they actually have names errors in reasoning so common … · 2019-11-25 · adolf hitler relate to...
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LOGICAL FALLACIESErrors in reasoning so common
they actually have names.
What is wrong with this
advertisement?
What is this
message asking
people to do?
How does
carpooling and
Adolf Hitler relate
to each other?
Fallacies are commonerrors in reasoning thatwill undermine the logicof your argument.
Fallacies can be either illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points, and are often identified because they lack evidence that supports their claim.
Fallacies are commonly used in◼ Advertising◼ Politics
● Abusive Ad Hominem● Accent● Accident● Ad Baculum● Ad Consequentiam● Ad Crumenum● Ad Hoc Rescue● Ad Hominem● AdHominem,
Circumstantial● Ad Ignorantiam● Ad Misericordiam● Ad Novitatem● Ad Numerum● Ad Populum● Ad Verecundiam● Affirming the
Consequent● Against the Person● All-or-Nothing● Ambiguity● Amphiboly● Anecdotal Evidence● Anthropomorphism● Appeal to Authority● Appeal to Consequence● Appeal to Emotions● Appeal to Force● Appeal to Ignorance● Appeal to Money● Appeal to Past Practice● Appeal to Pity● Appeal to Snobbery● Appeal to the Gallery● Appeal to the Masses● Appeal to the Mob● Appeal to the People● Appeal to the Stick● Appeal to Traditional
Wisdom● Appeal to Vanity● Appeal to Unqualified
Authority● Argument from
Ignorance● Missing the Point● Mob Appeal● Modal● Monte Carlo● Name Calling● Naturalistic● Neglecting a Common
Cause● No Middle Ground● No True Scotsman● Non Causa Pro Causa● Non Sequitur● Obscurum per
Obscurius● One-Sidedness● Opposition● Outrage, Argument
from● Over-Fitting● Overgeneralization● Oversimplification● Past Practice● Pathetic● Peer Pressure● Perfectionist● Persuasive Definition● Petitio Principii● Poisoning the Well● Popularity, Argument
from● Post Hoc● Prejudicial Language● Proof Surrogate● Prosecutor's Fallacy● Quantifier Shift● Question Begging● Questionable Analogy● Questionable Cause● Questionable Premise● Quibbling● Quoting out of Context● Rationalization● Red Herring● Refutation by
Caricature● Regression● Reification● Reversing Causation● Scapegoating● Scare Tactic● Scope● Secundum Quid● Selective Attention● Self-Fulfilling Prophecy● Self-Selection● Sharpshooter's● Slanting● Slippery Slope● Small Sample● Smear Tactic● Smokescreen● Sorites● Special Pleading● Specificity● Stacking the Deck● Stereotyping● Straw Man● Style Over Substance● Subjectivist● Superstitious Thinking● Suppressed Evidence● Sweeping
Generalization● Syllogistic● Texas Sharpshooter's● Tokenism● Traditional Wisdom● Tu Quoque● Two Wrongs do not
Make a Right● Undistributed Middle● Unfalsifiability● Unrepresentative
Sample● Unrepresentative
Generalization● Untestability● Vested Interest● Victory by Definition● Willed ignorance● Wishful Thinking● You Too
● Argument from Outrage● Argument from
Popularity● Argumentum Ad ....● Argumentum
Consensus Gentium● Avoiding the Issue● Avoiding the Question● Bad Seed● Bald Man● Bandwagon● Begging the Question● Beside the Point● Biased Generalizing● Biased Sample● Biased Statistics● Bifurcation● Black-or-White● Cherry-Picking the
Evidence● Circular Reasoning● Circumstantial Ad
Hominem● Clouding the Issue● Common Belief● Common Cause.● Common Practice● Complex Question● Composition● Confirmation Bias● Confusing an
Explanation with an Excuse
● Conjunction● Consensus Gentium● Consequence● Converse Accident● Cover-up● Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter
Hoc● Curve Fitting● Definist● Denying the Antecedent● Digression● Disregarding Known
Science● Distraction● Division● Domino● Double Standard● Either/Or● Equivocation● Etymological● Every and All● Exaggeration● Excluded Middle● False Analogy● False Cause● False Dichotomy● False Dilemma● Far-Fetched Hypothesis● Faulty Comparison● Faulty Generalization● Faulty Motives● Formal● Four Terms● Gambler's● Genetic● Group Think● Guilt by Association● Hasty Conclusion● Hasty Generalization● Heap● Hedging● Hooded Man● Hyperbolic Discounting● Hypostatization● Ignoratio Elenchi● Ignoring a Common
Cause● Ignoring Inconvenient
Data● Incomplete Evidence● Inconsistency● Inductive Conversion● Insufficient Statistics● Intensional● Invalid Reasoning● Irrelevant Conclusion● Irrelevant Reason● Is-Ought● Jumping to Conclusions● Lack of Proportion● Line-Drawing● Loaded Language● Logic Chopping● Logical● Lying● Maldistributed Middle● Many Questions● Misconditionalization● Misleading Vividness● Misplaced Concreteness● Misrepresentation
● Mob Appeal● Modal● Monte Carlo● Name Calling● Naturalistic● Neglecting a Common
Cause● No Middle Ground● No True Scotsman● Non Causa Pro Causa● Non Sequitur● Obscurum per Obscurius● One-Sidedness● Opposition● Outrage, Argument from● Over-Fitting● Overgeneralization● Oversimplification● Past Practice● Pathetic● Peer Pressure● Perfectionist● Persuasive Definition● Petitio Principii● Poisoning the Well● Popularity, Argument
from● Post Hoc● Prejudicial Language● Proof Surrogate● Prosecutor's Fallacy● Quantifier Shift● Question Begging● Questionable Analogy● Questionable Cause● Questionable Premise● Quibbling● Quoting out of Context● Rationalization● Red Herring● Refutation by Caricature● Regression● Reification● Reversing Causation● Scapegoating● Scare Tactic● Scope● Secundum Quid● Selective Attention● Self-Fulfilling Prophecy● Self-Selection● Sharpshooter's● Slanting● Slippery Slope● Small Sample● Smear Tactic● Smokescreen● Sorites● Special Pleading● Specificity● Stacking the Deck● Stereotyping● Straw Man● Style Over Substance● Subjectivist● Superstitious Thinking
EVADING THE ISSUE (RED HERRING )
⦿ An argument that focuses on an irrelevant or not important issue to detract attention from the real issue.
Classic Teen Favorite!
CIRCULAR REASONING (BEGGING THE QUESTION)⦿ An argument in
which the writer, instead of providing evidence, simply restates the point in other language.
◼ “Students do not have the same rights as teachers in this school because teachers get to make the rules.”
Kind of like saying “This is true because it’s true.”
FALSE CAUSE (POST HOC)⦿ The assumption that because one event
follows another, the first is the cause of the second.
⦿ (Because this happened, that happened)⦿ Event A, Event B
◼ “Test scores went down right after they put Pepsi machines in the foyer. That’s what you get for guzzling Pepsi—it reduces your I.Q.”
Also the source of
many superstitions
FALSE ANALOGY⦿ The assumption that because two things are
alike in some respects, they are alike in others.
◼ “Hot pockets are so bad for you--kids who would eat the cafeteria hot pockets might as well eat poison.”
A favorite of media personalities who love to compare everything they
don’t like to Nazi Germany
“EITHER… OR” FALLACY
⦿ The suggestion that only two alternatives exist when in fact there are more.
A four-year-old’s
Either/or Fallacy
might go “Either you
buy me this toy or
I’ll die of a broken
heart!”
HASTY GENERALIZATION (STEREOTYPING)⦿ A generalization based
on insufficient evidence
◼ “Maria acts that way because she is red-headed. You know what they say about red-heads and their tempers.”
◼ “You’re from Idaho . . .so you love potatoes, right?”
Stereotypes can be funny—unless you’re the one
being stereotyped
PRACTICE!Journal # 1 - Logical Fallacies
With a neighbor (or neighbors), identify the following examples as a specific logical fallacy.
Remember! This is a practice and is designed to get you thinking!
IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF FALLACY
⦿ Pregnant women shouldn’t smoke, because it is important for women expecting a baby to avoid smoking.
⦿
⦿ Failing your driver’s ed test is about the same as losing your lunch money, so it’s no big deal.
⦿ Why should we be concerned about bullying in school when breaking the dress code is a more common problem?
⦿ We have the choice of eliminating pizza from the cafeteria menu or face the prospect of everyone becoming unhealthy eating school lunch.
⦿ Yeah, I’m not surprised she backed the car over the garbage can. She is a girl, after all.
⦿ You shouldn’t do that because you shouldn’t do that.
⦿ Smoking might be dangerous. But first, did you see that gorilla that was killed in the zoo last week?
⦿ I saw Mr. Hernandez walking past my locker yesterday. Then I found my gym shoes were missing. Coincidence?
THE TAKE AWAY. . .
Avoid fallacies in your arguments and you will be more persuasive.
