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7878

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7979

A[ymbw c≠v

Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fnse BJym-\-X¥w

a\p-jys‚ AIhpw ]pdhpw Hcpt]mse BJym\w sNøp∂

t\mh-en-ÃmWv Ddq-_v. Ddq_ns‚ F v t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ BJym-\-X-

¥-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-Xbpw hyXn-cn‡-XbpwsIm≠v it≤-b-amb

DΩm-®p, kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥am-cpw, AΩn-Wn, Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-

Im-cpw F∂o \mep t\mh-ep-I-fmWv ]T-\-Øn-\mbn sXsc-s™-Sp-

Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kzmX¥yka-c-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v ae-_m-dn-ep-≠mb

P\-Iob apt∂-‰-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-]-c-amb AS-bm-f-ßsf Dƒs°m-

≈p∂ t\mh-ep-I-fmWv Ch. Ncn-X-]-chpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb Ah-

t_m-[-tØm-sSm∏wXs∂ a\p-jys‚ B¥-cn-I-tem-I-sØ°p-dn-

®p≈ kq£va-amb [mc-W-Iƒ ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-bmWv Ddq-_ns‚

t\mh-ep-Iƒ. Cu \mep t\mh-ep-Iƒ IYm-]-chpw ]mT-]-c-hp-amb

BJym-\-X-¥-ßfm¬ khn-ti-ji-≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂p.

1 DΩm®p

kvXoa\- ns‚ AKm-[-X-e-ßfpw kwL¿j-ßfpw kvXoXz-

Øns‚ km-am\y- n-∂-amb am\-ßfpw Akm-[m-c-W-co-Xn-bn¬ Bhn-

jvI-cn-°p∂ Hcp ]W-b-I-Y-bmWv DΩm-®p. amb-t\mSpw _ocm-

t\m-Sp-sam∏w Ifn-®p-h-f¿∂ DΩm®p ambs\ kvt\ln-®n-cp-s∂-¶nepw

kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±w-sIm≠v _ocms\ PohnX-]-¶m-fn-bmbn

kzoI-cn-t°≠nhcp∂p. Ime-߃°ptijw _ocms‚ sIme-bm-

fn-bmWv amb-s\-∂-dn-™p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ DΩm®p

\n¿_-‘n-X-bm-hp-∂p. CØcw \nc-h[n ]Xn-k-‘n-I-fn-eqsS IS-

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8080

∂p-t]m-Ip∂ DΩm-®p-hns‚ am\-knIPohn-X-am-Wv- D-Ωm-®phn¬

BJym\w sNøp-∂-Xv.

BJym-\-im-kvX-]-T-\-a-\p-k-cn®v Hcp cN-\-bnse Inb-I-fpsS

A]-K-Y\w hfsc ][m-\-am-Wv. DΩm-®p-hns‚ IYm-tc-Jsb C]-

Imcw A]-K-Yn-°mw.

][m\IYm-tcJ

DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw amb-s‚bpw _ocm-s‚bpw _meyw

DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw amb-s‚bpw ]Wbw

DΩm-®phpw _ocm-\p-am-bp≈ hnhmlw

DΩm-®p-hns‚ hnhm-l-Øn\p Imc-W-°mc-\mb Al-Ω-Zp-Æn-

bp-ambn G‰p-ap´n hb-\m- n-se-Øp∂ ambs‚ Pohn-Xw.

Al-Ω-ZpÆn Xm≥aq-e-a√ acn-®-sX-∂-dn™v XncnsI \m´n-

se-Øp∂ amb-s‚-bpw DΩm®p-hn-s‚bpw IqSn-°mgvN

_ocms‚ sIme-]m-XIw

amb-s‚bpw DΩm®p-hns‚bpw hnhmlw

A_vZphpw amb-\p-am-bp≈ Akzm-ckyw

amb≥ Xs‚ A—s‚ sIme-bm-fn-bm-sW∂v A_vZp ]d-bp-

∂-tXmsS ho≠pw hb-\m- nseØp∂ amb≥

ambs‚ Bfl-lXy

IpSpw_kzØp°fpsS mKw-shbv]pw DΩm®phns‚ A_vZp-

hp-sam-Øp≈ Xma-khpw

Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚bpw A_vZp-hn-s‚bpw hnhmlw

Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ Ip™ns‚ P\\w

D]-I-Ym-tc-J-Iƒ

l -s‚bpw Ban-\-bp-sSbpw IY

lmPn-bpsS IY

Nm∏p-Æn- \m-b-cp-sSbpw e£v-an-b-Ω-bp-sSbpw PohnXw

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8181

tNmgn-bpsS Zpc-¥-IY

tIm¨Kkpw eoKpw tN¿∂ cmjvSo-b-]-›m-Øew

IY-bn¬\n∂v ]mT-Øn-te°v

cN-bn-Xmhv sXsc-™-Sp-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\IYbv°v A\p-kr-

X-amb BJym-\-X-¥-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºm-gmWv BJym\w

sshhn≤y]q¿Æhpw k -e-hp-am-Ip-∂-Xv. IYm-]m-X-߃, tIµo-

I-c-Ww, ÿe-Im-e-߃, `mjm-ssien XpS-ßn-b-h-bpsS btYm-Nn-

X-amb k∂n-th-i-Øn-eqsS D-Ωm-®phnse IY ]mT-ambn hnI-kn-

°p-∂p.

F. IYm-]m-Xkr„n

apJy-[m-cm-k-aq-l-Øns‚ icn-sX-‰p-Isf kw_-‘n®

kmaqly[mc-W-I-fn¬\n∂v hyXn-cn‡-amb Nn¥m-tem-I-ap≈ IYm-

]m-X-߃ D-Ωm-®phns‚-]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. emL-h-]q¿Æ-amb hni-

I-e-\-Øn\p hg-ßmØ k¶o¿Ækz -mh-ßfp-≈, \nKq-V-X-I-fp≈

IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS km∂n≤yw DΩm-®p-hn-ep-≠v.

hnt[bXzhpw hn\o-X-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp∂ km[m-cW

kvXoIYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v thdn- p-\n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv

DΩm-®p. amb-s‚bpw _ocm-s‚bpw Pohn-Xw DΩm-®p-hn-s‚

kvXoXzi‡n-Isf ap≥\n¿Øn-bmWv \oßp-∂-Xv "]qXn-s°mØ

Hcp sIt´ym≥ _∂m¬ Abns‚ skmlw H∂pt_sd X∂ym!'1

F∂v hy‡-am-°p∂ I¿Xr-Øz-amWv DΩm-®p-hn-t‚Xv. t\mh-ense

\mbn-Isb kw_-‘n® ]mc-ºcy [mc-W-Isf hn\n¿Ωn-Xn°p hnt[-

b-am-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv DΩm-®p. kvt\ln-°p∂ ]pcp-j\pw aI-

\p-an-S-bn¬ Bfl-kw-L¿j-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ IYm-]m-XamWv DΩm-®p.

Ip‰-t_m-[-Øm¬ \odp∂ amXrXzw A_vZp-hns\ Gsd kvt\ln-

°m≥ DΩ-m®p-hns\ ]m]vX-bm-°n. "]nt∂m v -Xn-cn™p t\m°-

cpXv, t\m°ym a\n-k≥ IpSp-ßn.- ]ns∂ Xqßn-®m-th≈q'2 F∂

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8282

PohnXho£-WsØ ]I-Sn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Imgv®-∏mSv B¿Pn-s®-Sp-

°m≥ DΩm-®p-hn\v km[n-°p-∂p-≠v. ]W-bsØ kw_-‘n®pw Pohn-

X-Øns‚ \n¿Æm-bIL -Øn-se-Sp-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-ßsf kw_-

‘n®pw I¿XrXzkz`mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv DΩm-®p.

`mKw sh°m-\p≈ i‡-am-b- Xo-cp-am-\hpw Xm≥ A_vZp-hns‚IqsS

F∂- Xo-cp-am-\hpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ X\n°v icn-sb∂p tXm∂p-∂Xv

sNøm-\p≈ I¿XrXzat\m-`m-h-sØ-bmWv hyRvPn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Cßs\sbms°-bm-bn-cn-°p-tºmgpw hnIm-c-\n¿ -c-amb s]cp-am‰w

sIm≠v AΩ, ]W-bn\n XpS-ßnb k¶¬∏-ß-fn¬ ]pXp-abpw

BI¿j-Wo-b-Xbpw \nd™ hy‡n-Xz-amWv DΩm-®p.

DΩm-®p-hns‚ kuµ-cyhpw kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-XIfpw hm°p-

I-fn-eqsS hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p≠v Ddq-_v. ]ISIYm-]m-X-Øns‚ (Ex-

plicit character) kz`mhkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ DΩm®p Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

""DΩm®p hf¿∂-t∏mƒ Ah-fpsS N¥hpw hf¿∂p. bu∆\w B

i-co-c-Øn¬ [mcm-fnØw Im´n-bn-cp-∂p. XpSp-Øp-cp≠ Ihn-fp-I-fn¬

Poh- p-h∂p ap´n-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-Wv. ]S-sh- p∂ c≠v IÆp-Iƒ...''3

C]-Imcw DΩm-®p-hns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hm°p-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-

jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. BJym-Xm-hns‚ sXsc-s™-Sp-∏p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw

hn[n-\n¿Æ-b-Øn-eq-sSbpw ip≤o-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ DΩm-®p- am-

cntbm¢mddpsS hni-Zo-I-cW IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ (Explanatory char-

acter) KW-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. DΩm-®p-hns‚ Pohn-X-hp-ambn Gsd

_‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p∂ Nm∏p-Æn-\m-b¿ hnizmkyIYm-]m-X-Øns‚

(Confidant character) kz`mhkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂p.

PmXnaXNn¥-Iƒ°-Xo-X-ambn kvXo]p-cpjkulr-Z-Øns‚

km≤y-X-Iƒ DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw Nm∏p-Æn-\m-b-cp-sSbpw krjvSn-bn-

ep-≠v. am\-kn-I-amb ASp∏w kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\memWv _ocms\

sIm∂Xv amb-\m-sW∂v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂n´pw Nm∏pÆn\mb¿

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8383

clkyw shfn-hm-°m-Ø-Xv. ][m\ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Bi-bm- n-

em-j-߃ ]¶p-sh°-s∏-Sp∂ CØcw IYm-]m-X-߃ hnizmky

IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv. _ocms‚ hodn-√m-bvabv°v ]Icw Nm∏p-Æn-\mb-

cpsS Ign-hp-I-sf-bmWv DΩm®p AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. _ocms‚ ac-

W-tijw A_vZp-hns‚ c£-mI¿XrXzw kza-\- mseXs∂ Nm∏p-

Æn-\m-b¿ Gs‰-Sp-°p∂p. Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-\ofw DΩm-®p-hns‚ Bh-

iy-߃ Adn™p ]h¿Øn-°p∂ kl-bm-Xn-I-\mWv Nm∏p-Æn-

\m-b¿. DΩ-m®p-hns‚ XI¿®-bnepw Db¿®-bnepw Hcp-t]mse IqsS

\n¬°p∂ Nm∏p-Æn-\m-b¿ hnizm-k-Øn-s‚bpw Bflm¿∞-X-bp-

sSbpw ]cym-b-am-Wv. PohnXk¶o¿ÆXIfn¬°qSn- I-S-∂p-h∂v

t\mh-ens‚ Ah-km\w "hen-b Rm-\mbn' hf¿∂p\n¬°p∂ Nm∏p-

Æn-\m-b¿°v k¶o¿ÆIYm-]mXkz`mhw D≠v.

Du¿÷z-kz-e-X-bp-sSbpw Xt‚-S-Øn-s‚bpw ]cym-b-ambn

t\mh-en¬ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂ Nn∂-Ωp-hn\v \mS-IobIYm-]mXw (Dra-

matic character), kqNnXIYm-]mXw (Implicit character) F∂n-h-

bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≠v. hnZym- ym-khpw kmap-ln-I- cmjvSob

t_m[y-ß-fpap≈ kzX¥ kvXobpsS A¥-kØ Nn∂-Ωp-hn-\p-≠v.

sshImcn-I-X-bpsS Xew DΩm-®p-hn¬ ImWp-tºmƒ Nn∂-Ωp-hn¬

sshNm-cn-I-X-bv°mWv ÿm\w. kz¥w mK-t[bw kzbw-\n¿Æ-bn-

°p-sa-∂v Dd®p hniz-kn-°p-Ibpw ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°p-Ibpw sNbvX-

I-Ym-]m-X-amWv Nn∂-Ωp. A_vZp-hns‚ am\-kn-I-kw-L¿j-ßfpw

A]-I-S-I-c-amb Nn¥-Ifpw Xs‚ NSp-e-amb kw`m-j-W-ß-fn-eqsS

eLq-I-cn®v kml-N-cy-ßsf [oc-X-tbmsS t\cn-Sm≥ Nn∂-Ωp-hn\p

Ignbp∂p. kw`m-j-W-ß-fn¬°qSnbpw s]cp-am-‰-Øn¬°qSnbpw

kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ kzbw A\m-hr-X-am-hp∂-Xn-\m¬ kqNn-X-

I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ \ne-bn-emWv Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ ÿm\w. "]pcp-j≥

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8484

F∂pw ]Ir-Xn, kaq-lw, ssZhw XpSßn _mly-tem-I-hp-am-bp≈

_‘-Øn-eqsS \n¿∆Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ kvXo Ft∏mgpw

]pcpj-\p-am-bp≈ _‘-Øn-eqsSbmWv \n¿∆Nn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.''4-

kaq-l-Øns‚ Cu \ne-]m-Sns\ ewLn-®p-sIm≠v kz¥w

Imen¬\n∂p-sIm≠pXs∂ ]pcp-j\v XpW-bmbn Ahs\ Pohn-

°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p∂ i‡n-bmbn Nn∂-Ωp amdp∂p. A_vZp tIm¨

Kkv AwK-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ \n¿t±-i-Ømem-Wv.

kvt\ln® ]pcp-js‚ Pohn-XsØ \n¿Æ-bn-°m\pw hgn-Xn-cn-®p-hn-

Sm-\pap≈ IcpØv Nn∂-Ωp-hn\p≠v. hnhm-l-Øn\p apºp-Xs∂ ]T-

\sØ kw_-‘n®pw DtZym-KsØ°pdn®pw hnhm-l-sØ-°p-dn-®p-

sams° Xt‚-Xmb Xocp-am-\-ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°m-\p≈ IcpØv

Nn∂-Ωp-hn¬ kl-P-am-Wv. A[n-Im-cn-bpsS ]W-b-`m-hsØ

Xo£vW-amb hm°p-IƒsIm≠v C√m-Xm-°m\pw Nn∂-Ωp-hn\p Ign-

bp-∂p. PmXn-bp-sSbpw aX-Øn-s‚bpw AXn¿h-c-ºp-I-fn-√msX

kvXobpw ]pcp-j\pw Hcp-an-®p Pohn-°msa∂ k¶ev]w Pohn-X-

Øn¬ ]mh¿Øn-I-am-°m≥ Nn∂-Ωp-hn-\p-I-gn-™p. ""]nt∂-bv, Rm\n-

t∏mƒ Ccn-°p∂ ]m´n-\n-cn-°pw., \n߃ \nß-fpsS ]m´n\pw. Hcp-

an-®p-I-gn-™p-Iq-Sp-Ibpw sNøpw. F¥m, kΩ-X-amtWm?''5 F∂

hm°p-I-fn¬ kz¥w hy‡nXzw ImØp-kq-£n-®p-sIm≠v kzX-¥-

ambn kml-N-cy-ßtfmsSXn-cn´p Pohn-°p-hm-\p≈ Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚

IcpØv ]I-S-am-Wv. \mS-IobIYm-]m-X-h¬I-c-W-Øns‚ ]tXy-

I-X-I-ƒ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Nn∂Ωphn\p Ign-bp-∂p.

kvt\ln-°p∂ kvXo°mbn PohnXw ]IpØp\¬Ip-∂ Ddq-

_ns‚ ]pcpjIYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ]Xn-\n-[nI-fmb amb\pw

_ocm\pw ]ISIYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv. ""Rß-fpsS \m´n¬ Hcp _ocm-

\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ip´n-bm-Wv, F∂p-h-®m¬ ]Xn-\©v hbt Bbn-

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8585

´p-≈q. Ah≥ i‡-s\m-∂p-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F¶nepw kpap-J-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

\o≠ aq°pw hnS¿∂-I-Æp-I-fpw- I-dpØ ]pcn-I-ßfpw CSsØ

]pcn-I-Øns‚ A‰Øv Hcp IdpØ ]mep-Ænbpw XpSpØ ico-

chpw F√mw IqSn Ahs\ kpµ-c-\m°n''6 F∂n-ßs\ IYm-]m-X-

Øns‚ cq]hpw kz`m-hhpw hm°p-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-

Xn-\m¬ ]ISIYm-]m-X-Øns‚ (Explicit character) kz`mhw

kv]jvSam-Wv.

DΩm-®p-hns‚ ]W-b-amWv amb-s‚bpw _ocm-s‚bpw A¥n-

a-e£yw. DΩm-®p-hns\ e`n-°p-∂-tXmsS _ocms‚ PohnXw ]q¿Æ-

am-Ip-∂p. DΩm-®p-hns‚ Xf¿®-bmWv amb-s‚ Bfl-l-Xy°v \nZm-

\w; adn®v _ocms\ sIm∂-Xn-ep≈ Ip‰-t_m-[-a-√. kvt\l

\jvSsØbpw kvt\l\ncm-k-sØbpw Hcpt]mse Xncn-®-dn™

IYm-]m-X-amWv amb≥. DΩm-®p-hn-s\-t∏mse k¶o¿Æ kml-N-

cy-ß-tfmsSXn-cn v Pohn-°m≥ amb\p Ign-bp-∂n-√. t\mh-en-Ãns‚

hnh-c-W-ß-fn-eqsS ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Cu IYm-]m-X-߃ hnh-c-

Wm-flI (Explanatory) IYm-]m-X-ß-fmWv.

sshb-‡nI Pohn-X-Øn\v ]m[m\yw sImSp-°p∂ A_vZp-

hn¬ \mS-Io-b-I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fp≠v. cmjvSob

kmaq-lnI Pohn-X-Øn-te°v A_vZp ]th-in-°p-∂Xv Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚

CS-s]-S¬ sIm≠mWv. ]pcp-js‚ Hcp mKw amX-amWv kvXosb∂

apJy-[mcmk¶-ev]\sØ tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm≠v kvXobpsS Hcp

`mK-ambn ]pcp-j≥ amdp∂ ImgvN A_vZp-hn¬ D≠v. Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚

hy‡nXzw Db¿Øn-°m- m≥ A_vZp-hn\v Ign-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬ shcp-

≤ym-flI IYm-]mXw(Foil character) F∂v A_vZp-hns\ hnfn-°mw.

C]-Imcw t\mh-ense IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS _mlyhpw B¥-

cn-I-hp-amb kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ BJym\X¥-

߃ DΩm-®p-hn¬ kv]jvSam-Wv.

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8686

_n. tIµo-I-cWw

tIµ-I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬amXw BJym\w

\n¿∆-ln-°p∂ kº-Zm-b-a√, Ddq-_n\v kzoIm-cyw. DΩm-®phn¬ DΩm-

®p-hn-s\m∏w Nm∏p-Æn-\m-bcpw, Nn∂-Ωp-hpw Ncn-X-Im-c≥ Al-Ω-

Zp-Ænbpw Dƒs∏sS \nc-h[n IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ho£WØn-eq-sS-

bmWv BJym\w ]q¿Æ-am-Ip-∂-Xv. ""BJym-Xm-hns‚ ho£Ww

A\p-hm-N-Is\ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p. BJym-Xmhv ]pe¿Øp∂ ho£-

W-a-\p-k-cn-®mWv hmb-\-°m-cs‚ a\- n¬ IYm-]m-X-ßsf°pdn-

®p≈ hne-bn-cp-ج \S-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp hn√s‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ ]d-

bp∂ IY-bn¬ \mw Abmsf \ymbo-I-cn®psh∂p-hcmw.''7 BJym-

Xm-hns‚ kao-]-\-tØmSv tN¿∂p-\n∂v hmbn-°m≥ t]cn-∏n-°p-∂-

h-bm-Wv, Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-Iƒ.

""Rß-fpsS \m´n¬ Hcp _ocm-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p''8 -F∂v

ka„ntIµoI-c-W-Øn¬ (Collective focalisation) XpS-ßp∂

t\mh-en¬ IYm-]m-X-ßfpsS am\-kn-I-`m-hm-]-K-Y-\-Øn\v

DXIpwhn[w ho£W-Øn¬ am‰w Df-hm-Ip-∂p.- q-X-Imehpw h¿Ø-

am-\-Im-ehpw IqSn-°p-g-™p-In-S-°p∂ DΩm-®p-hn¬ ""Ipd-®-tßm´p

sN√p-tºmƒ t\mh-enÃv ]n≥amdn F√mw t\cn´p I≠p-sIm-≈m≥

hmb-\-°m-cs\ A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-ap≠v. cwK-tØ°v hmb-\-°m-cs\

BI¿jn-°p∂ Hcp ssIØmßv amX-amWv t\mh-en-Ãv.... IYm-

]m-X-߃ GsX√mw ]h¿Ø-\-a-WvU-e-ß-fn¬ hym]-cn-°p-

∂pt≠m Ahn-sS-sb√mw hmb-\-°m-c\pw IqsS-t∏m-hp-∂p. A√m-

tØ-SØv Ncn-X-Im-c≥ Al-Ω-ZpÆn IY ]d-™p-X-cm≥ Xøm-

dmbn \n¬°p-∂p-ap-≠v''9 F∂ \nco-£Ww DΩm-®p-hns‚ ho£-

W-tI-µ-Øn-te°v hnc¬ Nq≠p-∂p.

t\mh-enÃv IY-bn¬ t\cn v ]Xy-£-s∏-SmsX a‰v IYm-]m-

X-ßsf Dƒs°m-≈n®v IY-]-d-bp∂ coXn-bmWv DΩm-®p-hn¬. KŸ-

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8787

ImcmJym-\-tI-µnX-amb(Authorial naration)coXn-bn¬ IYm-]m-X-

ß-sfbpw Ah-cpsS ]hrØn-I-sfbpw Ipdn®v F√mw Adn-bp∂

k¿∆-⁄-s\-t∏mse \ne-sIm-≈p∂ t\mh-enÃv Ah-cpsS

]hrØn-Iƒ Im´n-Ø-cn-I-bm-Wv.

kzK-Xm-Jym-\-ß-fpsS khn-ti-j-amb ]tbmKw DΩm®p F∂-

t\m-h-ense BJym-\-X-¥-Øns‚ `mK-am-Wv. ""D≈n¬\n∂pw apg-

°-tØm-Sp-IqSn B tNmZyw. ho≠pw B i_vZw Bcw`n-®p. "F¥n-

\p-t]mbn?' B i_vZw Ic-fn¬ apg-ßn-s∏m-ßp-I-bm-Wv. AXv

AIØv Ie-º-ep-≠m-°p-∂p. Xm≥ InS-°p∂ I´nens\-∏-‰nbpw

I√ym-W-Zn-h-k-a-Wn™ ]p≈n-Øp-Wn-bpsS sh≈n-°-k-hn-s\-∏-

‰nbpw Hs° Btem-Nn-°m≥ ian®p ]s£, F√m -B-tem-N-\-

Ifpw sN∂-h-km-\n-°p-∂Xv B tNmZy-Øn-emWv. F¥n\p t]mbn....?

F¥n\v? F¥n-\v...? a\-kp-≠m-bn‰v! CXp _√y FS-tßdv? Bcm

tNmbv®m≥? DΩm®p ]ndp-]n-dp-Øp.''10 inYn-e-ambn Hgp-Ip∂ Nn¥m-

[m-c-Iƒ A\\p-_‘]Xy£hyh-lmcØneqsS (Untagged di-

rect discourse) Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. B-¥-cn-I-kz-K-Xm-Jym-\-

Øn¬\n∂pw ]Xy-£-kz-X¥-hy-h-lm-c-Øn-te°v DΩm-®p-hns‚

Nn¥m-]-hmlw XS- -ßfn√msX Hgp-Ip-∂p. C]-Imcw hyXykvX

ho£WßfpsS ka\zbw DΩm-®p-hn¬ Im-Wmw.

kn. ÿe-Im-e-߃

ÿeIm-e-ßfpw IYm-]m-X-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w bp‡n-

bp-‡-amhWsa∂v BJym-\-imkvXw hn[n-°p-∂p. `uXn-Ihpw

B¥-cn-I-hp-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃ DΩm-®p-hn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IYm-P-\n-X-ÿew, IYm-P-\-I-ÿew XpSßn BJym-\-im-kvX-Øn-

e-[n-jvTn-X-amb k¶-¬]-\-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v DΩm-®p-hnse ÿe-

Im-e-ßsf ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°mw.

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8888

`uXn-I-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃

IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ehpw, IYm-P-\n-X-ÿ-ehpw H∂m-Ip∂ Bhn-

jvIm-c-ß-fmWv DΩm-®p-hn¬ Gsd-bpw. DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw _ocm-

s‚bpw amb-s‚bpw Ip´n-°mew apX¬ DΩm-®phns‚ hm¿≤Iyw

hsc-bp≈ kw -h-߃ Htc-ÿ-eØv tIµo-I-cn®v Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p.

hb-\m-S≥ Pohn-X-amWv CXn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amb `qan-I.

F∂m¬, hb-\m- nse ambs‚ PohnXw hb-\m-Sns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-

Øn-emWv. IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ehpw IYm-P-\n-Xÿ-ehpw hb-\mSpXs∂-

bmWv. hb-\m- n¬\n∂v lks‚ IÆn-eq-sS -B-hn-jvI-cn-°s∏-Sp∂

\m´nse PohnX-amWv hyXy-kvXamb IYmP\I ˛ P\n-X-ÿ-e-

߃ IS-∂p-h-cp∂ kµ¿`w.

kzmX-¥ym-\-¥-c-ap≈ s]mXp-sX-sc-s™-Sp-∏n¬ ÿm-

\m¿∞nbmbn A_vZp-hns‚ cmjvSob ]›m-Øew t\mh-en¬ IS-

∂p-h-cp-∂Xv `uXn-I-amb ImesØ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. t]m¿®p-Kokv

ImesØ ASnahyh-ÿn-XnbpsS IY-Iƒ Al-Ω-Zp-Æn-bpsS

NcnXIY-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw uXn-I-amb ImesØ

Ipdn-°p-∂p.

BJym\imkvX-Øn¬ IYm-Imew (Story time), BJym-\-

Imew (Narrative time) F∂n-ßs\ c≠p-Xcw Ime-ß-fp≠v. IY

\S-°p∂ Imehpw IY Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ Imehpw hyXy-kvX-

amhmw. hmb-\-°m-c≥ A\p- -hn-°p∂ as‰m-cp- Im-ehpw CXn-t\mSv

tN¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂p. IYm-Im-ehpw BJym-\-Im-ehpw H∂m-bn-am-dp-

∂Xv DΩm-®p-hnepw ImWmw. hnZqc`qX-Im-e-Øns‚ BJym-\-

Ønemcw- n-°p∂ DΩm-®p-hn¬ h¿Ø-am-\-Im-ehpw qX-Im-ehpw CS-

I-e-cp-∂p.

B¥-cnI-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃

_mly-amb uXn-I-Im-e-Øn-\-∏pdw Hcp B¥-cn-I-Imew DΩm-

®p-hn-ep-≠v-. H-cn-°epw Xncn-®p-h-cm-\m-ImØhn[-ap≈ Ime-Øn-s‚

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8989

]hm-l-amWv IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS KXnbpw hn[nbpw \n¿Æ-bn-°p-

∂-Xv. B¥-cn-I-Imew ]cn-Wm-a-kz- mhw B¿÷n-°p-∂Xv Ime-Øn-

s‚ Ne-\m-fl-IXzwsIm≠m-Wv. ambs‚ Bfl-lXy A\n-hm-cy-

ambn amdp-∂Xpw Nm∏p-Æn-\m-b¿ apØ—-\mbn "henb Rm\mbn'

cq]m-¥cw ]m]n-°p-∂Xpw Cu Ime-]-bm-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-hp-I-

bm-emWv. ""F√m -kw- -h-ß-fp-sSbpw \nXy-]-›mØew Ime-amWv.

AXn-\m¬ Hcp cl-kysØ ad-®p-]n-Sn-°p-tºmƒ Ime-Øns‚ Hcp

JfisØ ad-®p-]n-Sn-°p-I-bmWv a\p-jy≥ sNøp-∂-Xv. DΩm-®p-hn¬

sIme-]mXIcl-kysØ ][m\IYm-]mX-߃ ad-®p-]n-Sn-°p-∂p.

CXp-hgn `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ Hcp JfisØ ad-®p]nSn°p-I-bmWv

Ah¿ sNøp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm-≠mWv _ocms‚ sIme-]m-XIw apX¬

ambs‚ Bfl-l-Xy-h-sc-bp≈ Imew IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS D≈nse

Ime-ambn Xo¿∂v Hcp Zpc¥`mh-ambn amdp-∂-Xv''11 F∂ hne-bn-cp-

ج DΩm-®p-hnse AZr-iy-Im-e-Øns‚ kqN-\-bm-Wv.

C]-Imcw B¥-cn-Ihpw _mly-hpamb ÿe-Im-e-߃ DΩm-

®p-hns‚ BJym\X¥-Øns‚ `mK-ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂p.

Un. `mj

`mj-bpsS hyXn-cn-‡-X-bmWv DΩm-®p-hns‚ BJym-\-Øn\v

Bghpw ]pXp-abpw \¬Ip-∂Xv. [z\ym-fl-I-amb `mjbpw _nw_-

I-ev]-\-Ifpw IYm-k-µ¿ -߃°v XohX ]I-cp-∂p. h≈p-h-\m-

S≥ ap…ow`mj-bpsS D]-tbmKw, kmµ-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ,

Kmay-]-tbm-K-ß-fpsS NmcpX, \¿tΩm-‡n-I-fp-sSbpw ]g-s©m-√p-

I-fp-sSbpw ssien-I-fp-sSbpw DNn-X-amb hn\y-k\w F∂nh DΩm-

®p-hns‚ BJym\khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv. `mj -kr-jvSn-°p∂ A¥-

co£XohX, hyXykvX_nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ, [z\ym-fl-I-amb ]tbm-

K-߃, \¿tΩm-‡n-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, kvXo]-£-

`mj F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn®v DΩm-®p-hns‚ BJym-\-ssien A]-

K-Yn-°p-I-bm-WvsN-øp-∂-Xv.

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9090

`mj krjvSn-°p∂ A¥-co-£-Xo-hX

[z\ym-fl-I-amb BJym-\-hp-ambn A¥co£-krjvSn _‘-

s∏- p-\n¬°p-∂p. IYm-]m-X-ß-tfmSpw kw`h-ß-tfmSpw _‘-s∏´

]h-N-\-i-‡n-bp≈ Zriy-߃ DΩm-®p-hn¬ Zpc-¥- m-h-ambn IS-

∂p-h-cp-∂p. ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS B¥-cn-I-X-sb°qSn shfn-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ [z\n-]-[m-\-amb `mj-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Ddq-_v- CXv km[n-°p-

∂-Xv. ÿew, Imew, ka-bw, _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-bp-ambn

_‘-s∏´p \n¬°p∂ A¥-co£w Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ IYm-

kw- -h-ß-fpsS Xo£vW-Xbpw cl-kym-fl-I-Xbpw shfn-hm-°p∂p.

Bfl-lXy sNø-m\p-d®v hb-\m- n-se-Øp∂ amb≥ ""t\cw shfpØv

Ct√?'', ""C\n ap∏Xv \mbnI ItøWw Ccp- m-hm≥, At√?''12

F∂v lk-t\mSv tNmZn-°p-∂p. ChnsS amb≥ Xs‚ acW-Øn-te-

°p≈ Ime-sØ-bmWv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. hb-\m-S≥ImSpI-fn-te-

°p≈ k‘ym-k-a-bsØ ambs‚ bmX-bpsS Bhn-jvImcw ÿe-

Im-e-ßfpw ka-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ambs‚ Bfl-l-Xysb kqNn-

∏n-°p∂ A¥-co£w krjvSn-°p-∂p. ""DΩm®p Pme-I-Øn-\-Sp-s°-

t∏m-bn-\n-∂p. shfn-bn-te°v t\m°n. a™paq-Snb Ccp v Iq\n-°q-Sn-

bn-cn°pwt]mse. Im´p-s]m-¥-Iƒ Aßn-ßp-\n¬°p-∂p. GXp-\nan-

j-Ønepw Ah aqcn-\n-h¿∂v Hcp \ng¬t]mse \ofw ht®-°mw.''13

Akz-ÿ-amb A¥-co-£-krjvSn ChnsS Zpc-¥-Øns‚ ]Xn-cq-]-

ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. A¥-co£Iev]-\-I-fn-eqsS DΩm-®p-hns‚

Xoh-amb B¥-cnIkw-L¿jw AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ kµ¿ -ßfpw

DΩm-®phn-ep-≠v. ""]\-º- -I-fn-en-cp∂v aqfn IpWp-ßp∂ aqß-Iƒ

s]-s´∂p ]d∂pt]mIp-∂-sX-¥n-\mWv? Zqsc If-Ifw s]mgn-°p∂

\o¿t®me HgpInt∏mIp-∂-sX-¥n-\m-Wv? Nµ≥ NI-hm-f-]-cn-[n-bn-

te°v ]Xps° ]Xps° \oßn-t∏m-Ip-∂sX¥n-\m-Wv? F¥n-\mWv?

F¥n-\mWv?... t]mbm¬ Hcn-°epw Xncn-®p-h-cnt√? amb\pw Xncn-

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9191

®p-h-cnt√? Ahƒ lrZ-b-Øn¬ Hcp IS-∂¬ IptØ-‰-Xp-t]mse

sR´n-t∏mbn?''14 DΩm-®p-hns‚ Bfl-kw-L¿jhpw ambs‚ ac-

Whpw ]IrXnbpambn _‘-s∏´ A¥-co£Iev]-\-I-fn-eqsS

Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]IrXn ]Xn-`m-k-߃ DΩm-®p-hns‚

kwL¿j-ß-fp-sSbpw Xoh-amb at\m-th-Z-\-bp-sSbpw ]Xn-cq-]-

ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

_nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ

[z\n-km-µ-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ DΩm-®p-hn¬ kpe- -amWv.

""Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ `qX-Im-e-Øns‚ hmKvZm-\-am-bn- mWv

hm°p-Iƒ ]nd-°p-∂-Xv. AtX-k-abw Ah `mhn-bn-te°v Xpd-∂p-

h® ImXp-I-fm-Wv. mhn-bpsS ]cn-t]-£y-am-bnØo-cm≥ Ign-bmØ

hm°p-Ifpw Iev]-\-Ifpw `mh-\sb sIm√p-Ibpw kuµcy \ne-

]m-Sp-I-fn¬ achn∏v krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.... XnI®pw tIc-fo-

b-amb hm°pw mjbpw Iev]-\-bp-amWv Ddq_v ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv''15

F∂ \nco-£Ww DΩm-®p-hns‚ `mj-bpsS khntijX ]I-S-am-

°p-∂p. "shfpØ No\-ap-fIv',16 "]º-cw-t]m-esØ s]Æv'17

F∂nßs\ Nn∂-Ωp-hns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚

]hrØn-I-fnse NSp-e-Xbpw HmP pw B¿÷-hXzhpamWv hy‡-

am-°p-∂Xv.

kmµo-Ir-X-amb _nw_-߃ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ io¿j-I-߃

DΩm-®p-hns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bmWv.- Hcp A[ym-bØnse apgp-h≥

A\p- -h-ßsf GtIm-]n-∏n-°m≥ A\p-tbm-Py-amb _nw_-I-ev]-\-

I-fmWv DΩm-®p-hns‚ io¿j-I-ß-fmbn kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. "]q

\n-d™ apƒs®-Sn', "NpI∂ \nem-hv', "shfpØ No\-ap-fIv', "NnX¬

Xn∂p∂ hmfp-d', "A®p-X-≠p-ap-dn™ h≠n', "sImØn-bm- nb tImgn'

XpS-ßnb io¿j-I-߃ IYm-]m-X-ß-sfbpw IY-bpsS ][m\

kw -h-ß-sfbpw [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p. "NpI∂ \nemhv' F∂ in¿jIw

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9292

[oc-Xbpw IcpØpw ac-Whpw Imahpw Cg-]n-cn™ Pohn-Xkm

∂n[yw [z\n-∏n°p-∂p. DΩm-®p-hn¬ ]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw

Bh¿Øn-°p∂ _nw_-amWv Npgn. Ip‰-t_m[w \nd™ Pohn-

XØn¬\n∂pw a\p-jy\v c£-s]-Sm≥ ]bm-k-am-sW∂v Cu _nw_w

hy‡-am-°p-I-bmWv. AS-°n-∏n-Sn® thZ-\-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ Npgn-

Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂p. DΩm-®p-hn-t\mSv H∂pw an≠m-\m-hmsX \ni-

_vZ-\m-Ip∂ A_vZphns‚ a\- ns‚ hmMvabw C]ImcamWv :

"]X-™p-s]m-¥p∂ hm°p-Iƒ N¶n¬ h∂p IpØn-a-dn™v

Iogvt]m- p-Xs∂ Xmgv∂v Xmgv∂v t]mIp-∂p.''18 ""L\-Kw- o-c-amb

B ]m v \nem-hp-ambn IqSn-°e¿∂v B h≥Im-Sns‚ lrZ-b-Øn-

te°v Bgv∂m-gv∂p-t]m-bn,''19 ""IÆp\o-cn-te°v Bgv∂mgv∂v

t]mIp∂ Hcp ]p©n-cn-t]m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p ]]©w.''20 XpS-ßnb

Iev]-\-I-fn¬ "Bgv∂mgv∂p t]mhpI' F∂ ]Z]tbmKw Npgn-

bpsS km∂n[yw [z\n∏n°p-∂p.

""Pme-I-Øn-\p-≈n-eqsS, ]g-In- \n-dw-sI´ hmf-eIpt]mse,

Hcp aßnb \nemhv IS∂ph∂v B Ip´n-bpsS tZl-Øn¬ Hcp

\ng¬ ]c-Øp-∂p≠v''21 F∂ h¿Æ-\-bn¬ "hmf-e-Ipt]mse

\nemhv' F∂ ]tbmKw hcm≥ t]mIp∂ sIme-]m-XIsØ i‡-

ambn kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. ""]mºn-gbpw t]mse Np‰n-∏n-Sn-°p∂ _ocms‚

ssIIsf''22 Ipdn®pw ""\nem-hvt]mse'' F∂v ambs\°pdn®pw

t\mh-en¬ Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. ""Pme-I-Øn-eqsS \nemhv X≈n-

Øpd∂ph∂v AØ-dns‚ aW-tØmSv IqSn-t®¿∂v ebn-°p-I-bm-

Wv.''23 ChnsS DΩm-®p-hns‚ ssewKn-I-Xbpw amb-t\m-Sp≈ ]W-

bhpw [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p. \nemhv ChnsS ]W-b-_nw-_-amWv. Im´p-

t]m-Øns‚ Icp-Øp≈ ]pcp-js\ Imw£n-°p∂ DΩm-®p-hn\v ]mºv

t]mse Cg-bp∂ _ocms‚ Ic-kv]¿iw ChnsS Atcm-N-I-am-Ip-∂p.

as‰m-cm-fpsS `mcy-bm-bn-cp-∂n´pw DΩm-®p-hns‚ a\- n¬ \nem-

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9393

hpt]mse DZn-®p-\n-∂Xv amb-\m-sW-∂-Xn-\m¬ \nemhv ChnsS ]W-

b-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-am-Wv.

_ocm-\p-am-bp≈ hnhm-l-tijw ambs\ I≠p-ap- p-tºm-gp≈

DΩm-®p-hns‚ Ahÿ _nw_m-fl-I-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p.

""apºn¬ Idp-I-∏p-√p-sI- n-Øq-°nb Hcp Ie-am≥h≠nt]mse-bm-

bn-cp∂p Ah-fpsS lrZbw. ap≈p-≈ -I-Sn-™m¨ am\p-I-fpsS tImd-

hm-bp-Iƒ Iodp-∂p≠v. F∂n´pw apºn¬ BSn-°-fn-°p∂ Idp-I-

°q-ºp-Iƒ Ahsb HmSn-°p-I- X-s∂-bmWv.''24 Ip‰-t_m-[-Øns‚

t]md-ep-Iƒ Pohn-X-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip-tºmgpw kvt\l-Po-hnXw apt∂m-

´p-sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\p≈ A`n-em-j-amWv ChnsS ]Xn-[z-\n-°p-∂-Xv.

""sh≈-b-Sn-®n´pw t]mIm-Ø -Nne Icnw-Np-h-s∏-gp∂ Id-Iƒ Nph-

cn¬\n∂pw angn-®p-t\m-°p-∂Xv B Zº-Xn-Iƒ I≠n-√.''25

ambs‚bpw DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw `mhn-Im-ehpw `qX-Im-ehpw Cu

hcnIfn¬ [z\n-°p∂p

h¿Æ-\-I-fnse [z\n-km-µX

DΩm®p kvXotI-µn-X-amb t\mh-em-b-Xn-\m¬ kvXoh¿Æ-

\-Iƒ°pw khn-ti-j-amb ]k-‡n-bp≠v. DΩm-®p-hn-s‚bpw Nn∂-

Ωp-hn-s‚bpw _mly-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kz`m-h-Øn-te-°p≈

kqN-\-Iƒ IqSn-bmWv . kmam-\y-amb kvXoNnXW-ß-fn¬\n∂v

hyXykvX-amb Ah-X-c-W-amWv DΩm-®p-hn¬. ""ImXn¬ kz¿Æ-Nn-

‰p-Iƒ, X°-Iƒ, Igp-Øn¬ s]m≥]-≠-߃, Iøn≥ta¬ Inep

ßp∂ s]m≥]-≠-ßfpw Ip∏n-h-f-Ifpw CS-I-e¿∂p i_vZn-°p-∂p.

Ac-bn¬ At\Iw sImØp-]-Wn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb hoXn-bp≈ Ac-

™m-dv, s]mt∂-e- p-Iƒ, aÆ-Æ-Ø-∏p-Iƒ Ib-‰nb I -h-≠n-t]m-

se DΩm®p A\ßnbm¬ i_vZ-am-bn. Ivenw... ]venw.... Ivenw... ]venw....

]f-]-fm-b-\-amb Im®n, tZl-Øn¬ CdpIn tZl-Øns‚ BIrXn

apgp-h≥ FSp-Øp-Im-´p∂ Ip∏m-bw, Ik-hp-h® ]´p-X-´≥ ˛

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9494

Aßs\sbm∂v, Iøn¬ abn-em-©n, IÆn¬ kpdp-a, Ahƒ \S-

°p∂ hgn-I-fn-se√mw AØ-dns‚ ]cn-afw s]mgn-bp-∂p. Hcp

sImgpØ hk-¥-Imew IS-∂p t]mhpI-bm-Wv.''26 DΩm-®p-hns‚

kuµ-cyhpw Xt‚-Shpw HmPkpw IqSn-t®¿∂v mj ChnsS Ne-\m-

fl-I-am-hp-Ibpw Zriy-]-XoXn krjvSn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

bu∆-\-Øn-te°v Imeq-∂p∂ Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ NnXw IYm-

]mXkz`mhw hyRvPn-∏n-°p∂p. ""IdpØpan\pØ sI´n-sem-Xp-

ßmØ Xe-ap-Sn,- D-cp≠ Ihn-fp-I-fn¬ hmSmØ ]pecnØpSp-∏p-

Iƒ, ]]-©-hp-ambn ]S-sh-´p∂ IÆp-Iƒ, \n¬°-s∏m-dp-Xn-bn-

√mØ XpSpØ Ime-Sn-Iƒ ˛ Ahƒ Pohn-X-Øns‚ Hcp \nd-I-Xn-

cm-bn-cp-∂p. Ne\w, Ne\w, k¿∆X Ne\w AXm-bn-cp∂p Nn∂-

Ωp.''27 Nn∂-Ωp-hns‚ NSp-e-Xbpw, kuµcyhpw hy‡-am-°p∂

h¿Æ-\-bm-WnXv.

\¿tΩm-‡n-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ

`mj-bpsS emfnXyw \nesIm≈p∂Xv Kmao-W-ß-fmb ]Z-

]-tbm-K-ß-fn-em-Wv. ""\mS≥ samgn-Ifpw IS-¶-Y-Ifpw tN¿∂p-

\n¬°p∂ kw`m-jWhpw `mjm-L-S-\bpw Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-

fn-ep≠v. F√m-hn[ kwL¿j-ßfpw BÀm-Z-ßfpw kzm`m-hn-I-X-

tbmsS ImWmw. ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚ hnip-≤nbpw `qX-Im-e-Øns‚

HmPkpw B `mjbv°pw ssien°pap≠v. ap…ow`mj Ddq-_n\v

hi-aWv. _jo¿ t\mh-ep-I-fn-eqsS ap…owPohnXw sIm≠p-h-∂-

t∏mƒ Ddq_v ap…ow`mjsb anI® kmln-Xy- m-j-bm-°n- am-‰n. ae-

_m-dns‚ kwkvIm-c-߃ ebn-®p-tN¿∂ B mjsb kmln-Xy- m-

j-bm-°n-b-Xn¬ Ddq-_ns‚ ]¶v _jo-dns\°mƒ hep-Xm-Wv''28 F∂

\nco-£Ww DΩm-®p-hnse mjm-em-fn-Xyhpw i‡nbpw h≈p-h-\m-

S≥ ap…ow`mj-bpsS X\n-abpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

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9595

""RΩsS D≈nev Cßs\ Hcp lem-°ns‚ siSn ]S-t®m≥

\ nt√''29 F∂v DΩm®p amb-t\m-Sp≈ ]W-bsØ hnNn-¥\w sNøp-∂p.

""Hmev I√n-e-Sn® ]qt°m-es‚ tNen°v sNI-dp-∂Xv ImWWw''30

F∂mWv `mKwsh°-ens\Ipdn®v DΩm®p ]dbp-∂-Xv. ""a°fow

amºqw I≠v aZn-°-cp-Xv. Hcp Imdv _∂m¬ b≠pw t]mbn'',31 ""ssI

\-\-bmsX ao≥]n-Sn-°m≥ Ign-bn√''32 F∂n-ßs\ \m´p-sam-gn-I-

fpsS hn\y-k\w DΩm-®p-hn¬ ImWmw.

kvXo]£- mj

kvssXWssewKn-IX Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ddq-_ns‚

`mj hyXy-kvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂Xv DΩm-®p-hn¬ ImWmw. ""ambs‚

]m v sNhn-bn¬ apg-ßp-tºmƒ B L\-Kw- o-c-kzcw D≈n¬°n-

S∂v Hmfw sh´n-b-t∏mƒ Ah-fpsS Rc-ºp-Iƒ kPo-h-ß-fm-bn.

Bth-i-I-c-amb Ft¥m H∂v ico-c-Øn-emsI Dufn-bn- p-I-fn-°p-I-

bm-Wv.''33 F∂n-ßs\ DΩm-®p-hns‚ amb-t\m-Sp≈ ssewKn-Im-

I¿jWw Zriy- m-j-bmbn amdp-∂p. C]-Imcw kvXobpsS Nn¥bpw

a\ pw I≠p-sIm-≠p≈ BJy-\-Øn-eqsS kvXo]-£- m-j-bpsS

i‡n Ddq_v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

ae-_m-dns‚ kmaqlnIcm-jvSo-b-`q-anI ASn-ÿm-\-ambn

kzoI-cn-°p-tºmgpw DΩm®p F∂ ap…owbph-Xn-bpsS B¥-cnI-

kwL¿j-ß-fpsS \q¬]m-e-Øn-eqsS apt∂m- p-t]m-Ip∂ BJym\-

I-aamWv DΩm-®p-hns‚ hyXy-kvXX. ""a\p-jy-a-\- ns‚ hnIn-b-I-

f-dn-bm≥ G‰hpw ]‰n-b-ÿew tImS-Xn-bm-sW-∂mWv Fs‚

hnizmkw.... DΩm-®p-hns‚ IYm-_o-Phpw tImS-Xn-bn¬\n-∂mWv

F\n°v In´n-b-Xv''34 F∂v DΩm-®p-hns‚ IYm-_o-P-sØ-°p-dn®v

Ddq_v ]d-bp-∂p. tImS-Xn-bn¬\n∂p e`n® IYm-_o-PsØ ]mtZ-

in-I-km-ap-Zm-bn-I-am-\-߃s°m∏w km¿∆-Im-en-I-]-k-‡n-bp≈ Hcp

]W-b-I-Y-bm-bn, kwL¿j-a-\p- -hn-°p∂ kvXoa-\- ns‚ Bg-

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9696

°-b-ß-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ bmX-bmbn Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-XmWv DΩm-®p.-

kvXosb-°p-dn®v \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-k-¶¬∏-ßsf Xncp-Øn-°p-

dn-°m≥, kvXobpsS hy‡nXzw Db¿Øn-°m- m≥ DΩm®p F∂

io¿j-I-Øn-eqsS Ddq-_n\v km[n-°p-∂p.- Hcp ap…owkvXobpsS

kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmap-Zm-bn-I-hp-amb ]cn-an-Xn-Iƒ°-∏pdw \n∂p-

sIm≠v kz¥-ambn Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m\pw Xt‚-S-tØmsS Pohn-

°m\pw PmXn-a-X-Nn-¥-Iƒ°Xo-X-ambn ]h¿Øn-°m\pw Ignbpw

hn[w DΩm®p F∂ kvXoXz-Øns‚ i‡n-sbbpw \nk¿§-hm-k-

\-I-sfbpw Icp-Øp-‰ -co-Xn-bn¬ A∂sØ kmaqlnIkml-N-cy-

ß-fn¬ krjvSn-s®-SpØ DΩm-®p-hns‚ BJym-\-X¥w Ddq-_ns‚

kmln-Xym-h-t_m-[-sØbpw PohnXZ¿i-\-sØbpw tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂p.

2 kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c∑mcpw

`mcX-Øns‚ tZio-b-N-cn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ \nc-h[n kw -

h-ß-fn-eqsS Cg-]n-cn-bp∂ _rl-Xvt\m-h-emWv kpµ-cnIfpw kpµ-

c≥am-cpw. ""Hscm-‰- kw- -h-sØ-t]mepw Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-߃

hnNm-cW sNøm-Xn-cn°p-∂n-√. h¿§o-b-kw-L¿j-am-I-s´,

tZiobkzmX¥y]t£m- -am-Is´, sXmgn¬k-a-c-am-I-s´, aXw-am-‰-

am-Is´ ˛ Imew a\p-jy-\p-ta¬ hn[n -\-S-Øp-∂p-sh∂ ]c-º-cm-K-

X-[m-c-Wbv-°p -]-Icw a\p-jy≥ Ime-Øn-\p-ta¬ hn[n \-S-Øp-∂p-

sh∂ ]pXnb bmYm¿∞yw Xß-fpsS PohnXwsIm≠v Ah¿ sXfn-

bn-°p-∂p. Cu Ncn-X-t_m-[-amWv Ddq-_ns\ ae-_m-dns‚ aq∂p

Zi-I-ß-fpsS ]p\:krjvSn°p t]cn-∏n-®-sX∂v Cu t\mh¬ hy‡-

am-°p-∂p≠.v''35 Cu hne-bn-cp-ج kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw

F∂- IrXnbpsS CXn-hr-Øw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. hy‡n-I-fpsS Pohn-

X-kw- -h-ß-fpsS ]›m-Øew D]-bp-‡-am°n kmaq-lnI ]cn-tXm-

h-ÿ-I-fpsS A¥-co£w kPo-h-am-°n- am-‰n-s°m≠v hy‡y-\p- -h-

ß-fn-te°v tIµo-I-cn-°p∂ BJym-\-X-¥-amWv Cu t\mh-en-t‚Xv.

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9797

t\mh-ense IYm-tc-J C]-Imcw A]KYn°mw.

][m\IYm-tcJ

Ip©p-°p- nbpw cma≥am-Ãdpw XΩn-ep≈ ]p\xkamKaw

hniz-Øns‚ P\-\hpw Ip©p-°p- n-bpsS ac-Whpw

hniz-Øn-s‚bpw cma≥am-Ã-dpsS a°-fp-sSbpw _meyw

hoSp-hn- n-d-ßnb hnizw e£v-an-°p- n-bpsS ho´n¬ Xma-k-am-

°p∂p

im¥bpw hnizhpw XΩn-ep≈ ]Wbw

im¥-bpsS hnhm-lhpw hniz-Øns‚ ]em-b-\hpw

cma≥am-Ã-dpsS acWw

cm[bpw Ip™n-cm-a\pw XΩn-ep≈ ASp∏w

Ip™n-cm-a-s\-tØSn \K-c-Øn-se-Øp∂ cm[-bp-sSbpw

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW-s‚bpw PohnXw

Im¿Øn-tI-b-s‚ mcy-bm-bn -am-dnb im¥-bp-am-bn- hnizØns‚

I≠p-ap- ¬

Ip™n-cm-as‚ hnπ-h-]-ÿm-\hpw ]´m-f-Øn¬ tNcepw cm[-

bpsS ImØn-cn∏pw

Ip™n-cm-as‚ acWw

kpsse-am≥, hnizw Xs‚ aI-\m-sW∂v a\- n-em-°p-∂p.

Hcp-an®p Pohn-°m-\p≈ hniz-Øn-s‚bpw cm[-bp-sSbpw Xocp-

am\w

D]-I-Ym-tc-J

cma≥am-Ãdpw Ip©p-°p- n-bp-am-bp≈ ]Wbw

cma≥ amÃdpw `m¿§-hn-b-Ω-bpsS AΩm-h-\p-am-bp≈ Ie-

lhpw thep-Ωms‚ A\-¥-c-Po-hn-Xhpw

tKm]n-°p-dp∏pw e£van-°p- nbpw XΩn-ep≈ ASp∏w

Ccp-º≥ tKmhn-µ≥\mbcpw Ip©p-°p-´nbpw XΩn-ep≈

ASp∏w

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9898

am∏nf°em]w

c≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-bp-≤-Øns‚ ]Xn-I-c-W-߃

Ip™n-cm-as‚ hnπh]cn-i-a-߃

kpsse-am\pw JZo-Pbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w

im¥-bp-sSbpw Im¿Øn-tI-b-s‚bpw ZmºXyw

hyh-km-bn-bmb Im¿Øn-tI-bs‚ mIvS-dn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´

]iv\-߃

IrjvW≥\-ºn-Sn-bp-sSbpw AΩm-fp-hΩ-bp-sSbpw PohnXw

IY-bn¬\n∂v ]mT-Øn-te°v

ta¬]-d™ IYm-tc-J-sb kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw F∂-

t\m-h-en¬ ]mT-Øn-te°v \bn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-߃, ho£W

tIµo-I-cWw, ÿe-ImeI¬]-\-Iƒ, `mjmssien XpS-ßn-bh

]T-\m¿l-am-Wv.

F. IYm-]m-Xkr„n

t\mh-en-Ãns‚ ]Xy-£m-\p- -h-ß-fn¬\nt∂m `mh-\m-fl-I-

X-bn¬\nt∂m IYm-]m-X-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""hy‡n-Xz-ap-≈-hcpw

amXr-I-I-fp-amb IYm-]m-X-߃ Cu Dƒt]-c-W-bpsS ^e-ambn

krjvSn°s∏-Sp-∂p. temI-N-cn-X-Ønse i‡-cmb F√m- I-

Ym]mXßfpw Cu c≠p-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Dƒt]-c-W-bpsS krjvSn-I-

fm-Wv. IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS hnNn-X- s]-cp-am-‰-ßfpw kwkm-cw, -]-

hrØn, cq]w F∂n-h-bn-eqsS shfn-hm-°-s∏-Sp∂ ioe-ßfpsa√mw

\Ωƒ hnkva-cn-°p-∂n-√. IYm-]mXioe-߃ i‡-ambn A\p-hm-

N-Is‚ a\- n¬ ]Xn-bp-∂Xv BJym-\-Øns‚ i‡n-bm-Wv. BJym-

\-I-e-bn-eqsS A\p-hm-N-I≥ IYm-]m-X-Øn¬ apgp-Ip-∂p. AbmtfmSv

kl-X-]n-°p-∂p, Abmsf kvt\ln-°p-∂p.''36 IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn-

sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Cu \nco-£Ww kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw F∂

t\mh-ep-ambpw tN¿∂p-\n¬°p-∂p.

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9999

aq∂p Xe-ap-d-bpsS IY-]-d-bp∂ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw

_rlXvt\mh--em-Wv. CXn¬ tIµ-I-Ym-]m-X-sa∂ k¶¬∏-

Øn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-ambn Xpey-]m-[m-\y-ap≈ \nc-h[n IYm-

]m-X-߃ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. n∂PmXnaXhn`m-K-Øn¬s∏- , n∂-amb

kmaq-lnIkmº-ØnI Ah-ÿIsf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂,

`n∂Pohn-X-coXn ]pe¿Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ F√mw ]m[m-\y-

tØmsS ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.- ÿq-ehpw k¶o¿Æ-hp-amb kz`m-

h߃ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-eqsS PohnXsshhn-[y-ß-sfbpw sshcp-

≤y-ß-sfbpw Cu IYm-]m-X-߃ tZymXn-∏n-°p-∂p.

]W-b-Øn-\pw ]W-bn-°p-a-∏pdw Pohn-X-Øns‚ bmYm¿∞yw

sXm -dn-bp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv hnizw. ]tabhnIm-k-Øn\v Cu IYm-

]m-X-Øns‚ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ DX-Ip-∂p.- I-ev]nXIYm-]m-

X-߃ (Figural character) F∂ KW-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ IYm-]m-

X-amWv hnizw. ""h¿§-߃ XΩn-ep≈ kwL- \w, P∑n-Xz-Øns‚

Nqj-Ww, \nkzm¿∞-amb kvt\l-Øns‚ thZ\ \nd™ XymKw,

\jvS-s∏´ ]nXrXzw Ch-sb-√m-amWv hniz-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-

Ønep≈-Xv.''37 im¥-tbm-Sp≈ ]Wbw tZzj-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.

F∂m¬ Pohn-Xm-\p- -h-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\-X-bn¬ Xpd∂ a\-t msS

temIsØ t\m°n°m-Wm\pw kvt\ln-°m\pw hniz-Øn\p Ign-

bp-∂p. -_m-ey-Øn¬ Ifn-°q- p-Imcnbmbn-cp-∂, Xs∂-°mƒ ]mbw

IqSnb cm[-tbm-sSm∏w im¥-amb PohnXw \bn-°m-sa∂v Abmƒ°v

ip -]-Xo-£-bp-≠v.- hn-iz-Øns‚ sshb-‡n-Ihpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw

cmjvSo-b-hp-amb PohnXw A\p- hXoh-X-bm¬ ]mI-X-bm¿÷n°p-

Ibpw k¶o¿Ækz`m-h-X-e-Øn-te°v Db-cp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

sNdp∏w apX¬ hnizsØ kvt\ln® im¥ kz¥-amb Xocp-

am-\-ßfpw A`n-am-\-t_m-[hpw D≈ IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. thj-hn-[m-\-

ßfpw kw`m-jWhpw it≤-b-am-Ip∂ CØcw IYm-]m-X-ßsf

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100100

kqNnX (Implicit)IYm-]m-X-ß-sf∂pw hnfn°mw. Iem-lr-Z-bhpw

sshIm-cnI]¶m-fn-Øhpw BKln® im¥bv°v hyh-km-bn-bmb

Im¿Øn-tI-b-t\m-sSm-∏-ap≈ Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kt¥mjw

Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. ""]d-°p∂ Hcm-hn-b-¥-Øn¬ Ccn-°-W-

sa-∂mWv Ahƒ°v. ]t£, \∂mbn Ae-¶-cn® Hcp Imf-h-≠n-bn-

emWv Ib-dn-b-Xv ˛ XWp-Øp-d™ A¥-co-£-Øn-eqsS Cg-™p-

\o-ßp∂ Hcp Imf-h≠n''38 F∂v im¥-bpsS PohnXw \nco-£n-°-

s∏-Sp-∂p. Im¿-Øn-tI-bs‚ CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃s°mØv Pohn-°m≥

Ign-bmØ im¥-bn¬ hniz-tØm-Sp-≈ -kvt\lw ITn-\-amb shdp-

∏mbn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. Cu shdp∏v AΩ-bn-te°pw ¿Øm-hn-te°pw

hf-cp-∂p. hnizØns‚ im¥hpw ]Izhp-amb s]cp-am-‰-amWv im¥-

bnse kzbw]oU-\hpw shdp-∏pw- i-an-∏n°p∂Xv. kz¥-amb Xocp-

am-\-ß-fn¬ Dd-®p-\n¬°p-Ibpw Imap-In-bmbpw `mcy-bmbpw hnhn-

[-L- -ß-fn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ im¥ k¶o¿Æ-kz-

`m-hsØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p. kvssXW-cXnsb°p-dn-®p≈ hyXy-

kvX-amb Nne ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ im¥-sb∂ kqNn-X-I-Ym-]m-X-Øn-

eqsS Ddq_v Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

]W-bn® ]pcp-j-t\m-Sp≈ hnImcw \io-I-c-W-hm-k-\-tbmfw

FØp∂ im¥-bpsS ]W-b-Øn¬\n∂pw hyXy-kvX-amWv \ni-

_vZ-am-bn, kvt\ln-®- ]p-cp-js\ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ cm[. Pohn-X-Øn-ep-S-

\ofw ]pe¿Øp∂ _‘-ß-fn¬ Bflm¿∞-Xbpw Bghpw kq£n-

°p∂ cm[ hnizmky(Confidant)IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS tiWn-bn¬

s]Sp-∂p. Xs‚ GIc£m-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂ Ip™n-cm-as‚ ac-W-

ti-jhpw cm[ Bscbpw shdp-°msX Pohn-°p-∂p. ""Ipd-hp-≈-h-

cmWv a\p-jy-scms°. Ipd-hp-t≈-S-Øp-IqsS t\m°p-tºmƒ Ipd-th -

Im-Wq, \nd-hp-t≈-S-Øp-IqsS t\m°p-tºmƒ \nd-hpw''39 -F∂

a\pjyPohn-XsØ kw_-‘n® bmYm¿∞ym-[n-jvTn-X-amb ImgvN-

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101101

∏mSmWv cm[ apt∂m- p-h°p-∂-Xv. AXn-\m¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ AP-

ø-amb t]c-W-bn¬ hnizsØ hnhmlw Ign-°m-sa∂ Xocp-am-\-

Øn-te°v FØm≥ cm[°v Ign-bp-∂p. hniz-tØmSv ASp-Øn-S-]-g-

Ip∂ hy‡n F∂ \ne-bn¬ hnizmkyIYm-]m-X-amWv cm[. ""HSp-

ßmØ thZ-\-Ifpw Hm¿°m-\n-jvS-s∏-SmØ Hm¿Ω-Ifpw sImSp-

Øm¬ aS-°n-Ø-cmØ lrZ-b-ßfpw F√m-an-cp-∂mepw ]ns∂bpw

PohnXw FX at\m-l-c-amWv''40 F∂v cm[ Nn¥n-°p∂p. cm[-

bpsS hy‡n-Xz-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ah-cpsS kw`m-j-W-ß-

fn¬\n∂pw ]hrØn-I-fn¬\n∂pw Adn-bm≥ I-gn-bp-∂-Xn-\m¬

Bfl-I-Ym -]m - X -Øns‚ (Self characterisation or Auto

characterisation) khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw IqSn-t®¿∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv

cm[.

kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±-Øm¬ Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]cp-°≥

bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfmSv FXn-cn v Pohn-t°-≠n-h-cp-tºmgpw A`n-am\

t_m[-tØmsS \nd-™p-\n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv cma≥ amÿ.

Xs‚ s]cp-am-‰-Øn-eq-sSbpw kw`m-j-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw PohnX

kwL¿j-ß-fn¬ ]pe¿Øp∂ [m¿jvSywsIm≠pw cma≥ amÿ

kqNnX (Implicit) IYm-]m-X-ambn Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ip©p-°p-

´n-bp-am-bp≈ ]Wbw Akm-[y-am-Ip-tºmƒ Abmƒ hnhm-ln-X-

\mbn A`n-am-\-t_m-[-tØmsS Ign-bp-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS NXn-

bn¬s∏´v k¿∆Xpw \in-°p∂ cma≥amÿ°v aqey-ß-fn-ep≈

hnizmkw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""]m]-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ]pWy-sØ-∏-‰nbpw

Rm≥ \n߃°v FºmSpw hnUvVnØw ]d™p X∂n-´p-≠v.

AsXms° ad-°Ww. AsXms° \pW-bm-Wv. I°mw, Bcpw I≠p-

]n-Sn-°msX kq£n-°-Ww. \pW-]-dbmw, B \pW s]mfn-b-cpXv.

\n\-°p-tXm-∂n-b-sXms° sNømw. ]t£ \ns∂ ]nSn-In- -cp-Xv''41

F∂p-]-tZ-in-°p∂ amÃdn¬ XI¿∂ a\p-jys‚ kl-Xm-]m¿l-

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102102

amb Ah-ÿ-bp-≠v. hgn-h-°n¬ I≠p-ap- p∂ K¿`n-Wn-bmb ]q¿∆-

Ime ]W-bn-\nsb ho´n¬ Iq´n-s°m-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ ss[cyhpw

IcpØpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw ]pe¿Ønb BfmWv cma≥am-ÿ. Ip©p-

°p- n-bΩ acn-®-t∏mƒ A\m-Y-\mb hniz-sØ -t]m-‰p-hm≥ k∑-\-

p ImWn® cma≥am-ÿ k¶o¿Ækz`m-h-ap≈ IYm-]m-X-am-Wv.

t\mh-ense ]pcpjIYm-]m-X-ß-fn¬ G-‰hpw A[nIw am\-

knI kwL¿jw A\p- -hn-°p-∂Xv Ccp-º≥ tKmhn-µ≥\m-b-sc∂

kpsse-am-\m-Wv. h¿§o-b-I-em-]-Øns‚ Cc-bmbn, Ip©p-°p- n-bpsS

]tW-Xm-hm-bn, JZo-P-bpsS ¿Øm-hmbn, hniz-Øns‚ A—-\mbn

cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp∂ i‡-\mb ]pcp-j-I-Ym-]m-X-amWv At±-lw. ""Ddq-

_n\pw dnbm-en-‰n-bpsS hym]vXn aWvUew Hcp ]iv\w Xs∂-bm-

bn-cp∂p. AXn¬ Adn-b-s∏´ NcnXbmYm¿∞yw amX-a-√,

a\ximkvX]c-amb bmYm¿∞yhpw Bflob bmYm¿∞y-hpw,

kmwkvIm-cn-I-amb ]ncn-ap-dp-°-ßfpw Ds≠∂v At±-l-Øn\v Adn-

bm-am-bn-cp-∂p... Xßsf apgp-h-\mbn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-

߃ bmYm¿∞y-Øns‚ F√m Xe-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-

∂p.''42 AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ip‰-t_m-[-Øn-eqsS ]hn-X-ambn

PohnXkm^eyw t\Sm≥ kpsse-am\v Ign-bp-∂p. Pohn-X-Øns‚

amdn-h-cp∂ ]cn-tXm-h-ÿ-Iƒs°m∏w Ncn-°p∂ kpsse-am≥ Bg-

ap≈ kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-IƒsIm≠v k¶o¿ÆIYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS

\nc-bn¬ Dƒs∏Sp-∂p. kz`m-h-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ]hrØn-I-fn-eq-

sSbpw kwkm-c-Øn¬ Iq-Snbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ccp-º≥

tKmhn-µ≥\mb¿ F∂ kpsseam≥ Bfl-I-Ym-]mX-h¬°-c-W-

Øns‚ (Self characterisation/Auto characterisation) ]tXy-I-X-

Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. Bfl-\n-jvT-Xbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂Xn\m-

emWv kzbw Nn¥n-°m\pw aqey-߃°-\p-k-cn®v Pohn-°m\pw Xøm-

dm-hp-∂Xv

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103103

]pXnb hymh-km-bn-I-hy-h-ÿn-Xn-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-I-a-ß-fp-

sSbpw ]Xn-\n-[n-bmWv Im¿Øn-tI-b≥. Im¿Øn-tI-b\v mcy Hcp

BVw-_-c-hkvXp amX-am-Wv. mcy-bpsS a\- -dn-bm≥ Abmfnse

]pcp-j\v Ign-bp-∂n-√. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ im¥-bpsS _mly-]-I-

S-\-߃ Abmƒ kvt\l-sa∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-°p-∂p. ""ÿqe-I-Ym-]m-

X-߃ F∂p hnfn-°m-hp∂ CØcw IYm-]m-X-߃ IYm-K-Xn-

bn¬ Hcn-°epw hf¿® ]m]n-°p-∂n-√. Ah¿°v cN-bn-Xmhv

]tXyI KpW-ß-sfm∂pw I¬∏n-®p-\¬Ip-∂p-an-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-

Xs∂ Ah-scbpw hmb-\°m¿ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw Hm¿Øn-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNøpw''43 F∂ jvtemanXv dna≥ sI\ms‚ \nco-£Ww Im¿Øn-

tI-b≥ F∂ IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ krjvSnsb kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. im¥-

bpsS [m¿jvSy-Øn\pw kuµ-cy-Øn\pw NSp-eXbv°pw hncp≤ambn

Im¿Øn-tI-bs‚ Icp-Øn-√m-bva-bp-≠v. im¥-bpsS hy‡nXzw FSp-

Øp-Im- m≥ Im¿Øn-tI-b-s‚ hy‡nXzw D]-bp-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬

sshcp-≤ym-flIIYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS (foil character) KW-Øn¬

Im¿Øn-tI-bs\ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ømw.

""Ddq-_ns‚ i‡cm-b- I-Ym-]m-X-߃ Pohn-X-Øns‚ EPp-

hmb am¿§w shSn™v ap≈p-Iƒ \nd™ hgn-Iƒ sXsc-s™-Sp-

Øn- p-≠v. acWw F√m-h-cpsS apºnepw ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ ae¿s° Xpd-

∂n- p-≠v. Bcpw AXv I≠p-sh∂v \Sn-°mt\m AXn-\-Sp-tØ°v

t]mImt\m C„s∏-Sp-∂n-s√-t∂-bp-≈p. ac-W-Øn-te-°p-≈Xv H‰-

b-Sn-∏m-X-bm-Wv. Pohn-X-Øn-te-°p-≈-hgn hf-hp-Xn-cn-™Xpw apƒ\n-

d-™-Xp-amWv.''44 hnizhpw tKmhn-µ≥\m-bcpw ac-W-sØ- ]n≥Xp-

S¿∂p-sh-¶nepw ]n∂oSv Pohn-XsØ kvt\ln-°m≥ Ah¿°p-I-gn-

bp-∂p. Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn-bn¬ sX‰v/icn Chsb kw_-

‘n® s]mXp-k-¶¬]-߃ am\-Z-WvU-am-Ip-∂n-√. kaqlw ap≥Iq´n

\n›-bn® hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb sX‰n-te°v Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-߃

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104104

FØn-s∏-Sp∂ Pohn-X-m-h-ÿ-I-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ Ah¿ \nµy-cm-Ip-

∂n-√. a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb sX‰pIfpw am\-knIm]-K-Y-\hpw a\p-

jy-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ KXn-hn-K-Xn-Ifpw IqSn-t®¿∂v hmb-\-°m¿ kr-

jvSn-°p∂ Hcp BJym-\-X-e-amWv CXn-\p- Im-c-Ww. t\mh-enÃv

krjvSn-°p∂ BJym-\-X-e-Øn-\-∏pdw kzPo-hn-X-k-µ¿ -ßfpw ]cn-

tXm-h-ÿIfpw DƒIm-gvN-Ifpw tN¿Øp-hbv-°p-∂- BJym\X-ew-

sIm-≠mWv CXv km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

_n. tIµo-I-cWw

hyXykvX BJym-Xm-°-fn-eqsS IY-Ifpw D]-I-Y-Ifpw IS-

∂p-h-cp∂ IY-\-co-Xn-bmWv kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c≥amcpw F∂ t\mh-

en-t‚Xv. cma≥am-ÿ, Ip©p-°p- n-b-Ω, im¥, cm[, hnizw XpSßn

\nc-h[n IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ho£Ww t\mh-en¬ ImWmw. ho£-

W-ß-fpsS ka\z-bhpw hyXn-bm-\hpw bYm-hn[n kzoIcn°p∂-Xn-

\memWv Cu t\mh¬ hmb-\-°m-cpsS Bfl-kw-L¿j-ambn ]cn-

W-an-°p-∂-Xv.

KŸ-Imcm-Jy-\hpw BJym-\-X-em-Jym-\hpw Cu t\mh-en¬

kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. BJy-m\-X-em-Jy-m\-Øn-eqsS IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS

A¥x-kw-L¿j-ß-ƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. ""\o AsXm∂pw

Adn-bm-Xn-cn-°-b-mWv \√Xv'' ""sl¥m-bmepw C°-dn-tbt≠? Rm\v..''

""Ic-bm-sX, \ns‚ KpW-Øn-\v th-≠n-bmWv Rm≥ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. \o

tIƒt°≠'' ""tIƒ°Ww Xq°n-sIm-√p∂ Imcym-bmepw kcn''

Abmƒ Ccn-∏n¬\n∂pw Fgp-t∂-‰p... Cu Agn-\o-°-tem-Sp-IqSn

Xms\¥mhpw? tXmWn Agn-ap-J-tØ°v IpXn-°p-I-bmWv, A -l-

kn®p NmSn-°p-Xn-°p∂ Xnc-am-e -Im-Wmw. acWw t\cn- p-h-cp-∂Xp

ImWp-I-bm-Wv. kpsse-ams‚ IpSpw-_-Po-hnXw CtXmsS acn-

°mw.''45 IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ At_m-[]q¿∆-amb B¥-tcm-

t±iyßsf shfn-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw KŸ-Im-cm-Jym-\(Authorial Narra-

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105105

tion)-Øn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Pohn-XsØ hne-bn-cp-

Øm\pw A`n-]m-b-]-I-S-\-߃ \S-Øm\pw cN-bn-Xm-hn\v ChnsS

kzmX¥yw e`n-°p-∂p.

Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ Dƒ°m-gvNIfpw hne-bn-cp-Ø-ep-Ifpw

hn[n-ssh-]coXy-ßfpw A\p-hm-N-I-¿°v ]I¿∂p-\¬Im-\p-X-Ip∂

IYm-]m-X-ßfpw IYm-k-µ¿`-ßfpw amX-a√ ho£-Whpw

]m[m\yw t\Sp∂p. Hcp BJym-\-Øn-eqsS IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-tºmƒ

Bhn-jvIr-X-amb kw -h-ßfpsS t\¿°p≈ \ΩpsS ]Xn-I-c-Whpw

\mw kw -h-߃ a\- n-em-°p∂ coXnbpw \nb-¥n-°m≥ ho£-

W-tIm-Wp-I-fpsS icn-bmb hn\yk\-Øn-eqsS KŸ-Im-c\pkm[n-

°pw.''46 hyXykvX tIµo-I-c-W-ß-fpsS ka\zb-Øn-eqsS hy‡n-

Po-hnXkwL¿jw A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-∂p.

kn. ÿe-Im-e-߃

NcnX-]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvI-mcn-I-hp-w tZio-b-hp-

amb ÿe-Im-e-߃ t\mh-ens‚ qan-I-bmbn IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. ""ÿe-

Im-enIw BJym-\-kw- -h-ß-fpsS ImesØ ÿe-Øn¬ km£m-

XvI-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ kaq¿Ø Bhn-jvImcam-Ip-∂p.''47 kpµ-cn-Ifpw

kpµ-c≥amcpw F∂ t\mh-ense IYm-]mX-krjvSn ÿe-Im-e-

ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p-∂p.

Ncn-X-kw- -h-߃ hy‡n-bn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm

hy‡n- kw- -h-ß-fn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm sNømw. Ddq-

_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fn-¬ kw -h-߃ hy‡n-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvIr-X-

am-Ip-∂p. A\y-h¬°-cn-°-s∏´ a\p-jys‚ ho£-W-Øn-eqsS Ncn-

X-kw- -h-߃ Ah-Xo¿Æ-am-Ip-tºmƒ, Ah sshb-‡nIm\p- hw

]Zm\w sNøp-∂p.

`uXn-I-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃

Cu t\mh-en¬ ]e-t∏mgpw IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ehpw IYm-P-\n-

X-ÿepw H∂m-bn- am-dp-tºmgpw Hm¿Ω-I-fpsS cq]-Øn¬ hyXy-

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106106

kvX-amb ]tZ-iØv \S∂ kw -h-ßsf as‰mcp kml-N-cy-Øn¬

Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ kµ¿ -ßfpw Zriy-am-Wv. CØcw kµ¿ -ßsf

BJy-m\-cq-]-Øn-se-Øp-tºmƒ hfsc A¿∞-]q¿Æ-ambn Bhn-

jvI-cn-°m≥ Ddq-_n\v km[n-°p-∂p.

Jnem- Øv ]ÿm-\w, kzmX-¥y-k-a-cw, c≠mw-tem-I-a-lm-

bp-≤w XpS-ßnb Ncn-X-kw- -h-߃ ae-_m-dns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬

hy‡y-\p- -h-X-e-ß-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂p. ""GXp-Im-e-L-

-Ønsebpw kmln-Xy-Øn\p ]n∂n¬ B Ime-L- -Ønse PohnXw

F¥m-bn-cp-∂pthm, AXns\ AXm-°n-b, ]q¿Æ-am-°n-b, kwtbm-

Pn-X-i-‡n-Iƒ, sshb-‡n-I-hpw, sshb-‡n-I-a-√m-Ø-Xp-amb i‡n-

Iƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.''48 t\m-h-ense uXn-I-Im-esØ kw_-‘n®v

Cu \nco-£Ww XnI®pw icn-bmWv.

am∏nfelfsb XpS¿∂p-≠mb aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w Ccp-º≥

tKm-hn-µ≥\mb-cn-eqsS AhXcn∏n°p∂p. ÿe-Im-e-N-cn-X-߃

hy‡n-Po-hn-X-hp-ambn sI´p-]n-W-™p-In-S-°p-∂-Xns‚ ZrjvSm-¥-

amWv Ccp-º≥ tKmhn-µ≥\m-b¿. hy‡n-I-fpsS kzIm-cy-X-Iƒ Cu

t\mh-en¬ Ncn-X-Øns‚ t_m[-]q¿∆-amb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmbn A\p-

`h-s∏-Sp-∂p. P∑n-Xz-Øns‚ Nqj-Ww, apX-em-fn-Ø-Øns‚ Bhn¿`m-hw,

]pXn-b-Xmbn cq]w sIm≈p∂ sXmgn-emfnkwL-S-\-Iƒ, aX-]-cn-

h¿Ø-\-߃, kzmX-¥y-k-acw CXn-s\-sb√mw NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂-

Xn-eqsS Ime-Øns‚ ]bm-W-amWv hy‡-am-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.''49 t\mh-

ense Ncn-X-kw- -h-߃ uXn-I-Im-e-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p-

∂p-sh∂v ChnsS \nco-£n-°p-∂p.

sshhn≤yw \nd™ _mly-ÿ-e-߃ Cu t\mh-en¬ IS-

∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. Kma-Øn¬\n∂pw \K-c-Øn-te-°p≈ ]bm-Ww,

hyhkmbtemIØns‚ ]pØ≥ apJ߃, sXmgnepambn

_‘s∏´ ÿe߃, ]´mfØn¬ tN¿∂XneqsS FØn-t®-cp∂

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107107

ÿe-߃ XpSßn \nc-h[n _mly-ÿ-e-߃ Cu t\mh-en¬

]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. im¥-bp-sSbpw e£van-°p- n-bp-sSbpw ap≥Im-e-

Po-hnXw kn¶-∏q¿ F∂ IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-e-Øm-Wv kw -hn-°p-∂-sX-

¶nepw IYm-P-\n-X-ÿew \mSns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-am-Wv. Ip™n-cm-as‚

cmjvSo-b-]-h¿Ø-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v hoSn-\p-≈nse ]m¿´n-ao-‰nwKp-

Iƒ apX¬ s]mXp-ÿ-esØ ]m¿´n-ao-‰n-wKp-Iƒ hsc-bp≈ ÿe-

sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ ]pXp-t_m-[y-߃ Cu t\mh-en¬ ImWmw. s]mXp-

Po-hnXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v s]mXp-ÿ-e-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ t_m≤y-

ap-≠m-h-W-sa∂ ImgvN-∏mSv Cu t\mh¬ apt∂m- p-sh-°p-∂p.

IYmImehpw BJym-\-Im-ehpw hyXy-kvX-ambn A\p- -h-

s∏-Sp-∂p. ]q¿ÆK¿`n-Wn-bmb Ip©p-°p- n-bpsS ssZ\ym-h-ÿ-Im-

Wp∂ cma≥am-Ã-dn-eq-sS-bmWv t\mh¬ Bcw- n-°p-∂-Xv. IYm-Imew

BJym-\-Im-e-Øn\v apºp-≈-Xmbn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. ]n∂o-Sp≈

BJym-\-Øn¬ hyXy-kvX-Im-e-ß-fpsS kΩn-iWw D≠v.

B¥-cn-I-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃

IYm-]m-X-kz-`m-h-sØbpw Ncn-X-sØbpw cq]m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-

Øp∂ i‡n-bmbn B¥cnI-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.

kpsse-am-\nepw cma≥\m-b-cnepw im¥-bnepw B¥-cn-I-Im-e-Øn\v

]k-‡n-bp-≠v. am∏n-f-I-em-]-Øns‚ Cc-bm-bn- am-dnb tKmhn-µ≥\m-

b-sc∂ kpsse-am\v Ip©p-°p- n-b-Ω-bp-am-bp-≠mb _‘w B¥-

cn-I-Im-e-am-Wv. hnizw Xs‚ aI-\m-sW∂ hkvXpX Abmƒ Adn-

bmsXt]mbXv Cu AZr-iy-Imew sIm≠m-Wv. Ip©p-°p- n-b-Ω-

bpsS aI-\mWv hniz-sa∂v im¥ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ Cu AZr-

iy-Imew ad-\o°n ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. JZo-P-bp-ambn Cu clkyw

]¶p-sh-°p-tºmgpw cl-kym-fl-IX ]q¿Æ-ambpw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.

im¥bpw hnizhpw CXv ]q¿Æambpw a\- n-em-°m-Øn-S-tØmfw

Cu B¥-cn-I-Imew \ne-\n¬°p-I-bm-Wv. ""A\p- -h-߃°v Zr-V-

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108108

t]-in- kΩm-\n-°p∂ AZr-iy-Imew Cu t\mh-en-ep-≠v. B Ime-

Øns‚ aSn-Ø- n¬ h-®mWv aqey-ßfpw aqey-Nyp-Xn-Ifpw Aim-¥n-

Ifpw a\p-jys‚ ]X-\-ßfpw t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂-Xv.''50 hnizsØ

kwc-£n-°m≥ cma≥\m-b¿ Xøm-dm-Ip-∂Xv Ip©p-°p- nbΩsb

kvt\ln® AZr-iy-Imew ad-®psh-°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv. im¥-bpsS

kwL¿j-߃°pw Xm≥t]mcn-abv°pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xpw hniz-

Øn-t\m-Sp≈ AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-SmØ ]W-b-Imew B¥-cnIIme-

ambn \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv. C]-Imcw _mlyhpw B¥cnI-

hp-amb ÿe-Im-e-߃ IYm-]m-X-ß-sfbpw kw`-h-ß-sfbpw

kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p.

Un. `mj

`mj-bn-eqsS kwPm-X-am-Ip∂ A¥-co-£-Xo-h-X, _nw_-

I¬∏-\-Iƒ, h¿Æ-\-I-fnse [z\n-km-µ-X, \¿tΩm‡n-Iƒ, ]g-

s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ, sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ mj, kvXo]-

£`mj F∂nh ]T-\m¿l-am-Ip-∂p.

A¥-co-£-Xo-hX

kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c∑mcpw F∂- t\m-h-en¬ kw -h-߃°v

A\p-tbm-Py-amb A¥-co£kr-jvSn-bp-≠v. IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS am\-

kn-Im-hÿ ]Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]Xn- -en-°p-∂p. ]Wbw Dt]-£n®v

\S-∂-I-te-≠n-h-cp∂ cma≥am-Ã-dpsS Ahÿ i≤n-°p-I. ""amÿ

]Sn-°-te-°p-\o-ßn. XpSp-Ø -ap-J-hp-ambn kqcy≥ ]Sn-™m- n-d-ßp-

I-bm-Wv. Ccp- n\v Hgp-In-°q-Sp-hm-\p≈ hgn-®m-ep-Iƒ t]mse \ng-

ep-Iƒ Ing-t°m- p-\o-ßp-∂p. `qan apdn™p apdn™p InS-°p-∂p-

F∂v amÿ°p tXm∂n. BsI aqIw.''51 IYm-]m-X-Øns‚ Akz-

ÿ-amb a\ pw ImgvN-Ifpw ]IrXn]Xn- m-k-ß-fn¬ Zriy-am-Ip-∂p.

]IrXn Hcp Zriy-I-Ym-]m-X-ambn kw -h-ß-fpsS kqN-I-am-Ip-∂p.

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109109

_nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ

t\mh-en¬ Npgn F∂ _nw_w ]Xy-£-ambpw ]tcm-£-ambpw

Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p. ""IpØn-sbm-en-®p-h-cp∂ sh≈w sIm°cWn-bn¬

sN∂p NmSn h´w Id-ßp-∂-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n''52 F∂pw ""Nnt‰m-f-

߃ t]mse Xmf-°p-Øp-Iƒ h´w-hoin hcn-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p, Ahcpw

B h -Øn¬ Aa¿∂p-I-gn-™n-cp-∂p''53 F∂n-ß-s\bpw Npgn Zriy-

am-Ip-∂p. a\- ns‚ AKm-[-X-I-sfbpw A\n¿∆-N\o-b-X-sbbpw

kqNn-∏n-°m-\p-X-Ip∂ _nw_-I-ev]-\-bmbn Npgn Zriy-am-Ip-∂p.

A\p-cm-KsØ cm£-k-\mbn NnXo-I-cn-°p∂ Iev]-\ -

ImWmw. Ip©p-°p- n-tbm-Sp≈ cma≥amÃdpsS ]W-b-Nn-Xo-I-c-

W-Øn-emWv Cu Iev]-\. ""`qan-bn¬ sXm´m¬ i‡n Cc- n-bm-Ip∂

cm£-k-\mWv A\p-cm-Kw. hf-b-Wn™ Hcp ssI, Hcp ]mfn-t\m- w,

B apSn-bn¬\n∂p sImgn-™p-hoW Hcp ]q, \S-∂p-t]mb Imev]m-

Sp-Iƒ, AI∂p-t]m-Ip∂ hf-In-ep-°w, Hcp s\Sp-ho¿∏v ˛ Aß-

s\-bp≈ GXpw sI´n-bn´ B cm£-ks\ IqSp-X¬ i‡-\m-°n-

Øo¿°pw.''54 C]-Imcw sshhn[yw \nd™ _nw_-I-ev]-\-Iƒ

Cu t\mhen¬ Zriy-am-Wv.

h¿Æ-\-I-fnse [z\n-km-µX

IYm-]mX h¿Æ-\-bnse [z\n-km-µ-amb mj it≤-b-amWv.

Ip©p-°p- n-bp-sSbpw im¥-bp-sSbpw _mly-h¿Æ-\-Iƒ Ah-cpsS

kz`m-h-Øn-te-°p≈ kqN-\-I-fmWv. ""A∂v FÆan\p-s∏-gp∂ B

I-hn-fp-I-fn¬ bu∆-\-Øns‚ Hmf-߃ \n∂p ap´n-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. AhnsS ag-hn-√p-Iƒ DZn-°p-Ibpw ambp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ajn

X´n-°-f™ `Z-Zo-]-߃ t]mse-bp≈ IÆpIƒ, a™-h-c-°pdn

\o≠p-In-S-°p∂ s\‰n-ØSw, Xe-bn¬ Aam-hmkn cmXn apgp-h≥.

A©p Ipan-f-h® IΩ-ens‚ Hfn-an-∂p∂ ImXv. Ipeo\-amb apdp-

h¬. Ip-Wpßn°pep-ßn-bp≈ \SØw. ]®n-e-∏-S¿∏n-te°v ]IpXn

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110110

ad™p-\n¬°p∂ Hcp sIm∂-∏q-¶pe Xs∂-bm-bn-cp∂p A∂v

Ip©p-°p- n.''55 KmaoW _nw_-߃ \nd™ Cu h¿Æ-\-bn¬

Ip©p-°p- n-bpsS imeo-\-Xbpw ]uVn-bp-w im¥-Xbpw hy‡-am-

Ip-∂p. im¥-bpsS h¿Æ\ hyXy-kvX-am-Ip∂p. "]qØp-\n¬°p∂

Hc-tim-I-acw t]mse'bmWv im¥. ""h°Øv NnX-°-k-hp-Iƒ

Xp∂n-∏n-Sn-∏n®Xpw a[p-c-\m-c-ß-bpsS \nd-ap-≈-Xp-amb B kmcn

Ahƒ°v A -embn tN¿∂n-cp-∂p. AXns‚ ap¥mWn Hgp-In-ho-

gp∂ B shfpØ ssIØ≠ XnI®pw BI¿j-I-am-bn-cp-∂p. B

kmcn-bpsS h¿Æw ]Xn-^-en® Ihn-fp-Iƒ Cfw ]gp-t∏m-Snb

Hmtfm¿am-ºgw t]mse-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Dcp≠ Npa-ep-Iƒ, \o≠ \oen-

a-tbm-ep∂ IÆp-Iƒ, B IÆp-I-fn¬ Hcp-Xcw kwKoXw InS∂v

Hmfw-sh- p-∂p-s≠-∂p-tXm-∂n. Pme-I-Øn-eqsS Xn°n-Øn-c-°n-h-cp∂

]`m-X-kq-cys‚ Inc-W-߃s°-Xnsc Hcp IÆmSn FSp-Øp-]n-Sn-®-

Xp-t]mse tXm∂n''56 IYm-]m-X-kz-`m-h-Øn-\-\p-Kp-W-ambn

hyXykvX h¿Æ-\m-km-[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°m-\p≈ Ddq-_ns‚ ]mS-

h-amWv Cu Iev]-\-Iƒ.

\¿tΩm-‡n-Iƒ, ]g-s©m-√p-Iƒ, ssien-Iƒ

\mS≥ssi-en-Ifpw ]g-s©m-√p-Ifpw tN¿∂ mjm-]-tbmKw

Cu t\mh-en-s‚bpw khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. ""C°p-Xn-tc-tΩev tIdo´m

RΩfv C∫bn Hs° ip‰oXvv. Ct∏m _®p B°p-Xn-tc-s\-_n´qSm...

IS-t_cv ad-∂q-Sm. ad-∂mev acw apdn®p''57 F∂-XmWv JZoP-bpsS

hnizm-kw. ""hen-b-h-cpsS kvt\l-hpw, \Sp-an-‰Øp s]bvX

sh≈hpw A[n-I-t\cw \n∂n-s√-∂p-h-cpw.''58 ""ae-tbmSv Ie-sa-dn-

™n´p Imcy-an-√.''59 ""Db-c-Øn¬ \n¬°p-∂Xv Du-°n¬ hogpw''60,

""Aßm-Sn-∏ip Be-bn¬ \n°n-√''61 \mb-sb-t∏-Sn-t®m-Sn, \cn-bpsS

hmbn¬s®-∂p-NmSn''62, ""CuØ-∏bØns‚ Ipcp \´mev t_∏n≥

Xøm samf®m?''63 F∂n-ßs\ \mS≥]-tbm-K-߃ kpe- -am-Wv.

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111111

sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ `mj

sXmgn¬kml-N-cy-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Hcm-Jym-\-ssien

kpµ-cnIfpw kpµc-∑mcpw F∂ t\mh-en¬ ImWmw. IYm-]m-X-

ß-fpsS Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-߃°-\p-k-cn®v BJym-\-ssien amdp-∂p.

""kpsse-am≥ Xe-bp-b¿Øn Ah-sf-sbm-∂p-t\m-°n, hmXn¬°-eqsS

IS-∂p-h-cp∂ kqcy-In-c-W-ß-fn¬ Ipfn-®p-\n¬°p∂ JZo-Pbv°v

Hcp πm¥-Sn-°m-X¬ t]mse XpSp-∏p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.''64 JZo-P-bpsS

Xt‚-Shpw Dd∏pw HmP- p-ap≈ kz`m-h-sa-∂-Xn-ep-]cn kpsse-ams‚

sXmgn¬]-›m-Ø-ehpw ChnsS tZym-Xn-°p-∂p.

Ip™ncma-s\-°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°p∂ cm[-bpsS NnXWw sXmgn-

ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ mjm-]-tbm-K-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. ""A∂v Iº-

\n-bn¬ tPmen sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºm-sg√mw cm[-bpsS Xe-

bn¬ InS∂p Xncn-™n-cp-∂Xv Ip™n-cm-a-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nn¥-Iƒ

Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. "Inen-Iv- -In-enIv' F∂ IØn-cn-bpsS i_vZw

ASpØ UkvIp-I-fn¬\n∂v Ah-tfmSv Fs¥m-s°tbm tNmZn-°p-

∂-Xp-t]mse tXm∂n. ]´p-I-fn¬ Np‰n-°-d-ßp∂ anjy-\p-Iƒ

Ft¥m Xnc-™p-sIm≠v \ne-hn-fn-t®m-Sp-I-bm-Wv. ""A\m-Y-amb

]™n-s∏m-Sn-°q´w •mt mSp-Iƒ krjvSn-°p∂ shfn-®-°p-g-ep-I-

fn-te°v Xn°n-Øn-c-°n-°bdp∂p. B i_vZ-tIm-em-l-e-߃°p

\Sp-hn¬ \n»-_vZ-bmb Hcp s]¨In-Smhv Iøn¬ ]nSn® _\n-b-\p-

I-fp-sSbpw kz¥w hnNm-c-ß-fp-sSbpw Cg-Iƒ Iq´n-s°´ns°m≠n-

cp-∂p.''65 ChnsS cm[-bpsS A\m-YXzpw \n»-_vZ-k-l-\hpw sXmgn-

ep-ambn _\v[s∏´ `mj [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p.

kvXo]-£-`mj

Ddq-_ns‚ ho£-W-Øn¬ kvXo°p amXw ]d-bm\pw A\p-

-hn-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂h kvXo]£Øv \ne-bp-d-∏n®v Bhn-jvIcn-

°p-∂p. ]pcp-j\v A\p-`-h-th-Zy-a-√mØ Pohn-Xm-\p-`-h-߃

kvXobpsS ImgvN-∏m-Sn-eqsSbmWv A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xv.

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112112

kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-∑mcpw Bcw- n-°p-∂Xv kvXo]-cn-t]-£y-

ap≈ `mj-tbm-sS-bm-Wv. kvXo°v amXw Ah-Im-i-s∏´ ]pXnb

Pohs‚ ]bm-W-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-°p∂ thZ-\-bpsS kvssXW-

`mj Ddq_v tImdn-bn-Sp-∂p. ""Fs‚ Kpcp-hm-bq-c∏m!... AsXmcp

]m¿∞-\-bm-bn-cp-∂n-√, Hcp Rc-°w. AXv AKm-[-X-bn¬\n∂v

sRcn-™ng™mWv s]m¥n-b-Xv. \nc-Øp-h-°-Øp≈ ap´n-t∑¬

ssIIpØn Du∂n-\n¬°p∂ Hcp kvXobpsS GIm-¥-tcm-Z-\-am-

bn-cp-∂p. GXm\pw \nan-j-߃ AtX a´n¬ Xs∂ \n∂n v Ah-

sfm∂p \nh¿∂p. Ft¥m Bizmkw In´n-b-t]m-se ho≠pw

\oßm≥ XpS-ßn. s]s´∂v thZ-\-bpsS Hcp then-tb-‰w. tcma-Iq-

]-߃tXmdpw sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ Xd-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se... kln-°m≥

hømsX Ahƒ \ne-hn-fn-®p. `K-hmt\! Cuiz-cm...''66 kvXo°v

amXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ km[n-°p∂ X\n-a-tbmsS \n -lm-b-X-

bpsS thZ\ BJym-\-Øns‚ kvXo]-cn-t]£yw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

im¥-bpsS hodpw kuµ-cyhpw Ddq-_ns‚ mj-bn¬ CXmWv:

""Ahƒ IÆm-Sn-bn¬ sN∂p-t\m-°n. I¨t]m-f-Iƒ Aev]w hnßn-

bn- p-≠v. kmc-an-√ At∏mgpw Ihn-fp-Iƒ°v hm´w X´n-bn- n-√. Ihn-

fp-Iƒ hnc¬sIm≠v ]Xp-s°-sbm-∂-a¿Øn. Ahƒ aµ-kvanXw

XqIn... Ahƒ Ime-Sn-Iƒ ]Xp-s°-∏-Xps° h®v H∂p \rØw

sNbvXp. H∂p Np‰n-Øn-cn™v IÆm-Sn-bn-te°v t\m°n. apJw

kzev]w IqSn XpSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.''67 C]-Imcw kvXoI-Ym-]m-X-ß-

fpsS am\-kn-I-hn-Im-c-߃ Dƒs°m-≠p-sIm-≠p≈ mjm-]-tbmKw

kpe- -am-Wv.

tIhew IYmJym-\-Øn-sem-Xp-ßmsX kmaqly cmjvSob

kw`-h -ß-fpsS ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\p -jy -Po -hn -X -Øns‚

ÿqe˛kq£va-ÿ-en-Iƒ Bhn-jvI-cn-°p∂ kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-

∑mcpw am\-hn-I-X-bpsS ka-kvX- m-h-߃°pw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip-∂p.

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113113

\√Xv/ NoØ, kpµcw/ Akp-µ-cw, BWv/ s]Æv XpS-ßnb Zzµzm-

fl-I-ssh-cp-≤y-ßsf (Binary Opposition) Hgn-hm-°p∂ BJym-\-

co-Xn-bmWv Cu t\mh¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xv. F√m a\p-jy-cnepw \∑-

bpsS IWn-I-Iƒ D]-Z¿in-°p∂ kao-]-\-Øns‚ km£y-amWv

kpµ-cn-Ifpw kpµ-c-∑mcpw F∂ t\mh¬ io¿j-Iw. Pohn-X-Øns‚

]cp-°≥ bmYm¿∞y-ß-tfm-tS-‰p-ap- p-tºmgpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw \∑bpw

kq£n-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ Cu t\mh-ense BJym-\-X-¥-Øns‚

khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb sX‰p-I-fn¬\n∂pw Ip‰-t_m-

[-tØm-sS, I¿tΩm-∑p-J-cmbn kuµcyw hos≠-Sp-°p∂ IYm-]m-

X-߃ Ddq-_ns‚ Pohn-X-Z¿i-\sØ ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.

3 AΩnWn

i¶pÆn\mbsc AKm[ambn kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-km-

l-N-cy-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±wsIm≠v as‰m-cmsf hnhmlw Ign-t°-≠n-h-

cn-Ibpw sNøp∂ Icp-Øp‰ kvXoXz-Øns‚ Akm-[m-c-W-amb

Pohn-X-bm-X-bmWv AΩnWn F∂ t\mh¬. AΩn-Wnbpw \fn-\nbpw

XΩn-ep≈ ]mc-kv]cyw \nd™ kulr-Z-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-]-Y-ß-fn-

eqsS B Pohn-X-K-Xn-Iƒ AXn-t‚-Xmb Zpc-¥-ß-tfmsS A\m-hr-

X-am-Ip-∂p. kzmX-¥ym-\-¥-c-ap≈ kmaq-lnI kml-N-cy-ß-fn¬

Bflm¿∞X amXw ssIap-X-em-bp≈ BZ¿i-\n-jvT-cmb kzmX-

¥y-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-Iƒ Xoh-ssZ-\y-tØmsS H‰-s∏- p-t]m-Ip-∂p. a\p-

jy-a-l-Xz-hm-Zn-bmb hy‡n BK-l-߃ AS-°n-sh®v a‰p≈-

h¿°mbn Pohn-°p-tºmƒ kz¥w PohnXw kl-\-Øn-s‚bpw XymK-

Øn-s‚bpw Xo£vW-c-Yy-I-fn-eqsS GIm-¥-K-Xn-bmbn amdp-∂p.

Aßs\ kzbw Dcp-In-Øo-cp∂ hy‡n-Po-hn-Xhpw AΩn-Wn-bn¬

kphy-‡-am-Wv. AΩnWnbnse Inb-Isf C]-Imcw A]-K-Yn-°mw.

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114114

][m-\-I-Ym-tcJ

AΩn-Wn-bpsS ac-W-a-dn™v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ \fn-\n-bpsS at\m-

hn-Nm-c-߃

AΩn-Wn-bpsS ho´n¬ \fn\n ImWp∂ A¥-co£w

AΩn-Wn-bpsS ho´n¬ Xma-kn-°p∂ \fn-\n-bpsS Nn¥-Ifpw

]hr-Øn-Ifpw

Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-cpsS a°-fp-am-bp≈ \fn-\n-bpsS CS-s]-S¬

\fn-\nbpsS Hm¿Ω-I-fn-te°v IS-∂p-h-cp∂ AΩn-Wn-bpsS

i¶p-Æn-\m-b-tcm-Sp≈ ]W-bhpw ]q¿∆-Im-e-Po-hn-Xhpw

AΩnWn-bpsS ac-W-Øn-\p-Ø-c-hmZn Xm\m-sW∂ i¶p-Æn-

\m-b-cpsS G‰p-]-d-®nepw Bfl-l-Xy-bpw

D]-I-Ym-tcJ

i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS cmjvSo-b-Po-hnXhpw hnhmlPohnXhpw

AΩn-Wn-bpsS AΩbpw A[n-Imcn \mWp-ta-t\m\pw XΩn-

ep≈ _‘w

t]mtÃm-^okv cmL-h≥\m-bcpw \fn-\nbpw XΩn-ep≈

_‘w

AΩn-WnbpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb A∏p-hn-s‚bpw hnP-b-Øn-

s‚bpw Pohn-X-\n-co-£-W-߃

IYbn¬\n∂v ]mTØnte°v

IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw kzK-Xm-Jym-\-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw ÿe-

Im-e-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw khn-ti-j-amb \mS-Io-bX\nd™ `mj-bn-eq-

sSbpw AΩnWn Hcp t\mh¬cq]-ambn t\Sp∂ ]mT-]-c-amb hf¿®

A]-K-Y-\m¿l-am-Wv.

F. IYm-]m-X-kr„n

Pohn-X-Øns‚ ]Xn-k‘n L -ß-fn¬ Xf-cmsX Xocp-am-\-

sa-Sp-°p∂ AΩnWn Iev]nXIYm-]mX(Figural character)amWv.

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115115

][m-\-I-Ym-]m-X-amb AΩnWnsb Np‰n-∏-‰n-bmWv IY-bpsS hnIm-kw.

i¶p-Æn-\m-bsc Xoh-ambn ]W-bn-°p-tºmgpw Znhm-I-c≥\m-bsc

hnhmlw Ign®v Pohn-t°-≠n-h-cp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv AΩnWn.

hnhm-l-ti-jhpw B ]W-b-Øn¬\n∂p≈ hnap‡n AΩnWn°p

km[y-am-Ip-∂n-√. i¶p-Æn-\m-b-tcm-Sp≈ kvt\l-Øn-\p-th≠n Pohn-

°p-Ibpw AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ ac-WsØ hcn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p

AΩnWn. kwkm-c-Ønepw s]cp-am-‰-Ønepw \S-∏nepw Nn¥-bnepw

kvXosb kw_-‘n® apJy-[m-cm-k-¶-ev]\sØ ]q¿Æ-ambpw

XI¿°p-∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv AΩnWn. AΩnWnbpsS Nncnbpw

t\m´hpw InS∏pw CSn-an-∂-en-t\mSpw Acn-hmƒØ-e-tbmSpw \Sp-h-

f™ IØn-tbmSpw Ddq_v kmZr-iy-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmƒ AΩnWnbpsS

kz`m-h-khn-ti-j-X-I-fmb kq£va-Xbpw HmP pw kzm`n-am-\hpw

]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. ]ISIYm-]m-X-Øns‚ (Explicit) khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

AΩnWn Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. B¿÷-h-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ Nn∂-

Ωphpw AΩnWnbpw \fn-\nbpw Xpey-cm-Wv. kz¥w A`n-]m-b-߃

Xpd∂p ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-Ibpw Pohn-X-tØm-Sp≈ aaX ssIhn-SmsX

kq£n-°p-Ibpw kvt\l-Øn-s‚bpw kulr-Z-Øn-s‚bpw B¿Z-

X-Isf sIm≠p-\-S-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ AΩnWn hymJym-\-߃°v

hg-ßmØ Bg-tadnb hy‡n-Xz-ap≈ k¶o¿Æ-I-Ym-]m-Xhpw

Bfl-\n-jvT-Xbv°v ap≥Xq°w \¬Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ Bfl-I-Ym-]m-X-

hp-am-Wv (Self character).

AΩn-Wn-bpsS PohnXw Hcp Npgn-bmWv. AXns‚ Ne-\m-th-

K-߃ G‰p-hm-ßp∂ \fn\n Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-\n-jvT-amb

BJym-\-X-¥-Øn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv. AΩnWn F∂ t\mh-en¬

][m\ BJym-Xm-hmb \fn\n "BJym-\-I-Ym-]m-X-amWv' (Narra-

tional character). AΩn-Wn-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-Po-hnXw Bhn-jvI-cn-°m-

\mbn t\mh-enÃv krjvSn® IYm-]m-X-amWv \fn-\n. \fn-\nbpw AΩn-

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116116

Wnbpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘w kvXoXz-Øn-t‚-Xmb kulr-Z-temIw

]Im-in-∏n-°p-∂p. AΩn-Wn-bpsS D≈nse sNdnb Xnc-bn-f-°-߃

t]mepw Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ \fn\n AΩn-Wn-bpsS ]Xn- -eIIYm-]m-

X-amWv (Reflector). AΩn-Wn-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-hy-‡n-Xz-Øns‚

as‰mcp apJ-amWv \fn-\n. AΩn-Wn-bpsS a\ v \fn-\n-bn-eqsS ]Xn-

-en-°p-∂p. ][m\ IYm-]m-X-amb AΩn-Wn-tbmSv ASp-Øn-S-]-g-

Ip∂ \fn\n hnizmky(Confidant) IYm-]m-X-hp-am-Wv. ][m\ IYm-

]m-X-amb AΩn-Wn-bpsS kz`mh-khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ A\y-I-Ym-]m-

X-amb \fn-\n-bn-eqsS shfns∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ A\y-I-Ym-]m-X-Øns‚

(Altero character) ]tXyIX-Ifpw \fn-\n-bn¬ ImWmw. kaq-l-

Øns‚ ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-sf-°mƒ Xs‚ kv]jvShpw hnth-I-]q¿∆-hp-

amb Xocp-am\߃°v hne-I-ev]n-°p∂ \fn\n ]pcpjtI-µn-X-amb

temIsØ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. hnth-Ihpw hnNm-chpw ssÿcyhpw

]pe¿Øp∂ \fn-\n-bpsS kao-]-\-߃ A∏p-hn-t\mSpw hnP-b-Øn-

t\mSpw t\Xm-hn-t\m-Sp-ap≈ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ sXfn-bp-∂p. hnhm-lm-

`y¿∞-\-bp-am-sb-Øp∂ t\Xm-hn-t\mSv ""kwi-bn-t°-≠, D≈Xv D≈-

Xp-t]mse a\- n-em-°p-∂-XmWv \√-Xv. Rm≥ thiy-sbm-∂p-a-√.

]s£ tXm∂n-b-Xp-t]mse \S-°p-∂-h-fm-Wv''68 F∂p-]-d-bp∂

\fn\n ]c-º-cm-KX `mcym-k-¶¬]\sØ X≈n-∏-d-bp∂ IYm-]m-

X-am-Wv. CØcw shfn-s∏-Sp-Ø-ep-I-fn-eqsS kz`m-hk-hn-ti-j-X-

Iƒ A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ kqNnX (Implicit) IYm-]m-X-ambpw

\fn\n amdp-∂p. ]c-kv]cw AwKo-Im-chpw _lp-am-\hpw

]pe¿Øp∂ kvXo -]p-cp-j-_-‘-Øn-\mWv \fn\n hne-I¬∏n-°p-

∂-Xv. IYm-hn-Im-k-Øn¬ kzm[o\w sNep-Øm≥ Ign-bp∂ apgp-

\o-f-I-Ym-]m-X-amWv \fn-\n. AΩn-Wn-bpsS Pohn-XsØ t\m°n-°m-

Wp-Ibpw GtIm-]n-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI hgn GtIm-]-\-I-Ym-]m-

X-ambn \fn\n amdp-∂p. AΩn-Wn-bpsS ac-W-tijw \fn\n AΩn-

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117117

Wn-bpsS hy‡nXzw IqSn kam¿÷n-°p-∂Xv k¶o¿Æ-kz-`m-h-

Øns‚ hnImkwsIm≠mWv. C]-Imcw BJym\imkvXm-[n-jvTn-

X-amb IYm-]mXh¿§o-I-c-W-߃°v A\p-tbm-Py-amb IYm-]m-

X-amWv \fn-\n.

]W-bn® s]Æns‚ Pohn-X-]m-cm-_v[-߃ Xncn-®-dn-bp-Ibpw

as‰mcp hnhm-l-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvX ]pcp-j-\mWv i¶p-

Æn-\m-b¿. ]ta-b-hn-Im-k-Øn-\mbn IY-bn-ep-S-\ofw i¶p-Æn-\m-b-

cpsS kz`m-h-khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ FSp-Øp-Im- p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Iev]nX

IYm-]m-X-amWv (Figural character) i¶p-Æn-\m-b-sc∂v hne-bn-cp-Ømw.

AΩn-Wn-bpsS khn-ti-j-hy-‡n-XzsØ ]n≥]-‰n-bmWv i¶p-Æn-\m-

b-cpsS \ne-\n¬∏v. i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS Akm-[m-c-W-amb kvt\l-

Xo-£vW-X-bmWv AΩn-Wn-bpsS Zpc-¥-Øn\p \nZm-\w. ]W-bn®

s]Æns\ kvt\l-°q-Sp-X¬sIm≠v sIme-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠n-h-cp∂

i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿ Bfl-\n-jvTXbv°v ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ Bfl-I-

Ym-]m-X-ambn (Auto character) Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xs‚ AkvXn-

Xz-Øns‚ `mK-amb AΩn-Wn-bpsS \jvSw Abm-fpsS Pohn-X-

sØbpw C√m-Xm-°p-∂p. mcy-tbm-Sp≈ IS-a-Iƒ Xncn-®-dn-bp-tºmgpw

]W-bn -\ntbmSp≈ kvt\lsØ X≈n-°-f -bm≥ km[n -

°msXt]mIp∂ ]cm-P-b-I-Ym-]m-X-amWv i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿. i¶p-Æn-

\m-b-cpsS ]cm-P-b-Øn-emWv AΩnWn F∂ t\mh-ens‚ ]q¿Æ-X.

Poh-X-km- -ey-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ apJy-[mcmImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-tfmSv hnL-

Sn-®p-\n¬°p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂

k¶o-¿Æ-I-Ym-]m-X-k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS NnX-W-Øn-

ep-≠v.

AΩn-Wn-bpsS k¶o¿Æ-hy-‡n-Xz-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-cn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬

sshcp-≤ym-flIIYm-]mX(Foil character)Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

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118118

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv Znhm-I-c≥\m-b¿. Abmƒ `mcy-

sbbpw a°-sfbpw kvt\ln-°p-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

F¶nepw `mcy-bn¬\n∂pw \njvI-]-S-amb kvt\lw e`n-°msX

t]mIp∂ IYm-]m-X-amWv Znhm-I-c≥\m-b¿. AΩnWn D≈n¬ BK-

ln-°p∂ ]W-b-temIw Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-cnse ]pcp-j\v ANn-

¥ytam A]m-]ytam BWv. AΩnWn Xs‚ sX‰p-Iƒ Xncp-Ø-W-

sa∂v Xocp-am-\n-°p-∂Xpw Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-tcm-Sp≈ A\p-Xm]w aqe-

am-Wv.

hy‡n-tI-µn-X-kz-`mhw ]pe¿Øp∂ \nc-h[n IYm-]m-X-

߃sIm≠v it≤-b-amb t\mh-emWv AΩn-Wn. AΩn-Wnbnse

IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSnbnepw kvssXW]ucpjk¶-ev]-ßsf kw_-

‘n® kmam-\y-[m-c-W-Isf Ddq_v AtX-]Sn kzoI-cn-°p-∂n-√.

kvXoku-µ-cysØ kw_-‘n® s]mXp-\n-e-]m-Sp-I-fn¬\n∂pw

hfsc `n∂-amWv Ddq-_ns‚ kvXoNn-Xo-I-c-Ww. Din-cp≈ kvXo,

Icp-Øp≈ kvXo, hodp≈ kvXo, Xt‚-S-ap≈ s]Æv, i‡n-bp≈

s]Æv F∂n-ßs\ hyh-ÿm-]nXkvXok-¶-ev]sØ adn-I-S-°p∂

hnti-j-W-߃ Ddq-_ns‚ \mbn-I-am¿°p-≠v. Xs‚ PohnXw X\n-

°p-amXw Ah-Im-i-s∏-´-Xm-sW∂pw sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\p≈

kzmX¥yw X∂n¬ \n£n-]vX-am-sW∂pw \fn\n Nn¥n-°p-∂p. a‰p-

≈-hsc t_m[n-∏n-°m-\p≈ ia-ß-sfm∂pw \fn\n \S-Øp-∂n-√.

kvXosb-°p-dn®v \ne-hn-ep≈ kmaq-ly-k-¶-ev]-\-ßsf Xncp-Øn-

°p-dn-°m≥ kvXobpsS hy‡nXzw Db¿Øn-°m-´m≥ BJym-\-

Ønse kvXo]-cn-t]-£y-Øn-eqsS Ddq-_ns‚ IYm-]m-X-kr-jvSn°v

Ign-bp-∂p. hyh-ÿm-]n-X-amb Zmº-Xy-Øn-\-∏p-dØv ]W-bsØ

Xncn-®-dn-bp∂ AΩnWn apJy-[m-cmkvXok¶-ev]-Øn¬\n∂v hyXn-

cn-‡-bm-hp-∂p. t]mtÃm- okv cmL-h≥\m-b-cp-am-bp≈ CS-s]-S-

en¬ \fn\n ]pe¿Øp∂ I¿XrXzw kvssXW-Xsb kw_-‘n®

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119119

k¶-ev]-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v hnL-Sn®p \n¬°p-∂p. s]mXp-k-aqlw

[n°m-chpw Xt‚-S-hp-sa∂v hn[n-°p∂ hy‡n-Xz-Kp-W-ßsf am\p-

jn-I-X-bpsS i‡n-bmbn kzmwio-I-cn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fmWv

AΩnWnbnep-≈-Xv.

_n. tIµo-I-cWw

AΩn-Wnbn¬ BJym-\-tIµw \fn-\n-bm-Wv. \fn-\n-bpsS

hnIm-c-hn-Nm-c-ßfpw hn⁄m-\hpw hy‡nXz ]Xn-^-e-\hpw

kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw Bi-b-]-c-hp-amb Iao-I-c-W-ßfpw IrXn-bn¬

IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. B¥-cn-I-tI-µo-I-cWw (Internal or character

foculization) BWv AΩn-Wn-bn¬ kzoIcn®ncn-°p-∂-Xv. \fn-\n-bn-

eqsS IY Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ tIµo-I-c-W-I-Ym-]m-Xw,

]Xn- -e-I-I-Ym-]mXw F∂n-ßs\ ho£-W-tI-µ-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ \fn\n amdp-∂p. `qXm-Jym-\-Øn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°-

s∏-Sp∂ t\mh-ep-I-fn¬ ]Xn- -eIw (Reflector) F∂ kw⁄

kqssk≥ Io≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ""]Xn- -e-I-߃°v c≠v

Zni-I-fp-≠v. Zriy-X-ehpw _u≤n-I-X-e-hpw. AXpsIm-≠p-Xs∂

]Xn- -eIw _mlym-Jym-\-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. IYm-

]m-X-Øns‚ GsX-¶nepw Zni-bn-te-°p≈ NmbvhpIfpw IYm-]m-

X-Øns‚ D≈d-I-fn¬\n∂p≈ B¥-cn-I-]-kvXm-h-\-Ifpw ]Xn-

-e-I-Øn-eqsS ]pd-s∏-Sp-∂p. Htc Be-¶m-cn-I-X-e-am-bn-cn°pw IYm-

]m-X-Øn\pw ]Xn- -e-I-Øn-\pw. BJym-\-k-µ¿ -Øns‚ hni-Zmw-

isØ A\p-k-cn®v _lp-X-e-ß-fmb A\p`q-Xn-Isf Cu ]Xn- -

e-I-Øn¬ A\m-bmkw k∂n-th-in-∏n-°m\pw Ign-bpw.''69 AΩn-

Wn-bn¬ \fn-\n°v A\m-bm-k-ambn IYsb GtIm-]n-∏n-°m≥ Ign-

bp-amdmWv tIµo-I-c-Ww. IYm-]m-X-ß-tfmSv klm-\p-`qXn

]pe¿Øm\pw Ah-cnse sshcp-≤ym-fl-IX Dƒs°m-≈m\pw C]-

Im-c-ap≈ tIµo-I-cWw DX-Ip-∂p. ]Ya ]pcpj-kz- m-h-ap≈ ]Xn-

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120120

-e-I-I-Ym-]m-X-Øn-eqsS kw -h-߃ Bhn-jvIr-X-am-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬

kqNn-Xm-Jym\w (Figural Narration) AΩn-Wn-bnse tIµo-I-c-W-

Øn-\p-≠v.

B¥-cn-I-kz-K-Xm-Jym-\-Øn-eq-sSbpw ]Xy-£-kz-K-Xm-Jym-\-

Øn-eq-sSbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ t_m[-[m-cm-co-Xnbpw qXm-Jym-

\hpw AΩn-Wn-bn¬ ka-\z-bn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ""`qX-Im-esØ h¿Ø-am-

\-ImewsIm≠v hni-Zo-I-cn-°pbpw sXfn-bn-°p-Ibpw sNøm-\p≈

Hcp-]-I-cWw IqSn-bmWv qXm-Jym-\-co-Xn.''70 h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn¬

\n∂psIm≠v `qX-Im-ekw`h-ßsf sXfn-bn-®p-\n¿Øp-∂p.

""Xte-∂mƒ cmXn B hn´n¬ Hcm-fl-lXy \S-∂p. Ahn-iz-

k-\o-b-amb hn[-Øn-ep≈ Bfl-l-Xy. AΩn-Wn-tb-SØn as‰-¥p-

sN-bvXmepw temIhp-ambn G‰p-ap´n Cß-s\-bßp tXms‰m-gn-bp-

sa∂v \fn-\nbpw Btem-Nn-Nn- n-√''71 F∂n-ßs\ AΩn-Wn-bpsS

i‡n-sbbpw at\m-_-e-sØbpw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ coXn-bn¬ t\mh-

en-\p-≈n¬\n∂p-sIm≠v KŸ-Im-cm-Jym-\-Øn-eqsS ][m-\-kw- hw

Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-Ibpw h¿Ø-am-\-Øn¬\n∂v qXm-Jym-\-Øn-te°v

t\mh¬ AXn-thKw ]cn-W-an-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Imehpw ho£-

Whpambn qXm-Jym\w _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p-∂p. k¶o¿Æ-amb Pohn-

Xm-hÿ NnXo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ k¶o¿Æ-amb BJym-\-coXn DNn-X-

ambnØocp-∂p. ""acn-®p-sh∂v ]d-™mWv Iºn-In-´n-bXv. B

IºnIn´n-b -kµ¿`sØ]‰n \fn\n Btem-Nn-®p-t\m-°n.''72 \fn\n-

bpsS ]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb Hm¿Ω-I-fneqsS k¶o¿Æ-amb

IYmkµ¿ -ßfpw IYm]mX-ßfpw ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. BJym-Xm-

hns‚ bYm¿Y ho£-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´p ]h¿Øn-°p∂

BJym-\-X-¥-ambn qXm-Jym-\-coXn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p. Hcp \n›nX

AIew ]pe¿Øn-s°m-≠p-Xs∂ F√m kw -h-ß-fp-sSbpw A[n-

Im-cn-bmbn kuµ-cym-fl-I-amb AIew BJym-Xm-hn\v ImØp-kq-

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121121

£n-°m≥ Cu coXn klm-b-I-am-Ip-∂p. BJym-Xmhv ChnsS kw -

h-ßsf \nb-¥n-°p-∂p. AXn-\m¬Øs∂ qXm-Jym-\-Øn\v t\mh-

ens‚ BJym-\-I-e-bn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]m[m\yw sNep-Øm≥

Ign-bpw''73 F∂ \nco-£Ww AΩn-Wn-bpsS tIµo-I-c-W-hp-ambn

tN¿∂p\n¬°p-∂p.

kw -h-ß-fpsS \nbm-aIi‡n-bmbn\n∂p-sIm≠v Hmtcm- kw-

-h-sØbpw DNn-X-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ XymPy-Km-ly-hn-th-

N-\-_p≤n qXm-Jym-\-Ønep≠v. h¿Ø-am-\-Im-e-Øn-\-\p-tbm-Py-amb

kµ¿`-ß-fn-te-°p≈ a\-kns‚ ]bmWw IYm-k-µ¿`-߃°v

hy‡X \¬Ip-∂p. ""AΩn-Wn-tb-SØn Ipd-®p-t\cw \ni-_vZ-bm-

bn-cp-∂n v XpS¿∂p. kvt\l-Øns‚ hmfp-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°pw ssZhw

Fs∂ sIm√p-∂Xv?... \ns‚ a\ v \nt∂mSv H∂pw ]d-™nt√?,

kvt\l-Øns‚ hmƒ! Hcp tXƒ Fhn-sStbm IpØn.''74 D≤-c-Wn-

I-fn¬°qSn ]Xy-£-am-Ip∂ IYm-]m-X-Nn-¥-Iƒ sPdm¿Uv sP\‰v

hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ D≤-c-Wo\n-b-a-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- p-\n¬°p-∂p.

]Xy£hyh-lm-c-Øns‚ (Direct Discourse) khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ CØcw BJym-\-ß-fpsS taf\wsIm≠v AΩn-Wn-

bpsS ac-W-Øns‚ Zpcq-l-Xbv°v Zriy-am-\X D≠m-Ip-∂p.

B¥-cnIkz-K-Xm-Jym-\-Øn¬ Nn¥-Iƒ°v bp‡n-]-c-amb

XpS¿® Bh-iy-an-√. \ni-_vZ-Xbpw ss\c-¥-cyhpw hmb-\-°m-

cnte°v FØn-t®-cm≥ B¥cnIkzK-Xm-Jym\w kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-

eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. kzK-Xm-Jym-\-ß-fpsS hn\y-k\wsIm≠mWv

AΩnWn sshIm-cnIm\p- -h-ambn amdp-∂-Xv.

kn. ÿeIme߃

_mlyhpw B¥cnIhpamb ÿeIme߃°v

AΩnWnbn¬ ]k‡nbp≠v.

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122122

_mlyÿe-Im-e-߃

AΩn-Wn-bn¬ i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS A\p- -h-temIw ]Xn-\n-[o-

I-cn-°p∂ cmjvSo-bÿ-e-߃ _mlyÿ-e-ß-fmbn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

kzmX¥y]ÿm-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏- - ÿ-e-߃, hyh-km-b-hp-

ambn _‘-s∏- - ÿ-e-߃, \Kc-߃ F∂n-h-sb-√mw AΩn-Wn-

bn¬ _mly-amb ÿe-ß-fm-Wv. i¶p-Æn-\m-bcpw AΩn-Wnbpw

XΩn-ep≈ kvt\l-Øns‚ ]q¿∆- mKw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Xd-hmSv

IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-e-am-Wv. Znhm-Ic≥\mb-cpsS `h-\-Øn¬sh®p \fn-

\n-bpsS IY Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ AhnSw IYm-P-\n-X-

ÿ-e-ambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.

A_vZp-hns\t∏mseXs∂ i¶p-Æn-\m-bcpw ]tXyI cmjvSo-

b-Im-esØ ]Xn\n-[oI-cn® IYm-]m-X-am-Wv. JmZn-bpsS ]-N-c-

Whpw aZy-h¿÷-\hpw i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS cmjvSo-b-Im-e-am-bn-cp-∂p.

""Hcm-Z¿i-hm-Zn-bm-bmWv i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿ Xs‚ PohnXw Bcw- n-®-Xv.

tZi-kvt\-l-Øns‚ XoPzme BZ¿ißsf IqSp-X¬ t]m÷z-e-

am-°n. F∂m¬ kzmX-¥ym-\-¥c`mc-XØnse PohnXbmYm¿∞y-

߃ i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS Bi-bm- n-em-j-ßsf X√n-s°-Sp-Øn. B

am‰w At±-lsØ bmYm¿∞yß-fn¬\n∂v Hfn-t®m-Sm≥ t]cn-∏n-®p.

Xs∂-bp-a-√, a\p-jys‚ am‰sØ Dƒs°m-≈m≥ Ign-bm-sX-bp-am-

°n''75 F∂v AΩn-Wn-bpsS BapJ-Øn¬ Ddq_v Fgp-Xp-∂p-≠v.

""hnX-∏Wn°mew Ign-™-t∏mƒ ]p≈n Irjn \n¿Øn. sImbvØp-

Im-e-am-b-t∏mƒ thsd BWp-ßfv h∂p''76 F∂v AΩnWn i¶p-

Æn-\m-b-cpsS cmjvSo-b-Im-esØ ]cn-l-kn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]ÿm-\-

ß-fpsS hf¿®bpw A]-N-bhpw tN¿∂ `uXn-I-Imew IYm-]m-X-

ß-fpsS Pohn-XsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xv AΩn-Wn-bn¬ Is≠Ømw.

IYm-Im-ehpw BJy-\-Imehpw AΩnWn-bn¬ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.

AΩn-Wn-bpsS ac-W-tijw Znhm-I-c≥\mb-cpsS ho´n¬sh-®mWv

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123123

\fn\n AΩ-nWn-bpsS PohnXw Hm¿Ω-I-fn-eqsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

AΩ-nWn-bpsS Pohn-X-I-Y-bpsS Imehpw BJym-\-Imehpw H∂mbn

A\p`hn∏n°pw hn[-amWv \fn-\n-bpsS Hm¿Ω-Iƒ A\m-hr-X-am-Ip-

∂-Xv. qXh¿Øam\`mhnIƒ Cg-]n-cn-bp∂ B-Jym-\-ambn t\mh¬

]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.

B¥-cnI-ÿ-e-Im-e-߃

cmjvSob]ÿm-\-ß-fpsS A]-N-bhpw apX-em-fnØhyh-

ÿn-Xnbpw ]›m-Ø-e-am-bp≈ bm¥nIIme-Øn\p (Mechanical

time) kam-¥-c-ambn hnIm-c-ß-fmepw tNmZ-\-I-fmepw th -bm-S-s∏-

Sp∂ am\-kn-I-Imew i¶p-Æn-\m-bcpw AΩ-nWnbpw XΩn-ep≈

_‘-Øn¬ \ne-\n¬°p-∂p. \fn-\n-bpsS `qXm-Jym-\-Øn-

eqsSbmWv Ime-Iaw (Duration) ]Im-in-°p-∂-Xv. `qXm-Jym-\-

Øns‚ (Analepsis) km[y-X-bn-eqsS Ah-km\ \nanjwhsc AΩn-

Wn-bpsS ac-W-c-lkyw \nKq-V-X-bmbn \ne\n¿Øp-∂p. AΩn-Wn-

bpsS acWw sIm-e-]m-X-I-am-sW∂ clkyw \fn\n Adn™p

Ign-bp-tºm-tg°pw i¶p-Æn-\m-b¿ Bfl-lXy sNbvXn-cp-∂p. sIme-

]m-XIclky-sa∂ AZr-iy-Imew Cu A¿∞-Øn¬ t\mh-en¬

\nKq-V-X-e-am-Wv. i¶p-Æn-\m-b-cpsS Bfl-l-Xy-°p-tijw \fn\n

Cu cl-ky-Im-e-Øns‚ kq£n-∏p-Im-cn-bmhp-∂p. sshIm-cn-I-Xbv°v

]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ AΩn-Wn-bn¬ `uXn-I-Im-e-sØ-°mƒ

]m[m\yw am\-knI Ime-Øn-\m-Wv. AΩn-Wn-bpsS Pohn-X-Ønse

][m-\-kw- -h-ßsf \fn-\n-bn-eqsS hni-Z-ambn ]Xn-]mZn-°p-∂-Xn-

\m¬ thKw Ipd-bv°¬ (Deceleration) F∂ thKXmam\-Zfiw

Cu t\mh-en¬ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

Un. `mj

hyXykvX _nw_-I¬]-\-Ifpw [z\n-km-µ-amb h¿Æ-\-Ifpw

AΩ-nWn-bnepw IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p.

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124124

_nw_-I¬]-\-Iƒ

i‡-amb _nw_-I¬]\ IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS hy‡nXz[z\-

\-Øn-\v- D-X-Ip-∂p. Aev]w hm°p-I-fn-eqsS Xoh- mhw krjvSn-

°p∂ _nw_-I¬]-\-Iƒ ]k-cn-∏n-°p∂ Du¿÷w i‡-am-Wv.

""AW® Acn-hmƒ t]mse-bp≈ Nncn'',77 ""Xo°- -t]m-se-bp≈

Bflmhv'',78 ""\Sp-h-f-™- I-Øn-t]m-se-bp≈ InS-∏v''79 F∂n-ßs\

AΩn-Wnsb hnti-jn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ AΩn-Wn-bpsS hy‡n-cn-‡X

hy-‡-am-Ip-∂p.

Npgn F∂ _nw_w AΩn-Wn-bnepw Bh¿Øn-°p-∂p.

""F\n°v Cu Npgn-bn¬\n-∂pw c£-s]-Sm≥ km[y-a-√. Rm≥ kzbw

\n¿Ωn® Npgn-bn¬ Ib-dn-bn-cp-∂-Xm-Wv. AXv AKm-[-X-bn-te°v

Fs∂ hen-®n-d-°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ izmkwap´¬ k-lnt® ]‰q''80

F∂pw ""Znhm-I-tc- s‚ a\ v AKm-[-am-Wv. BZn-Iq¿Ωhpw A\-

¥\pw hymfnbpw Npgn-bp-sams° AhnsS HXp-ßn-°nS∂psIm≈pw''81

F∂nßs\bpw Npgn ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p.

AΩn-Wn-bpsS ac-W-Øns‚ Zqcq -lX P\n-∏n -°m≥

Ignbpwhn[-ap≈ ]›m-Ø-e-amWv t\mh-en¬ Hcp-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

""hnim-eßfpw hn -h-k-ar-≤hp-amb apdn-Iƒ, \o≠ hnem-]-߃

t]mse InS-°p∂ CS-\m-gn-Iƒ, Ipip-Ip-ip-°p∂ tImWn-bdIƒ,

CS-X-S-hn-√msX Ib-dp-Ibpw Cd-ßpIbpw sNøp∂ Ime-Sn-I-fpsS

i_vZ-[m-c, ]Ip-Xn-b-S™ sI´pw]q´p-ap≈ hmXn-ep-Iƒ,- ]m-dn-ho-

gp∂ \cn-®odp-Iƒ, Nps≠-en-I-fpsS B¿Ø-i-_vZ-߃, ssIh-f-

°n-ep-°-߃, Rc-°-߃ F√mw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp henb sI´n-

S-am-Sn-cp-∂p AXv.''82 cl-ky-߃ kq£n-°p∂ AΩn-Wn-bp-sSbpw

Znhm-I-c≥\m-b-cp-sSbpw a\- ns‚ ]Xo-I-ambn amdp-∂ hoSv AΩn-

Wn-bpsS Pohn-X-m-h-ÿ-I-fn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂p.

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125125

[z\n-km-µ-amb h¿Æ-\-Iƒ

"Nµ-\-Øns‚ h¿Æw',83 "sN¥m-a-c-bn-Xƒt∏mse at\m-l-

c-amb IÆp-Iƒ',84 "IS-s™-SpØ iwJpt]mse-bp≈ IgpØ,v'85

"AW-®- A-cn-hmƒ t]mse-bp≈ Nncn',86 "shfpØ kmcn,- sh-fpØ

ªukv, shfpØ I√p-h® IΩ¬',87 "Xo°- -t]m-se-bp≈ Hcm-

flm-hv'88 F∂n-ßs\ t\mh-en¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fn-em-bp≈ AΩn-Wn-

bpsS h¿Æ-\-Iƒ AΩn-Wn-bpsS \n›-b-Zm¿Vyhpw kuµ-cyhpw

i‡nbpw hyRvPn-∏n-°p-∂p. h¿Æ-\-Iƒ hmMva-b-Nn-X-ambn amdp-

∂Xv AΩ-nWn-bpsS sIme-]m-X-I-Øns‚ Bhn-jvIm-c-Øn¬

ImWmw.89

Akm-[m-c-W-amw-hn[w kvXohy-‡n-Xz-tI-µn-X-amb AΩnWn

F∂ t\mh¬ kvXoXz-Øns‚ i‡nbpw \nKq-V-amb sshIm-cn-

I-X-e-ßfpw Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p. Pohn-X-sØ-°p-dn®v kz¥-amb

Imgv®-]mSpw ]W-b-I¿Xr-Xzhpw ]pe¿Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv

AΩn-Wnbpw \fn-\n-bpw. DΩm-®p-hn-s\-t∏mse ]W-bn® ]pcp-j-

t\m-Sp≈ kvt\lw Pohn-Xm¥ywhsc ]mW-izm-k-ambpw

acW\nizmkambpw AΩn-Wn-bn-ep-≠v. ]c-kv]ckvt\l-Øn-e-[n-

jvTn-Xhpw Xpey-]-¶m-fn-Ø-hp-ap≈ kvXo]p-cp-j-Po-hn-X-sa∂ ImgvN-

∏mSmWv AΩn-Wn apt∂m- p-h-°p-∂-Xv. kml-N-cy-ß-fpsS krjvSn-

bmb a\p-jy≥ sX‰p-Iƒ sNøp-tºmgpw \n -lm-b-\mWv, A\p-I-

ºm¿l-\m-Wv, kl-Xm-]-a¿ln-°p-∂-h-\mWv F∂ D]-Z¿i\w Ddq-

_n-\p-≠v.

4 Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw

Ip™-Ωbpw NmØ-∏\pw XΩn-ep-≈ -]-W-b-Øns‚ ]›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ KmaoW-Po-hn-X-Ønse ck-I-chpw Pohn-X-kv]¿in-bp-

amb A\p- -hm-Jy-\-amWv Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw F∂ eLp

t\mh¬. ""Pohn-X-Øn¬ "hen-b-'hm-in-Iƒ "sNdn-b'-hm-in-Isf hngp-

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126126

ßp∂p. "henb' Zmcn-Zy-߃ "sNdnb' Zmcn-Zy-ßsf Kkn-°p-∂p.

"henb' ZpxJß-fn¬ "sNdn-b' ZpxJ߃ ebn-°p-∂p. kvt\lhpw

klm-\p- q-Xnbpw amXw apS-ßmsX ]h-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p''90

F∂ \nco-£Ww Cu t\mh-ens‚ ]ta-b-L-S-\tbmSp _‘-s∏-

´p\n¬°p-∂p.

][m-\-I-Ym-tcJ

Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw NmØ-∏-s‚bpw ]W-bhpw hnhm-lhpw

kaq-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-I-cWw

Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw NmØ-∏-s‚bpw ]nW-°hpw CW-°hpw

Ip™-Ω-bpsS Ip™ns‚ P\\w

D]I-Ym-tcJ

tNmbp-Æn-bpsS aXw am‰w

tKm]-me≥\m-b-cp-sSbpw am[-hn-b-Ω-bpsSbpw Zmº-Xy-Po-

hnXw

Ben-ap-…ym-cp-sSbpw Ip™n-∏m-Øp-Ω-bp-sSbpw PohnXw

_mhm-°p- n-bp-sSbpw JZo-P-bp-sSbpw ]Wbw

JZo-P-bp-sSbpw A_vZp-d-lvam-\mbn aXw-am-dnb tNmbp-Æn-bp-

sSbpw hnhmlw

ANyp-X≥ \ºq-Xn-cn-bpsS PohnXw

IY-bn¬\n∂pw ]mT-Øn-te°v

IYm-]m-X-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw tIµo-I-c-W-Øn-eq-sSbpw ÿe-Im-

e-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw jm-]-tbm-K-ßfn-eq-sSbpw IY F]-Imcw t\mh-

se∂ ]mT-am-bn- Xo-cp-∂p-sh-∂Xv it≤-b-am-Wv.

F. IYm-]m-Xkr„n

Kmao-W-amb A¥-co-£-Øn¬ Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw NmØ-∏-

s‚bpw ]W-b-I-Y- ]-d-bp∂ t\mh-en¬ Kmao-W-cmb \nc-h[n

IYm-]m-X-߃ IS-∂p-h-cp-∂p. tKm]m-e-∏-Wn-°cpw tKmhn-µ-°p-

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127127

dp∏pw ANyp-X≥\ºq-Xn-cnbpw tNmbp-Ænbpw JZo-P-bp-a-S°w hnhn-[-

Pm-Xn-a-X-ÿ-cmb IYm-]m-X-ß-ƒ kulr-Zm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Cu

t\mh-en¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. kz¥amb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Ifpw _p≤n-

]q¿∆-amb Xocp-am-\-hpsa-Sp-°p∂ \mbnImIYm-]m-X-amWv Ip™-

Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw F∂ t\mh-ense Ip™Ω. ""s]Æv Xoø kap-

Zm-b-Øn¬ s] -h-fm-Wv, Ip™Ω F∂p t]cv, Ccp-≠-\ndw, Dcp≠

Ihn-fp-Iƒ...''91 F∂n-ßs\ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp∂ Ip™Ω ]ISIYm-

]m-X-am-Wv (Explicit character). Ip™-Ω-bpsS hy‡n-Xz -k-hn-ti-

j-X-Iƒ ASp-Ø-dn-bm≥ Cu coXn-bn-eqsS km[n-°p-∂p. hnth-I-

]q¿Æ-amb Xocp-am-\-Øn-eqsS, kvt\ln® ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w Ign-

bm≥ Ip™Ω Xøm-dm-hp-∂-Xn-\m-emWv tNmbp-Ænsb Xnc-kvI-

cn®v NmØ-∏s\ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Xt‚Sw Im´p-∂-Xv. Xs‚ CjvS-

ßfpw A`n-]m-b-ßfpw ]W-b-s∏-Sp-ØmsX ""sI´n-s°m≠vcvXv t]Sn-

°m\m?''92 F∂v `¿Øm-hn-t\mSv tNmZn-°p∂ Ip™Ω ]c-kv]c

]¶m-fn-Ø-amWv Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øn\v ASn-ÿm\w F∂ ho£Ww

]pe¿Øp-∂p. cN-bn-Xm-hns‚ hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬IqSn ]Xy-£-bm-Ip∂

Ip™Ω hnh-c-Wm-flI(Explanatory)IYm-]m-X-hpamWv. Xs∂-

°mƒ Db¿∂ kap-Zm-b-Øn¬s∏- - s]-Æns\ mcy-bm-bn- e- n-°p∂

NmØ-∏≥ PmXym-[n-jvTn-X-ambn amXw ]W-bsØ t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂p.

AXpsIm≠mWv hnhm-l-ti-jhpw Ip™Ω tNmXym¿ F∂v

kwt_m-[\ sNøp-∂-Xv. ]kvXpX Ime-L- -Ønse PmXn-hy-h-

ÿ-Iƒ Dƒs°m≠v \njvI-]Skvt\l-Øns‚ ]Xo-I-ambn \ne-

sIm-≈p∂ NmØ-∏≥ sshcp-≤ym-flIIYm-]m-X-am-Wv (foil Char-

acter). Ip™-Ω-bpsS kz`mhw NmØ-∏s‚ Nn¥-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Inb-

I-fn-eq-sSbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. Ip-™-Ω-bpsS kz`m-hhpw s]cp-

am-‰hpw NmØ-∏≥ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xv sshcp-≤ym-fl-I-X-bn-eq-sS-

bm-Wv.

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128128

GtIm-]\IYm-]m-X-ß-fmbn (Chorus Characters) tKm]m-

e≥\m-bcpw tKmhn-µ-°p-dp∏pw ANyp-X≥\-ºq-Xncnbpw Ip™-

Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw F∂ t\mh-en¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂p. -t\-cn v IY-

bn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏- p-sIm≠v IYm-k-µ¿ -ß-sfbpw IYm-]m-X-ß-

sfbpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p∂ Ch¿ X-Xz-Nn-¥m-]-c-ambpw lmkymfl-I-

ambpw \oXn-]q¿∆-I-ambpw kwkm-cn-°p-∂p.- ]-ta-bm-hn-jvI-c-W-Øn-

\mbn t\mh-enÃv krjvSn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ BJym-\-I-Ym-]m-

X-ßfp-am-Wv (Narrational Characters). C]-Imcw IYm]mXß-

fpsS hyXy-kvXX Cu t\mh-enepw it≤-b-am-Wv.

_n. tIµo-I-cWw

Ip™-ΩbpsS ho£-W-tØm-sSm∏w tKm]m-e≥\m-b-cp-

sSbpw tNmbp-Æn-bp-sSbpw ho£-W-ßfpw BJym-\-Øn¬ ImWmw.

D]-I-Ym-]m-X-ß-fpsS ho£W-߃°pw ]m[m\yw \¬Ip∂ coXn-

bmWv CXv. H∂n-e-[nIw IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ]cn-t]-£y-Øn-eqsS

IY Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ Aÿn-c-tI-µo-I-c-W(Variable

foculization)amWv Cu t\mhen¬ kzoIcn°p∂Xv.

Kmao-W-amb kw`m-jWiIe-ßsf tImUo-I-cn-®m-Wv -Ip-

™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw apt∂m- p-t]-mIp-∂-Xv. KŸ-ImcmJym-\-Øn-

eqsS (Authorial narration) IYm-]m-X-ß-sfbpw ck-I-c-ßfpw

Nnt¥m-±o-]-I-hp-amb IYm-k-µ¿ -ß-sfbpwIpdn®v A`n-]mb]I-

S-\-߃ \S-Øp-∂p. IYm-]mXß-fpsS B¥-tcm-t±-iy-ßsf

t\m°n-°m-Wp-∂p.

kn. ÿe-Im-e-߃

Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw F∂ t\mh-ense ÿe-Im-e-߃,-

\m- p-h-gn-Iƒ, Nmb-°-S-Iƒ XpSßn tIhew Kma-°mgvNIƒ°-

∏pdw IYm-P-\-I-ÿ-ehpw IYm-P-\n-X-ÿ-ehpambn ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.

kmaq-lnI cmjvSob]iv\-ßsf°pdn-®p≈ N¿®-I-fm¬ kº-∂-

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129129

amWv Cu _mly-ÿ-e-߃. tKm]m-e≥-\mbcpw ANyp-X≥\-ºq-

Xn-cnbpw XΩn-ep≈ N¿®-I-fn¬ temI-a-lm-bp-≤hpw IΩyq-Wn-khpw

]›m-Ø-e-amb `uXn-I-Im-e-hpw Zriy-am-Wv. Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw

NmØ-∏-s‚bpw ]W-bhpw A\p_-‘-kw- -h-ßfpw Htc ImeØv

Bhn-jvI-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-\m¬ IYm-Imehpw BJym-\-Im-ehpw

H∂m-bn-Øo-cp-∂p.

am\-kn-I-kw-L¿j-a-\p-`-hn-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-sf-°mƒ

\nXyPohn-X-Øns‚ h¿Ø-am-\-bm-Ym¿∞y-߃°v ]m[m\yw

sImSp-°p∂ IYm-]m-X-߃ ]Xy£-s∏-Sp∂ Cu t\mh-en¬

B¥-cn-I-ÿ-e-Im-e-߃°v th≠X ]k-‡n-bn-√.

Un. `mj

`mj -kr-jvSn-°p∂ A¥-co-£-Xoh-Xbpw [z\ym-fl-I-Xbpw

h¿Æ-\-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-Ifpw \¿tΩm-‡n-Ifpw sXmgn-ep-am-bn-

_-‘-s∏´ `mjbpw Cu t\mh-ens‚ BJym-\-ssi-en-bm-Wv.

A¥-co-£-I¬]\

A\p-tbm-Py-amb mj-bn-eqsSbp≈ A¥-co£I¬]\ Cu

t\mh-enepw Is≠Ømw. ""Imew IS-∂p-t]m-hp-I-bm-Wv. aßnb

\nemhv Ip™-Ω-sb-t∏mseXs∂ hnjm-Z-aq-I-ambn \n∂p. NmØ-

∏s‚ lrZ-b-Øn-se-∂-t]mse \ngepw Ahy-‡-ambn A\-ßn.''93

Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw NmØ-∏-s‚bpw ]nW°w CW-°-Øn\v hgn-amdp-

∂Xv NmØ-∏s‚ at\m-\n-ebpw A¥-co-£-I¬∏-\-Ifpw tIm¿Øn-

W°n Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂p.

[z\ymfl-I-amb `mj

IYm-kw- -h-ß-fn-te°pw IYm-]m-X-kz- m-h-ß-fn-te°pw shfn-

®w-ho-ip∂ [z\ym-fl-I-am-b io¿jI-߃ Cu t\mh-en¬

Is≠Ømw. "Nfn hmcn-sb-dn-bp∂ s]Æv', "AΩ-bn-√mØ ]uc≥',

"hmg-°p-e', "t]≥IS', "sR´n- ]-gp-°mØ sh‰ne' XpSßnb

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130130

io¿jI߃ IYm-]m-Xkz`mh-Øn-te°pw IYm-kw-`-h-ß-fn-

te°pw shfn®w hoip-∂p.

kz¥w CjvS-߃ km[n-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ anSp°pw Xm≥t]m-

cn-abpw Ip™-Ω-bpsS h¿Æ-\-bn¬ [z\n-°p-∂p≠v. ""Ip™Ω

F∂v t]cv. Ccp-≠-\n-dw, Dcp-≠-I-hn-fp-Iƒ, Nm´pfn-t]m-esØ IÆp-

Iƒ, Ah-sIm≠v Xnan-ß-esØ ]nSn°m-sa-∂p-tXm-∂pw. "t]mSm

]pt√' F∂ a´n-ep≈ \S-Ø-hpw.''94 Xs‚ CjvSm-\n-jvS-߃ \ne-

\n¿Øn-sIm-≠pXs∂ CjvS-s∏´ ]pcp-j-t\m-sSm∏w Pohn-°m-\p≈

Xt‚Sw ]pe¿Øp-∂-h-fmWv Ip™Ω F∂v Cu _mly-h¿Æ-\-

Iƒ [z\n-∏n-°p-∂p.

\¿tΩm-‡n-Iƒ

\¿Ωa[p-c-amb Kmay`mjbv°v Ip™-Ωbpw Iq´p-Imcpw

km£yw hln-°p-∂p. ""t\cw D®-bm-bn-cn-°p∂p. \√ hni∏v.

R߃ Nmb-∏o-Sn-I-bn¬ Ib-dn- I-S-ebpw ]p´pw Iq´n hb¿ \nd-®-

t∏mƒ Ipdp-∏n\v Hcp kwibw. Ip™Ω Ft¥ Xs∂ Nq≠n-°m-

´m≥ F∂v. s]Æn\v BWn-t\mSv ]Wbw tXm∂p-∂Xv sX‰mtWm

F∂v At∏mƒ tNmZn-®p-Iq-Sm. Rm≥ H∂pw an≠n-bn-√. Ipdp∏pw

H∂pw an≠n-bn-√. Ipd-®p-I-gn-™-t∏mƒ Rm≥ IS-e-bn¬ AS-ßnb

t]mj-Im-wi-ßsf∏‰nbpw ]p´ns‚ KpW-Øn-s\-∏-‰nbpw kwkm-cn-®p.-

]n-s∂bpw an≠m-Xn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂bpw NqSn-s\-∏-‰nbpw kqcy-a-WvU-

e-sØ-∏-‰nbpw _“mfiISm-l-sØ-∏-‰nbpw kwkm-cn-®p. ]n-s∂bpw

\ni-_vZw.''95 IYm-]m-X-ß-fpsS ip≤-a-\ pw \njvI-]-S-Xbpw \¿Ω-

t_m-[-tØmsS Bhn-jvI-cn-°m≥ Kmay- m-j-bn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p.

cmam-b-W-sa∂ CXn-lm-ksØ GXm\pw hmN-I-Øn-eqsS

^en-Xm-fl-I-ambn AhX-cn-∏n-°p-∂Xpw it≤-b-amWv. tNmbp-Æn°v

Ip™-Ωsb \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn-s\°p-dn®v ""`mcy If-hvt]m-bm¬

B¿°pw tZjyw-h-cpw. Ipc-ß≥amsc klm-b-Øn\v Iq´n-bn-s -¶nepw

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131131

I≈-t\mSv bp≤-Øn\v Hcp-sº-SpIbpw sNøpw''96 F∂v A`n-]m-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. tNmbp-Æn-bpsS hen-b -i-co-c-sØ°p-dn®v tKm]m-e≥\m-

b¿ ]d-bp-∂p. ""CX-h-enb icocw Hc-Ω-s]-‰p-≠m-hm≥ hø. I¬Ø-

h-f-bpsS P∑-am-hpw. h√ aebpw CSn-™-t∏mƒ Iq -Øn¬ Ah\pw

Hen-®p-h-∂-Xm-hpw.''97 DXv]m-Z\w h¿≤n-∏n-°pI F∂ apZm-hm-Iyw

s]m¥n-h-∂-t∏mƒ tKm]m-e≥\m-b¿ Btem-Nn-°p-∂Xv ""icn-bmWv,

]t£ Rms\-¥p-sNbpw? Pp∫-bpsS c≠p-t]m-°‰nepw c≠v ]cp-

Øn-s®Sn \´p-h-f¿Ømw. aq∂m-a-sXm∂v Fhn-sS-h°pw?''97 F∂m-Wv.

F¥n-s\bpw \¿Ωa[p-c-ambn Bhn-jvI-cn-°p-∂ Cu BJym-\-

X¥w Ddq-_ns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.

NmØ-∏-s‚bpw Ip™-Ω-bp-sSbpw ]W-bsØ FXn¿Ø-

h-tcmSv NmØ-∏s‚ adp-]Sn C]-Im-c-am-Wv. ""Ip™Ω tNmXymsc

C°v C´m. AeIpw sNcym, ]pSow sNcym. ]ns∂ F¥n\m Hcp

FS-∏qfv.''99 NmØ-∏s‚ sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ Cu `mjbv°v

sNdpa`mj-bpsS Icp-Øpap-≠v.

XnI®pw Kmay-sa-∂p- tXm-∂p∂ IYm-kzo-I-c-W-Ønepw ]mT-

]-c-amb BJym-\-X-¥-ß-fpsS khn-ti-jX hy‡-am-Wv. IYm-]m-

X-߃ a\p-jy-Xzhpw \≥abpw Dƒs°m≠v PmXn-a-X-t -Z-sat\y

am\-hn-I-X-sb∂ alme£y-Øn-te°v \oXcm-Ip∂ IYm¥yw Cu

t\mh-ens‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. IYm-]m-X-߃°-\p-kr-X-amb

ho£-Whpw `mjbpw krjvSn-®p-sIm≠v BJym-\-X-¥-ß-fpsS

hn\ymkw km[y-am°p∂p.

ta¬hn-h-cn® \mep t\mh-ep-I-fp-sSbpw IYm-kzo-I-c-W-Øn¬

Ddq_v ]pe¿Øp∂ hyXn-cn-‡X Cu t\mh-ep-Isf thdn p-\n¿Øp-∂p.

tIhew IYm-Jym-\-Øn-sem-Xp-ßp-∂-X√ Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-Iƒ.

Kl-\-amb `mh-L-S-\bpw kq£vaamb ]ta-b-X-ehpw Ddq-_ns‚

t\mh-ep-I-fpsS khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv. D]-I-Y-Isf kq£va-amb km[y-

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132132

X-I-tfmsS tIµ-]-ta-b-tØmSv tN¿Øp-\n¿Øn-s°m≠v BJym\w

sNøp-∂p.

k¶o¿Ækz`m-h-ap-≈Xpw sshhn-≤y-am¿∂ hy‡n-Xz-ap-≈-

Xp-amb \nc-h[n IYm-]m-X-߃ Hmtcm t\mh-en-s‚bpw tIµ-X-

e-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. kXy-sØbpw \∑sbbpw Bt]-£n-

I-ambpw hy‡n-a-l-Xz-\n-jvT-amb kmaq-lnIt_m[y-tØm-sSbpw

hne-bn-cp-Øp∂ IYm-]m-X-ß-fm-Wv Ddq-_n-t‚-Xv. Ah-cp-tS-Xmb

Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-ß-fn¬\nt∂m BZ¿i-hn-izm-k-ß-fn¬\nt∂m

AS¿Øn-sb-SpØv Cu IYm-]m-X-ßsf hne-bn-cp-Øm-\m-hn-√. kz¥w

hoSpw kaq-lhpw tZihpw Ah-cpsS hy‡n-Xz-\n-jvT-amb AkvXn-

Xz-Øns‚ `mKw Xs∂-bm-Wv. D∂-X-amb PohnXZ¿i\w, ]Xn-k-

‘n-I-fn¬ ]I-Sn-∏n-°p∂ Bfl-hn-izm-k-]q¿Æ-amb CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ,

_mlyhpw B¥-cn-I-hp-amb temI-Øn¬ ]pe¿Øp∂ Bgap≈

ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Iƒ- F-∂n-h-bm¬ Akm-[m-c-WXzw ]Xo-X-am-Ip∂

]mX-krjvSn Ddq-_ns‚ ]tXyIXbm-Wv.

sshhn≤yw \nd™ ho£-WtImWpI-fpsS kzoImcyX Ddq-

_ns‚ BJym-\sØ hyXn-cn-‡-am-°p-∂p. tIµo-I-c-W-Øns‚

_lp-kz-cX Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh-ep-I-fpsS ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. IYm-

kz- m-h-a-\p-k-cn®v ho£Wß-fpsS ka-\z-bhpw t_m[-[m-cm-co-Xn-

bpsS khn-ti-j-]-tbm-Khpw ImWmw. IYm-]m-X-ß-tfm-Sp≈ hmb-

\-°m-cpsS kvt\lhpw kl-Xm-]hpw DNn-X-amb tIµo-I-c-WsØ

Bi-bn®v \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.

Ncn-X-]-chpw kmaq-ln-Ihpw cmjvSo-bhpw kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw

am\-kn-I-hp-amb ÿe-Im-e-ß-fpsS hn\ymkw Cu t\mh-ep-I-fn-

ep≠.v B¥cnI-Im-eØns‚ Bhn-jvI-c-WsØ _mly-ÿ-e-

ßtfmSv tN¿Øv Ddq_v hn\y-kn-∏n-°p-∂p.

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133133

IYm-k-µ¿ -߃°pw IYm-]m-X-߃°p-a-\p-k-cn-®p≈ mhm-

¥-co£w krjvSn-°p∂ `mj-bpsS kq£va-am-b- A-h-X-c-W-Øn¬

Ddq-_v i≤n°p∂p. kmµhpw [z\ym-fl-I-hp-amb _nw_-I¬]-\-

Iƒ `mj-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ hy-‡-am-°p-∂p. IYm-]m-X-h¿Æ-\-

bn¬ kzoI-cn-°p∂ hyXy-kvX-amb Ah-X-c-W-I-a-߃ t\mh¬

`mj-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Isf ]ISam-°p-∂p. \¿tΩm-‡n-Ifpw ]g-

s©m-√p-Ifpw ssien-Ifpw ]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-bpsS km[y-X-Ifpw

XpSßn \nc-h[n `mjm-t`-Z-ßsf Ddq-_ns‚ t\mh¬`m-j-bn¬

Is≠Ømw. sXmgn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏- - m-jbpw mj-bnse kvXo]-

cn-t]-£yhpw ]ta-b-kz- mhw km¿∞-I-am-°p∂ t\mh¬ io¿j-

I-ßfpw Ddq-_ns‚ BJym-\-X-¥-ß-fm-Wv. Ddq-_ns‚ Pohn-Xmh-

t_m-[hpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw ]Xy-£-h¬°-cn-°m-\p-]-bp-‡-amb

BJym-\-X-¥-ßfpsS kq£vaamb D]tbmKamWv Cu t\mhep

IfpsS hyXykvXXbv°v \nZm\w.

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134134

Ipdn∏pIƒ

1 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 76, 1999.

2 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 129, 1999

3 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 26, 1999

4 Man has been defined by his relationship to the outside world to

nature, to society, indeed to God - where as woman has been

defined in relationship to men - Mary Ann Ferguison, Images of

women in literature, p.5,1981

5 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 249, 1999

6 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 17, 1999

7 Percy Lubbuck, The Craft of Fiction, P.1,1921

8 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 17, 1999

9 sI.]n.ic®µ≥, t\mhepIfneqsS, ]pdw 93, 1999

10 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 56, 1999

11 sI.]n.A∏≥, kab]hmlhpw kmlnXyIebpw, ]pdw 119,

1999

12 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 164, 1999

13 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 86, 1999

14 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 50, 1999

15 _meNµ≥ hSt°SØv, hmb\bpsS D]\njØ v, ]pdw 112,

1999

16 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 115, 1999

17 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 115, 1999

18 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 168, 1999

19 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 184, 1999

20 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 191, 1999

21 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 85, 1999

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135135

22 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 91, 1999

23 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 58, 1999

24 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 88, 1999

25 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 114, 1999

26 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 31, 1999

27 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 121˛2, 1999

28 _meNµ≥ hSt°SØv, hmb\bpsS D]\njØv, ]pdw 119,

1999

29 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 109, 1999

30 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 203, 1999

31 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 158, 1999

32 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 247, 1999

33 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 58, 1999

34 ctajv Nµ≥ (A`napJw), Ddq_v hy‡nbpw kmlnXyImc\pw,

tPm¿÷v Ccpºbw (FUn.), ]pdw 112.1983

35 jmPn tP°_v, t\mh¬ NcnXØns‚ ]mTt`Zw, ]pdw 40. 2003

36 It may be useful for us to think of character as function of two

impulses : to individualize and the impulse to typify. Great and

memorable characters are the result of a powerful combination of

these two impulses. We remember the special, individualizing

quirks, habitual patterns of speech, action or appearances and we

remember why the charecters represents something larger than

himself. These individualized touches are part of the story-teller's

act. They amuse us or engage our sympathy for the character. -

Robert Scholes, Elements of Literature, P.129. 1978

37 sI.Fw.XcI≥, kmlnXytemIw ssXamknIw, 1979

Pqsse˛sk]v‰w_¿, e°w 1, hmeyw 5, ]pdw 45.

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136136

38 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 262. 2000

39 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 457, 2000

40 sI.Fw.XcI≥, kmlnXytemIw ssXamknIw, 1979

Pqsse˛sk]v‰w_¿, e°w 1, hmeyw 5, ]pdw 45.

41 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 147, 2000

42 sI.]n.A∏≥, apJhpc, Ddq_ns‚ kºq¿ÆIrXnIƒ, 2000

43 Furthermore such characters do not develop in the course of

action. As a consequence of the restriction of qualities and the

absense of development flat characters are easity recognized and

easily remembered by the reader - Schlomith Rimmon Kenan,

Narrative Fiction, p.40, 2002

44 Ddq_v, DΩm®p, ]pdw 87, 1999

45 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 253, 2000

46 In an experience of fiction, the attitude we develop towards the

events presented, and our understanding of those events, will

unusually be controlled by the author through his or her technical

management of point of view - Robert Scholes, Nancy R Comely,

Carl H. Klaus, Michael Silverman (eds), Perspective and Lan-

guage : Elements of Literature, p.133, 1997

47 Un. cm[mIrjvW≥ \mb¿, BJym\hn⁄m\w, ]pdw 58, 2000

48 hneyw sl≥dn lUvk¨, kmlnXy]T\Øn\v Hcp BapJw

(]cn. Fkv.sI.hk¥≥), ]pdw 30, 1993

49 sI.]n.A∏≥, kab]hmlhpw kmlnXyIebpw, ]pdw 119,

1996

50 _meNµ≥ hSt°SØv, hmb\bpsS D]\njØv, ]pdw 113,

1999

51 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 36, 2000

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137137

52 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 444, 2000

53 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 178, 2000

54 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 34, 2000

55 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 28, 2000

56 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 177, 2000

57 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 215, 2000

58 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 111, 2000

59 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 116, 2000

60 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 126, 2000

61 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 135, 2000

62 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 285, 2000

63 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 437, 2000

64 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 213, 2000

65 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 397, 2000

66 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 27, 2000

67 Ddq_v, kpµcnIfpw kpµc∑mcpw, ]pdw 261˛2, 2000

68 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 209, 2006

69 I like reflector because it conveys, both a visual dierction and a

congnitive component. Thus it works for external narration, fea-

turing the start of a character or the internal report of a character's

interior both can fit one piece of metaphor of reflector - Suzanne

Keen, Narrative Form, p.45, 2003

70 The flashback method can also be described as the instrument of

interpretting and also probing the past in terms of the present -

Shakkeel Ahmmed, Theoretical Viability of Flashbackmethod as a

technique of fiction, p.33, 1991

71 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 3, 2006

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138138

72 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 79, 2006

73 Shakkeel Ahmmed, Theoretical Viability of Flashbackmethod as a

technique of fiction, p.34, 1991

74 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 197, 2006

75 Ddq_v, BapJw, AΩnWn, ]pdw 18, 2006

76 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 26, 2006

77 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 17, 2006

78 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 8, 2006

79 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 161, 2006

80 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 196, 2006

81 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 37, 2006

82 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 158, 2006

83 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 12, 2006

84 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 73, 2006

85 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 214, 2006

86 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 17, 2006

87 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 102, 2006

88 Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw 8, 2006

89 ""F√mw Ign™v Ahƒ Hcp IjWw \nemhv t]mse

ssIØ≠bn¬ InS∂t∏mƒ Fs‚ ssI ISs™SpØ

iwJvt]msebp≈ B IgpØv XShn. Ahƒ ]p©ncnsIm≠p...

Ahƒ \oeØmfpt]mse hmSn°gn™ncp∂p. Xpdn® IÆpIƒ

Rm≥ hnc¬sIm≠pXs∂ AS®p.'' ˛ Ddq_v, AΩnWn, ]pdw

214˛5, 2006

90 sI.Fw.XcI≥, A\izc\mb Ddq_v, ]pdw 229, 1986

91 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 6, 2006

92 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 36, 2006

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139139

93 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 39, 2006

94 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 6, 2006

95 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 9, 2006

96 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 11, 2006

97 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 11, 2006

98 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 21, 2006

99 Ddq_v, Ip™Ωbpw Iq´pImcpw, ]pdw 7, 2006

.