8/7/2019 Thessis1

1/7

Time Frame Program for the Doctoral Program:

(1) Time Frame:- (36 months)

Sr Stage Start Dt End Dt Remarks

1 Literature Review 1-2-2011 31-3-20112 Pilot Studies BWSSB & 5 cities of Karnataka

(Hubali, Dharwad, ..)

Investigation 1-4-2011 30-4-2011 Present practice of water balancing.

Process Mapping 1-5-2011 31-5-2011 Augmentation to Final consumption

Process Structure 1-6-2011 30-6-2011 Stage wise detailing of quantification

Data -Preliminary check 1-7-2011 31-7-2011 Understanding quantification on

data collected and finding out

missing links and its solutions.

3 Process Quantification System

Water Balancing Data 1-8-2011 30-9-2011 New System development

Accounting System 1-10-2011 30-11-2011 In corpora ting accounting in systemAuditing System 1-12-2011 31-12-2011 Developing suitable audit system.

4 Field Test 1-1-2012 31-3-2012 Check of Newly developed system

on field data and finding out system

corrections required to smooth

functioning of the system

5 System Improvements 1-4-2012 30-6-2012 Incorporating findings & corrections.

6 Simulation Model Development 1-7-2012 31-12-2012 Model development.

Model Check 1-1-2013 31-3-2013 Model testing on field data.

7 Thesis report writing

Paper presentation etc.

1-4-2013 31-10-2013

8 Thesis submission & gettingcorrections

1-11-2013 31-12-2013

9 Incorporating Jury views 1-1-2014 28-2-2014

8/7/2019 Thessis1

2/7

1. Introduction

1.1. Challenge

The measuring of water supplied and water losses i.e. quantification of water used and consumed in the

water supply system represent the greatest challenges for water utilities worldwide. A possibility to

assess water balance data including loss management strategies of water utilities and implemented

technologies is the methodology of quantification, to arrange the dataset using principle of accounting

system and adopting concept of auditing to check the working of system as per the policy.

In India and worldwide, performance assessment has become one of the most important topics in water

supply sector in the past decade. Driven by various frame conditions at a national or international level,

e.g. the EU water framework directive 2000/60/EC (EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT 2000), the need for more

transparency and modernisation strategies in the monopolistic sector of water supply has become

increasingly evident.

To enable performance assessments on a standardised frameset of performance indicators, theInternational Water Association (IWA) published a performance indicator (PI) system (ALEGRE et al.

2000 and 2006), which is the basis for many performance comparisons and benchmarking projects all

over the world. But these indicators totally depend on; the data generated by the system, type of

system adopted and accuracy level (minimum unit of the measurement) of the system.

International experiences have shown that corporate benchmarking is a good detection instrument for

hidden optimisation potentials. But it is often difficult to derive measures for improvement on the basis

of these data. Therefore it may be necessary to make detailed analyses of various processes. Thus,

integrated (Q,A/c & Au.) Water supply system should display how potentials for improvement can be

tapped.

Because many of the first approaches of process benchmarking in European countries have been based

on global economic considerations but lack a demonstrative analysis of technical aspects, there is a need

to develop process performance indicators for the technical tasks of the water supply sector (e.g.

OVERATH & MERKEL 2004).

One process which so far has not been sufficiently considered in process benchmarking projects is the

process of Integrated Quantification Accounting and Auditing of water supply management. In fact,

water Quantification, Accounting and Auditing are important parameters for the correct Pricing and

Planning of water management for water utilities with high water losses but also for water utilities with

small leakage rates.

It is important for water companies to find the right strategy in water balancing including loss

management. The costs as well as the benefits for each activity and methodology have to be known to

enable the right decisions to be made. Therefore each sub process and each single activity in the field of

water balance management has to be analysed in detail. Clearly defined sub processes and activities

8/7/2019 Thessis1

3/7

with a measurable input (e.g. costs for personnel and instruments) and a measurable output (e.g.

reduction of losses or detection of water losses) are needed.

While water companies have to be effective (this means doing the right things), they also have to be

efficient (this means doing the things in the right way with minimal effort). To reach this aim the

instrument of water balancing can be very helpful. Two existing initiatives on water balancingmanagement have a strong focus on qualitative comparisons of the process (BWSSB and the Five-Cities

Group project in Karnataka).But, up to now; no systems with systematic quantification of the

performance of the process of physical water loss management have been developed.

Therefore a challenge that should be solved within this thesis is to work out a system that enables the

utility to quantify the water in the system along with accounting and auditing at different levels.

The main parts of this thesis is planned to develop within a working of BWSSB and five group cities

selected for 24x7 water supply in the state of KARNATAKA on performance contract basis to supply

water in the some part of the cities called a Demo Zone.

Beside these, an initiative of the Bill-Mirinda Gate foundation of the PAS program in the state of

Gujarat and Maharashtra lead by Dr. Dinesh Mehta and Dr. Mira Mehta, which solely focuses on water

and waste water management and Benchmarking process. The work initiative is still ongoing as this

thesis is under progress, but has given inspiration for this work, and further synergies could be used.

At present quantification of water is worked out at production level (at treatment plant) by measuring

the quantity of water filtered; taking into consideration the rate of filtration and operation time.

The average consumer supply is worked out by; (1) assuming line losses (2) city population (Not

consumers ) in LPCD. In fact it should be exactly consumer wise because it is a service provided on

basis of connection. Customer has also right to know the quantity of water supplied to his/her

connection.

In lack of integrated water supply system;

y Wide variation in terms of quantity of water supplied among consumers is observedwithin and different water zones. Results in inequity in distribution of natural resources.

y Exact line losses remain unknown.y Lack of proper system- Check and Balance; on water production and water supplied.

It is necessary to know the actual quantity of water supplied to the consumers. It is possible only if 100%water connections are metered. It is not possible in India for next 20 years. This situation forces us to

develop some alternative system.

So alternatively the city/town can be divided into different water zones and water zones can be

further sub divided into blocks (DMA District Meter Areas).

8/7/2019 Thessis1

4/7

8/7/2019 Thessis1

5/7

Shri Y.K. Alagh Sir: (Abstract of meeting on7-1-2011)

Quantification of water in a larger perspective:

The Narmada water is supplied for the Agriculture, Drinking and Industrial purpose in the state of

Gujarat. The water is being distributed through Canals and Pipelines. The 100%, total supply ismeasured. All the measurements are computerized and real time system for Narmada water

measurement is adopted.

After 2020 onwards Narmada water will be demanded by other states like MP, Rajasthan; at present the

required system for distribution of the Narmada water is under developed and so demand is yet not

developed in both these states.

We should look towards this Narmada Water distribution system in a larger perspective.

Water will become more scare in the already water scare state of Gujarat.

Accurate water pricing cannot be done without accounting of water.

Measurement for free water is required and policy framing for the same is to be done.

Concept of Centralized v/s decentralized domestic water supply system with NANO technology should

be studied.

People of Gujarat will accept the Idea of domestic water quantification, accounting and auditing because

it will facilitate accurate pricing and billing. The people of Gujarat are open minded to new concept e.g.

successful implementation of the BRTS for mass transit in Ahmedabad is a recent example.

8/7/2019 Thessis1

6/7

1.2. Aim of this thesis

The aim of this PhD thesis is to work out a system for the water management with the focus on the

Quantification of water used in the system along with suitable Accounting and Auditing methods. The

topic of managing Quantification of water at Source level requires a much broader analyses of many

additional activities, but these are not part of this thesis.

The Quantification process system has to be based on recent developments in performance assessment

and should cover all aspects of modern water management.

The process Quantification system should allow the assessment of the performance of water supply

utilities from an economic point of view, as well as from technical quality aspects. It should facilitate

finding out whether the strategy used in water loss management is effective or not. If not, the system

should give support in finding the right strategy.

The system should also show where there is room for improvements within the process operation. This

means detecting inefficiencies but also potentials for technical (qualitative) optimisations.

Beside this, the process Quantification system for water management has to fulfill the following criteria:

Clear process structure: The process structure has to be well understandable and all parts of the

process (sub processes, supporting processes) have to be well defined.

Hierarchical process structure: The process structure has to be hierarchical, so that both the overall

performance and the performance in single parts of the process can be assessed.

Practical applicability: The system of process benchmarking has to be in step with actual practices and

therefore it has to be developed closely with water supply utility experts.

For all structures: The system has to be applicable for all structures and all sizes of water supply

utilities.

Simple data gathering: The allocation of costs and other data should be simple. The query of context-

information should be accomplished with selective lists to keep the effort as low as possible.

Transparency: The system has to be a transparent one; black-box solutions have to be avoided.

Data quality: The accuracy and reliability of variables has to be considered.

Structural parameters: The system should consider different frame conditions of water supply systems

to allow a performance comparison in comparable groups (clusters).

Voluntary and anonymous system: The system should be used for voluntary Quantification and should

allow anonymous evaluations.

Field test: The system has to pass a field test within the Austrian water supply sector. Therefore, a

case study with eleven water supply utilities was worked out and the results of this field test are

described in this thesis.

8/7/2019 Thessis1

7/7

1.3. Methodology used

The first steps within this work were the analyses of common practices in water management, which are

mainly defined by the IWA Water Loss Task Force, and the analyses of the applicability and benefits of

existing (process) benchmarking systems.

Two projects which deal with water management will be analysed in special detail. These are the

Bangalore Water Supply project and the Hubali project out of Five -Cities Group project in KARNATAKA.

The second step was a process mapping to define the process structure of physical water management.

Next, the process Quantification system was worked out on basis of the process structure. This includes

the definition of variables, context information and performance indicators. Quality indices had to be

defined and a quality matrix was created for the evaluation of quality in process operation, which helps

to identify performance gaps.

Afterwards the process Quantification system will be tested in a field test within the Indian water supply

sector. This field test provided useful information about weaknesses within the watermanagment

system.

Finally, improvements on the basis of the experiences of the field test were implemented into the

process Quantification system (Figure 2 Course of action).

Investigation-

BWSSB & Hubali Water supply

Common practice in waterQuantification ,Accounting

and Auditing

Applicability and benifits of

existing system

Process MappingDefination of Process

Structure

Process QuantificationSystem

( with Accounting &Auditing)

Variables

Context Information

Quality Matrix

Simulation Model

Field TestBWSSB & Hubali

Process Quantification

System ImprovementsImplementetion of the

experiences of Field Test