)

Tng khi lng cc nguyn liu trn khi a vo khuy trn l:

631.3 ( )m kg= Tng khi lng trc khi cho nguyn liu vo khuy trn l:

m17 = 908.35 ( 18.17 + 208.92 + 45.42 + 136.25 + 54.5 + 18.17 + 18.17 + 118.09

+ 13.63) = 277.05 (kg)

Tn tht trung ha 1% nn khi lng nguyn liu trc giai on trung ha l:



18277.05 279.851 1%

m = =

(kg)

Ngha l m18 chnh l khi lng tng cng ca NaOH, LABSA, H2O2 mNaOH + mLABSA + mH2O2 = m18 = 279.85 (kg)

Khi lng LABSA cho vo l: mLABSA

Ti y xy ra phn ng trung ha nn ta chn t l NaOH a vo l 28% mLABSA

T l H2O2 em vo khuy ty l 0.15% mLABSA nn c

(100% +28% +0.15%) mLABSA = 279.85 (kg)

Suy ra: mLABSA = 218.38 (kg)

mNaOH = 61.15 (kg)

mH2O2 = 0.32 (kg)

Suy ra khi lng LABSA a vo: mLABSA = 218.38 (kg)

Dung dch NaOH c nng l 50% nn khi lng nc c trong dung dch

NaOH: 61.15 (kg)

Dung dch H2O2 c nng l 35% nn khi lng nc l : 0.59 (kg)

Nguyn liu LABSA mua v dng rn nhng phi thm nc vo tr

thnh dung dch c nng khong 50% trc khi vo khuy ty.

Vy lng nc thm vo bng khi lng LABSA : 218.38 (kg)

Tng khi lng nc l: 218.38 + 0.59 + 61.15 = 280.12 (kg)

Tng khi lng nguyn liu giai on khuy trn l :

M = 631.3 + 218.38 + 61.15 + 0.32 + 280.12 = 1191.27 (kg)

Vy m ca nguyn liu l : 280.12 100 23.511191.27

x = = %

Nhng t m ca sy phun l 60% th tng lng nc phi c trong

nguyn liu l :

100 60(218.38 61.15 0.32 631.3)

n

n

mm

=+ + + +

1366.73 ( )nm kg =



Bng tng kt khi lng nguyn liu:

Lu : s ngy lm vic ca nh my trong 1 nm l 310 ngy.

Nguyn liu

Tnh

cho

1000

kg (kg)

Tnh cho

12.000

tn (kg)

Khi

lng

nguyn

liu cho

1 ngy

KLR ca

nguyn

liu

(kg/m3)

Chn

KLR

Th tch

nguyn

liu (m3)

cho 1

ngy

LABSA 218.38 2620560 8453.42 1075 1075 7.86

NaOH 40% 61.15 733800 2367.1 1430 1430 1.6553

H2O2 35% 0.32 3840 12.39 1064.9 1064.9 0.0116

TPP 208.92 2507040 8087.23 1150 1150 7.0323

Zeolit 45.42 545040 1758.19 1500-2200 2000 0.879

Na2CO3 136.25 1635000 5274.19 480-960 700 7.535

Na2SiO3 54.5 654000 2109.68 1520 1520 1.384

Na2SO4 18.17 218040 703.35 1100-1500 1300 0.541

Polyme 18.17 218040 703.35 1100 1100 0.6394

Perborat 118.09 1417080 4571.23 720-800 750 6.095

CMC Na 13.63 163560 527.61 400-700 500 1.055

NI 57.63 691560 2230.84

TAED 67.24 806880 2602.84

Enzyme 1.92 23040 74.32

Cht ty

trng quang

hc

2.88 34560 111.48

Cht to mu Khng

ng k

Khng

ng k

X bng 18.17 218040 703.35 900 0.7815

Nc 1366.73 16400760 52905.68 1000 1000 52.9

Tng khi lng nguyn liu tnh cho 12000 tn:

28890840 ( )m kg =



CHNG 4: CN BNG NNG LNG i vi cc thit b c hc khng c cn bng nng lng.

Cn bng nng lng nng lng cho thit b sy phun:

Gi thit bi ton: dung dch bt git, cht rn chim 30%, sau khi sy phun sn

phm c m l 6%. C trng lng ring l 400g/l, ng knh ht bt git l

d=0.2-0.8 (mm).

S dng khng kh t nng sy, dng khng kh ngoi mi trng c

To=30C, c t nng ln 300C. Nhit khng kh ra khi bung sy l 90C. Sn

phm ra c nhit l Tp = 65C Tn tht nng lng trong sut qu trnh sy l 20%.

4.1. Tnh cn bng vt cht

F : nguyn liu cho vo thit b sy phun (kg/h)

P : sn phm ra khi thit b sy phun (kg/h)

F PF x P x = (1)

Vi F = 27334800 (kg/nm) = 3674.03 (kg/h)

T (1) ta suy c:

3674.03 0.3 1172.56 ( / )0.94

F F

P

F xP kg hx

= = =

Ta cng tnh c lng nc bay hi

W = F P = 3674.03 1172.56 = 2501.47 (kg/h)



4.2. Cn bng nng lng

Cng thc tnh cho ton h thng:

EF + Ekkvo = EP + Ekkra + Ehh + Qtt (2)

Vi Qtt = 20%Qt Enthalpy ca nhp liu:

F pF FE F C T= (3)

CpF: Nhit dung ring ca nhp liu ti nhit TF (kJ/kgC)

TF: Nhit nhp liu (C)

Enthalpy ca sn phm:

P pP PE P C T= (4)

CpP: Nhit dung ring ca sn phm liu ti nhit TP (kJ/kgC)

TP: l nhit sn phm ra (C )

Enthalpy khng kh vo:

Ekkvo = Cvo Mvo Tvo (5)

Cvo = 1.005 +1.88Ho Ho: m tuyt i ca khng kh vo my sy c xc nh bng cch tra dn

vi nhit khng kh ngoi tri v m khng kh tng ng (kg m/kg Khng

kh kh).

Mvo: Khi lng kh vo my sy (kg/min)

Tvo : Nhit khng kh vo my sy (C)

Enthalpy khng kh ra khi my sy:

Ekkra = Cra Mra Tra (6)

Cra = 1.005 + 1.88Hi



Hi: m tuyt i ca khng kh ra khi thit b sy (kg m/kg khng kh kh)

Mra: Khi lng kh ra khi my sy my sy (kg/min)

Tra: Nhit khng kh ra khi my sy (C)

Enthalpy ca bc hi:

hhE W = (7)

: n nhit bc hi ca m (kJ/kg)

Tra bng ti nhit trung bnh khng kh vo v ra

W: m thot ra khi vt liu (kg/h)

Vi iu kin bi:

trng thi To = 30C: m khng kh l = 80%, Yo = 0.0218 (kg m/ kg

kkk) (tra gin trc m ) v1 = 0.89 (m/kg).

trng thi T1 = 300C : c Y1 = Yo= 0.0218 (kg m/kg kkk).

trng thi T2 = 90C : c = 16%, Y2 = 0.0775 ( kg m/kg kkk) (tra gin

trc m).

Lng khng kh cn thit l:

Mkkvo = WYY 021

= 1 2501.47 44909.69 ( / )0.0775 0.0218

kg h =

Cng sut tiu th l:

2 1( ) (300 85) 44909.69 9655583.35 ( / ) 2682.1 ( )kkvaoQ M H H kJ h kW= = = =

Lng khng kh ra l:

Mkkra = Mkkvo + W = 44909.69+ 2501.47 = 47411.16 (kg/h)

Vi CpF, CpP ta tnh theo phn trm:

1

n

P Pi ii

C C X=

= Trong :

ipC l nhit dung ring ca thnh phn (kJ/kgC)

Xi l phn khi lng cc thnh phn (%)



Trc khi sy phun:

Thnh

phn Sut lng ( kg/h ) %

Cp

(kJ/kgoC)

LASBA 352.23 9.59 1.6

NaOH 98.63 2.68 1.48

TPP 336.97 9.17 2.49

Zeolit 73.26 1.99 0.4

Na2CO3 219.76 5.98 1.04

Na2SiO3 87.90 2.39 0.80

Na2SO4 29.31 0.80 5.96

Polyme 29.31 0.80 1.68

Perborat 190.47 5.18 1.02

CMC Na 21.98 0.60 4.53

X bng 29.31 0.80 2.34

Nc 2204.40 60.00 4.18

TNG 3673.52 99.99 3.18

Suy ra CpF = 3.18 (kJ/kgC)

Sau khi sy phun:

Thnh

phn Sut lng ( kg/h ) %

Cp

(kJ/kgoC)

LASBA 352.23 30.04 1.6

NaOH 98.63 8.41 1.48

TPP 336.97 28.74 2.49

Zeolit 73.26 6.25 0.4

Na2CO3 219.76 18.74 104

Na2SiO3 87.90 7.50 0.80

Na2SO4 29.31 2.50 5.96



Polyme 29.31 2.50 1.68

Perborat 190.47 16.24 1.02

CMC Na 21.98 1.87 4.53

X bng 29.31 2.50 2.34

Nc 58.63 5.00 4.18

TNG 1172.56 100.00 2.31

Suy ra CpP = 2.31 (kJ/kgC)

Thay vo cc cng thc (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) v (7). Ta c:

EF = F.CpF .TF = 3674.033.1830 = 350502.46 (kJ/h) = 97.36 (kW)

EP = P.CpP .TP = 1172.562.3165 = 176059.88 (kJ/h) = 48.91 (kW)

Ekkvo = Cvo.Mkkvo.Tvo= (1.005+1.88 0.0218)44909.69300 = 141105 (kJ/h)

= 3916.67 (kW)

Ekkra = Cra.Mkkra.Tra= (1.005+1.880.0775) 47411.16 90 = 49.1105 (kJ/h)

= 1363.89 (kW)

Ehh = W. = 2501.472270 = 56.8105 (kJ/h) = 1577.32 (kW)

Thay vo pt 2:

EF + Ekkvo = EP + Ekkra + Ehh + Qtt => Qtt = 1023.91 (kW)

Vi Qtt = 0.2Qt => Qt = 5119.55 (kW)

4.3. Tnh ton thi gian sy

Cc d liu cn thit cho tnh ton:

Khi lng ring dung dch trc khi sy: (tra bng) F = 996.675 (kg/m)

Khi lng ring dung dch sau khi sy: (tra bng) P = 400 (kg/m)

Nhit khng kh vo my sy: T1 = 300C

Nhit b mt git cht lng TS = 60C (tnh theo nhit bu t ca khng

kh ti nhit trung bnh ca khng kh vo v ra khi my sy)

n nhit bc hi ti nhit trung bnh = 2270.103 (J/kg) H s dn nhit ca khng kh tnh theo nhit trung bnh Kg = 0.03826

(W/mC)

m ti hn (tnh theo cn bn kh) Xe = 0.25 (kg m/kgkkk)



m cui (tnh theo cn bn kh) 0.05 (1 0.05) 0.0564PX = = (kg m/kgkkk)

ng knh ban u (git cht lng) dF = 0.35 (mm)

Tnh ton ng knh ht sau khi sy:

Lng cht rn trong mt git cht lng c tnh bng:

cl F F FM V x= (xF tnh theo cn bn t)

Lng cht rn trong ht sn phm c tnh bng:

ran P P PM V x= (xP tnh theo cn bn t)

Vi th tch git cht lng ban u: VF = 3)2(

34 Fd

Th tch ht sn phm: VP = 3)2(

34 Pd

Cht rn trong 1 git cht lng nguyn liu = Cht rn trong 1 ht sn phm 3 34 4

3 2 3 2F P

F F P Pd dx x =

dP = 0.44 (mm) (0.2 0.8) mm Tnh thi gian sy:

Thi gian sy c tnh ton theo cng thc:

avg

eppp

sm

ag

FF

ThXXd

TTKdt

..6).(..

).(.8.. 2

+

=

XP v Xe tnh trn cn bn kh

Vi 2 g

p

Kh

d=

3 3 2 3 2 3996.675 2270 10 (0.35 10 ) 400 (0.44 10 ) 2270 10 (0.0564 0.25) 3.4 ( )8 0.03826 (300 60) 6 2 0.03826 195

t s

= + =

4.4. Tnh ton kch thc cn bn ca thp sy

Gi L l chiu cao thp sy (m)

D l ng knh thp sy (m)

R l bn knh thp sy (m)

Chn t l: 23

=

DL



Ta c: R = L31

Vn tc kh i trong thp sy c tnh: 22

44909.69 0.89

3600 ( )3

kkvaoM vU LR

= =

Vn tc ht ri t trn xung s l : U = tL

Thay vo ta tnh c L = 4,77 (m) => R = 1,6 (m)

4.5. Cn bng nng lng cho l t

S dng du DO t c nhit tr ring l Qt = 41.868 (MJ/kg)

Phng trnh cn bng nng lng:

d tt nhietQ Q Q= +

Vi 20%tt dQ Q=

Vi Qd l nhit lng cn thit (kW)

Qtt l nhit tn tht ra mi trng (kW)

Qnhiet l nhit lng m khng kh cn lm nng nhn c (kW) (ly cn

bng nng lng cho sy phun).

d2682.1 3352.63 ( )

1 0.2 0.8nhietQQ kW = = =

Khi lng du DO cn cung cp l:

6

3352.63 3600 0.29 ( / )41.868 10

d

t

QM kg hQ

= = =



CHNG 5: TNH TON V CHN THIT B 5.1. Bn cha

Trong qu trnh sn xut bt git ta cn n 6 bn cha:

Bn cha nguyn liu LABSA.

Bn cha nguyn liu H2O2.

Bn cha nguyn liu NaOH.

Bn khuy trn.

Bn trung gian.

Bn cha bt cn bn sau sy phun.

Chn tt c bn cha u c dng hnh tr trn, np phng, c ch to bng thp

khng r.

V= S H =4

2 HD = 4

2D0.6D = 0.15D3

Vi: H= 0.6D (chiu cao phn tr).

5.1.1. Bn cha LABSA

Khi lng LABSA s dng trong mt ngy l: 8453.42 (kg)

Khi lng LABSA s dng trong mt tun l: 6 8453.42 = 50720.52 (kg)

Khi lng ring ca LABSA l: 1075 (kg/m3)

Th tch LABSA: 1075

52.50720 = 47.18 (m3)

Khi lng nc thm vo to dd LABSA 50% l:

50720.52 (kg)

Th tch nc thm vo: 72.501000

52.50720= (m3)

Th tch ca nguyn liu LABSA l 47.18 + 50.72 =

97.9 (m3)

H s s dng ca ni l: 75%.

Vy th tch ca bn cha l: 75.09.97 = 130.54 (m3)

Vi: V = 130.54 (m3) 0.15D3 = 130.54 D = 6.52 (m).

Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau:



D = 6.8 (m)

H = 4 (m)

Bn cha nguyn liu LABSA (l mt axit mnh,d dng phn ng vi bazo ta

nhit mnh) c yu cu nghim ngt v cch nhit, n mn kim loi, phn ng ha

hc... Chn b dy lp thp l 0.1 (m).

Vy ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 6.8 + 0.1 2 = 7 (m).

5.1.2. Bn cha nguyn liu H2O2

Khi lng H2O2 s dng trong mt ngy l: 12.39 (kg)

Khi lng H2O2 s dng trong mt tun l: 6 12.39 = 74.34 (kg)

Khi lng ring ca H2O2 l: 1064.9 (kg/m3)

Th tch H2O2 : 9.106474.34 = 0.0698 (m3)

Dung dch H2O2 c nng l 35% nn khi lng

nc l: 138.06 (kg)

Th tch H2O: 100006.138 = 0.318 (m3).

Tng th tch ca nguyn liu H2O2 l: 0.0698 + 0.3118 = 0.2078 (m3).


Vy th tch ca bn cha l: 75.0

2078.0 = 0.277 (m3)

Vi: V = 0.277 (m3)

V = 0.15D3 = 0.277 D = 0.84 (m) Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau:

D = 1 (m)

H = 0.6 (m)

Nc oxy gi l mt axit yu trong dung dch nc, c pKa = 11.75. Nc oxy gi

khng phn gii v tng i n nh. Nn chn b dy lp thp khong 0.05 (m).

Vy ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 1 + 0.05 2 = 1.1 (m)



5.1.3. Bn cha nguyn liu NAOH

Khi lng NaOH s dng trong mt ngy l: 2367.1 (kg)

Khi lng NaOH s dng trong mt tun l: 6 2367.1 =14202.6 (kg)

Khi lng ring ca NaOH l: 1430 (kg/m3)

Th tch NaOH: 1430

14202.6 = 9.93 (m3)

Dung dch NaOH c nng l 50% nn khi lng

nc c trong dd NaOH: 14202.6 (kg)

Th tch H2O: 10006.14202 =14.026 (m3).

Vy tng th tch ca nguyn liu NaOH l: 9.93 + 14.026 = 23.96 (m3)


Vy th tch ca bn cha l: 75.096.23 = 31.95 (m3).

Vi: V = 27.5 (m3)

V = 0.15D3 = 31.95 D = 4.07 (m) Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau: D = 4.5 (m)

H = 2.7 (m)

Chn b dy lp thp khong 0.05 (m)

Vy ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 4.5 + 0.05 2 = 4.6 (m).

5.1.4. Bn khuy trn

Nguyn liu t cc bn cha c chuyn n bn trn theo 1 t l nht nh, to

hp cht sn st ( kem nho) trc khi chuyn sang bn ch. y, cc cc rn b

chia nh v khng kh b loi b. Qu trnh trn c kim sot cht ch, trnh thng

kh vo bn. V bn lm bng thp mm hoc thp khng r.

Bn trung ha cha khi lng ca c 3 nguyn liu LABSA, NaOH, H2O2 .

Vy khi lng tng cng l:



8453.42 + 12.39 + 2367.1 = 10832.91 (kg).

Th tch 3 loi nguyn liu th rn :

V =1075

42.8453 + 9.1064

39.12 + 1430

1.2367 = 9.29 (m3)

Ti bn ny mt s nguyn liu c cho vo

khuy trn vi khi lng tng ng:

Nguyn liu Khi lng (kg) Khi lng ring

(kg/m3) Th tch (m3)

X bng 703.35 900 0.78

TPP 8087.23 1150 7.03

Zeolit 1758.29 2000 0.88

Na2CO3 5274.19 700 7.53

Na2SiO3 2019.68 1520 1.33

Na2SO4 703.35 1300 0.54

Polyme 703.35 1100 0.64

Perborat 4571.23 750 6.1

CMC Na 527.61 500 1.1

Tng cng 24348.28 25.93

Tng khi lng thm vo: 243448.28 (kg)

t c kem nho trc khi vo sy phun, nguyn liu phi t c

m l 60%. Tc l:

nguyenlieunuocnguyenlieunuoc

nuoc

kem

nuoc mmmm

mmm

6.04.06.06.0 ==+

=



m nuoc = 32 m nguyenlieu = 32

(24348.28 + 10832.91) = 52771.79 (kg)

Vy khi lng tng cng bnh khuy trn l:

52771.79 +24348.28 +10832.91 = 87952.97 (kg)

Th tch nc thm vo l: 1000

52771.79 = 52.77 (m3)

Th tch nguyn liu rn a vo: 25.93 + 9.29 = 35.22 (m3)

Tng th tch nguyn liu rn v nc trong bn: 35.22 + 52.77 = 87.99 (m3).

H s s dng l 0.75 nn th tch bn cha l: 75.099.87 = 117.32 (m3)

Vi : V = 117.32 (m3)

V = 0.15D3 = 117.32 D = 6.29 (m) Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau:

D = 6.5 (m)

H = 4 (m)

V LABSA l axit mnh nn phn ng hon ton vi

bazo, phn ng ta nhiu nhit, gy n mn mnh, bc hi

ra kh SO2 rt c c mi hc. V th, cu to bn trung

ha phi m bo cc yu t an ton lao ng: c thit b

ht kh SO2, bn dng hnh tr trn, vt liu ch to l

thp mm v c phng php gii nhit ph hp, cc

nguyn liu c lng rn c pha trn bi cnh vt bn

trong theo chiu kim ng h, chng li s quay theo

chiu ngc kim ng h. Chn b dy vt liu l 0.15

(m).

Vy ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 6.5 + 0.15 2 = 6.8 (m).

5.1.5. Bn trung gian

c dng lu tr v tip tc khuy trn kem nho, thi gian lu bn ny

c kim sot thi gian cho php hydrat ha cc mui v c nh: sulfat Na,

carbonat v triphotphate Na.



V nh my lm vic theo ch d lin tc nn cn c bn cha nguyn liu sau khi

khuy trn chun b cho giai on nghin nn th tch bn cha bng th tch bn

khuy trn V = 117.32 (m3).

Do ta chn bn cha c:

D = 6.5 (m)

H= 4 (m).

V cu to ca bn cha cng tng t nh bn

khuy trn, b dy 0.05 (m) v ng knh ngoi

ca bn khuy trn, b dy 0.05 m v ng knh

ngoi ca bn l: Dn = 6.5 + 0.05 2 = 6.6 (m).

5.1.6. Bn tr sau sy phun

Sau sy phun m bt git cn li l 6 %. Tc l 54 % nc c bay hi.

Khi lng nc cn li sau sy phun: 6 % 52771.79 = 3166.3 (kg)

Th tch nc l: 1000

3.3166 = 3.17 (m3).

Vy th tch bn cha l: 35.22 + 3.17 = 38.39 (m3) .

H s s dng l 0.75 nn th tch bn cha l: 75.039.38 = 51.19 (m3) .

Vi: V = 51.19 (m3)

V = 0.15D3 = 51.19 D = 4.77 (m).

Quy chun: Chn bn cha nh sau: D = 5 (m)

H = 3 (m)

V cu to ca bn tr sau sy phun cng tng t nh cc bn trn, b dy

0.05 (m) v ng knh ngoi ca bn l: Dn= 5+ 0.05 2 = 5.1 (m).

5.2. Tnh ton cnh khuy trong thit b khuy trn

Tnh v chn cnh khuy nh sau:

Ta chn cnh khuy loi c ng tun hon trung tm (p dng cho dung tch thng

khuy t 1-50 m3, nht dung dch 1-500 Ns/m2, tc vng quay n = 1.5 5 m/s)

vi t l nh sau:

D/d = 2.5, H/D = 0.6, h/d = 1/5, S/h = 0.36



Trong : D, d (m) l ng knh ca bn cha v cnh khuy.

H, h (m) l chiu cao ca bn cha v cnh khuy.

S (m) l khong cch t y bn cha n cnh khuy.

p dng cng thc tnh cng sut khuy :

N = 240**(h/d)*n2*d3

Chn n = 1.5m/s, = 500 Ns/m2

Ta c c gi tr nh bng sau:

Bn cha D (m) H (m) d (m) h (m) S (m) Nc (kW)

LABSA 6.8 4 2.72 0.544 0.196 1086.7

NaOH 4.5 2.7 1.8 0.36 0.13 314.93

H2O2 1 0.6 0.4 0.08 0.029 3.456

Bn khuy 6.5 4 2.6 0.52 0.187 949.1

Tng cng sut ca cnh khuy 2354.2

5.3. My nghin

Khi lng nguyn liu m my phi nghin trong 1 gi l 46114.56 1921.44 /24

kg h=

La chn thit b:

Tn thit b WFJ-60

Nng sut (kg/h) 200-2000

Kch thc nguyn liu (mm)



Tc ca trc (rpm) 4500

Cng sut (kW) 74

Trng lng thit b (tn) 3.2

Hng sn xut Trung Quc

Nh cung cp CTY TNHH TM & CGCN KIN CNG

Gi bn (tham kho) (USD) 6000 ( vi gi USD tham kho : 19500VN)

5.4 B lc t tnh

B lc t trng lm vic bng cch sn xut mt t trng thu st t, cc ht thp.

Cc nam chm c sp xp to thnh mt t trng c thng lng khng u v

cc ht st thp c ht vo . Chnh lch t trng cng ln th cc ht st thp b

ht vo cng mnh

T bn khuy kem nho c chuyn n mt bn ch, ty theo mc kem nho

c nho trn s hnh thnh cc pha khc nhau v qu trnh kt tinh din ra. Vic lc

c thc hin t c s ng nht hn na v m bo cc vi phun khng b

nghn khi phun kem nho vo thp sy. Thng thng, b lc t tnh c t sau bn

khuy

Mng lc c ch to bng vt liu kim loi, khi c dng in chy qua mng lc

s nhim t v ht nhng phn t kim loi trong bt git, kem nho i ra tip tc qua

qu trnh khuy trn

Khi lng nguyn liu m thit b phi lc trong 1h l: kg/h

La chn thit b:

Nh cung cp: Ningbo Mingrui magnetic materials co., LTD.

M hng: S1-001.

Vt liu ch to: Thp khng g.

Gi: 11000 USD.

5.5. Bm

Phng php tnh ton cng sut ca Bm

Vi: : nht ca vt liu

: khi lng ring ca vt liu



L: tng chiu di ca ng dn (30 m)

D: ng knh ng dn (0.023 m)

Z1: mc cht lng c duy tr

Z2: chiu cao cn bm

N: cng sut bm

: ct p bm

Qb PbNn

=

ed vR

=

2

1 22vWb Z Z hm hcg

+ = + + +

2

2 v Lhm fg d

=

2

2 (2 )v Lek Lev Lethc fg Dk Dv Dt

= + +

Pb g Wb =

5.5.1. Bm nguyn liu

thiet ke nha may sx bot giat

Documents