thermal desorption accessories & consumables · support (tdts) notes, which are referenced...

Thermal Desorption Accessories & Consumables

2010/2011

Introduction to Markes International

Formed in 1997, Markes International Ltd. is one of the

world’s leading suppliers of thermal desorption (TD)

equipment for monitoring trace toxic and odorous

chemicals in air, gas and materials. Serving fast

growing markets from environmental health and safety

to materials testing, and from food/flavour/fragrance to

defence/forensic, Markes’ global customer base

includes major industry, government agencies,

academia and the service laboratory sector.

Markes has introduced several highly successful brands

of TD instruments to the market including: UNITY™ 2,

a universal TD platform for single tubes, the 100-tube

ULTrA™ 2 TD autosampler, the series 2 Air Server™

interface for canisters and online air sampling, the

Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor™ (µ-CTE™) for

materials testing, the TT24-7™ for continuous online

monitoring and the TC-20™ multi-tube conditioner.

Markes also supplies a wide range of sampling

accessories and consumables, including the TubeTAG™

rFID tagging and informatics system for sample and

sorbent tube tracking, for all TD application areas.

What is thermal desorption?

Since the early 1980s, thermal desorption has provided

the ultimate versatile sample introduction technology

for GC and GC/MS. It combines selective

concentration enhancement with direct extraction into

the carrier gas and efficient transfer/injection, all in

one fully automated and labour-saving package.

Thermal desorption is now recognised as the technique

of choice for environmental air monitoring and

occupational health & safety. relevant standard

methods include: ISO/EN 16017, EN 14662 (parts 1 &

4), ASTM D6196, US EPA Methods TO-15/TO-17 and

NIOSH 2549. related applications include monitoring

chemical warfare agents (CWA) in demilitarisation/

destruction facilities and civilian locations (counter-

terrorism).

Markes International UK Headquarters

TD is also routinely used for monitoring volatile and

semi-volatile organic compounds, (S)VOCs, in products

and materials. Examples include residual solvents in

packaging and pharmaceuticals, materials emissions

testing (EN/ISO 16000 series methods) and

food/flavour/fragrance profiling.

The Markes International advantage

• Expert knowledge and innovative engineering keep

Markes at the forefront of technology for trace

organic analysis

• Unparalleled reputation for product quality and

customer support

• Excellence in applications development

• An unmatched portfolio of thermal desorption

instrumentation and associated sampling

accessories

• Innovative GC/MS data processing packages for

enhanced measurement of trace components

• Global presence

• A continually expanding library of technical “know

how” and applications documents, e.g. Markes

International’s Thermal Desorption Technical

Support (TDTS) Notes, which are referenced

throughout this catalogue (A listing can be found on

page 83).

W: www.markes.com T: +44 (0) 1443 230935E: [email protected]

W: www.markes-usa.com T: +1 (886) 483 5684 (USA toll free)

I. Environmental airmonitoring and exposureto chemicals at work

Environmental air monitoring

• Atmospheric research

• Ambient/urban air monitoring e.g. “Air Toxics”

• Industrial (stack) emissions

• Odour components

• Indoor air quality

• Soil gas and vapour intrusion

Occupational health & safety

• Personal (inhalation) exposure monitoring

• Biological exposure assessment (breath testing)

II. Residual volatiles andmaterials emissionstesting

Residual volatiles/content testing

• Pharmaceuticals/drug powders

• Ointments

• Packaging films

• Polymer beads

Emissions from materials

• Construction products e.g. paints

• Car trim components e.g. wood veneers, adhesives

• Chemical release (rEACH)

• Electronics

• Plastic toys

• Carpets and textiles

III. Defence and forensic

Defence

• Monitoring chemical warfare (CW) stockpile sites

• Personal exposure of military personnel

• Agent destruction facilities

• Key civilian locations (counter-terrorism)

Forensic

• Detection of drugs of abuse

• Arson residue analysis for accelerants

• Drug analysis

• Detection of trace explosive vapours

• Shotgun propellant

• Ink characterisation

IV. Food, flavour,fragrance & odourprofiling

• Fragrance profiling of toiletries etc.

• Identification of key olfactory components

• Characterisation/sourcing of natural products

• Odour profiling for potable spirits

• Quantitation of volatile components in dried

foodstuffs

• Off-odour/taint analysis

• Biology/crop research

• Flavour profiling of GM foods

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Thermal Desorption: Practical Applications Guides

Order your free copy of the following applications guides direct from Markes International ([email protected]).

is is

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Markes International - State-of-the-art Thermal Desorption Instrumentation

UNITY 2 - A universal TD platform for tagged and

untagged tubes th

UlTRA 2 - Multi-function TD autosampler for up to

100 tubes. Adds to UNITY 2. Features optional

TubeTAG read/write

TD-100 - Automated tube-based system with

TubeTAG read/write as standard in one

convenient system

Series 2 Air Server options - Add to UNITY 2 for

automated canister analysis and online air/gas

monitoring

TT24-7 - Twin-trap TD platform for continuous

online air/gas monitoring and near real-time

detection of toxic agents

General purpose thermal desorption accessories

Most TD accessories may be applied to a diverse range of applications:

Industry standard sorbent tubes 1

TubeTAG™ 11

Tube accessories 14

Sorbents 18

Calibration and standards 26

Pumped sampling 31

Sampling accessories 35

TC-20™ Tube Conditioner 36

MTS-32™ Multi-Tube Sequential sampler 37

µ-CTE™ Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor 38

HS-TD™ Headspace Thermal Desorption 41

SPE-tD™ Sorptive Extraction cartridges 43

Application specific thermal desorption

accessories

Environmental, health and safety 44

Diffusive sampling 45

Canisters 47

Gas sampling bags 48

Bio-VOC™ breath sampler 49

VOC-Mole™ soil sampler 51

Materials emissions testing 52

Direct sampling 53

FLEC®

54

Thermal analysis/evolved gas collection 56

Permeation accessory for µ-CTE 57

Food, fragrance, flavour and

odour profiling 58

Defence and forensic 60

TT24-7™ accessories 61

DAAMS tubes 61

Other accessories 62

Spares, accessories, software, miscellaneous

Instrument spares 63

laboratory accessories 76

GC/MS software utilities 80

Applications notes 83

Trademarks 83

Index 84

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Thermal Desorption Options and Sampling Accessories

Catalogue Contents

General information

Ordering information

Your order may be placed directly with:

• Markes International Ltd.

Gwaun Elai Medi Science Campus

Llantrisant

rCT

United Kingdom

CF72 8XL

Tel: +44 (0) 1443 230935

Fax: +44 (0) 1443 231531

Web: www.markes.com

Email: [email protected]

• Markes International Inc.

270 Presidential Drive

Wilmington

DE 19807

USA

Tel: (toll free) 1-866-483-5684

Web: www.markes-usa.com

Email: [email protected]

Orders may also be placed with any of our global

distributors: www.markes.com/Global-Distributors.aspx

Ordering directly from Markes

Please supply your account reference (if applicable) plus

shipping and billing information with your order. For new

accounts, our Customer Services department may contact you

for further information and may require pre-payment of your

first order via credit card or bank transfer.

Pricing

Prices are subject to change and will be confirmed at the time

of order. If you require a quotation or price prior to placing

your order, please contact Markes directly. All prices are ex-

works and ex-VAT (purchase tax).

Orders and returns

Orders are subject to acceptance by Markes and are

acknowledged in writing (by fax or email). Your order

acknowledgement will confirm the price and expected shipment

date of your order. Markes will make all reasonable efforts to

meet expected shipment dates.

Please inspect your packages on receipt and inform Markes

immediately of any damage or discrepancies. Our Customer

Services department will be available to assist you with any

problems.

Goods ordered from Markes in error may be returned to

Markes for credit, and may be subject to a 20% re-stocking

charge. Certain items are not eligible for return, including:-

custom certified reference standards; custom products;

specially etched sorbent tubes; products missing labels, parts

or instruction manuals; software and items not in their original

packaging.

Prior to returning any goods, please contact Customer Services

to obtain a ‘returns Number’ to authorise the return of your

goods. Any product returned without this number might not

be accepted.

Shipping

Our shipment terms are ex-works (incoterms EXW) Llantrisant,

UK, unless otherwise stated. Carriage charges invoiced will

vary according to destination, weight and volume of shipment

and may include charges in addition to actual freight costs.

Markes reserves the right to select the carrier and the most

appropriate method of transportation for the goods.

If you wish Markes to freight collect, please supply details of

your preferred carrier and account number. In the event that

the carrier does not recognise or accept the given details,

Markes reserves the right to select the carrier and invoice

accordingly.

Warranties and disclaimers

The warranty period begins on delivery of the goods unless

otherwise agreed and is effective in the country goods are

shipped to. If goods are moved to another country the

warranty may be invalidated. Contact Markes for further

information.

Markes’ warranties do not apply to defects resulting from:

improper or inadequate maintenance; repair or calibration by

customer; customer or third party hardware or software,

interfacing or supplies; unauthorized modification, improper

use or operation outside of the specifications for the product;

abuse, negligence, accident, loss or damage in transit, or

improper site preparation.

THE ABOVE WArrANTIES ArE EXCLUSIVE AND NO OTHEr

WArrANTY, WHETHEr WrITTEN Or OrAL, IS EXPrESSED Or

IMPLIED. MArKES SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED

WArrANTIES OF SATISFACTOrY QUALITY AND FITNESS FOr A

PArTICULAr PUrPOSE.

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Gen

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http://www.markes.com/global_distributors.aspx

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.markes-usa.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.markes.com

The majority of thermal desorption applications require sampling

of gases or vapours using sorbent tubes. The choice of tube type

and sorbent(s) is critical if the application is to be successful.

Markes International is a world-leader in thermal desorption and

associated sampling technologies. The company offers the widest

available range of TD sample tubes, backed up by expert advice

on sorbent selection which is available free of charge to all

customers.

Industry standard sorbent tubes (3½” long x¼” O.D.)

Sorbent tubes 2

Stainless steel and inert coated tubes 3

Glass tubes 3

SafeLok™ tubes 4

Conditioning sorbent tubes 5

Special tube packing services 5

Part numbers for 3½” tubes 6

Popular tube types for general and specific applications 7

Cross reference to old part numbers 7

Sorbent selection 8

Single bed sorbent tubes 9

Dual bed sorbent tubes 9

Three bed sorbent tubes 10

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Sorbent tubes

Thermal desorption (TD) samples are most commonly

collected using sorbent tubes. The choice of tube and

sorbent(s) is critical if the application is to be

successful1.

Tubes are available in stainless steel, inert coated

stainless steel and glass to suit your application. In

addition, specialised tubes are available for sampling in

ultra-trace level environments (SafeLok™ tubesp 4

).

Markes also offers a range of additional services

including tube conditioning, a repacking service for

existing tubes, special etching and barcoding.

Tube dimensions

Industry standard 3½” long tubes

3½” (89 mm) long x ¼” (6.4 mm) O.D. tubes are

standard for most thermal desorption applications.

These dimensions are recommended by key

international standard methods2

including US EPA

Method TO-17, EN ISO 16017, EN 14662, ASTM

D-6196, etc. Extensive retention volume, safe

sampling volume and diffusive uptake rate data are

published in these standard methods and can all be

applied to Markes’ tubes.

Glass 3½” (89 mm) long tubes are also available in an

economical 6 mm O.D. format.

DAAMS 4½” long tubes

DAAMS3

tubes are sometimes specified for chemical

agent monitoring applications. These 4½” (115 mm)

long glass tubes are available in two versions: standard

flow (6 mm) and high-flow (10 mm with 6 mm ends).

See “Defence and Forensic” p 60

for further information.

Pre-packed tubes - Quality assured

Packing thermal desorption tubes is a highly skilful and

time consuming operation. Incorrectly packed tubes

may suffer from sorbent movement and air space

formation, resulting in sampling errors, or from over-

compression and high impedance resulting in pump

failure and/or inefficient thermal desorption. Markes

International is an ISO9001 accredited company and

all Markes tubes are packed under stringent quality

control procedures.

All Markes’ tubes are etched with a unique serial

number (e.g. Mi ######) so that the tube history

(sorbent packing(s), sampling details etc.) can be

easily logged. Markes’ exciting new development,

TubeTAG™p 11

, allows this information to be

electronically written to each tube and automatically

read by the Markes’ thermal desorber systemp 65

.

Tubes are packed by mass (or bed length equivalent)

to a tolerance of ±2.5% or better. All pre-packed

tubes are impedance tested prior to shipment, and

each pack is supplied with a signed and dated quality

report detailing the mass of sorbent(s) in each tube.

Additional documentation, detailing maximum sorbent

temperatures and suggested conditioning parameters,

is supplied with each pack of tubes.

Unrivalled choice of sorbents

Markes offers an unparalleled choice of packed tubes.

Available sorbent options include:

• Porous polymers including the Tenax®

TA/Gr,

Chromosorb®

, PoraPak™ and HayeSep®

series

sorbents

• Graphitised carbon blacks including the

Carbograph™, Carbopack™ and Carbotrap™ series

sorbents

• Carbonised molecular sieves including UniCarb™,

Carbosieve™ SIII and the Carboxen™ series

sorbents

• Traditional molecular sieves including 5Å & 13X

As well as a wide range of ‘off-the-shelf’ pre-packed

tubes, Markes’ technical experts are available to advise

on sorbent combinations and to recommend tube types

for specific applications, where required. Alternatively,

you may specify your own combination of sorbents.

1. TDTS 05: Advice on sorbent selection and conditioning sample tubes

2. TDTS 03: Relevant national and international standard methods

3. Depot Area Air Monitoring Systems, as used in some chemical agent

destruction and storage facilities

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Stainless steel and inert coatedstainless steel tubes

Stainless steel and inert coated stainless steel sorbent

tubes are available in industry standard dimensions

(3½” (89 mm) long x ¼” (6.4 mm) O.D. x 5 mm I.D.).

Coated tubes have an extremely thin (Ångströms) inert

layer bonded to the surfaces of the stainless steel tube

and primary (front) sorbent retaining gauze, to make

the sampler totally inert. The tube dimensions are not

altered by this coating.

Stainless steel tubes are suitable for the majority of

VOC monitoring applications across a wide range of

compound types, atmospheric concentration levels and

sampling methodologies. However, for thermally labile

compounds, inert coated stainless steel (or glass)

tubes are recommended. For ultra-trace atmospheric

concentrations, SafeLok tubesp 4

are recommended.

Stainless steel/inert coated tubes may be supplied:

• empty (e.g. for direct desorption applicationsp 53

)

• pre-packed with up to three sorbent beds

• pre-packed, conditioned and capped with long-term

storage caps - ready for immediate use

Empty tubes are supplied with a pre-fitted sorbent

retaining gauze, a second retaining gauze and a spring.

Stainless steel tubes are compatible with either

pumpedp 32

or diffusivep 45

sampling. However, please

note that only the front/first sorbent plays any part in

diffusive sampling. Therefore tubes packed with more

than one sorbent bed, are generally used for pumped

sampling.

Markes’ 3½” x ¼” stainless steel and inert coated tubes

For part numbers and configuration guide for

stainless steel and inert coated sorbent tubes,

see pages 6-10.

Glass tubes

Glass tubes are inert and widely used for reactive

species or for direct desorption of materialsp 53

. They

are available in the following formats:

• Industry standard:

3½” (89 mm) long x ¼” (6.4 mm) O.D. x 4 mm

I.D. packed with up to three sorbents

Options include:

• Standard restricted tubes (sorbent retaining

restriction positioned 15 mm from one end)

• Tubes for direct desorptionp 53

(usually supplied

empty, with sorbent retaining restriction

positioned 30 mm from one end)

• Unrestricted tubes

• 3½” (89 mm) long x 6 mm O.D. x 4 mm I.D.

packed with up to three sorbents1

• DAAMSp 61

tubes [4½” (115 mm) long]. These are

typically packed with one or two sorbent beds

retained with quartz wool plugs. Two types are

available:

• 6 mm O.D. low-flow tubes

• 10 mm O.D. high-flow tubes with 6 mm ends

Glass tubes are not suitable for diffusive (passive)

sampling.

A range of Markes’ glass TD tubes:- 3½” and 4½” long,

with ¼” and 6 mm O.D.

For part numbers and configuration guide for

glass sorbent tubes, see pages 6-10. For

information on DAAMS tubes see page 61.

Markes’ TubeTAGp 12

electronic labels are

available for both stainless steel and glass tubes.

1. 3.5” long x 6 mm O.D. glass tubes are only compatible with Markes’

TD-100 or UlTRA autosamplers when configured with 6 mm Difflok

capsp 16. Contact Markes International directly for further information

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Safelok™ tubes

SafeLok tubes incorporate Markes’ patented1

diffusion-

locking technology at either end of the sorbent tube,

protecting the sample from ingress or loss of volatiles.

They are available in stainless steel or inert-coated

stainless steel and provide a unique solution for a

number of challenging air sampling applications. For

example, they stop the ingress of artefacts when trace

level samples are being uncapped and recapped in

contaminated laboratory environments. They also

facilitate pumped sampling over extended periods at

low (1-2 ml/min) flow rates.

For routine air monitoring applications SafeLok tubes

significantly reduce the risk of contamination from

poorly fitted or loose caps and prevent necking or

other damage to the ends of tubes caused by over-

tightening of tube seals. By preventing outgassing of

analytes from the tube, SafeLok technology also makes

it safer to handle tubes that have been used to collect

very dangerous compounds.

With industry standard external dimensions, SafeLok

tubes are fully compliant with key international

methods (e.g. US EPA TO-17, EN ISO16017-1, ASTM

D6196). They also comply with all the published

retention and safe sampling volume data for equivalent

standard tubes2. Note that SafeLok tubes cannot be

used for diffusive sampling.

SafeLok tubes are compatible with most standard tube

fittings including storage capsp 16

, DiffLok capsp 16

,

TubeTAGp 12

, the TC-20 conditioning unitp 36

and the

MTS-32 sequential samplerp 37

.

SafeLok tube (LHS) and standard tube

Diffusion limiting

While the process of diffusion limiting has been

employed before in special tube capsp 16

or inlet

devicesp 36

, Markes’ breakthrough has been to

incorporate the technology inside the sorbent tube

itself. This means that the integrity of clean and

sampled tubes is maintained throughout storage,

transport and the analytical thermal desorption

process. The impedance of SafeLok tubes does not

differ significantly from standard packed tubes.

Schematic of SafeLok tube packed with two sorbents

Packed Safelok tubes

SafeLok tubes may be packed with up to three sorbent

beds and require conditioning and capping in the usual

way prior to use.

Please note that SafeLok tubes cannot be repacked and

they therefore have a finite lifetime depending on the

sorbents they contain.

Inert Safelok tubes

SafeLok tubes may also be ordered with an inert

coating. In this case the tube itself, the front diffusion

limiting insert and the front sorbent retaining gauze

are all inert coated.

For part numbers and details of how to configure

Safelok sorbent tubes, see pages 6-10.

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1. Patent # GB 2337513 US 6,564656 B1

2. TDTS 20: Confirming sorbent tube retention volumes and checking for

analyte breakthrough

Conditioning sorbent tubes

Prior to sampling, all sorbent tubes must be rigorously

conditioned and then capped with suitable long-term

storage caps. Freshly packed sorbent tubes contain

high levels of VOCs and need stringent conditioning -

often over a two to three hour period - to ensure they

are suitably clean for use. Markes’ thermal desorption

systems incorporate a tube conditioning mode for this

purpose1. Markes also offers a dedicated tube

conditioning system - the TC-20p 36

. This can condition

up to twenty (20) 3½” long tubes simultaneously.

Alternatively, tubes can be purchased rigorously

pre-conditioned and capped with ¼” brass, long-term

storage capsp 16

.

Markes’ TC-20 tube conditioner with pre-conditioned and

capped tubes

Special tube packing services

Markes prides itself on providing a unique and tailored

response to its customers’ needs. Therefore, as well

as the standard options detailed previously, we are

happy to offer a number of specialised services

including:

Special etching of sorbent tubes

All Markes’ sorbent tubes are etched with a unique serial

number, Mi ######. Up to ten additional alpha-

numeric characters may be etched on batches of tubes

to provide extra information where required, e.g. etching

project names or sorbent codes.

Special etching of tubes can be configured in the tube

part numberp 6

.

Repacking/unpacking service for metal and glass

tubes

Existing (industry standard dimension) thermal

desorption tubes from any manufacturer can be

repacked with fresh sorbent, by Markes. Tubes should

be returned empty and with the gauze retaining spring

(where applicable). Tubes are cleaned, fitted with a

new sorbent retaining gauze at the sampling end, and

repacked to your specification. Note that SafeLokp 4

tubes are not suitable for repacking.

A tube unpacking service is also available. returned

tubes must be supplied with a signed safety statement

confirming that the tubes have been desorbed prior to

return.

Unpacking/repacking of tubes can be configured in the

tube part numberp 6

.

Re-conditioning service

Existing (industry standard dimension) sorbent tubes

may be returned to Markes for conditioning.

Customers may supply their own long-term brass

storage caps or have new ones fitted. All returned

caps are inspected to ensure that they, and the

combined PTFE ferrules, are suitable for futher use.

Any damaged or missing caps/ferrules will be replaced

by Markes.

EN-1076 compliance

Stainless steel sorbent tubes can be purchased with full

EN-1076 compliance (i.e. sampler requirements conform

to those stated in section 6.2 EN-1076:2008).

Barcodes

In certain circumstances, barcodes may be etched onto

stainless steel tubes for automated scanning of tube

serial numbers. To discuss available symbologies and

specifications, please contact Markes directly.

For further details and prices for any of these special

tube packing services please contact Markes

([email protected]), or your local Markes

distributor.

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1. Conditioning tagged tubesp 12 using a series 2 UlTRA-UNITY or

TD-100 system configured with on-board tag read/writep 13 allows the

total number of thermal cycles (analytical and conditioning) to be

recorded and tracked.

Part numbers for 3½” tubes1

Markes’ sorbent tubes are sold in packs of 10 and are

specified by an extended part number. This system

allows unique flexibility and also ensures easy

re-ordering of duplicate packs at a later date.

The alphanumeric part number is built up as follows:

C # - x ( 1 )x ( 2 )x ( 3 )x ( 4 )- # # # #

To configure a part number, follow the step-by-step

procedure below and right:

C - prefix letter for all sorbent tube part numbers

# - digit 0-3: indicates number of sorbent beds required

X( 1 ) - letter: indicates tube material and/or type

X( 2 ) - letter: indicates if tube to be

conditioned/capped

X( 3 ) - letter: indicates if TubeTAGp 11

is to be fitted

X( 4 ) - letter: indicates if special etching is required

#### - unique 4 digit number precisely defining

sorbent combination (see pages 9-10 for codes)

Notes when configuring part numbers

• Ensure you match the O.D. of your tubes (¼” or

6 mm) and the TubeTAG option (stainless steel or

glass) to the correct storage caps in step 3

• Ensure you select the correct TubeTAG option for

your tubes (stainless steel or glass) in step 4

1. For 4½” DAAMS tubes see page 61

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Step Description

Prefix letter C

1. Select # sorbents 0 Empty tube

1 1 sorbent bed

2 2 sorbent beds

3 3 sorbent beds

2. Select tube type

[X(1)]

A Stainless steel (st st), 3½” x ¼”

B Glass, 3½” x ¼”, restriction @

15 mm

C Inert coated stainless steel,

3½” x ¼”

D SafeLok, st st, 3½” x ¼”

E SafeLok, inert, 3½” x ¼”

F Glass, unrestricted, 3½” x ¼”

G repacked tube

H Unpacked/repacked tube

L DAAMS, glass, 4½” x 6 mm

M DAAMS, glass, 4½” x 10 mm,

6 mm ends (high flow)

N Glass, 3½” x ¼”, restriction @

30 mm

P Glass, 3½” x 6 mm, unrestricted

Q Glass, 3½” x 6 mm, restriction

@ 15 mm

3. Tube conditioning

[X(2)]

A Standard tubes, cond/capped,

¼” brass storage caps

B Standard tubes, cond/capped,

6 mm brass storage caps

C Tagged ¼” metal tubes,

cond/capped, brass storage caps

D Tagged ¼” glass tubes, cond

/capped, brass storage caps

E Tagged 6 mm glass tubes, cond

/capped, brass storage caps

F Tubes conditioned only

(customer to supply caps)

X Tubes not conditioned/capped

4. TubeTAG[X(3)]

A TubeTAG attached to stainless

steel tubes (¼”)

B PTFE TubeTAG attached to glass

tubes (both ¼” and 6 mm)

X No TubeTAG required

5. Special etching

[X(4)]

A Special etching required.

Up to 10 additional alpha-numeric characters may beetched on each tube.

X No special etching required

6. Select 4-digit

sorbent code

#### See pp 9-10 for sorbent codes.

For empty tubes use 0000

Popular 3½” tube types for general andspecific applications

Configured part numbers for commonly requested

sorbent tubes recommended by Markes, are listed

below.

Cross reference to old part numbers

Use this table to find the Markes’ part number you

have previously ordered and the equivalent new part

number.

Old part

number

Brief description New part #

(pack 10)

C-TBE10 Empty, stainless steel C0-AXXX-0000

C-TBP1T St St, Tenax TA C1-AXXX-5003

C-TBP1T +

C-CNC10

St St, Tenax TA, cond/capped C1-AAXX-5003

C-TBP1P St St, Chromosorb 106 C1-AXXX-5004

C-TBP1C St St, Carbograph 1TD C1-AXXX-5009

C-TBP1S St St, UniCarb C1-AXXX-5030

C-HY010 St St, Tenax TA/Carbograph

1TD (Hydrophobic)

C2-AXXX-5032

C-AT010 St St, Carbograph 1TD/

Carboxen 1000 (Air Toxics)

C2-AXXX-5031

C-UN010 St St, Tenax TA/Carbograph

1TD/Carboxen 1000 (Universal)

C3-AXXX-5034

C-GT010 Empty, ¼” glass, restriction @

15 mm

C0-BXXX-0000

C-GT010UF Empty, ¼” glass, unrestricted C0-FXXX-0000

C-GTP1T Glass, restricted, Tenax TA C1-BXXX-5039

C-GTP1T +

C-CN010

Glass, restricted, Tenax TA,

cond/capped

C1-BAXX-5039

C-SK010 SafeLok tubes, St St, Tenax TA C1-DXXX-5003

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Description/Sorbents Part number

(pack 10)

Empty, stainless steel (St St) C0-AXXX-0000

Empty, ¼” glass, restriction @ 15 mm C0-BXXX-0000

Empty, ¼” glass, unrestricted C0-FXXX-0000

St St, Tenax TA (35/60), (C6/7 to C26) C1-AXXX-5003

St St, Tenax TA, cond/capped C1-AAXX-5003

St St, Carbograph 1TD™ (40/60), (C5/6 to

C14)

C1-AXXX-5009

St St, Carbograph 1TD, cond/capped C1-AAXX-5009

St St , Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD, (C5/6 to

C20) (Hydrophobic)

C2-AXXX-5032

St St, Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD,

cond/capped (Hydrophobic)

C2-AAXX-5032

St St, Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen 1003

(60/80), (C2/3 to C12) (Air Toxics)

C2-AXXX-5270

St St, Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen 1003,

cond/capped, (Air Toxics)

C2-AAXX-5270

St St, Tenax TA/Carbograph 5TD (40/60),

(Soil Gas)

C2-AXXX-5149

St St, Tenax TA/Carbograph 5TD,

cond/capped, (Soil Gas)

C2-AAXX-5149

Inert coated, Tenax TA/UniCarb (60/80),

(labile compounds, wide volatility range)

(landfill Gas)

C2-CXXX-5033

Inert coated, Tenax TA/UniCarb, cond/capped

(landfill Gas)

C2-CAXX-5033

St St, Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen

1003, (C2/3 to C20) (Universal)

C3-AXXX-5266

St St, Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen

1003, cond/capped (Universal)

C3-AAXX-5266

St St, Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X (40/60),

(B, T, X & 1,3-butadiene)

C2-AXXX-5132

St St, Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X,

cond/capped

C2-AAXX-5132

St St, UniCarb tube (C3-C6, diffusive

sampling of VCM, CS2 )

C1-AXXX-5030

St St, UniCarb tube, cond/capped C1-AAXX-5030

St St, graphitised carbon, (DHS application) C2-AXXX-5126

Glass, restricted, Tenax TA (C6/7 to C26),

restriction @ 15 mm

C1-BXXX-5039

Glass, restricted, Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen

1003 (Air Toxics), restriction @ 15 mm

C2-BXXX-5259

Glass, restricted, Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen

1003, cond/capped (Air Toxics), restriction

@ 15 mm

C2-BAXX-5067

Sorbent selection

Sorbents are classified by strength (weak/medium/

strong) and, generally speaking, the more volatile a

compound is, the stronger the sorbent required to

retain/trap it. Selecting too weak a sorbent for your

analytes may result in component loss due to

breakthrough during sampling. Selecting too strong a

sorbent for your analytes may result in incomplete

desorption (recovery) during analysis.

Sorbent tubes are supplied in packs of 101

and may be

packed with up to three sorbent beds arranged in order

of increasing sorbent strength from the sampling end.

Markes carries out a rigorous QA procedure for all

packed tubesp 2

.

General tube packing guidelines

• Sorbents in metal tubes are held in place by metal

gauzes and gauze retaining springs. Sorbents in

glass tubes are held in place by glass restrictions

and/or quartz wool plugs

• Precisely weighed masses of sorbents are packed in

discrete beds of increasing sorbent strength from

the sampling end. The sorbent beds are separated

using steel or inert coated steel gauzes, or quartz

wool plugs depending on the tube type

• The maximum number of sorbents is three (3)

• Sorbents with a low maximum temperature cannot

be combined with sorbents with higher maximum

temperatures

• Porous polymer sorbents (except Tenax) should be

repacked after ~50 thermal cycles. Other sorbent

types should be repacked after 100-200 cycles

• Molecular sieve sorbents (5Å and 13X) are used for

specialised applications only

A Markes sorbent tube of any type (e.g. stainless steel,

glass, inert coated, SafeLok etc.) may be packed with

any (technically sound) combination of sorbents in

order to suit your application. Once defined, that 4-

digit sorbent code will remain valid should you wish to

re-order at a future date.

To obtain your sorbent code, please refer to the tables

on pages 9-10, in combination with the tube

configuration guide on page 6.

Sorbent strengths

The following table shows a range of sorbents in order

of increasing strength.

Sorbent Strength Maximum

temperature

(°C)

Quartz wool Very weak >450

Carbograph 2TD

Carbopack C

Carbotrap C

Weak >450

Tenax TA

Tenax Gr

Weak 350

Carbograph 1TD

Carbopack B

Carbotrap

Weak/medium >450

Chromosorb 102 Medium 225

PoraPak Q Medium 250

Chromosorb 106 Medium 225

Porapak N Medium 180

HayeSep D Medium 290

Carbograph 5TD Medium/strong >450

Carbopack X Medium/strong >450

Carboxen 569 Strong >450

UniCarb Strong >450

Carboxen 1003 Very strong >450

Carbosieve SIII Very strong >450

8



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1. For larger pack sizes, please order multiple packs of 10

Single bed sorbent tubes (3½” long)

To define the correct unique 4-digit code (####) for

your single sorbent tube, use the following table. If

you have selected metal tubes (stainless steel, inert

coated stainless or SafeLok), the 4-digit code you need

is in the left hand column. If you have selected glass

tubes, the 4-digit code is in the right hand column.

Note that alternative sorbents, sorbent mesh

sizes or specific combinations of sorbents

(defined by mass or bed length) are available,

and may be requested from Markes International

([email protected]). A unique sorbent

code will be provided.

Dual bed sorbent tubes (3½” long)

To define the correct unique 4-digit code (####) for

your 2-bed sorbent tube, use the following table. For

metal tubes (stainless steel, inert coated stainless or

SafeLok), the code is in the left hand column. For

glass tubes, the code is in the right hand column.

4-digit

code

METAl

TUBES2-sorbent combinations

1,2,3

4-digit

code

GlASS

TUBES

5141 Quartz wool/Carbograph 2TD 5134

5138 Quartz wool/Tenax TA 5189

5172 Quartz wool/Tenax Gr 5190

5128 Quartz wool/Carbograph 1TD 5191

5173 Quartz wool/Chromosorb 102 5192

5174 Quartz wool/PoraPak Q 5193

5175 Quartz wool/Chromosorb 106 5194

5176 Quartz wool/PoraPak N 5195

5146 Quartz wool/HayeSep D 5196

5126 Carbograph 2TD/Carbograph 1TD 5197


5178 Carbograph 2TD/Carbopack X 5199

5179 Carbopack C/Carbopack B 5200

5032 Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD

(Hydrophobic)

5068

5149 Tenax TA/Carbograph 5TD (Soil Gas) 5201

5140 Tenax TA/Carbopack X 5202

5033 Tenax TA/UniCarb (landfill Gas) 5069

5124 Tenax Gr/Carbopack B (TO-17, type 1) 5121

5125 Carbopack B/Carbosieve SIII

(TO-17, type 2)

5123


5132 Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X 5155

5181 Carbograph 1TD/UniCarb 5204

5270 Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen 1003

(Air Toxics)

5259

5182 Carbograph 1TD/Carbosieve SIII 5205

5183 Carbograph 5TD/UniCarb 5206

5260 Carbograph 5TD/Carboxen 1003 5261

5185 Carbograph 5TD/Carbosieve SIII 5208

5186 Carbopack X/UniCarb 5209

5262 Carbopack X/Carboxen 1003 5263

5188 Carbopack X/Carbosieve SIII 5211

1. The mesh sizes listed for single sorbent tubes are used in multi-

sorbent tubes unless otherwise specified

2. Tubes containing two sorbents are packed by mass to give

approximately equal bed lengths for each sorbent

3. Where applicable, quartz wool is packed to ~1 cm bed length

9



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codeMETAlTUBES

Masssorbent(mg)METAl

Sorbent, mesh size

1

Masssorbent(mg)GlASS

4-digitcodeGlASSTUBES

5012 400 Carbograph 2TD 40/60 225 5048

5003 200 Tenax TA 35/60 200 5039

5005 200 Tenax Gr 35/60 150 5041

5009 400 Carbograph 1TD 40/60 225 5045

5024 300 Chromosorb 102 60/80 200 5060

5022 300 PoraPak Q 50/80 200 5058

5004 300 Chromosorb 106 60/80 150 5040

5023 470 PoraPak N 50/80 350 5059

5153 300 HayeSep D 60/80 200 5170

5015 300 Carbograph 5TD 40/60 250 5051

5020 300 Carbopack X 40/60 250 5056

5029 500 Carboxen 569 20/45 250 5065

5030 300 UniCarb 60/80 300 5066

5277 500 Carboxen 1003 60/80 300 5258

5028 600 Carbosieve SIII 60/80 400 5064

5007 650 Molecular Sieve 5Å60/80

400 5043

5006 600 Molecular Sieve 13X60/80

400 5042

Three bed sorbent tubes

To define the correct unique 4-digit code (####) for your 3-bed sorbent tube, use the following table. For metal tubes

(stainless steel, inert coated stainless or SafeLok), the code is in the left hand column. For glass tubes, the code is in

the right hand column.

If you cannot see the combination of sorbents you require, or if you have specific requests relating to mesh

sizes, bed lengths or sorbent masses, please contact Markes ([email protected]) or your local

distributor and we will supply the relevant part number.

1. Tubes containing two sorbents are packed by mass to give

approximately equal bed lengths for each sorbent

2. Where applicable, quartz wool is packed to ~1 cm bed length

4-digit

code

METAl

TUBES

3-bed sorbent tubes1,2

4-digit

code

GlASS

TUBES

5164 Quartz wool/Carbograph 2TD/Carbograph 1TD 5212

5233 Carbograph 2TD/Carbograph 1TD/Carbograph 5TD 5213

5234 Carbograph 2TD/Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X 5214

5235 Carbograph 2TD/Carbograph 1TD/UniCarb 5215

5264 Carbograph 2TD/Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen 1003 5265

5163 Carbograph 2TD/Carbograph 1TD/Carbosieve SIII 5216

5035 Carbopack C/Carbopack B/Carbosieve SIII (TO-17, type 3) 5071

5154 Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD/Carbograph 5TD 5217

5236 Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X 5218

5143 Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD/UniCarb 5219

5266 Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen 1003 (Universal) 5267

5139 Tenax TA/Carbograph 1TD/Carbosieve SIII 5220

5237 Tenax TA/Carbograph 5TD/UniCarb 5221

5268 Tenax TA/Carbograph 5TD/Carboxen 1003 5269

5239 Tenax TA/Carbograph 5TD/Carbosieve SIII 5223

5240 Tenax TA/Carbopack X/UniCarb 5224

5278 Tenax TA/Carbopack X/Carboxen 1003 5272

5242 Tenax TA/Carbopack X/Carbosieve SIII 5226

5243 Carbograph 1TD/Carbograph 5TD/UniCarb 5227

5273 Carbograph 1TD/Carbograph 5TD/Carboxen 1003 5274

5245 Carbograph 1TD/Carbograph 5TD/Carbosieve SIII 5229

5246 Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X/UniCarb 5230

5275 Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X/Carboxen 1003 5276

5248 Carbograph 1TD/Carbopack X/Carbosieve SIII 5232

10



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11



Markes’ patented TubeTAG system is the world’s first electronic

tagging and labelling system for thermal desorption tubes.

TubeTAG allows tube and sample specific information to be

electronically associated with a particular tube for the duration of

a monitoring project, or for the whole life of the tube.

Advanced functionality is introduced through the unique Markes’

“tag-ready” ULTrA and TD-100 autosamplerspp 65-66

, which offers

direct reading of the tag data during tube analysis. It can also

incorporate tube and sample data from the tag into the analytical

sequence report.

TubeTAG

TubeTAG and accessories 12

ULTrA 2/TD-100 TubeTAG read/write option 13

TubeTAG™ - sorbent tube informatics

TubeTAG1,2

offers thermal desorption sorbent tube

tagging and tracking for ultimate sample traceability.

Previously, associating data with a particular thermal

desorption tube (e.g. tube ID) relied on manual

recording and retrieval of information. Barcodes are

now available for TD tubes as a special servicep 5

, but

these cannot be programmed to record tube history or

sample specific information.

TubeTAG consists of rFID tag assemblies for attaching

onto individual sorbent tubes, a tag read/write device

(TAGSCRIBE

) and operating software3.

TubeTAG is used to provide a cost-effective and

sophisticated solution to ensure fail-safe tracking of

tubes in transit during, for example, field monitoring

projects. Each tube is fitted with an individual tag and

information can be electronically written to the tag

prior to despatch. Once the tubes reach the field,

additional sample collection details can be entered.

Back in the laboratory, all stored information can be

downloaded and entered into the laboratory’s

information system. Tags can then be easily removed

from the tubes, prior to desorption, if required.

Uniquely, users of Markes’ tag-enabled TD

instrumentationpp 65-66

can leave tags fixed to the

same sorbent tubes throughout their life as a

means of tracking tube history.

TAGSCRIBE™

Information is entered onto the tube tags via a PC-

controlled battery operated TAGSCRIBE. The same

device is used in the laboratory prior to despatch, to

enter sample collection information in the field, and to

retrieve information from the tags once the tubes are

returned to the laboratory after monitoring.

TubeTAG compatibility

TubeTAG is available for all Markes’ TD tubes i.e.

• Standard 3½” (89 mm) long x ¼” (6.4 mm) O.D.

stainless steel, inert coated and glass tubesp 3

• 3½” (89 mm) long x 6 mm O.D. glass tubesp 3

• Markes’ SafeLok tubesp 4

(3½” long x ¼” O.D.)

• 4½” (115 mm) glass DAAMS tubesp 61

, 6 mm O.D.

(standard flow) and 10 mm O.D. (6 mm ends)

(high flow)

TubeTAG software

The software allows a high degree of flexibility in

operation. There are administrator and user levels for

data access, extensive administrator-defined editing

options and built in data protection functionality.

Information entered onto the tag in the laboratory, prior

to field sampling, typically includes: tube serial number;

sorbent details/packing date; date of shipping; project

name; billing code; etc. Typical parameters recorded on

the tag during field sampling include: monitoring

location; sampling method (diffusive/pumped); uptake

rate/flow rate; sample start/end times. Whenever a tag

is read or written to, a file is created which can be

imported into a local database or integrated with other

relevant information as part of a Laboratory Information

Management System (LIMS).

TubeTAG - pre-fitted to sorbent tubes

Pre-packed (and pre-packed/conditioned) sorbent

tubes can be supplied with TubeTAG already fitted by

following the configuration guide on page 6. When

sorbent tubes are supplied pre-fitted with tags, the

tube serial number, sorbent packing details and tube

status will already be written to each tag.

TubeTAG fitted to stainless steel sorbent tube

TubeTAG accessories

TubeTAG - long term storage caps

Tubes fitted with tags may be capped with brass

storage caps for long-term storage or transportation.

Each tagged tube requires one standard brass capp 16

and the appropriate extended ‘tag-ready’ cap4,5

.

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1. Patent # US 6,446,515 B2

2. Further information in TubeTAG brochure from Markes International

3. Requires Windows®

7/2000/XP/Vista operating systems

4. Ensure you select the correct ‘tag-ready’ cap for your tubes, ¼”

stainless steel, ¼” glass or 6 mm glass

5. Storage caps for ¼” st st tubes are supplied with one-piece PTFE

ferrule as specified by international standard methods such as US EPA

Method TO-17, ASTM D6196 and EN ISO 16017

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Tools

Tools are available for fixing/removing tags from

stainless steel and glass tubes, and a TAGLok tool for

tightening/removing standard and tag-ready storage

caps is recommended.

Pumped sampling adaptors

Pumped sampling adaptors ease the attachment of the

sampling line to the tagged tube when connecting to

personal monitoring pumps.

TubeTAG starter kit

A TubeTAG start-up kit (for stainless steel tubes) is

available in a convenient carry case. The kit contains:

TAGSCRIBE

(including software CD, cable and battery),

pack of 10 tags for metal tubes, TubeTAG

fixing/removal tool for metal tubes, pk 10 pairs ¼”

brass storage caps and a TAGLok tool.

TubeTAG Starter kit

UlTRA 2/TD-100 TubeTAG read/writeoption

When TubeTAG is used in combination with Markes’

autosamplerspp 65-66

, tube traceability is enhanced

even further. They offer the option of reading

information from the tags and automatically

inputting this into the automation sequence table.

Information such as tube number, sampled volume,

diffusive sampling time, etc. can then be associated

with the TD-GC(MS) run. At the end of each analysis,

the autosampler can also write to the tag e.g. to

increment the number of thermal cycles, change the

tube status or clear sample-specific data from the tag,

ready for the next field monitoring operation. These

capabilities ensure that relevant data can be tracked

for each tube throughout its lifetime, for enhanced

analytical quality assurance. TubeTAG read/write

capability can also confirm the tube pairing used, when

combined with Markes’ automated re-collection

systemspp 64, 66

.

See also page 6 to configure sorbent tubes with

tags already pre-fitted.

Description Part number

TubeTAG start-up kit (st st tubes) C-TAGKT

TubeTAG for st st tubes, pk 10 C-TAG10

TubeTAG for st st tubes, pk 100 C-TAG100

TubeTAG for glass tubes, pk 10 C-TAGG10

TubeTAG for glass tubes, pk 100 C-TAGG100

TAGSCRIBE read/write device for all TubeTAGs C-SCrIBE

TubeTAG fixing/removal tool for st st tubes C-TAGTL

TubeTAG fixing/removal key for glass tubes C-TAGKY

TAGLok tool for tightening/removing standard

and TAG-ready ¼” storage caps

C-TAGLOK

Cap, brass, ¼” & PTFE ferrule, Std/tag-ready,

pk 10 pairs, for ¼” metal tubes

C-TCFP10

Cap, brass, ¼” & PTFE ferrule, Std/tag-ready,

pk 100 pairs, for ¼” metal tubes

C-TCFP100

Cap, brass, ¼” & PTFE ferrule, tag-ready,

pk 10, for ¼” metal tubes

C-TCF10

Cap, brass, ¼” & PTFE ferrule, tag-ready,

pk 100, for ¼” metal tubes

C-TCF100

Cap, brass, ¼” & blind PTFE ferrule, tag-

ready, pk 10 for ¼” glass tubes

C-T4GCF10

Cap, brass, ¼” & blind PTFE ferrule, tag-

ready, pk 100 for ¼” glass tubes

C-T4GCF100

Cap, brass, 6 mm & blind PTFE ferrule, tag-

ready, pk 10 for 6 mm glass tubes

C-T6GCF10

Cap, brass, 6 mm & blind PTFE ferrule, tag-

ready, pk 100 for 6 mm glass tubes

C-T6GCF100

Cap, brass, ¼” & PTFE ferrule, pk 10

for untagged end of all ¼” tubes

C-CF010

Cap, brass, ¼” & PTFE ferrule, pk 100

for untagged end of all ¼” tubes

C-CF100

Cap, brass, 6 mm, & PTFE ferrule, pk 10

for untagged end of all 6 mm tubes

C-CF010-XZ

Cap, brass, 6 mm & PTFE ferrule, pk 100

for untagged end of all 6 mm tubes

C-CF100-XZ

Pumped sampling adaptor, ¼” tubes, pk 10 C-TPA10

Pumped sampling adaptor, ¼” tubes, pk 100 C-TPA100

Pumped sampling adaptor, 6 mm tubes, pk 10 C-TPAX10

Pumped sampling adaptor, 6 mm tubes, pk 100 C-TPAX100

13



Markes offers a range of tube accessories to support every TD

application. From tools to assist with routine tube maintenance

and storage, to labour-saving tube inserts for direct desorption,

Markes’ tube accessories are designed to make the analyst’s life

easier.

Tube accessories

Gauzes, springs and clips 15

Tools 15

Storage caps 16

DiffLok caps 16

Unions for linking tubes together in series 17

Sorbent tube shipment boxes 17

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15



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Gauzes, springs and clips

Sorbent retaining gauzes - for metal tubes

Sorbent retaining gauzes are manufactured to precise

tolerances to ensure that they correctly fit the front

groove of metal (stainless steel/inert coated) tubes.

The placement of the front gauze is critical for diffusive

sampling as it defines the diffusion gap1. All Markes’

3½” metal tubes are supplied with this critical front

gauze correctly and firmly fitted. Gauzes may also be

used to separate sorbent beds in metal multi-sorbent

tubes. For inert coated tubes, gauzes in contact with

the sample stream are also inert coated.

Gauze-retaining springs

Gauze-retaining springs are used in metal tubes to

ensure the rear sorbent retaining gauze remains

positioned correctly on top of the sorbent bed. Springs

should be inserted and removed from the tubes using

the Markes’ TubeMate™ tool.

Penclips

Penclips attach to the groove on 3½” metal tubes, so

that they may be easily fastened to a lapel or pocket

for personal monitoring.

Tools

Caplok™ tool

Long-term storage capsp 16

must be correctly tightened

in order to ensure a leak tight seal and maintain

sample integrity. Caps can be tightened “finger tight

plus quarter turn” with conventional

wrenches/spanners. However, the use of two

standard wrenches/spanners can be awkward, and lead

to incorrect positioning of caps and other errors; for

example, over tightening of the caps may cause

distortion of the PTFE ferrules and a leaking seal. In

severe cases of overtightening, the ends of tubes can

be ‘crimped’ (stainless steel) or broken (glass). The

CapLok tool was designed by scientists at INErIS2

to

simplify tube capping/uncapping procedures whilst

minimising the risk of errors, and is manufactured

exclusively by Markes International3.

TubeMate™ tool

The TubeMate tool is used to insert (and remove) the

gauze retaining spring in metal tubes. Once the spring

is partially inserted into the end of the tube, TubeMate

grips the spring and enables it to be twisted into place

with very little effort. reversing this process aids the

removal of the springs when unpacking old tubes. The

other end of the TubeMate tool can also be used to

push the rear sorbent retaining gauze down onto the

sorbent surface4.

CapLok & TubeMate tools, gauzes, springs and penclips


Sorbent retaining gauzes, pk 20 C-GZ020



Sorbent retaining gauzes, inert, pk 10 C-GZI10

Sorbent retaining gauzes, inert, pk 100 C-GZI100

Gauze retaining springs, pk 10 C-SP010

Gauze retaining springs, pk 100 C-SP100

Penclips, pk 10 C-CL010

Penclips, pk 100 C-CL100

CapLok tool C-CPLOK

CapLok tool, pk 10 C-10LOK

TubeMate Tool C-TBMTE

1. TDTS 08: Principles of diffusive monitoring

2. INERIS: l'Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des

Risques, France

3. For tubes fitted with tagsp 11

, a TAGlok tool should be used which

fits both standard caps & TAG-ready caps

4. The TubeMate is not recommended for accurate positioning of the

primary sorbent retaining gauze at the sampling end of the tube

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Caps

long-term storage caps with combined PTFE

ferrules

For long-term storage (or transportation) of conditioned

or sampled tubes, 2-piece metal storage caps fitted with

combined PTFE ferrules (¼” or 6 mm I.D.) must be

selected. They are available in brass and lightweight

aluminium. These caps are recommended by

international standard methods such as US EPA Method

TO-17, ASTM D6196 and EN ISO 16017 and have been

validated for up to 27 months1

storage of sampled/blank

tubes. The caps meet a stringent cleanliness

specification and tight manufacturing tolerances.

For tubes fitted with tagsp 12

an extended tag-ready

long-term storage cap must be used on the

non-sampling end of the tube. (Tag-ready caps use the

same combined PTFE ferrules as standard caps.)

¼” brass long-term storage caps, CapLok tool and

capped tube

Note: One-piece PTFE ferrules should be replaced after

approximately 20 operations.

Push-on caps for short term storage

Aluminium push-on caps with o-ring seals, are

convenient for short-term storage of cleaned or sampled

¼” tubes, e.g. when they are being analysed almost

immediately after sampling. However, push-on caps

should not be used for long-term storage2.

Difflok™ caps

Tubes on all Markes’ autosamplers are sealed with

unique DiffLok caps, which simply push onto both ends

of every tube. DiffLok caps utilise Markes’ patented3

diffusion-limiting technology (also found in SafeLok

tubesp 4

), to preserve sample integrity by preventing

both analyte loss and artefact ingress. Even volatile

analytes are confidently preserved on sorbent tubes

giving identical recovery for standards at the beginning

and end of a 100-tube sequence. DiffLok caps have

been field-proven to seal sampled and blank tubes

much more effectively than older PTFE push on caps

incorporating PTFE-coated o-rings. (N.B. Push-on PTFE

caps have been shown to allow significant analyte

loss2.)

No analyte loss from Tenax tubes capped with DiffLok

caps and analysed on ULTRA over a 24 hour period

DiffLok caps are available for ¼”, 6 mm and 8 mm

O.D. tubes and in stainless steel or inert coated

stainless steel. Inert coated caps are only ever

required for the sampling end of the tube and only

when analysing reactive compounds. replacement o-

rings are also available for routine maintenance of the

caps.

DiffLok caps

Time loaded tube spent on UlTRA prior to desorption (mins)

Peak a

rea c

ounts

(x 1

06)

xylene

benzene

toluene

1. F. lindquist, H Bakkeren, CEC commissioned report from TNO,

Netherlands, No R90/268 (1990), Stability of chlorinated hydrocarbons

on Tenax

2. P. P. Ballesta, Diffusive Monitor Issue 9 (Nov 1997), losses from

ATD-400

3. Patent # GB 2337513 US 6,564656 B1

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Also see page 13 for tag-ready ¼” storage caps.

For 8 mm DiffLok caps and o-rings, compatible with

8 mm diameter DAAMS tubes, contact Markes

([email protected]).

¼-¼” stainless steel unions forconnecting tubes together in series

Multi-bed sorbent tubespp 9-10

are commonly used for

sampling atmospheres containing VOCs, which cover a

wide volatility range. However, single sorbent tubes

connected in series are a useful alternative, for example

when monitoring breakthrough from the front (primary)

tube.

Up to three ¼” OD tubes may be connected in series

using ¼-¼” stainless steel unions which have been fitted

with the same one-piece PTFE ferrules as used in ¼”

storage caps. After sampling, the tubes are

disconnected, capped and stored individually. Linking

sorbent tubes in series allows the use of sorbent

combinations that cannot be packed into a single tube

(e.g. Chromosorb/UniCarb). It also eliminates the risk of

higher boiling analytes migrating to the stronger sorbents

during storage.

Sorbent tube shipment boxes

Two shipment boxes are available for 3½” long tubes:

• Standard ribbed cardboard box for pk 10

pre-packed (uncapped) 3½” tubes

• Large ribbed cardboard box for pk 5 pre-conditioned,

capped and/or tagged tubes (3½”). These boxes

also ensure that storage caps remain firmly in

position, even when subjected to extremes of

temperature.

Large ribbed storage box


Cap, storage, brass, ¼” & PTFE ferrule, pk 10 C-CF010




Cap, storage, aluminium, ¼” & PTFE ferrule,

pk 20

C-CFA20

Cap, storage, aluminium, ¼” & PTFE ferrule,

pk 200

C-CFA200

Ferrule, ¼” combined PTFE, pk 20 C-FP020

Ferrule, ¼” combined PTFE, pk 200 C-FP200

Cap, storage, brass, 6 mm & PTFE ferrule, pk 10 C-CF010-XZ



Cap, storage, brass, 6 mm & PTFE ferrule,

pk 200

C-CF200-XZ

Ferrule, 6 mm combined PTFE, pk 20 C-FP020-XZ

Ferrule, 6 mm combined PTFE, pk 200 C-FP200-XZ

Cap, push-on, aluminium, ¼”, pk 20 C-AC020

Cap, push-on, aluminium, ¼”, pk 200 C-AC200

Cap, DiffLok, st st, ¼”, pk 10 C-DL010


Cap, DiffLok, inert, ¼”, pk 10 C-DLS10

Cap, DiffLok, inert, ¼”, pk 100 C-DL1S0

Cap, DiffLok, st st/inert, ¼”, pk 10 pairs C-DLP10

Cap, DiffLok, st st/inert, ¼”, pk 100 pairs C-DL1P0

O-ring, low emission, high temp, pk 10

(replacements for ¼” DiffLok caps)

U-COV10


(replacements for ¼” DiffLok caps)

U-COV100

Cap, DiffLok, st st, 6 mm, pk 10 C-DL010-XZ


Cap, DiffLok, inert, 6 mm, pk 10 C-DLS10-XZ

Cap, DiffLok, inert, 6 mm, pk 100 C-DL1SO-XZ

Cap, DiffLok, st st/inert, 6 mm, pk 10 pairs C-DLP10-XZ

Cap, DiffLok, st st/inert, 6 mm, pk 100 pairs C-DL1P0-XZ


(replacements for 6 mm DiffLok caps)

U-COV45


(replacements for 6 mm DiffLok caps)

U-COV450

17




Unions, ¼-¼”, st st, & ¼” PTFE ferrules, pk 10 C-UNS10

Unions, ¼-¼”, st st, & ¼” PTFE ferrules, pk 100 C-UNS100

Box, 10 slot, unconditioned tubes, pk 10 C-10BX10

Box, 10 slot, unconditioned tubes, pk 100 C-10BX100

Box, 5 slot, conditioned/tagged tubes, pk 10 C-5BX10

Box, 5 slot, conditioned/tagged tubes, pk 100 C-5BX100

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Markes offers a wide range of bulk sorbents for those customers

who wish to pack their own tubes, or who have other sorbent

requirements.

Careful selection of sorbent type and mesh size is critical for the

successful outcome of any thermal desorption application.

Where several mesh sizes are available, recommended mesh

sizes are marked ‘*’ in the text.

Note that fine mesh sizes lead to high impedance/back pressure.

Attention must be paid to the thermal characteristics of particular

sorbents when selecting and conditioning them. This is

particularly important when packing multi-bed sorbent tubes.

Sorbents

Porous polymers 19

Graphitised carbon blacks 21

Carbonised molecular sieves 22

Molecular sieves 23

Other non-carbon sorbents 24

18



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Porous polymers

Porous polymer sorbents are suitable for a wide range

of applications but can exhibit high artefact levels. In

addition, certain polymers (i.e. Chromosorb, PoraPak

and HayeSep) exhibit significant batch to batch

variations in total artefact levels, and can self-generate

aromatic hydrocarbons over time1. These sorbents are

therefore generally unsuitable for trace-level

monitoring.

However, most porous polymer sorbents are inert

making them suitable for the analysis of labile and

reactive compounds such as mercaptans and CS gas.

Moreover, their hydrophobic nature allows them to be

used for sampling in humid conditions.

Tenax TA (35/60*) (60/80)

Tenax GR (35/60*) (60/80)

Tenax TA2

is a general purpose sorbent used in several

air monitoring and occupational hygiene applications. It

is the most thermally stable of the porous polymers, but

will still benefit from being used at the lowest possible

temperature for the application, to minimise artefacts.

Tenax Gr contains 23% graphitized carbon as an

integral part of the material (the graphitized carbon is

co-precipitated with the Tenax polymer). For some

compounds, Tenax Gr offers slightly higher

breakthrough volumes.

PoraPak series

There are several PoraPak porous polymers available

that vary both in strength (specific surface area) and

polarity. The two most commonly used in thermal

desorption applications are PoraPak Q and PoraPak N.

PoraPak Q (50/80)

PoraPak N (50/80)

PoraPak Q is the weaker of these two sorbents, it is

only slightly polar and is a general purpose PoraPak

sorbent. PoraPak N is the most polar PoraPak and is

typically used for monitoring volatile nitriles. It is the

least thermally stable PoraPak.

Other PoraPak sorbents (P, T, S, R, etc.) are

available from [email protected] on

request.

Sorbent Strength: Medium

Specific surface area: ~550 (m2/g) (Q)

~300 (m2/g) (N)

Approximate analyte

volatility range:

Boiling pt 50°C to 200°C

Example analytes: Oxygenated compounds (Q)

Volatile nitriles (N)

Sorbent max temp: 250°C (Q)

180°C (N)

Recommended

conditioning temp:

Up to 220°C (Q)

Up to 170°C (N)

Recommended

desorption temp:

Up to 190°C (Q)

Up to 165°C (N)

Notes:

Hydrophobic

High artefacts (~10-50 ng/component)

N.B. Conditioned PoraPak may self-generate aromatic

hydrocarbons over time. It is recommended that tubes

packed with this sorbent are used as soon as possible after

conditioning

Inert - suitable for labile components

repack sorbent tubes after 50 thermal cycles

Sorbent not generally suitable for:

• multi-bed sorbent tubes

• cold traps (special applications only)

• long-term (>8 hr) diffusive sampling

Sorbent strength: Weak

Specific surface area: ~35 (m2/g)

Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C7 to n-C30Boiling pt 100°C to 450°C

Example analytes: Aromatics (except benzene)

Apolar compounds bt >100°C

Polar compounds bt >150°C

Semi-volatile compounds

Sorbent max temp: 350°C

Recommended

conditioning temp:

Up to 325°C

Recommended

desorption temp:

Up to 300°C

Notes:

Hydrophobic

Low inherent artefacts (<1 ng)


Do not exceed sorbent max temp. Sorbent will break down

and may contaminate system flow path

repack sorbent tubes after 100 thermal cycles

Allows efficient desorption giving sharp GC peaks

19



1. M. Henderson, The Diffusive Monitor Issue 11 (July 2000), The effect

of storage on blank levels of benzene and total hydrocarbons on

Chromosorb 106 tubes

2. Tenax TA has largely replaced Tenax GC for TD applications

Chromosorb series

There are several Chromosorb Century series porous

polymers varying in strength and polarity. The two

most commonly used in thermal desorption

applications are Chromosorb 102 and Chromosorb 106.

Chromosorb 102 (60/80)

Chromosorb 106 (60/80)

Chromosorb 102 is the weaker of these two medium

strength sorbents and is slightly polar. Chromosorb

106 is the strongest of the Chromosorb series and is

completely non-polar. It is widely used in occupational

hygiene TD applications.

Other Chromosorb sorbents (101, 103, 105, 107,

108) are available on request from

[email protected].

HayeSep D (60/80)

HayeSep polymers were developed to exhibit less bleed

and shrinkage than other porous polymers. HayeSep

D is the strongest sorbent in this series. However, its

use tends to be restricted to very specialised

applications e.g. chemical agent monitoringp 60

.

Other HayeSep sorbents are available on request

([email protected]).


Sorbent, Tenax TA 35/60, 10 g C-TNXTA

Sorbent, Tenax TA 60/80, 10 g C-TNXTA60

Sorbent, Tenax Gr 35/60, 10 g C-TNXGr

Sorbent, Tenax Gr 60/80, 10 g C-TNXGr60

Sorbent, PoraPak N 50/80, 20 g C-2PPKN

Sorbent, PoraPak Q 50/80, 20 g C-2PPKQ

Sorbent, Chromosorb 102 60/80, 20 g C-2C102

Sorbent, Chromosorb 106 60/80, 20 g C-2C106

Sorbent, HayeSep D 60/80, 20 g C-2HSPD

Sorbent strength: Medium

Specific surface area: ~800 (m2/g)

Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C5 to n-C12Boiling pt. 50°C to 200°C

Example analytes: Specifically used for GB/GE

derivatives of VX (CW agents)


Recommended

conditioning temp:

Up to 280°C

Recommended

desorption temp:

Up to 260°C (see Notes)

Notes:

Hydrophobic

High artefacts (~10-50 ng/component)


repack sorbent tubes after 100 thermal cycles or less

Sorbent not generally suitable for



• long-term (>8 h) diffusive sampling


Specific surface area: ~350 (m2/g) (C102)

~750 (m2/g) (C106)

Approximate analyte

volatility range:

Boiling pt. 50°C to 200°C

Example analytes: Alcohols, oxygenated compounds,

hydrocarbons, benzene (C106

occupational hygiene monitoring)


Recommended

conditioning temp:

Up to 220°C

Recommended

desorption temp:

Up to 190°C (see Notes below)

Notes:

Hydrophobic

High artefacts (~10 - 50 ng/component)

N.B. Conditioned Chromosorb may self-generate aromatic

hydrocarbons over time. It is recommended that tubes

packed with this sorbent are used as soon after conditioning

as possible


repack sorbent tubes after 100 thermal cycles or less

Sorbent not generally suitable for



• long-term (>8 h) diffusive sampling

20



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Graphitised carbon blacks

These are non-specific carbon sorbents, widely used for

trace-level applications due to their minimal artefact

levels. They range from the very weak to

medium/strong sorbents and are used for a wide range

of VOCs and sVOCs. They are fairly hydrophobic and

therefore suitable for sampling under humid conditions.

They can, however, contain trace levels of metals,

which means they are not 100% inert. This makes

them less suitable for some labile or highly reactive

species e.g. mercaptans and monoterpenes.

Physically, these sorbents are very friable i.e. they are

susceptible to fines formation, particularly when

subjected to mechanical shock. Avoid dropping tubes

packed with carbon blacks and ensure they are

adequately protected during transportation. Over-

compression of these sorbents during packing can also

lead to high back-pressure. In extreme circumstances,

sorbent tubes may become blocked and will need

repacking.

Although generally considered to be non-porous, the

strongest graphitised carbon sorbents (i.e. Carbopack X,

Carbograph 5TD) do exhibit microporosity which

improves the ability of these sorbents to trap ultra-

volatile compounds. These sorbents therefore provide

a bridge between the graphitised carbon blacks and

the stronger carbonised molecular sievesp 22

.

Characteristics of all graphitised carbon blacks

All the graphitised carbon blacks share certain

characteristics, regardless of their specific surface area.

Carbograph 3TD (20/40, 40/60*)

Carbograph 2TD (20/40, 40/60*, 60/80),

Carbotrap C (20/40), Carbopack C (60/80)

Carbotrap Y (20/40),

Carbopack Y (40/60)

Carbograph 1TD (20/40, 40/60*, 60/80),

Carbotrap (20/40), Carbopack B (60/80)

Carbograph 4TD (20/40)


Specific surface area: ~130 m2/g

Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C4/5 to n-C12

Sorbent strength: Weak/Medium


Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C5/6 to n-C14

Example analytes: Ketones, alcohols, aldehydes,

apolar components perfluorocarbon

tracer gases

Benzene, toluene, xylene; 1 to 4-

week diffusive exposure in ambient

air

Notes:

Widely used “general purpose” sorbent. Often used in two-

or three-bed sorbent tubes

Sorbent strength: Weak


Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C7 to n-C16

Example analytes: Hydrocarbons to n-C16

Sorbent strength: Very weak


Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C8 to n-C20

Example analytes: Alkyl benzenes, hydrocarbons to n-

C20, semi-volatiles

Notes:

Not as efficient as Tenax at releasing high-boiling compounds

Sorbent strength: Extremely weak


Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C9 to n-C30

Example analytes: semi-volatiles

Sorbent max temp: >450°C

Recommended

conditioning temp:

350°C to 400°C

Recommended

desorption temp:

350°C to 400°C (below conditioning

temp where possible)

Notes:

Hydrophobic

Minimal (<0.1 ng) artefacts

Friable and compressible - CArE: Compressing these

sorbents leads to high back-pressures and blocked tubes.

40/60 mesh is recommended for ideal flow characteristics in

sorbent tubes and cold traps

repack tubes after 200 thermal cycles

21



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Carbopack Z (60/80)

Carbograph 5TD (20/40, 40/60*)

Carbotrap X (20/40)

Carbopack X (40/60*, 60/80)

Carbonised molecular sieves

Carbonised molecular sieves are the strongest sorbents

and are used to trap the most volatile compounds.

They operate under a mixture of adsorption and

molecular sieve principles, therefore their specific

surface area is not the key indicator of their strength.

The size and shape of both the analyte molecule and

the particle pores determine the analytes that each

sorbent is most suited to.

These sorbents are not very hydrophobic and therefore

may require dry purging prior to desorption to remove

excess waterp 35

. Due to their strength, carbonised

molecular sieves are easily contaminated by higher

boiling point compounds and should be protected by a

front bed of weaker sorbent, except when used for

diffusive samplingp 43

.

All carbonised molecular sieves share certain

characteristics.

Carboxen 569 (20/45)

Sorbent strength: Strong

Specific surface area: ~485 m2/g; also operates on

molecular sieve principle

Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C3 to n-C8Boiling pt. -30°C to 150°C

Example analytes: Volatile hydrocarbons

Notes:

Less hydrophilic than most carbonised molecular sieves


Sorbent, Carbograph 3TD 20/40, 10 g C-CG320





Sorbent, Carbotrap C 20/40, 10 g C-CTC20

Sorbent, Carbopack C 60/80, 10 g C-CPC60

Sorbent, Carbotrap Y 20/40, 10 g C-CTY20

Sorbent, Carbopack Y 40/60, 10 g C-CPY40




Sorbent, Carbotrap 20/40, 10 g C-CT020

Sorbent, Carbopack B 60/80, 10g C-CPB10


Sorbent, Carbopack Z 60/80, 10 g C-CPZ60



Sorbent, Carbotrap X 20/40, 10 g C-CTX20

Sorbent, Carbopack X 40/60, 10 g C-CPX40

Sorbent, Carbopack X 60/80, 10 g C-CPX60


Recommended

conditioning temp:

350°C to 400°C

Recommended

desorption temp:

350°C to 400°C

N.B. Temperature should be

increased gradually from 100°C,

especially during initial conditioning,

to remove oxygen and avoid rapid

expansion of volatiles which can

crack the sieve

Notes:

Minimal (< 0.1 ng) artefacts

Inert - suitable for labile compounds


Sorbent strength: Medium/strong


Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C3/4 to n-C6/7Boiling pt. 50°C to 150°C

Example analytes: Light hydrocarbons

1,3-butadiene 1-week diffusive

exposure

Sorbent strength: Medium/strong


Approximate analyte

volatility range:

n-C4 to n-C8

22



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UniCarb (60/80) (formerly known as Spherocarb)

Carbosieve SIII (60/80)

Carboxen 1003 (60/80)

Carboxen 1000 (60/80)

Other carbonised molecular sieves are available

on request ([email protected]).Sorbent strength: Strong

Specific surface area: ~1200 m2/g, also operates on


Approx analyte

volatility range:

n-C3 to n-C8Boiling pt. -30°C to 150°C

Example analytes: Very volatile compounds e.g. vinyl

chloride monomer, CS2, methanol,

ethanol, acetone etc.

Used for very volatile but sterically

large molecules, e.g. SF6


Sorbent, Carboxen 569 20/45, 10 g C-C569

Sorbent, UniCarb 60/80, 10 g C-UNCrB

Sorbent, Carbosieve SIII 60/80, 10 g C-CSIII

Sorbent, Carboxen 1000 60/80, 10 g C-C1000

Sorbent, Molecular Sieve 5Å, 20 g C-MSV5A

Sorbent, Molecular Sieve 13X, 20 g C-MS13X

Sorbent strength: Very strong for small molecules

Specific surface area: >1200 m2/g, also operates on


Approx analyte

volatility range:

Permanent gases and light

hydrocarbons

Boiling pt. -60°C to 80°C

Example analytes: Ultra-volatile hydrocarbons

Notes:

retains some water - avoid using in humid conditions if

possible

Sorbent strength: Very strong for small molecules

Specific surface area: 1000 m2/g; also operates on


Approx analyte

volatility range:

n-C2 to n-C5

Example analytes: Carboxen 1003 offers the best

performance of all the carbon

molecular sieves (e.g. Carbosieve

SIII, Carboxen 1000), from the

perspective of retention of ultra-

light compounds whilst allowing

breakthrough of water. Markes

recommends using Carboxen 1003

for many air monitoring methods

that may previously have specified

Carboxen 1000/Carbosieve SIII

Sorbent strength: Very strong

Specific surface area: ~800 m2/g but primarily operates

on molecular sieve principle

Approx analyte

volatility range:

ethane to n-C5Boiling pt. -60°C to 80°C

Example analytes: Ultra-volatile hydrocarbons

Notes:

Significantly water retentive - avoid using in humid

conditions if possible

23



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Zeolite molecular sieves

These are very selective hydrophilic sorbents used for

specific thermal desorption applications, e.g.

occupational hygiene monitoring of nitrous oxide (MS

5Å) and 1,3-butadiene (MS 13X).

Molecular Sieve 5Å

Molecular Sieve 13X

Other non-carbon sorbents

A range of other non-carbon sorbents are available for

specialised applications including:

Activated silica gel

This is used primarily in UNITY, UNITY 2 and TD-100

cold trapsp 67

for online H2S monitoring. Silica gel is

not usually used in sorbent tubes. It is exceptionally

hydrophilic, absorbing water up to about 40% by

weight.

Quartz beads

Quartz beads are completely inert and are used

primarily in UNITY, UNITY 2, TD-100p 67

and TT24-7p 62

cold traps when monitoring high-boiling, chemically

active compounds such as chemical warfare agents.

Quartz beads can be used in sorbent tubes in place of

quartz wool (see below), if required.

Quartz beads for use with chemically active

compounds

Quartz wool

Quartz wool is often used in sorbent tubes as the first

‘sorbent’ in a multi-bed sorbent tube when the range

of compounds of interest includes very high-boiling

compounds. It is important that the quartz wool fibres

are of the correct diameter; coarse grade quartz wool

has a high proportion of broken fibres within it and

these fragments can reduce the overall inertness of the

material. If total inertness is required, e.g. when

analysing extremely labile compounds such as

mercaptans, then silanised glass wool is recommended.


Pore size: 9 Ångströms

Typical application: 1,3-butadiene monitoring in

occupational hygiene applications


Recommended

conditioning temp:

300°C to 350°C






crack the sieve

Recommended

desorption temp:

265°C to suit 1,3-butadiene

application

Notes:

High (~10 ng) artefacts

Significantly hydrophilic - do not use in humid conditions



Pore size: 5 Ångströms

Typical application: Nitrous oxide monitoring in

occupational hygiene applications


Recommended

conditioning temp:

300°C to 350°C






crack the sieve

Recommended

desorption temp:

165°C to suit N2O application

Notes:

High (~10 ng) artefacts

Significantly hydrophilic - do not use in humid conditions


24



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Silanised glass wool

Silanised glass wool is used in sorbent tubes and traps

when analysing extremely labile compounds e.g.

mercaptans. However, it has a maximum

recommended operating temperature of 250°C

because residual silanising reagent can break down at

high temperatures (>275°C), coating the instrument

flow path with active degradation products and limiting

its performance, especially with regard to high boilers.

Unsilanised glass wool

Unsilanised glass wool can be used in sorbent tubes

where inertness is not an issue. Tubes must be

rigorously conditioned prior to use.

Activated charcoal

Activated charcoal is prone to causing analyte

degradation and is only recommended for use in

split flow filter tubes and not as a sorbent within

sampling tubes.


Sorbent, activated charcoal, 5 g

(not suitable for sampling tubes)

C-CHArC


Sorbent, activated silica gel 40/60, 10 g C-SIL40

Quartz beads, 1.5 mm, pk 100 C-QTZBD

Quartz wool, 10 g C-QUTZW

Glass wool, silanised, 10 g C-SILGW

Glass wool, unsilanised, 10 g C-UNSGW

25



Calib

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s

26



The use of suitable standards is essential for successful and

accurate analysis. Different standards may be required

depending on the process being carried out e.g.

• routine calibration standards for method quantification

• Certified standards for QC/QA/audit purposes

• Instrumentation check standards

Markes International is pleased to offer a range of standards for

thermal desorption applications.

Calibration and standards

Calibration Solution Loading rig 27

Liquid phase calibration - external calibration 27

Internal standard calibration 28

Certified reference Standards 28

Instrumentation check standards 29

Gas standards for external calibration of

environmental methods 29

Calib

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sMethod calibration1

When calibrating any piece of analytical equipment, it

is important that the loading and analysis of the

standards replicates, as closely as possible, that of the

samples themselves. For this reason, a thermal

desorption-gas chromatograph (TD/GC) system should

be calibrated by loading the standard onto a sample

tube and desorbing it through the system so that it is

subjected to the complete two-stage thermal

desorption process.

Both external and internal calibration procedures are

used with thermal desorption.

Calibration Solution loading Rig(CSlR™) - external standard calibration

Key international standard methods (e.g. US EPA TO-

17), recommend the vapour phase introduction of

external standards onto clean sorbent tubes.

Calibration solution loading rig

Markes’ CSLr consists of an unheated injector port

with a controlled carrier gas supply and a sorbent tube

connection point. The sampling end of a fully packed

sorbent tube is connected to the CSLr via a ¼” brass

nut and combined (one-piece) PTFE ferrule. The

carrier gas flow is set, via a needle valve, to between

80 and 100 mL/min. This sweeps the injection port

and passes down through the sorbent tube to vent.

The calibration standard (gas or liquid phase) is

introduced through the injector septum using a

standard GC syringe. The compounds of interest are

swept onto the sampling end of the attached tube in

the stream of carrier gas and reach the sorbent bed in

the vapour phase.

Note: Wherever possible, to simplify the analysis

procedure, sufficient volume of carrier gas is allowed to

pass through the adsorbent bed to remove the bulk of

solvent (liquid standards), whilst compounds of interest

are still quantitatively retained.

liquid phase calibration - externalcalibration

It is not always possible or convenient to introduce

liquid standards in a stream of carrier gas as described

above. In these cases, liquid standards can be

injected directly using specially packed sorbent tubes

(glass recommended) containing a 1 cm bed of Tenax

TA held in place by a 1 cm bed of quartz wool.

Liquid phase calibration tube - 1 cm bed of Tenax TA

Note: Advice on routine calibration of TD methods is

given in Markes’ TD Technical Support Note 7.

1. TDTS 07: Calibration: preparing and introducing standards using

sorbent tubes


Calibration solution loading rig C-CSLr

Septum, 9.5 mm (for CSLr), pk 10 C-SPTA

Tube, glass, Tenax TA, 1 cm calibration, pk 10 C1-BXXX-5072

Tube, st st, Tenax TA, 1 cm calibration, pk 10 C1-AXXX-5036

27



Calib

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s Internal standard (IS) calibration

Many TD air monitoring methods (tube- or canister-

based) benefit from the addition of gas-phase internal

standard (IS). In these cases the TD system must be

configured with a specialised IS addition accessory, i.e.

Markes’ ISDP accessory for series 1 and 2 ULTrA

autosamplerspp 64,65

and TD-100p 66

, or Markes’

Canister Interface Accessory for online/canister

samplesp 65

.

The selection of the IS gas will depend on the

application. Typical IS compounds include deuterated

hydrocarbons (e.g. toluene-d8) and halogenated

compounds [such as bromofluorobenzene (BFB)]. The

IS gas should be supplied in a pressurised cylinder

fitted with a high pressure regulator capable of

supplying standard to the TD system at pressures

between 0 and 50 psig.

The concentration of IS required is dependent on the

expected concentration of the analytes. The general

rule for concentration of internal standard is:

• Expected mass of analyte on the tube = ng

suggested IS concentration = ppmV

• Expected mass of analyte on the tube = pg

suggested IS concentration = ppbV

Markes offers1

a 1 ppm IS gas containing BFB (in bulk

nitrogen), suitable for use with US EPA Methods TO-

14/TO-15/TO-17 and other TD-GC/MS applications.

Certified Reference Standards (CRS)

All analytical methodology is subject to performance

criteria and quality assurance tests. reference

standards should be used at regular intervals for

analytical quality assurance and to confirm routine

calibration procedures.

CrS tubes offered by Markes International are

prepared by an expert national standards laboratory

following approved methodology (ISO 6145 part 8),

and are certified traceable to primary standards.

Standards are prepared by the direct introduction of

known volumes of standard atmospheres into

individually labelled sorbent tubes. Analyte masses are

accurate to ±3% at levels above 100 ng and at ±5%

for masses from 10-100 ng.

Typically, CrS tubes are loaded with a small number of

analytes which are representative of the method being

undertaken. They provide a convenient tool for in-

house quality assurance of the complete TD-GC(MS)

analytical process and associated calibration protocols.

routine use of CrS tubes complies with guidance given

in international standard methods and provides

continual assurance of system and procedure reliability,

thus contributing to staff confidence. In these

respects, in-house use of CrS tubes complements

participation in external proficiency testing schemes

such as WASP3.

All CrS tubes are supplied in packs of 10 standards

with an additional shipping blank. Standards are

wrapped in aluminium foil and sealed into air-tight

boxes prior to shipment. A chromatogram of the

shipping blank is supplied, together with a certificate of

standard traceability. BTX and TO-17 standards are

supplied with an example chromatogram and full user

instructions.

BTX standards

Two packs of BTX CrS tubes are available ready-made,

loaded with benzene, toluene and o-xylene at 100 ng per

component (suitable for the majority of environmental

applications) and 1 µg per component (suitable for many

materials emissions applications). These standards are

prepared using conditioned Tenax TA tubes and have a

certified shelf-life of 6 to 12 months.

Compounds

(in N2)

bromochloromethane,

1-bromo-4-fluorobenzene,

chlorobenzene-d5,

1,4-difluorobenzene

Cylinder2 aluminium construction (8.3 cm x 29.5 cm)

PI marked for compliance with EU

regulations, 1.5 lb/0.7 kg

Pressure/

regulation

110 L of gas @ 1800 psig

CGA-180 outlet fitting

28



1. Supplied by Restek Corporation, USA. Please note these items are

unavailable in some territories. Contact Markes International for further

information.

2. Please note that pressurised cylinders of gas standards are subject to

“hazardous materials” shipping supplements by most freight carriers


Standard, gas cylinder, TO14A IS/Tuning

Mix, 1 ppm

C-GS14A-1PPM

regulator, high purity VOC, 0-100 psi outlet C-GSrEG-100

Tubing, st st, 1/8”, to connect IS to ISDP SErZ-0022

3. Workplace Analysis Scheme for Proficiency, operated by Health and

Safety laboratory, UK

Calib

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sTO-17 standard

A TO-17 CrS is available, loaded with 9 components of

varying volatilities and polarities, typical of the

compounds found during air toxics monitoring. (This

standard is prepared to order and typically has a

longer lead time than the BTX standards.)

The compounds included1

are, benzene, toluene,

o-xylene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, dichloromethane,

1,1,1-trichloroethane, methyl-t-butyl ether, methylethyl

ketone and ethyl acetate. The required concentration

level of the standard may be specified. These

standards are prepared on conditioned Tenax TA tubes

and have a certified shelf life of six months.

Custom standards

Markes offers a custom CrS tube service loading up to

eight compounds onto conditioned sorbent tubes. This

service is only available where data exist to show the

stability of the component mix specified. These

standards are typically prepared on Tenax TA tubes.

However, some components may be loaded onto other

sorbents where data exist to confirm the stability of

such combinations. If you require custom specified CrS

tubes, please discuss your requirements with a Markes

specialist prior to ordering ([email protected]).

Instrumentation check standards

Check standards are useful when setting up

instrumentation or troubleshooting. Check standards

from Markes are supplied on conditioned Tenax TA

sorbent tubes and contain benzene, toluene, o-xylene,

camphene and di-octyl phthalate. The standards are

prepared by Markes’ specialists via vapour phase

introduction of the standard at a nominal concentration

of 90 ng/µL for each component.

A single check standard is supplied in the Markes’

UNITY 2p 65

and TD-100p 66

thermal desorber shipping

kits. replacement check standards are available in

packs of 10.

Gas standards for external calibrationof environmental methods

Markes offers a selection of gas standards2

suitable for

a variety of canister-based air monitoring methods. All

cylinders are of aluminium construction (8.3 x 29.5

cm) and PI marked for compliance with EU transport

regulations3.

Sulphur component mix - 1 ppm

Supplied in nitrogen at 1800 psig, this standard has a

12 month stability and an accuracy of ± 10%. 1 mL of

this standard contains approximately 2 ng per

component.

Volatiles (Japan) component mix - 1 ppm

Supplied in nitrogen at 1800 psig, this mixture of

volatile organics contains some compounds that are

traditionally difficult to prepare as calibration

standards. Injecting 1 mL of this mix onto a sorbent

tube gives approximately 2-7 ng per component on the

tube:

acrylonitrile

benzene

1,3-butadiene

chloroform

1,2-dichloroethane

dichloromethane

tetrachloroethylene

trichloroethylene

vinyl chloride

carbonyl sulphide

dimethyl sulphide

ethyl mercaptan

hydrogen sulphide

methyl mercaptan


CrS, BTX, 100 ng, pk 10 C-BTX100-10

CrS, BTX, 1 µg, pk 10 C-BTX1UG-10

CrS, TO17, specify conc, pk 10 C-TO17XX-10

CrS, Custom, pk 10 C-CUST-10



Check std, BTX, camphene, di-octyl phthalate,

90 ng, Tenax TA, pk 10

C-CHK10

1. Prior to March 2008, TO-17 CRS standards included 1-butanol. New

data have shown that this component is not stable over the shelf-life of

the CRS and therefore it is no longer included in the standard

29




unavailable in some territories. Contact Markes International for further

information

3. Please note that pressurised cylinders of gas standards are subject to

“hazardous materials” shipping supplements by most freight carriers

Calib

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s TO-15 “Air toxics”/TO-17 64 component mix -

1 ppm

Supplied in nitrogen at 1800 psig. Injecting 1 mL of

this mix onto a sorbent tube or cold trap introduces

2-4 ng per component:

Ozone precursor/PAMS mix (at EPA

concentrations: 20-60 ppb)

Supplied in nitrogen at 1800 psig. Injecting 1 mL of

this mix onto a TD focusing trap introduces

approximately 0.1 ng per component. Note that this

standard contains some very volatile analytes and is

not suitable for loading onto standard sorbent tubes at

ambient temperature.


Standard, gas cylinder, TO15, 64 component

mix, 1 ppm

C-GS15-1PPM

Standard, gas cylinder, O3/PAMS, EPA conc.,

20-60 ppb

C-GSPAMS-EPA

Standard, gas cylinder, sulphur mix, 1 ppm C-GSSUL-1PPM

Standard, gas cylinder, volatiles (Japan

mix), 1 ppm

C-GSVOL-1PPM

regulator, high purity VOC, 0-100 psi outlet C-GSrEG-100

acetylene (40)

benzene (30)

n-butane (40)

1-butene (30)

cis-2-butene (35)

trans-2-butene (25)

cyclohexane (40)

cyclopentane (20)

n-decane (30)

m-diethylbenzene (40)

p-diethylbenzene (25)

2,2-dimethylbutane (40)

2,3-dimethylbutane (50)

2,3-dimethylpentane (50)

2,4-dimethylpentane (40)

n-dodecane (40)

ethane (25)

ethylbenzene (25)

ethylene (20)

m-ethyltoluene (25)

o-ethyltoluene (30)

p-ethyltoluene (40)

n-heptane (25)

n-hexane (30)

1-hexene (60)

isobutane (25)

isopentane (40)

isoprene (40)

isopropylbenzene (40)

methylcyclohexane (30)

methylcyclopentane (25)

2-methylheptane (25)

3-methylheptane (25)

2-methylhexane (25)

3-methylhexane (25)

2-methylpentane (20)

3-methylpentane (40)

n-nonane (25)

n-octane (30)

n-pentane (25)

1-pentene (25)

cis-2-pentene (35)

trans-2-pentene (25)

propane (40)

n-propylbenzene (30)

propylene (25)

styrene (40)

toluene (40)

1,2,3-trimethylbenzene (25)



2,2,4-trimethylpentane (30)

2,3,4-trimethylpentane (25)

n-undecane (30)

o-xylene (25)

m/p-xylene (combined) (40)

acetone

acrolein

benzene

benyl chloride*

bromodichloromethane

bromoform

bromomethane

1,3-butadiene

2-butanone (MEK)

carbon disulfide*

carbon tetrachloride

chlorobenzene

chloroethane

chloroform

chloromethane

cyclohexane

dibromochloromethane

1,2-dichlorobenzene

1,3-dichlorobenzene

1,4-dichlorobenzene

1,1-dichloroethane

1,2-dichloroethane

1,1-dichloroethene

cis-1,3-dichloroethene

trans-1,3-dichloroethene

1,2-dichloropropane

cis-1,3-dichloropropene

trans-1,3-dichloropropene

1,4-dioxane

ethanol*

ethyl acetate

ethyl benzene

ethylene dibromide (1,2-

dibromoethane)

4-ethyltoluene

trichlorofluoromethane

(Freon 11)*

dichlorodifluoromethane

(Freon 12)*

1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-

trifluoroethane (Freon 113)*

1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane

(Freon 114)*

heptane

hexachloro-1,3-butadiene

hexane

2-hexanone (MBK)

4-methyl-2-pentanone (MIBK)

methylene chloride

methyl methacrylate

methyl tert-butyl ether

(MTBE)

2-propanol

propylene

styrene

1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane

tetrachloroethene

tetrahydrofuran

toluene

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene

1,1,1-trichloroethane

1,1,2-trichloroethane

trichloroethene

1,2,4-trimethylbenzene

1,3,5-trimethylbenzene

vinyl acetate

vinyl chloride

m-xylene

o-xylene

p-xylene

*note that the stability of

these compounds cannot

be guaranteed

30



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31



While no single sampling method suits all air monitoring

applications, pumped sampling onto sorbent tubes perhaps

provides the most versatile option for simultaneous monitoring of

multiple target compounds and/or monitoring unknown

atmospheres.

All standard (stainless steel, inert coated stainless steel and

glass) and SafeLok tubes from Markes are compatible with

pumped tube monitoring. They may be packed with up to three

discrete sorbent beds, and are compatible with all species (except

the most volatile representatives such as acetylene, ethane and

some of the most volatile freons).

Pumped sampling

Pumped sampling 32

Sidekick®

pump 33

FLEC®

constant flow pumps 34

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Pumped sampling

Pumped sampling onto sorbent tubes is one of the

most versatile TD sampling methodologies. Large air

volumes (>100 L) may be drawn through the tubes in

many cases. Therefore, pumped sampling can also

offer better detection limits than other air monitoring

techniques.

The selected pump is connected to the rear (non-

sampling) end of the sorbent tube such that it draws

air onto the front (sampling/grooved) end of the tube.

Generally, there is no requirement for any caps etc. to

be placed on the sampling end of the tube. However,

in dusty environments, it may be helpful to place a fine

mesh filter in line with the sorbent tube prior to

sampling.

Sample pumps and sorbent tubes can be attached to

an individual for personal monitoring over any time

interval, e.g. a working day. Alternatively, pumped

monitoring can be undertaken at fixed points e.g. a

factory floor, office space or roadside location.

Pumped sampling usually takes place at flow rates of

around 10 to 100 mL/min. However, higher flow rates

(up to 500 mL/min) may be used for short (~15

minutes) sampling periods as long as the safe

sampling volume of the components of interest is not

exceeded. Safe sampling volumes for a wide range of

analytes are given in key standard methods (e.g. EN

ISO 16017 Part 1) and other documents1.

At flow rates below 10 mL/min, the errors introduced

by diffusive uptakep 45

become significant. For this

reason, flow rates between 2 mL/min and 10 mL/min

are only recommended when the sorbent tubes are

fitted with diffusion limiting technology2

i.e. SafeLok

tubesp 4

or DiffLok capsp 16

.

There are a number of different air sampling pumps

available on the market. However, many of them are

not optimised for sampling onto thermal desorption

tubes and are unable to deal with the relatively high

back-pressure/impedance found with TD tubes

(compared to charcoal tubes for CS2 extraction). It is

therefore important to obtain a pump which is suitable

for the application required.

Sample pumps typically operate under conditions of

constant pressure or constant flow. Both pump types

are compatible with TD tubes, but require different set

up and operational procedures.

A constant pressure pump requires calibrating for

each type of sorbent tube and will need recalibrating

whenever tubes of differing sorbent types/mixtures are

used. With poorly packed tubes, it is often necessary

to recalibrate the pump with each tube in a batch,

otherwise tube-to-tube variation in impedance results

in varying flow rates and sample volumes.

A constant flow pump, on the other hand, adjusts the

pump stroke rate to ensure that the flow rate is

constant whatever the impedance of the tube.

1. TDTS 20: Determining and validating safe sampling volumes

2. Patent # GB 2337513 US 6,564656 B1

32



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Sidekick constant pressure pump

The Sidekick1

pump kit for gases and vapours is

available in two models: standard and intrinsically safe

(ATEX2). Both models offer low flow

3(5-750 mL/min)

and high flow (750-3000 mL/min) sampling. (Note

that high flow sampling is not normally compatible with

pumped sampling onto standard TD tubes.) At low

flow rates the pump operates under conditions of

constant pressure and will therefore require

recalibrating each time a sorbent tube with a different

back pressure/impedance is used.

Sidekick pump kits supplied by Markes also include a

special high impedance adaptor which ensures

compatibility with all TD sorbent tubes, including

SafeLok tubesp 4

packed with three beds of fine mesh

carbon sorbents.

Sidekick pump

Features of Sidekick pump with low flow adaptor

• Constant pressure sampling at flow rates from 5-

750 mL/min3

• Compatible with high impedance tubes

• Built in particle trap

• Quick change battery pack - up to 9 hours

operation on fully charged battery

• Controls protected under snap down cover

• Multi-tube sampling capabilities

• Lightweight (~570 g)

Pump kits

The Sidekick pump kit is available as a single or five

pump kit comprising:

• Sidekick pump (standard or ATEX approved) (1 or 5)

• 1 or 5 station battery charger with multiplug

• Single adjustable flow holder for tube sampling and

type A protective cover (1 or 5)

• Constant pressure controller (1 or 5)

• 1 m Tygon®

connecting tubing

• Mini tool kit

• Instruction manual

• Step by step guide

• High impedance adaptor

• Durable carrying case

Accessories

Available for the Sidekick pump are:

• replacement pump inlet filters (prevent particulate

matter being drawn through the pump) - advisable

in dusty atmospheres

• Battery eliminator (specialised mains adaptor)


Sidekick vapour sampling pump kit, standard,

1 pump

C-SPMK1

Sidekick vapour sampling pump kit, standard,

5 pumps

C-SPMK5

Sidekick vapour sampling pump kit, ATEX

approved, 1 pump

C-SPMK1A

Sidekick vapour sampling pump kit, ATEX

approved, 5 pumps

C-SPMK5A

Battery eliminator, Sidekick pump, European

plug

C-SPBEB

Battery eliminator, Sidekick pump, UK plug C-SPBEC

Spare battery pack for Sidekick pump

standard

SErZ-8138

Filters, for Sidekick pump, pk 10 C-SPMF10

1. Supplied by SKC ltd

2. Complies with ATEX 94/9/EC Directive as instrinsically safe to EEx ia

IIC T4

3. With CPC fitted

33



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FlEC constant flow pumps

Constant flow pumps offer the benefit of maintaining

sampling flow rates across tubes of varying impedance.

Once the pump has been calibrated for the flow range of

interest, tubes of differing packings and differing

impedances may be used and all will sample at the

same, constant flow rate.

Two FLEC pumps are available, the standard FL-1001

and the enhanced FL-1003. Both operate at flow rates

ranging from 4-1000 mL/min and can comfortably cope

with high impedance packings. They incorporate oil-

free, rotary pumping technology which ensures pulseless

operation over the flow range, and can operate both as

suction and pressure pumps. Feedback from the built-in

mass-flow sensor ensures a reproducible, precise and

constant flow even under dramatic changes in

restriction. This means that the pumps maintain

constant flow rates through sorbent tubes of varying

impedance, e.g. during sequential sampling onto a

series of tubes using the MTS-32p 37

. The FLEC pumps

are an ideal complement to SafeLok tubesp 4

, both for

sequential sampling and for operation at low flows onto

individual tubes.

FLEC pumps are exceptionally stable with less than 2%

variation in flow over a monitoring period. Pumps may

be fitted with optional temperature and % relative

humidity sensors. When required, pump calibration

(flow, temperature, humidity) is easily carried out

using Windows®

-based software.

The standard FL-1001 pump is suitable for stand-alone

operation or use within a network and is compatible

with both the Chemadoc sampling software and

Chemanet network control software. The pump is

factory calibrated between 50 and 100 mL/min. Other

calibration ranges can be delivered on request, or

made with the PC-based calibration software.

The FL-1003 operates both stand-alone and via the

Chemanet software, and offers a number of additional

features. Calibration (which may be performed via the

Chemanet software) is over the complete pump flow

range (0-500 mL/min). The pump may also be

configured to stop sampling after a set volume (instead

of a time period). For additional automation, the pump

can output and receive a 5 V trigger signal. This

allows external equipment (e.g. an automated

sampler) to be started by the pump or for this

equipment to trigger the pump itself.

FLEC pumps are not intrinsically safe and are normally

operated via mains electricity, making them ideal for

indoor air monitoring applications. However, a

rechargeable, 12 hour battery operation option is also

available.

FLEC pump and tube with % RH and temperature

calibration plugs and dual sensor cable

34




FLEC air pump, 1001 (requires power supply) FL-1001

Power supply, FLEC air pump, 1001 FL-1001-03

Serial connection cable/network cable, FLEC

air pump, 1001

FL-1001-02

Pump interface and calibration software, v06,

1001

FL-1001-06

Serial port to USB adaptor FL-1001-06-01

Chemadoc air sampling control &

documentation software, FLEC air pump, 1001

FL-1001-09

FLEC air pump, 1003 FL-1003

FLEC air pump, 1003, Power & communication

hub

FL-1003-04

FLEC air pump, 1003, Connection cable hub to

hub

FL-1003-05

Power adaptor, FLEC air pump, 1003 FL-1003-07

External on/off, FLEC air pump, 1003 FL-1003-06

Temperature & humidity sensor, FLEC air

pump, 1001/1003

FL-1001-01

Set of calibration plugs for temperature/

humidity, FLEC air pump, 1001/1003

FL-1001-08

Filter inlet/outlet adaptor, 0.2 - 0.5 µm, FLEC

air pump, 1001/1003

FL-1001-10

Silicone tubing, 7 mm O.D., 4 mm I.D., 1 m FL-1001-20

Silicone tubing, 7 mm O.D., 4 mm I.D., 10 m FL-1001-21

rechargeable battery, Ni-MH, 12 V, FLEC air

pump, 1001/1003

FL-1001-03-01

Trickle charger for rechargeable battery, FLEC

air pump, 1001/1003

FL-1001-03-02

Chemanet software, FLEC air pump,

1001/1003

FL-1003-12

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35



Markes provides a wide range of specialist sampling accessories

for thermal desorption. These offer compatibility with gas-,

liquid- and solid-phase samples across a broad range of

applications.

Sampling accessories for general TDapplications

TC-20 tube conditioner 36

MTS-32 multiple tube sampler 37

µ-CTE Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor 38

HS-TD Headspace thermal desorption 41

Headspace with trap 41

HS5-TD 42

HS-TD interfaces for automated HS 42

samplers

Universal Direct Inlet accessory 42

Applications for HS-TD 43

SPE-tD™Sorptive Extraction cartridges 43

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TC-20 multi-tube conditioner and drypurge unit

The TC-20 is used to clean or dry-purge up to twenty

(20) 3½” sorbent tubes simultaneously. It requires

power and a clean supply of carrier gas (helium or

nitrogen). It is supplied ready to plug in on your

laboratory bench.

TC-20 multi-tube conditioner and dry purge unit

The gas flow rate through the tubes is dependent upon

the inlet pressure, which is displayed on the gauge at

the front. The temperature and time required are set

on the relevant modules also on the front of the TC-20.

Markes recommends the use of a secondary gas

regulation system (e.g. U-GAS03p 77

) and gas

purifiersp 78

on the carrier gas input line.

Sorbent tube conditioning

Sorbent tubes require stringent conditioning1

whenever

they are:

• freshly packed with sorbent

• stored without being properly capped

• heavily contaminated during a sampling procedure

• required for trace level monitoring

Typically, tubes will be conditioned for 10-15 minutes or

at least as long as their standard desorption time.

Where possible, temperatures and gas flow rates for

conditioning should be higher than those used in the

analytical method. Freshly packed tubes should be

conditioned for much longer, typically 2-6 hours.

Many commercial thermal desorbers, such as ULTrA-

UNITYpp 64-65

and TD-100p 66

, offer a dedicated tube

conditioning mode. Whilst this is a useful feature, it

can compromise analytical instrument capacity.

The TC-20 tube conditioning system saves time and

money by cleaning up to 20 industry standard 3½”

long sorbent tubes simultaneously. Furthermore, use

of the TC-20 eliminates any risk of contamination of

the analytical system and allows expensive helium

carrier gas to be substituted by lower-cost, high-purity

nitrogen if required.

Tenax tube before and after conditioning at 320°C

Note that electronic tube-tagsp 12

must be removed

using the appropriate fixing/removal tool, before tubes

can be connected into the TC-20. After

conditioning/dry-purging, tags can be reattached to the

associated tubes and the number of thermal cycles

incremented, if applicable.

Unconditioned Tenax tube

Conditioned Tenax tube

36



1. TDTS 05: Advice on sorbent selection and conditioning sample tubes

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TC-20 as a dry-purge unit

Although modern strong sorbents, such as the

carbonised molecular sievesp 22

,are already much less

water retentive than their older molecular sieve or

charcoal counterparts, some water will still be retained

when sampling in humid atmospheres. The TC-20 can

also be used to remove this excess water from a batch

of sampled sorbent tubes, thus eliminating the adverse

effects water would otherwise have on GC/MS analysis.

The residual water is eliminated by ‘dry-purging’ the

tubes with a known volume of pure dry gas in the

sampling direction before desorption. This is achieved

by inserting the tubes into the TC-20 manifold block,

sampling end first. Clean, dry carrier gas is then

passed through the tubes in the sampling direction.

Dry-purging is usually carried out at ambient

temperature.

Note that care must be taken when dry-purging to

ensure that safe sampling volumes1

are not exceeded

for the most volatile target analytes; i.e. that volatile

target analytes are not swept to vent along with the

excess water.

Note that dry-purging is also available as an optional

part of the TD method on some Markes’ autosamplers

(e.g. ULTrA 50:50, ULTrA ISDP, TD-100 with re-

collection)pp 64,66

.

Gas purifiers

Markes recommends the use of gas purifiers to remove

hydrocarbons, oxygen and water on carrier gas lines

supplying all their analytical equipment and specialised

sampling accessories. Full information on a range of

available purifiers is available on page 78.

MTS-32 multiple tube sampler

The MTS-32 is a compact, portable sampler, designed

for the unattended sequential sampling of air/gas onto

sorbent tubes. Air is pulled sequentially through a

series of up to 32 (3½”) sorbent tubes via a constant

flow pump e.g. FLEC pumpp 34

. The same flow rate

and volume of air is sampled onto each tube in the

sequence regardless of impedance variations. During

rotation, it is essential that tubes which are NOT

currently being used for sampling are effectively

sealed, in order to prevent sample losses from the

tubes and to prevent ingress of contaminants by

diffusion. The MTS-32 achieves this by the use of the

diffusion locking technology found within SafeLok

tubesp 4

and DiffLok capsp 16

. Either or both options

may be used.

MTS-32 multiple tube sampler

The MTS-32 allows user-selection of sampling times

and pump flow rates. It is housed in a showerproof

case constructed of low-outgassing components and

may be powered by mains electricity or battery

operation. An integral fan continually refreshes the air

inside the sampler, ensuring that the air sampled

accurately reflects the immediate environment.

Custom interfaces can be designed for specific

applications (contact [email protected]).

1. TDTS 20: Confirming sorbent tube retention volumes and checking for

analyte breakthrough


TC-20 multi-tube conditioner and dry purge

unit, 115 V

r-TC20-1

TC-20 multi-tube conditioner and dry purge

unit, 230 V

r-TC20-2

Filter, Carbon, 120 mm x 120 mm for TC-20,

pk 4 (replacement filters for cooling fan at

rear of TC-20)

r-FLTr4

37




MTS-32 multiple tube sampler. N.B. also

requires constant flow pump e.g. FlEC air

pump Fl-1001, 12 V battery and charger or

mains power supply

MTS-32

PSU, MTS-32 Power Supply Assy MTS-5011

12 V Battery assembly for MTS-32 MTS-5009

Mains charger for MTS-32 12 V battery MTS-5010

Cable assembly, MTS-32 to external 12 V

battery. N.B. required if 12 V battery is not

supplied by Markes

MTS-5013

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Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor(µ-CTE)

The Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor (µ-CTE) is a

convenient tool for monitoring vapour profiles and

emissions from a wide sample range. It offers fast

(S)VOC emissions screening for quality control of a

variety of materials including construction products,

electronic components, furnishings and car trim

components. Samples may be tested at (near)

ambient and elevated (up to 250°C) temperatures for

optimum correlation with reference methods1.

Clean, dry gas2

is purged through each micro-chamber

at a flow rate between 10 and 500 mL/min. A

constant flow is maintained through each chamber

(independent of sorbent tube impedance), without the

use of either pumps or electronic mass flow control

equipment3. Compounds released from the test

specimen are swept through the exhaust and either

collected onto sample tubes, [TD tubes for (S)VOC

analysis, DNPH cartridges for formaldehyde analysis],

or monitored online with an appropriate analyser. The

µ-CTE is supplied with a range of adapters allowing the

connection of both 6 mm and 6.4 mm O.D. sorbent

tubes, or DNPH cartridges with 4 mm Luer lock ends.

The Markes µ-CTE is used to test a wide range of

materials, including car trim components

The µ-CTE is available in two formats, configured to

suit particular applications, i.e.

M-CTE120

Comprises six (6) micro-chambers, each with a volume

of 44 cm3 (45 mm I.D. x 28 mm deep), allowing

surface or bulk emissions to be tested from up to six

samples simultaneously. Samples may be heated from

ambient temperature to 120°C.

The M-CTE120 is available with:

• Stainless steel micro-chambers (suitable for most

standard applications) or

• Inert-coated stainless steel micro-chambers (e.g.

for use with labile compounds).

Toggle valves may also be fitted to the M-CTE120,

which enable the gas flow in unused chambers to be

turned off, therefore reducing operating costs.

M-CTE250

Comprises four (4) micro-chambers, each with a

volume of 114 cm3 (64 mm I.D. x 36 mm deep),

allowing surface or bulk emissions to be tested from up

to four samples simultaneously. Samples may be

heated from ambient temperature to 250°C.

Similar to the M-CTE120, the M-CTE250 is available

with:

• Stainless steel micro-chambers (suitable for most

standard applications) or

• Inert-coated stainless steel micro-chambers (e.g.

for use with labile compounds).

Applications

The u-CTE offers both surface-only emissions testing

for planar products and bulk emissions testing of raw

materials and moulded components. Key applications

include rapid evaluation of chemical emission levels

from building & DIY products, car interior trim

components, furniture & furnishings, toys, electronic

components and general consumer goods. It can also

be used for characterising the odour (emission) profile

from foods and biological samples.

The µ-CTE is compatible with a variety of sample types

including polymers, textiles, paints/resins, foodstuffs,

wood-based products, plasterboard, insulation

materials and adhesives. Generally, samples are

weighed directly into an empty chamber or custom

made ‘sample boat’ which is placed into the chamber

itself.

38



1. Schripp, T., Nachtwey, B., Toelke, J., Salthammer, T., Uhde, E.,Wensing, M. and Bahadir, M. (2007) A microscale device for measuringemissions from materials for indoor use. Analytical and Bioanalytical

Chemistry 387(5): 1907-19.2. Air, nitrogen or helium

3. A means of secondary pneumatic control is recommended for typical

µ-CTE use (e.g. U-GAS03p 77)

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Accessories

Sample spacers for surface emissions testing

Sample spacers (15/5/1.5 mm), supplied with the

µ-CTE may be used to raise planar test specimens

within each micro-chamber until the surface is touching

a circular collar that projects down from the lid. This

minimises edge effects for surface emissions testing

and creates a well-defined and reproducible gas

volume above each test specimen, whatever its

thickness.

PTFE discs

A pack of 1 mm PTFE discs is available for use with

sticky or resinous samples such as adhesives, pastes,

etc. Using the PTFE disc ensures that the chambers

are kept clean during sampling. The discs may be

re-used depending on the nature of the samples.

Inserts for liquid standards

A pack of PTFE inserts is available for use with small

volume (<1 mL) liquid samples and standards.

routine maintenance kits

routine maintenance kits are available, containing a

selection of o-rings and an insertion tool.

Start-up kit (6 chamber/120°C µ-CTE versions)

A start-up kit is available for both stainless steel and

inert coated micro-chambers. It contains:

• 6 sample pans, each with a detachable sample lid

(stainless steel or inert coated, as applicable)

• 6 tube interface caps

• 6 M4 flanged nuts for removable lids

• 1 nut driver tool (for releasing lids)

• 6 adjustable spring spacers

• 6 x 15 mm aluminium collar spacers

• 6 x 5 mm aluminium collar spacers

• 24 x 1.5 mm aluminium spacer discs

• 6 liquid sample inserts

• 1 routine maintenance kit (selection of o-rings)

• 20 tubes, st st, Tenax TA, conditioned/capped

• 1 CapLok tool

39



Description

(6 chamber/120°C µ-CTE versions)

Part number

Micro-Chamber (µ-CTE), 120°C M-CTE120

Micro-Chamber with inert coated chambers

(µ-CTEi)

M-CTE120i

Micro-Chamber (µ-CTE) with 6 toggle

valves

M-CTE120T

Micro-Chamber (µ-CTE) with 6 toggle

valves (inert version)

M-CTE120Ti

Start-up kit, Micro-Chamber, standard M-STUKT

Start-up kit, Micro-Chamber, inert M-STUKTI

Pneumatics accessory U-GAS03

Sample pan, for µ-CTE, pk 6 M-MCHSS

Sample pan, inert, for µ-CTEi, pk 6 M-MCHSI

removable lids, for µ-CTE, pk 6 M-MCTOP

removable lids, inert, for µ-CTEi, pk 6 M-MCTOPI

Adjustable spring spacers for rigid

materials, pk 6

M-SPGSC

Collar spacer, Al, 15 mm, pk 6 M-SPC15


Spacer disk, Al, 1.5 mm, pk 24 M-DSK15

Sample disk, 1.0 mm, PTFE, pk 6 M-DSKPF

Inserts for liquid standard introduction,

PTFE, pk 6

M-TSTIN

O-ring, Size 010, to connect ¼” O.D.

tubes, pk 6

M-TCN64

O-ring, 5.92 mm I.D., to connect 6 mm

O.D. tubes, pk 6

M-TCN06

O-ring 007 and spacer to connect 4 mm

Luer cartridge, pk 6

M-TCN04

O-ring, 007, to connect 4 mm Luer

cartridge, pk 6

M-TCN07

O-ring, 006, for gas line connection to

removable lid, pk 6

M-MC006

routine maintenance kit, µ-CTE rMK-0006

Tube interface cap for removable lid, pk 6 M-TICAP

Micro-Chamber nut driver tool for releasing

removable lids, 7 mm

SErZ-0669

Nut M4, flanged for removable lid, pk 6 M-NM406

O-ring, Micro-Chamber pan seal, pk 6 M-MCHOr

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Start-up kit (4 chamber/250°C versions)

A start-up kit is available for both stainless steel and

inert coated micro-chambers. It contains:

• 4 sample pans, each with a detachable sample lid

(stainless steel or inert coated, as applicable)

• 4 tube interface caps

• 1 M3 hex ball driver

• 4 adjustable spring spacers

• 24 x 1.5 mm spacer disks

• 12 x 5 mm collar spacers

• 8 x 15 mm collar spacers

• 4 liquid sample inserts

• 1 routine maintenance kit (selection of o-rings)

• 10 tubes, st st, Tenax TA, conditioned/capped

• 1 Caplok tool

40



Adjustable spring spacers for rigid materials

Sample pan for µ-CTE

Permeation accessory for both µ-CTE variants

(see page 57 for part numbers)

Description

(4 chamber/250°C µ-CTE versions)

Part number

Micro-Chamber (µ-CTE), 250°C M-CTE250

Micro-Chamber with inert coated

chambers (µ-CTEi)

M-CTE250i

Start-up kit, Micro-Chamber, standard M-STUKT250

Start-up kit, Micro-Chamber, inert M-STUKT250I

Pneumatics accessory U-GAS03

Sample pan, for µ-CTE, pk 4 M-MCHSS250

Sample pan, inert, for µ-CTEi, pk 4 M-MCHS250I

removable lids, for µ-CTE, pk 4 M-MCTOP250

removable lids, inert, for µ-CTEi, pk 4 M-MCTOP250I

Adjustable spring spacers for rigid

materials, pk 6

M-SPGSC



Spacer disk, 1.5 mm, Al, pk 24 M-DSK15

Sample disk, 1.0 mm, PTFE, pk 6 M-DSKPF

Inserts for liquid standard introduction,

PTFE, pk 6

M-TSTIN

O-ring, Size 010, to connect ¼” O.D.

tubes, pk 6

M-TCN64

O-ring, 5.92 mm I.D., to connect 6 mm

O.D. tubes, pk 6

M-TCN06

O-ring 007 and spacer to connect 4 mm

Luer cartridge, pk 6

M-TCN04

O-ring, 007, to connect 4 mm Luer

cartridge, pk 6

M-TCN07

O-ring, 006, for gas line connection to

removable lid, pk 6

M-MC006

routine maintenance kit, µ-CTE rMK-0006HT

Tube interface cap for removable lid, pk 6 M-TICAP

O-ring, micro-chamber pan seal, standard

(for applications <200°C), pk 20

M-MCHOr250

O-ring, micro-chamber pan seal, ultra

high purity (for applications >200°C),

pk 4

M-MCHOr250HT

Permeation Accessory p 57

Used in conjunction with any version of the µ-CTE to

monitor the permeability of a variety of materials

including food packaging, vehicle seat coverings,

membranes, protective clothing, latex gloves, etc.

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Headspace - Thermal Desorption(HS-TD)

Markes’ HS-TD systems bring together two powerful GC

introduction techniques: equilibrium headspace (HS)

and thermal desorption (TD). By combining a HS

system with TD, users are offered optimum sensitivity

for trace VOCs in solid, liquid and vapour-phase

samples, all on one versatile analytical platform.

These HS-TD systems incorporate Markes’ world-leading

UNITY 2 or ULTrA-UNITY 2 thermal desorberspp 64-65

and

are designed to integrate with a range of equilibrium HS

systems to suit all applications and budgets. An HS-TD

system is able to operate in the following modes:

• Semi-automated or automated headspace with trap

• Manual or automated TD of sorbent tubes and

direct thermal extraction of materials

• Conventional automated equilibrium headspace1

Markes’ HS5-TD system with UNITY thermal desorber

The following equilibrium HS units can be integrated

with (ULTrA-)UNITY 2:

• Markes’ HS5-TD; an entry level system for up to

five vials

• G1888; automated HS system for 70 vials (Agilent

Technologies)

• G1290; automated HS system (HP7694) for 44

vials (Agilent Technologies)

• HS40/HS40XL; automated HS systems for 40 vials

(Perkin Elmer)2

In addition to these systems, the manual Universal

Direct Inlet accessory for UNITY 2 allows HS vapours

from a wide range of sample containers to be focused

directly on the UNITY 2 cold trap.

Headspace with trap

In HS-TD (HS-trap) mode, pressurised headspace

vapours are transferred from the sample vial into the

electrically cooled focusing trap of the UNITY 2 thermal

desorber via a ‘pulsed direct sampling’ process. This

works by pressurising the HS vial for a set time period

then shutting off the gas supply, allowing the carrier gas

pressure to be released through the UNITY cold trap.

This process can be repeated many times before the

trap is finally desorbed and GC analysis starts. Multi-

stage headspace trapping, combined with high efficiency

trap desorption/GC injection, offers maximum sensitivity

for trace-level applications. repeated pressurisation

and evacuation of headspace vials also extends the

analyte volatility range, allowing higher boiling point

compounds to be recovered and measured at the same

time as volatiles.

Trace level detection

HS-TD increases sensitivity by 1 or 2 orders of

magnitude relative to static equilibrium HS, but without

the foaming or aerosol issues that sometimes

accompany purge-and-trap methods. It is often

possible to exhaustively extract all volatiles, leading to

the same order of sensitivity as purge-and-trap

analysis.

5 ppt level odorants in drinking water

Wide volatility range

HS-TD is effectively a dynamic process because

volatiles are repeatedly extracted from the sample and

transferred to the UNITY 2 focusing trap in multiple

steps. This increases the recovery of higher boiling

point analytes, thus extending the overall volatility and

application range.

41



1. Only applicable with automated headspace analysers e.g. G1888/1290 and HS40/40XL2. Not compatible with PE TurboMatrix HS40 system

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2)

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Selective elimination of water and solvents

After the transfer of headspace vapours to the focusing

trap, the trap is purged with dry carrier gas to

selectively eliminate unwanted interferents such as

water and ethanol. This simplifies the chromatographic

analysis of complex vapour profiles. Selective

retention of key olfactory compounds e.g. esters,

ketones and aldehydes, allows detailed flavour profiling

of potable spirits, whilst water and ethanol are swept,

unretained, from the system. This process also

facilitates flavour profiling by ENose sensors. Without

selective purging of the TD focusing trap, the sensor

response would be swamped by ethanol and water1, 2

.

HS5-TD

The HS5-TD3

accessory for UNITY 2, is an entry-level,

manually operated HS-trap system designed for up to

five (5) standard HS vials. Vials are accommodated in

a common heated zone, and are manually selected for

analysis. The inert needle is inserted into the HS vial

before the UNITY 2 performs sample pressurisation and

extraction. In addition to HS-trap functionality, a

UNITY 2 with HS5-TD is also fully compatible with

standard TD operation with sorbent tubes.

HS-TD interfaces for automated HS samplers

The HS-TD interfaces enable connection of a range of

commercially available HS systems4

directly to UNITY 2,

allowing automated HS-trap type analysis to be

performed. The interfaces do not prevent standard TD

operation, and may be readily exchanged with the link

to an ULTrA 2 autosampler for automated tube analysis.

Universal Direct Inlet Accessory

The Universal Direct Inlet Accessory (U-INLET™) may

be added to any manual UNITY TD platform (series 1

or 2)pp 64-65

. It provides a simple and convenient

mechanism for direct introduction of headspace

vapours from a wide range of bulk sample containers.

The inlet comprises a purge line (which may be used to

direct carrier gas into the sample vessel), and a heated

inert sampling line through which headspace vapours

are pumped or purged straight into the UNITY (2)

focusing trap. It is compatible with a wide range of

sample vessels including smaller, sealed containers e.g.

headspace vials, reaction vessels etc., and open or

compressible containers e.g. bell jars, Tedlar®

bags

etc.

If sampling is to be performed from a non-pressurised

system, i.e. ambient air/gas sampling bag, then a

suitable pump is required to provide a means of

drawing sample through the system [e.g. the U-ASPM1

(115 V) or U-ASPM2 (230 V)p 75

].

The Direct Inlet Accessory may be used to sample

vapours from the same vessel semi-continuously in a

user-defined sequence. This is either done to increase

the total volume of vapour sampled and enhance

sensitivity, or to monitor vapour composition changes

over time.

The U-INLET can operate in two sampling modes:

dynamic direct and pulsed direct. Sampling

times/sequences for both are controlled directly from

the UNITY software.

Dynamic direct sampling

Using a U-INLET, dynamic sampling involves a

continuous flow of carrier gas through (or from) the

sample vessel, sweeping the headspace vapours into

the UNITY cold trap for a defined time period. This

method is compatible with sampling from the following

systems:

• Sealed reaction vessel

• Sealed reaction vessel with an external gas supply

• Pressurised container e.g. canister

• Non-pressurised system e.g. whole air, gas bag

Pulsed direct sampling

This is the same approach as used in the HS-trap

systems described above.

42



1. TDTS 26: Minimising analytical interference from water during theanalysis of sorbent tubes2. TDTS 84: Using TD to enhance aroma profiling by GC/MS – featuringexample applications from the tobacco industry3. For further information please see Markes’ HS5-TD brochure4. Agilent Technologies G1888/G1290; Perkin Elmer HS40/HS40XL

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Applications for HS-TD

Typical HS-TD applications include:

• Environmental, health and safety

• VOCs in drinking water, ground water, soils, waste

• Detection of trace odorants such as geosmin and

methyl-i-borneol in drinking water

• Food, flavour and fragrance

• Profiling of consumer products, food, drink etc.

• Off-odour and taint in foods (e.g. trichloroanisole

in wines and food shelf-life tests)

• residual solvents in packaging, investigation of

odour complaints

• Biological emissions: kinetic studies, fragrance

profiling, species identification, etc.

• Tobacco profiling and smoking research

• Volatiles in materials

• residual monomer in polymer

• Product and materials emissions screening

• Forensic applications: ink characterisation, fire

debris, explosive residues, proscribed drugs, etc.

• Organics in water-based paints

• residual solvents in powdered pharmaceuticals,

ointments and creams

SPE-tD sorptive extraction cartridges

Markes’ SPE-tD cartridges offer a simple, convenient

method for sampling less volatile impurities in aqueous

samples; applications which would otherwise require

manually intensive extraction or distillation techniques

before GC/MS analysis. Applications include:

• Off-odours/taints in drinking water

• Semi-volatiles in processed fruit juices

• Profiling of hydrosols (aqueous fraction from steam

distillation of natural oils)

SPE-tD cartridge alongside glass tube

SPE-tD cartridges comprise a hollow tube, coated

inside and out with polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) for

optimum sampling capacity. The cartridge is placed

into the sample and agitated, causing volatile and

semi-volatile organics in the sample to partition

between the aqueous matrix and the PDMS until

equilibrium is reached. The cartridge is then removed,

rinsed and placed into an empty TD tube prior to

analysis by direct TD-GC/MS. This allows semi-

quantitative analysis of less volatile organics and direct

comparison of organic impurity levels in two similar

samples.

43




HS-TD connection kit, UNITY(e) - G1290 U-HSTD-G1290

HS-TD connection kit, UNITY(e) - G1888 U-HSTD-G1888

HS-TD connection kit, UNITY(e) - HS40 U-HSTD-HS40

HS5-TD 5 vial headspace system U-HS5TD

HS5-TD starter kit, includes 500 crimp top

vials, 500 crimp tops, crimper tool

U-HSKIT

Vials, crimp top, 20 mL, clear, pk 1000 U-HSV00

Crimps, 20 mm aluminium cap,

silicone/PTFE liner, pk 1000

U-HSVC0

Crimper, 20 mm crimp top vials U-HSVCr

Decapper, 20 mm crimp top vials U-HSVDC

routine maintenance kit, HS5-TD rMK-0008

replacement needle assembly for HS-5TD U-HSNAS

Universal Direct Inlet Accessory U-INLET

Pump, 115 V U-ASPM1

Pump, 230 V U-ASPM2


SPE-tD cartridge, pk 1 C-SPTD1



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Thermal desorption (TD) is now recognised as the technique of

choice for environmental air monitoring and occupational health

and safety. relevant standard methods include: ISO/EN 16017,

EN 14662 (parts 1 & 4), ASTM D6196, US EPA Methods TO-

15/TO-17, NIOSH 2549.

TD is also used for monitoring gas and vapour intrusion in soil,

fugitive emissions/stack emissions and for testing odorants,

volatiles and semi-volatiles in water (HS-TD and SPE-tD).

Markes offers an unrivalled range of specialised environmental

and occupational hygiene sampling to complement our state-of-

the-art range of thermal desorption instrumentation.

Please refer to the Markes International publication ‘Thermal

Desorption: A Practical Guide. I. Environmental Monitoring &

Exposure to Chemicals at Work’, for further application details.

Environmental, health and safety

Diffusive sampling 45

Axial 45

radial 46

Canisters 47

Gas sampling bags 48

Bio-VOC breath sampler 49

VOC-Mole soil sampler 51

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Diffusive sampling

Diffusive sampling is the process whereby VOCs are

taken from the atmosphere at a rate controlled by a

physical process (e.g. diffusion, permeation) rather

than by an active (pumped) movement of air. The

great benefit of diffusive sampling is that, as no pump

is required, operating costs are much reduced. This

means that a larger number of samplers may be

deployed, leading to a more accurate picture of VOC

concentrations across a region. Diffusive sampling is

widely used in all environmental-, health- and safety-

monitoring scenarios. It is also used in a number of

specialised applications, e.g. VOC-Mole soil probe

monitoring of contaminated landp 51

and tracer gas

monitoring.

Key applications include:

• Personal exposure monitoring

• Large-scale environmental studies

• Indoor air monitoring

Deploying diffusive samplers for fenceline monitoring.

Picture courtesy of BP Chemicals, Hull, UK

Axial (tube-type) diffusive samplers

In 1979, a group of UK experts (HSE, CAr, WG5)

specified a tube-type (3½” x ¼” O.D.) diffusive

monitor, compatible with thermal desorption, that has

now been accepted as an industry standard. The first

keynote publication detailing the design was published

in 19811. These axial samplers have been used for

nearly 30 years in the field of occupational hygiene,

and, more recently, for both indoor and ambient air

monitoring.

Axial diffusive sampling

Axial diffusive sampling is compatible with stainless

steel and inert-coated TD tubes packed with a single

sorbent bed. Diffusion caps are need to be fitted onto

the sampling (grooved) end of the tube to ensure that

the diffusive path length (critical for quantitative

diffusive monitoring) is correct.

These industry standard diffusive samplers have a

typical sampling rate equivalent to 0.5-1.0 mL/min

(depending on the compound and sorbent) and are

widely used both for 8-hour occupational hygiene

exposure and long-term (two- or four-week exposure)

ambient air monitoring.

Axial diffusive sampling is compatible with a wide range

of compounds, from very volatile (e.g. nitrous oxide,

1,3-butadiene) to semi-volatile (e.g. naphthalene), and

from non-polar (e.g. n-nonane) to polar (e.g. ethanol).

The precise sampling rate (uptake rate) for each

compound must be determined according to specific

protocols2. However, 30 years of widespread use has

resulted in a database of over 100 published uptake

rates, which are available in various reference

standards (e.g. EN ISO 16017 part 2) and other

documents3. These tubes have minimum detection

limits of about 10 ppb for short-term (8 hours)

exposure and ~0.1 ppb for long-term (2 week)

sampling.

1. Brown, r.H., Charlton, J. and Saunders, K.J. (1981) The developmentof an improved diffusive sampler. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 42(12): 865-869.

45



2. EN 838 Workplace atmospheres - Diffusive samplers for thedetermination of gases and vapours - requirements and test methods3. TDTS 01: Uptake rates on axial tube diffusive samplers

Sampler opening

(Surface area A)Adsorbent bed

(Surface area A)

Diffusion path length

l

Concentration at

adsorbent surface Cads

Concentration

Ambient

concentration

Camb

Flow of matter

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Diffusion caps

Diffusion caps are usually made of clear, anodised

aluminium. However, they can also be supplied in

stainless steel for use in more corrosive atmospheres if

required. For traceability purposes, diffusion caps may

also be supplied etched with a unique serial number.

The diffusion cap replaces the storage cap at the

sampling (grooved) end of the TD sample tube for the

duration of the exposure/monitoring period. The

storage cap at the other end of the tube is left in

place.

Diffusion caps alongside stainless steel sorbent tube

Axial diffusive sampling with TubeTAG

Tagged tubesp 12 are fully compatible with diffusive

sampling. Diffusive sampling start and end times can

be recorded electronically on the tube tags.

Radial diffusive samplers

The novelty of radial diffusive samplers is that the

orientation of the diffusion path is parallel to the radius

of the tube. During sampling, the sorbent cartridge is

contained within a cylindrical, inert, porous polymer

diffusive body which acts as the diffusion barrier. The

sampling surface area is therefore much larger than

that for axial diffusive tubes and this, combined with

the short diffusive path length, means they have an

effective sampling rate typically 30-100 times faster

than that of standard axial diffusive tubes.

radial diffusive samplers are suitable for short term

monitoring (from 30 minutes up to 6 hours) of low

concentration atmospheres - a scenario previously

unsuitable for passive devices. For 6 hour exposure

times, these tubes have a minimum detection limit of

about 0.1 ppb.

Radiello®

(radial diffusive) samplers

After sample collection, the cartridges are removed

from the porous polymer body and inserted into

stainless steel carrier tubes for storage and analysis by

thermal desorption. Careful optimisation of the

desorption parameters ensures complete extraction of

the retained volatiles, leaving the cartridge clean and

ready for immediate re-use.

radial diffusive sampling is generally valid for the

measurement of VOCs in a concentration range of

approximately 0.3-300 µg/m3, for individual organic

compounds with exposure times up to 6 hours. The

high sampling rate and related risk of back-diffusion

typically restrict the volatility range of these samplers

to compounds of equal or lower volatility than

benzene.


Caps, diffusion, axial, aluminium, pk 10 C-DF010

Caps, diffusion, axial, aluminium, pk 100 C-DF100

Caps, diffusion, axial, aluminium, etched with

serial number, pk 10

C-DF010E

Caps, diffusion, axial, aluminium, etched with

serial number, pk 100

C-DF100E

Caps, diffusion, axial, stainless steel, pk 20 C-DFS20

46



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Back-diffusion also means that stronger sorbents are

generally required for these samplers compared to

either axial diffusive or pumped sorbent tubes.

Furthermore, radial diffusive sampling of semi-volatiles

is limited by the tendency of high boilers to stick to the

polymeric diffusive body. Therefore, radial diffusive

samplers work best for compounds in the range ~n-C6

to n-C10. A database of around 25 radial diffusive

sampling rates is available1.

A number of components are required for radial

diffusive sampling:

• Yellow polymeric diffusive body

• Sorbent cartridge

• Sealing adaptors (to hold and seal the sorbent

cartridge inside the diffusive body)

• Support plate (if samplers are to be used for

personal monitoring)

• Stainless steel carrier tubes for storage of clean

and sampled sorbent tubes and for TD analysis of

sorbent cartridges

• Brass storage caps to seal carrier tubes

• Shelters - may be required when sampling outdoors

Canisters

Markes’ (ULTrA-)UNITY (2) thermal desorbers can be

configured with accessories for online and canister/bag

analysisp 64, 65

. Canister-compatible options offer full

compliance with US EPA Method TO-15 and other

canister standards.

To complement this capability, Markes offers a selection

of TO-Can™2

air monitoring canisters which are

optimised for EPA methods TO-14/TO-15 and ASTM

D5466. The canisters are electropolished and contain

high quality metal-to-metal seals and a stainless steel

diaphragm valve. Also available are SilcoCan™2

canisters with Siltek®

treated valves which offer

unsurpassed inertness, even for sulphur-containing or

brominated species. All canisters are pre-fitted with a

¼” 3-port valve and 30” Hg/60 psig vacuum/pressure

gauge, and are available in 1 L and 6 L sizes.

TO-Can and SilcoCan air monitoring canisters

All TO-Cans and SilcoCans are cleaned prior to

shipment thus maintaining the stability of TO-14/TO-15

compounds during storage. The canister is evacuated

and then pressurised with humidified nitrogen to 30

psig. This cycle is repeated three times to ensure

thorough cleaning, and the canisters are shipped clean

and under pressure at 30 psig with dry nitrogen.

Cleaning canisters is a critical part of any canister

methodology and there are several options available to

the user. These range from simple heated jackets,

through large scale automated multi-canister systems,

to proprietary in-house cleaning systems. Markes is

happy to provide further information on these options.

Please contact us directly on [email protected].

1. TDTS 42: Uptake rates for radial diffusive samplers


radiello diffusive body, yellow, pk 10 C-rB010

radiello sorbent cartridge, graphitised carbon,

pk 10

C-rCC10

radiello sorbent cartridge, Tenax TA, pk 10 C-rCT10

radiello sorbent cartridge, empty, pk 10

N.B. packing sorbent cartridges is time-

consuming and technically difficult, and is

therefore not generally recommended

C-rC010

radiello sealing adaptor, pk 10 C-rA010

radiello, triangular support plate, pk 10 C-rSP10

radiello cartridge carrier tubes, pk 10 C-rTB10

Caps, ¼” brass storage caps with PTFE

ferrule, pk 20

C-CF020

radiello, mountable shelter, pk 10 C-SHL10


unavailable in some territories. Contact Markes for further information

47



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Canister air sampling

For time-weighted average air sampling using

canisters, we recommend the use of a passive air

sampling kit1

which incorporates all hardware

necessary to collect air samples, and is easy to

assemble for field sampling. The air sampling kit

available from Markes gives 1 hour sampling (from 1 L

canister) or 8 hour sampling (from 6 L canister).

Passive Air Sampling Kit

1. Flow controller: maintains constant mass flow as pressure

changes from 60-2.5 psi. Siltek® option available

2. Stainless steel vacuum gauge: monitors canister vacuum

change during sampling

3. ¼” sample inlet: Siltek option available

4. replaceable 2 µm frit, filter, washer: prevents particles

from blocking the critical orifice. Siltek option available

5. Critical orifice: selected according to canister volume and

sampling time required. Interchangeable with other sizes.

Siltek option available

Gas sampling bags

Gas sampling bags offer a simple, lightweight method

of taking grab and time-integrated, whole air samples.

Tedlar®

bags are available in a variety of sizes with a

valve (polypropylene or stainless steel) which

incorporates the sampling septum.

1. Supplied by restek Corporation


TO-Can with gauge & ¼” valve, 1 L C-TOCAN1

TO-Can with gauge & ¼” valve, 6 L C-TOCAN6

SilcoCan with gauge & Siltek ¼” valve, 1 L C-SLCAN1

SilcoCan with gauge & Siltek ¼” valve, 6 L C-SLCAN6

Air sampling kit, st st

gives 1 hr sampling from 1 l canister or 8 h

sampling from 6 l canister

C-ASK1168SS

Air sampling kit, Siltek

gives 1 hr sampling from 1 l canister or 8 h

sampling from 6 l canister

C-ASK1168SL

replacement 2 µm frit filter for critical orifice

(includes washers), stainless steel, pk 3

C-ASK2USS

replacement 2 µm frit filter for critical orifice

(includes washers), Siltek treated, pk 3

C-ASK2UST

Tedlar bag, 1 L, polypropylene valve, pk 10 C-TED1P

Tedlar bag, 1 L, stainless steel valve, pk 10 C-TED1S

Tedlar bag, 10 L, polypropylene valve, pk 10 C-TED10P

Tedlar bag, 10 L, stainless steel valve, pk 10 C-TED10S

Tedlar bag, replacement septa, pk 10 C-TEDSEP

48



1 2

5

4

3

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Bio-VOC breath sampler

The Bio-VOC breath sampler is a simple device

designed for non-invasive biological exposure

monitoring, i.e. measurement of the total body burden

of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Elevated levels

of one or more VOCs within the body may indicate

environmental or occupational exposure (i.e.

absorption of chemicals from the environment or

workplace via skin absorption, ingestion or inhalation),

or that the individual concerned has a clinical condition

(some diseases can be diagnosed from a characteristic

pattern of VOCs in the breath).

Conventional workplace biological monitoring methods

measure the target compounds or their metabolites

directly in blood or urine. However, these methods are

invasive, unpopular and require specially trained staff.

This has made it expensive and practically difficult to

undertake large scale surveys of biological exposure in

the past, either in the workplace or of the general

public. As a result, occupational and environmental

scientists have had to content themselves with

standard tests of chemical concentrations in the

atmosphere and ignore or calculate potential exposure

via skin absorption and ingestion. The development of

the Bio-VOC sampler for exhaled air has dramatically

changed this situation. Based on pioneering work

carried out at the UK Health and Safety Laboratory1,

the Bio-VOC sampler provides, for the first time, a

non-invasive and low-cost solution to large scale

biological monitoring.

Taking a breath sample using the Bio-VOC

The sampler harnesses the close relationship between

chemical concentrations in the blood and the air deep

down in the lungs - known as end-tidal (or alveolar)

air. There is a rapid, almost instantaneous, exchange

between VOCs in the blood and air across the thin

membranes surrounding the alveolar portion of the

lungs. In fact, the VOCs in the end-tidal air are

usually considered to be in constant equilibrium with

those in the blood. Measurement of the VOCs in end-

tidal air is therefore an ideal non-invasive method of

monitoring the body burden of these VOCs.

Constructed of safe, non-emitting plastic, the Bio-VOC

sampler may be operated with minimal training and

without medically qualified staff in attendance. Each

Bio-VOC is supplied with an individual disposable

cardboard mouthpiece. Additional packs of

mouthpieces are available to order.

Bio-VOC parts

An adult, exhaling deeply, typically breathes out over

4 L of air - only the last 127 mL of this, all from the

alveolar portion of the lungs, is retained by the

Bio-VOC sampler. The sampler therefore collects a

representative sample of end-tidal air, without

contamination or dilution with breath from the

bronchial tubes or mouth.

Once the breath has been collected, a screw-in plunger

is used to steadily discharge the sample into a sorbent

tube (or a direct read-out instrument). After collection

onto a sorbent tube the sample is sealedp 16

ensuring

the breath sample is stable for transportation and

analysis - a distinct advantage over blood and urine

samples. The Bio-VOC sampler may be re-used by the

same individual, using a new mouthpiece, typically

over the course of a day, and is then discarded or

cleaned before re-use.

1. Wilson, H.K. (1986) Breath analysis. Physiological basis and samplingtechniques. Scand. J. Work. Env. Health 12: 174-192.

49



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Industrial applications

Biological monitoring, i.e. measuring the actual body

burden of VOCs, is a way of assessing total exposure

by all routes (dermal, inhalation, ingestion) and is the

ultimate exposure test for workers in high risk

industries such as paint manufacturing, petrochemicals

and dry-cleaning.

Such monitoring can also provide vital information on

the potentially harmful build-up of chemicals in the

body, particularly in fatty tissues, after prolonged low-

level (chronic) exposure. In addition, breath

monitoring provides a unique check on the efficacy of

respiratory protective apparatus and protective clothing

at work. It can also be used to assess task based risk

by taking samples before and after the operation of a

particular task and recording/measuring changes in the

VOC profile of the breath. Guidance notes are

available1

which provide information on interpreting

solvent exposure with respect to occupational limits.

The simplicity and ease-of-use of the Bio-VOC will also

facilitate new environmental studies of the impact of

long-term exposure to chemicals on vulnerable

members of society i.e. children, pregnant women, the

elderly, asthmatics etc.

Skin-absorbed solvents in the breath of shoe workers

collected using the Bio-VOC

Clinical applications

The Bio-VOC sampler is also used for research into the

clinical diagnostic potential of breath. Clinicians have

long used the fruity smell of acetone on the breath as

an early indication of diabetes and the pungent smell

of ammonia as a sign of possible kidney failure. It is

now widely hypothesised that the presence of specific

chemicals or specific combinations of chemicals in the

breath may provide a reliable diagnosis of certain

otherwise difficult to diagnose and disabling diseases –

among them psychiatric conditions, various cancers

and metabolic failure in premature infants. Laboratory

and clinical research in this area has been hampered

until now by the lack of a reliable and simple method

of sampling the alveolar portion of breath from

patients and control groups. However, several

research groups worldwide are now using the Bio-VOC

to undertake this exciting field of research.

Bio-VOC breath sample from a patient. Trace levels of

VOCs, e.g. butane, are used to assist in clinical

diagnoses

Chromatogram reproduced by kind permission from Psychiatric

Diagnostics ltd., Inverness, Scotland


Bio-VOC breath sampler, pk 1 C-BIO01




Disposable cardboard mouthpieces, pk 100 C-B100M

50



Xyle

neTolu

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1-m

eth

oxy-2

-pro

panol

Aceto

ne

2-b

uta

none

1. Breath Sampler Guidance Notes - Information on interpreting solventexposure. Health & Safety Laboratory, UK. Available from MarkesInternational ([email protected])

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VOC-Mole soil sampler

Underground fuel or chemical leaks can present a

grave environmental risk and slow down the

regeneration of brownfield (remediated) sites. The

Markes’ VOC-Mole provides a simple method of

screening for volatile organics in contaminated land. It

facilitates effective surveys of commercial, waste and

brownfield sites, pinpointing underground leaks or

surface spills and cost effectively tracking pollution

flow.

VOC-Mole soil probe and additional cap assembly with

sample tube

Soil probes containing standard diffusive tube samplers

allow cost-effective, in situ screening of large areas of

land including active production sites. They can also

be placed along the length of fuel pipelines to provide

early warning of a leak. Diffusive tubes inside the soil

probes can monitor the soil gases for ~24 hours.

Pumped tubes can also be used.

VOC-Moles are typically arranged in a grid pattern over

the site of interest allowing organic pollutants to migrate

into the hollow probe and collect, either diffusively or via

active sampling, onto sorbent tubes inside. Automated

TD-GC/MS analysis allows rapid identification of the

nature, source and spread of ground contamination and

gives a good indication of soil gas vapour levels.

VOC-Mole soil probes arranged in a grid pattern around

an industrial site allow low-cost mapping of

contaminated ground

Constructed of stainless steel, the soil probes can be

left in situ semi-permanently with vapour samples

collected onto sorbent tubes quarterly, 6-monthly, or at

whatever frequency is demanded by the application.

The VOC-Mole is available in three probe lengths and

there is also a modified version for use in marshy

ground. The unique aluminium sampling cap, a

Markes’ copyrighted design, renders the probe suitable

for both diffusive and pumped sampling. The cap

contains Viton®

o-ring seals to prevent the ingress of

water, wildlife and general soil debris. Tube and

sampling cap assemblies may be prepared in the

laboratory and sealed ready for transportation to the

field, where the probes may already be in situ.

A variety of different sampling regimes can be

undertaken, for example:

• Standard diffusive monitoring over a long time

period (i.e. 24 hours)

• Pumped monitoring, with the sample tube placed

within or outside the probe

• Pumped sampling using two tubes in series, to

monitor potential breakthrough of highly volatile

components

• Using hand-held PID or FID detectors to screen

organic vapour levels inside the VOC-Mole


VOC-Mole assembly, 29.5 cm long, pk 1 P-00001




VOC-Mole assembly, 89.5 cm long, modified

for use in marshy ground, pk 10

P-00040

VOC-Mole cap assembly, pk 1 P-CP001

VOC-Mole cap assembly, pk 10 P-CP010

Brass impact former for driving soil probes

into the ground

P-FOrMr

O-rings, Viton, for VOC-Mole cap assembly,

23 mm x 3 mm I.D., pk 20

P-CP020

Unions, for VOC-Mole cap assembly, pk 10 P-CPU10

Blanking plugs, for VOC-Mole cap assembly,

pk 10

P-CPP10

Seals, dowty, for VOC-Mole cap assembly, pk

20

P-CPS20

Ferrules, PTFE, for VOC-Mole cap assembly,

pk 10

P-CPF10

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Vapour-phase organic chemicals are emitted from a variety of

construction products, furnishings and car trim components. This

causes elevated concentrations of VOCs indoors and in vehicle

cabin air, which may have adverse health effects. The advent of

new legislation requiring the measurement and reporting of VOC

emissions from materials has increased pressure on

manufacturers to test for (S)VOCs emitted from their products.

Similar issues affect the electronics business with materials

emissions, particularly of semi-volatiles, causing quality issues

during clean room fabrication and assembly of PC/electronic

components.

The chemicals of interest cover a wide volatility range and many

compound types (hydrocarbons, acids, glycol ethers, halocarbons,

phthalates, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, ethers, ketones, amines,

monoterpenes, nitrogenated compounds, sulphates, etc.). They

are present in materials at levels from low ppb to high

percentage.

Markes provides a range of innovative technologies for simple

and reliable materials emissions testing, and for measuring the

chemical content of products.

Please refer to the Markes International publication ‘Thermal

Desorption: A Practical Guide. II. residual Volatiles & Materials

Emissions Testing’, for further application details.

Material emissions testing

Direct sampling 53

FLEC®

cell 54

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)-TD 56

Permeation testing accessory for µ-CTE 57

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Direct sampling

Thermal desorption can be used for the direct

desorption (extraction) of VOCs from a wide range of

matrices, e.g. sugar/salt solutions, suspensions, resins,

creams and plain solids1. Applications include:

• residual volatiles in ointments, packaging films,

pharmaceuticals/drug powders, polymer beads;

• VOC emissions from construction products e.g.

paints, car trim components e.g. wood veneers,

moulded PVC & adhesives, carpets and textiles,

electronics, plastic toys;

• Characteristic vapour profiles from foodstuffs e.g.

spice mixes, consumer products e.g. shampoo,

alcoholic beverages, tainted products;

TD provides information on (semi-)VOC content of

materials which is complementary to that obtained by

conventional emissions testing. It features in several

international and industry standard methods2, 3

,and also

facilitates selective concentration of the compounds of

interest, while water or other solvents are purged.

Some samples (materials/products) are homogeneous

and suitable for direct thermal desorption/extraction in

empty TD tubes (see below). Other materials require

larger sample sizes in order to be representative. In

these cases, the µ-CTEp 38

or HS-TDp 41

are often used.

Empty sample tubes

To carry out direct desorption using TD tubes, a known

amount of sample is weighed into an empty tube and

desorbed (normally at low temperatures). In this case,

sample cleanup, analyte extraction and sample injection

are all combined into one simple, automated operation.

The method can be tailored to meet the specific

analytical requirements, e.g. a representative vapour

profile or complete quantitative extraction of specific

target volatiles. However, the sample must not be

heated above the decomposition point of the matrix

itself.

Glass tubes are ideal for direct desorption. Their

transparent nature makes method development easier,

as the physical state of the sample can be easily

monitored after each desorption.

Empty, unrestricted glass tubes may be used where

the product is retained between two plugs of quartz

wool, held in place with a small spring. Alternatively,

glass tubes which have a restriction 30 mm from the

end of the tube may be used. The restriction ensures

the sample is positioned correctly with respect to the

thermal desorption oven. A quartz wool plug and

stainless steel spring are positioned behind the sample

to retain it in the tube.

PTFE liners

Although materials can be desorbed directly from empty

tubes, this may result in contamination of the tube as

the sample matrix melts or degrades. Using PTFE liners

(inserts) protects the inner walls of the tubes and can

simplify sample weighing. PTFE liners are designed to

be used with empty stainless steel TD tubes.

Two liners are available: snug fit liners, which should be

used for most powdered/granular samples; and loose fit

liners, suitable for semi-solid samples which should be

smeared around the inside of the liner. In all cases, it is

critical that the sample does not plug the liner and that

carrier gas can continue to flow through the liner

unimpeded. Loose fit liners may also be inserted into

tubes packed with a small bed (~1 cm) of sorbent e.g.

Tenax TA. The sorbent ensures that no high boiling

debris from the sample matrix can migrate into the flow

path of the thermal desorber.

PTFE liners for direct sampling shown alongside an

empty tube


Tube, empty, glass, unrestricted, pk 10 C0-FXXX-0000

Tube, empty, glass, restriction @ 30 mm,

pk 10

C0-NXXX-0000

Tube, empty, st st, pk 10 C0-AXXX-0000

Tube, empty, inert, pk 10 C0-CXXX-0000

Liner, PTFE, snug fit, pk 10 C-PI010

Liner, PTFE, snug fit, pk 100 C-PI100

Liner, PTFE, loose fit, pk 10 C-PL010

Liner, PTFE, loose fit, pk 100 C-PL100

53



1. TDTS 09: Monitoring materials and processes for trace level VOCs2. VDA 278 - determination of organic emissions from non-metallic trimcomponents used to manufacture the interior of motor vehicles by TD3. US EPA Method 311 - Hazardous air pollutants in paints & coatings

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FlEC - Field and laboratory EmissionCell for materials emissions testing

The Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC)1

is used

for testing VOC emissions from planar materials and

coatings in compliance with international standard

methods2. It offers a low-cost and easy-to-use

alternative to conventional, large scale emission

chambers, and can be used in the laboratory or in situ

in the field.

FLEC

The FLEC is widely used in product development,

industrial quality control and in environmental

monitoring for sources of indoor air pollution. Samples

compatible with VOC emission testing using FLEC

include: water-based paints, wood panel products,

adhesives, flooring products, sealants, ceiling tiles, etc.

The cell is constructed of acid-resistant stainless steel

with a polished inner surface shaped like the mouth of

a trumpet. This is designed to optimise air velocity

over the sampling surface and to eliminate sink effects.

It is placed onto the sample material such that the

surface of the material effectively becomes one wall of

a mini (~35 mL) test chamber. A controlled flow of

purified and humidified air enters the cell and passes

over the test material surface at flow rates simulating

real-world conditions. Up to 80% of the exhaust gases

from the cell are typically drawn through one or two

sorbent tubes, using the FLEC pumpp 34

, and analysed

using TD-GC/MS technology following standard

methods. Using two sorbent tubes allows for replicate

sampling.

FLEC is also compatible with alternative air quality

sampling and analysis methods including portable

TVOC detectors, formaldehyde monitors, DNPH

cartridges, etc. FLEC testing allows a profile to be built

up of how product emissions vary with time, and

allows direct comparisons to be made between similar

products, e.g. from different batches or manufacturers.

Testing is generally required to be carried out on a

sample of new material soon after manufacture, and is

typically repeated two or three times as the product

ages. Sample storage conditions are critical during the

test period and guidance given in EN ISO 16000-11 or

equivalent standards should be adhered to. FLEC can

also be used to investigate indoor air quality problems

in existing buildings where old, damaged or incorrectly

maintained materials can be a source of unacceptable

indoor air quality and ‘sick building syndrome’.

FlEC air control unit

As FLEC is typically used to measure low level VOC

emissions, it is important that the supply of air is

stringently clean with respect to organic impurities. It

is essential that both the flow rate and humidity of air

entering the FLEC are controlled and kept constant

throughout an emission test. Such factors are critical

if test data are ever to be reliably compared.

The FLEC air control unit is designed to control the flow,

humidity and purity of the air supplied to the FLEC in

one easy-to-use unit. Clean, dry, compressed air is

supplied to the controller and passed through a high-

capacity interchangeable charcoal filter which removes

trace-level organic contaminants. A portion of the air is

then humidified to 100%. The two air flows (dry air and

100% humidified) are then mixed together to provide

the required % rH. User access points facilitate

independent measurement of air humidity and flow rate.

FLEC air control unit

54



1. Markes International Ltd. is the only worldwide OEM distributor forFLEC and is the exclusive UK & Ireland distributor. We are proud topromote and distribute the system worldwide2. EN ISO 16000-10 (formerly ENV 13419-2), ASTM D7143-05

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FlEC accessories

A range of accessories is available to accommodate

different sample types.

Carpet test plates

Used together with the

carpet test plate adaptors

to allow FLEC to sample

emissions from carpets,

fabrics, etc. of varying

thickness (up to 10 mm).

Constructed of aluminium and insulated to provide

protection from temperature fluctuations.

Paints and coatings test plate

Used together with the

application roller to

ensure that paint is

applied over a defined

surface area to a defined

coating thickness. The

roller is made of

chromium-plated solid

steel, providing a highly durable and smooth surface.

The weight of the roller provides constant pressure

during application, ensuring a uniform distribution of

the material onto the test plate.

Test plate for sealants, adhesives etc.

Sealants and adhesives

often have a high level of

emissions and therefore

the FLEC needs to be

exposed to a smaller

surface area of product

than usual to prevent

overloading. The

sealants/adhesives test plate facilitates this and can be

easily dismantled for cleaning.

Subunits for non-planar surfaces and general

applications

Two subunits, measuring 150 mm I.D. and 152 mm

I.D, and constructed of solid aluminium with a

cylindrical chamber, are available for use with the FLEC

cell. These can be adapted for purpose by adjusting

the bottom of the chamber according to the thickness

of the material to be tested.

The 150 mm I.D. unit is suitable for testing dry

materials with rough or porous surfaces, e.g. deep-pile

carpets, wood, insulation, polyurethane foams, etc.

The test materials must be cut to a radius of 150 mm

so that they seal up to the edges of the subunit.

The 152 mm I.D. unit is suitable for testing wet or

liquid materials. The material under test is placed in a

glass petri dish with an outer diameter of 152 mm and

and I.D. of ~150 mm.

Test kit for recovery measurements

The test kit facilitates testing for sink effects, as

required by standard emission cell test methods. The

kit comprises a glass plate that is suitable for holding a

small vial and an insulating pad. Sink effects for the

FLEC are evaluated by placing a vial (containing the

compound of interest) into the glass plate vial holder,

positioning the cell over the glass plate and supplying

the desired gas input flow. The test compound

released from the vial is collected onto sorbent tubes

attached to the cell, over a period of time. The sink

effects of the cell are then determined by comparing

the mass differences between the observed compound

quantities (retained by the sorbent tubes) with the

actual mass of the test compound (based on the

weight loss of the test compound from the vial).

55



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Telescope extensions

A range of extension arms is available, making it

possible to place the FLEC directly on a ceiling or wall

in situ within a room. The FLEC telescope accessory

extends from 2 to 3.5 m and the telescope extension is

a further 1 m long.

Accessories are available which allow the FLEC to be

positioned directly against a wall (FL-0202) or against

the ceiling (FL-0204).

Thermal analysis/evolved gascollection

Thermal desorption may also be combined with the

analytical techniques of thermogravimetric analysis

(TGA) and microthermal analysis to investigate the

nature of the gases evolved during the latter methods.

Gases evolved from the thermal analysis processes are

pumped onto specially designed MacroTubes™ (TGA

analysis) or MicroTubes™ (micro-thermal analysis).

Both tube types are packed with sorbents and analysed

by Markes’ thermal desorption systemspp 64-66

. Evolved

gas analysis is used for a range of applications

including:

• Studies of degradation mechanisms for stabilisers,

flame retardents, smoke suppressants, etc.

• Polymer characterisation

• Toxicity studies

• Catalyst investigations

• Solid/gas phase reaction studies

MacroTubes and MicroTubes for evolved gas analysis


MacroTubes, general screening (n-C5 to

n-C30), preconditioned and capped, pk 5

E-MATBG5

MacroTubes, high volatility (n-C3 to n-C10)

preconditioned and capped, pk 5

E-MATBV5

Macro connector E-MACNT

Macro connector carrier E-MACAr

MicroTubes, general screening (n-C5 to

n-C30), condition prior to use, pk 5

E-MITBE5

MicroTubes, general screening (n-C5 to

n-C30), condition prior to use, pk 50

E-MITBE50

MicroTube carrier E-MICAr

MicroTube carriers, pk 10 E-MICAr10

O-ring, chemically inert, spare for MicroTube

carrier, each

E-MICOr


FLEC FL-0001

rilsan®

bags for FLEC, pk 10 FL-0001-01

Silicone o-ring for FLEC cell FL-0001-02

FLEC air controller FL-1000

Filter, charcoal for FLEC air controller FL-1000-01

Humidifier for FLEC air controller FL-1000-02

Spare fittings for humidifier for FLEC air

controller

FL-1000-02-1

Test plates for carpets FL-0150

Carpet test plate adaptor, pk 5 FL-0151

Application roller for paints and coatings FL-0160

FLEC aluminium test plates, pk 5 FL-0161

FLEC subunit, I.D. 150 mm FL-2001

FLEC subunit, I.D. 152 mm FL-2002

Test plate for sealants FL-0170

Test kit for recovery measurements FL-0100

Telescope accessory for FLEC field

measurements

FL-0200

Telescope extension 1 m long for FLEC field

measurements

FL-0201

Telescope wall clamp accessory for FLEC field

measurements

FL-0202

Telescope pump clamp accessory for FLEC

field measurements

FL-0203

Telescope ceiling clamp for FLEC field

measurements

FL-0204

56



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Permeation accessory for µ-CTEp 39

Barrier materials are often used with products to

prevent or mitigate potentially harmful emissions from

other materials. Permeation testing of these materials

is required by a number of standard methods1, 2, 3, 4, 5

.

Typical examples include:

• Vehicle seat coverings - to prevent VOCs from

polyurethane foam affecting IVAQ (in-vehicle air

quality)

• Food packaging film - to prevent oxygen or VOCs

from tainting foodstuffs

• Protective clothing (gloves, suits, etc.) - to protect

against harmful chemicals e.g. chemical warfare

agents

• Membranes used in vehicle fuel systems to prevent

the loss of fuel vapour

Traditional methods for permeation testing require

complex, expensive apparatus and only test one

material at a time. The Markes’ proprietary

permeation accessories for the µ-CTE, enable

permeation testing to be carried out on four (4) or six

(6) samples simultaneously. This is typically carried

out at ambient or near-ambient temperatures.

However, it is also possible to test permeation at

temperatures up to 250°C.

Permeation accessory in situ in the 120°C

micro-chamber

The accessory consists of a membrane pan retainer

and septum. A section of the test material is stretched

over the membrane pan and secured. A small droplet

of test compound is placed in a well at the bottom of

the permeation accessory by injecting through a

septum. The complete assembly is then placed inside

one of the µ-CTE micro-chambers, and clean air is

passed over the surface of the stretched material in

each micro-chamber. Permeation of the test compound

through the stretched material is assessed by

monitoring the air exhausted from the micro-chambers

using sorbent tubes and TD-GC/MS analysis in the

normal way (see pages 38-40).

Latex sample secured in the permeation accessory


Permeation accessory for µ-CTE, pk 6 M-PrMIN

Permeation accessory for µ-CTE, pk 1 M-PrMIN1

Permeation accessory for µ-CTEi, pk 6 M-PrMINSS

Permeation accessory for µ-CTEi, pk 1 M-PrMINSS1

O-ring, 30 mm O.D., permeation accessory

seal, pk 6

M-PrO30

Septa, ¼”, for permeation accessory injection

port, pk 6

M-PrSPT

57



1. ISO 15105-1,2; ASTM F1307-02: Plastic films, sheeting, laminatesetc.

2. EN 374-3; ASTM F739: Gloves3. ISO 13994: Penetration test4. ASTM F739-99a: resistance of protective clothing materials -continuous contact5. ASTM F1407-99a: resistance of chemical protective clothing - liquidpermeation

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58



Flavour and fragrance profiles typically comprise contributions

from hundreds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and those

at lowest concentration can be the most significant olfactory

components i.e. have the most profound effect on perceived

aroma. Historically, this has made it difficult to carry out

meaningful aroma tests using standard GC/MS instrumentation.

Conventional sample preparation methods (solvent extraction,

steam distillation, etc.) simply don’t offer the sensitivity required

and may also distort the vapour profile so that it is no longer

representative of the flavour/fragrance perceived by consumers.

Odour experts and aroma assessment panels have therefore

continued to play a significant role in product testing with respect

to flavour and fragrance. These olfactometry procedures work

well; however, they are to some extent, subjective, rarely able to

identify the precise cause of a problem and are also, by

definition, manual and consequently expensive/time-consuming.

In recent years, analytical thermal desorption (TD) has provided

a useful complement to GC/MS, enabling more aroma profiling

applications to be carried out using quantitative, automatic

instrumentation. TD combines automated sample preparation

with selective analyte enrichment, allowing organic compounds to

be injected into the GC/MS as a narrow concentrated band of

vapour, free of most/all sample matrix effects. The technology is

available in on- and offline configurations, and is now widely used

for vapour profiling in the food, flavour, fragrance and consumer

product industries.

Please refer to the Markes International publication Thermal

Desorption: A Practical Guide. IV. Food, Flavour, Fragrance &

Odour Profiling for further application details.

Food, flavour, fragrance & odour profiling

Overview of Markes’ sampling accessories for food, flavour,

fragrance and odour profiling 59

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Fra

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Od

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Sampling accessories for food, flavour,fragrance and odour profiling

In many cases, the flavour and fragrance profile can be

easily obtained by straightforward pumped samplingp 32

of the air around the sample in question. However, the

infinite variety of samples and matrices which may

require profiling in this way means that other sampling

methods may be required. Several of Markes’ general

sampling accessories have been utilised for food,

flavour, fragrance and odour profiling applications.

These include:

• Direct sampling/thermal desorptionp 53

for profiling

natural oils; dried foodstuffs; and some natural

products (e.g. spices, herbs, etc.). It can also be

used for direct desorption of volatiles from ground

samples of polymeric/plastic food and drink

containers (e.g. PET bottles)

Direct desorption of dried animal-feed pellets weighed

into an empty glass tube

• Micro-Chamber/Thermal Extractor (µ-CTE)

accessoryp 38

often used when profiling non-

homogeneous foods such as dairy products

(yoghurt, cheese, etc.), leaf products (e.g. tobacco,

tea, etc.) and consumer products such as fabric

conditioner, face creams, cosmetics, etc.

Flavour profile of natural greek yoghurt, sampled using

the µ-CTE

• Bio-VOC samplerp 49

; as well as being used as a

“grab sampler” for headspace-type applications, the

Bio-VOC is used for investigations into breath

odours, halitosis and other conditions.

• HS-TDp 41

and the Direct Inlet Accessoryp 42

are

used extensively for aroma profiling. Typical

applications include: drinking water, beverages,

fresh foods and living organisms (plants, fungi,

microbial cultures, etc.).

Trace level odorants at 5 ppt level in drinking water

• Online monitoring using a continuousp 61

or semi-

continuousp 65

TD system can be used to study

product shelf-life. Monitoring the odour profile of a

product as it changes over time can give

information about product storage and freshness.

In addition, changes can be tracked as a function of

time and/or ambient conditions e.g. temperature,

humidity, sunlight intensity, etc.

Concentrations of vapour phase organic compounds

changing with time

• Markes’ SPE-tD cartridgesp 43

offer a simple,

convenient method for sampling less volatile

impurities in aqueous samples – applications which

would otherwise require manually-intensive

extraction or distillation techniques before GC/MS

analysis.

59



Compound

• Methylene choride

• Trichloroethylene

• Benzene

Time (HH:MM)

n-C

10

Eucaly

pto

l

Nonanal

Dodecane

Thym

ol

Eugenol

Tetr

adecane

Hexadecane

MIB

Geosm

in

Trichlo

roanis

ole

(1)

TCA (

2)

Hepta

none

n-C

9

Thio

phen

one

Hep

tanal Oct

anal

Eth

ylhex

anol

Lim

onen

e2-n

onan

one

Non

anal

Dec

anal

Undec

anal

60



Markes’ thermal desorption (TD) technology provides the ultimate

pre-concentration and high sensitivity analytical solution for

detecting chemical warfare agents (CWA) and toxic industrial

chemicals (TIC) in air/gas. Military and civilian security agencies

and government scientists from across the world are working

with Markes’ TD systems for monitoring:

• CWA stockpile sites

• Personal exposure of military personnel

• Performance of protective equipment

• Agent destruction facilities

• Key civilian locations (counter-terrorism)

TD is also used extensively in forensic science. Example

applications include:

• Identification & characterisation of accelerants in fire

debris (arson)

• Characterisation/detection of firearm propellant

• Detection of proscribed drugs

• Explosives detection

• Characterisation of crime scene materials (forensication);

inks, paints, drugs, etc.

Please refer to the Markes International publication Thermal

Desorption: A Practical Guide. III. Defence and Forensic for

further application details.

Defence and forensic

TT24-7 dual trap thermal desorber 61

DAAMS tubes 61

Other accessories 62

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TT24-7 - for continuous near-real time(NRT) monitoring

The acute toxicity of many CWAs means that near real-

time (NrT) data are often required to minimise risk to

human health. The Markes’ TT24-7 is a robust,

transportable NrT TD system incorporating two

electrically cooled (peltier), large-capacity traps which

are sampled sequentially at high flow rates (up to

500 mL/min). This allows efficient pre-concentration of

trace-level agent with 100% sampling efficiency (i.e. no

dead time), and fast (5-15 mins) cycle times. The

TT24-7 connects to any make of GC/MS and is used, for

example, to continuously monitor the atmosphere at a

number of key civilian locations and military installations

worldwide.

Three TT24-7 systems are available from Markes1:

• TT24-7e1 - standard system

• TT24-7e2 - standard system plus tube desorption,

pre-purge to vent facility and leak test

• TT24-7e3 - standard system plus tube desorption,

pre-purge to vent facility, leak test and split option

A range of spares and accessories for the TT24-7 are

available from Markes, including a routine maintenance

kit, which contains o-rings, ferrules, PEEK tubing, etc.,

sufficient for approximately 12 months’ use.

TT24-7 dual trap thermal desorber and chromatograms

of air samples containing mustard gas - near real-time

analysis using TT24-7 with GC-FPD

DAAMS tubes

Depot Area Air Monitoring Systems (DAAMS) are

typically deployed around weapon destruction (demil)

facilities and CWA/TIC storage bunkers. They involve

the use of 4½” or 3½” long sorbent tubes to confirm

the readings taken by automated continuous

monitoring systems, in the event of an alarm.

A wide range of standard 3½” sorbent tubes are

availablepp 6-10

. Markes also supplies a range of 4½”

DAAMS tubes including:

• 6 mm O.D./4½” long glass tubes (standard)

• 10 mm O.D. (6 mm ends)/4½” long glass (high

flow)

Markes (ULTrA-)UNITY 2 TD technologyp 65

is available

in 4½” DAAMS tube configuration as well as standard

3½” tube versions.

Note that the TD-100 is only available for 3½” tubes.


Cold trap, TT24-7, for CW agents (in particular

VX), each (N.B. two required per TT24-7)

T-1VX

Cold trap, TT24-7, for CW agents (in particular

HD), each (N.B. two required per TT24-7)

T-2HD

Cold trap, TT24-7, for CW agents (in

particular GB/GE analog of VX), each

(N.B. two required per TT24-7)

T-3GBGE

Cold trap, TT24-7, empty for packing


T-6EMP

Cold trap, TT24-7, custom packed


T-7CUS

Cold trap extraction tool, TT24-7 SErTTD-5032

Split filter tube, charcoal packed (e3 systems) SErUTD-5065

O-rings, size 010, pk 10 (e2/e3 systems) U-COV10

O-rings, size 007, pk 10 (cold trap seal) U-COV07

PTFE filter disks, 5.1 mm section, pk 10 U-DISK1

Fused silica transfer line insert

(0.25 mm I.D.) and PTFE sleeve

SErUTD-5093

Ferrule, 1/16” x 0.4 mm graph vesp, pk 10

(connects fused silica transfer line)

U-FV001

recycle power box for TT24-7

(assists remote operation)

U-rCYBX

routine maintenance kit for TT24-7 rMK-0005

Mustard (H)

61

Text

here



Defe

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1. Further information about TT24-7 systems can be obtained from theMonitoring Chemical Agents brochure ([email protected])

Defe

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Markes’ Uni-DAAMS™ system (comprising a UNITY 2

configured for 4½” tubes and a range of CWA specific

accessories), offers high performance two-stage

desorption with leak test, electrically-cooled focusing and

ultra efficient trap desorption (100°C/sec) for sharp

peaks and optimum sensitivity. re-collection for repeat

analysis is also included as standard. Markes also offers

Auto-DAAMS™ systems, featuring the unmatched

analytical performance of UNITY 2 (Uni-DAAMS), but

with capacity for automatic processing of up to 100

standard or high-flow 4½” DAAMS tubes. Uni-DAAMS

and Auto-DAAMS are compatible with any make of

GC(MS). All Markes’ tubes can be supplied packed only,

or packed, conditioned and capped with long-term

storage capsp 16

.

3½” and 4½” glass DAAMS tubes

All Markes’ DAAMS tubes are TubeTAGp 12

compatible.

[Please specify TubeTAGs for glass tubes (C-TAGG10 or

C-TAGG100) if ordering tags separately.]

Cold traps for CWA applications

Specialised cold trapsp 67

are required for many

CWA/TIC analyses and are included as standard with

Uni-DAAMS and Auto-DAAMS systems.

Other accessories

Other Markes accessories/sampling techniques widely

used in defence or forensic applications include:

• MTS-32p 37

sequential sampler for round the clock

offline monitoring of atmospheric concentrations of

chemical agent

• µ-CTEp 38

permeation accessory for testing the

performance of protective clothing etc.

• Pumped samplingp 32

of air above fire debris in

cases of suspected arson, and of explosive

atmospheres, e.g. TNT, DNT, rDX

• Direct samplingp 53

of various products, e.g.

• house dust for drugs of abuse

• paper samples for ink comparison testing


Cold trap, UNITY 2, CWAs. Included in Uni-

DAAMS and Auto-DAAMS systems

U-T10CW-2S

Cold trap, UNITY, CWAs U-T10CW

Cold trap, UNITY 2, custom packed U-T8CUS-2S

Cold trap, UNITY, custom packed U-T8CUS

62




Tubes, glass, 6 mm/4½”, Tenax TA, pk 10 C1-LXXX-7001

Tubes, glass, 6 mm/4½”, HayeSep D, pk 10 C1-LXXX-7003

Tubes, glass, 6 mm/4½”,

Tenax TA/HayeSep D, pk 10

C2-LXXX-7004

Tubes, glass, 6/10/6 mm/4½”, Tenax TA, pk

10

C1-MXXX-7005

Tubes, glass, 6/10/6 mm/4½”, HayeSep D,

pk 10

C1-MXXX-7006

Tubes, glass, 6/10/6 mm/4½”, Tenax

TA/HayeSep D, pk 10

C2-MXXX-7007

Tubes, inert, Quartz Wool/Tenax TA, pk 10 C2-CXXX-5138

Tubes, inert, Quartz Wool/Tenax TA,

cond/capped, pk 10

C2-CAXX-5138

Tubes, inert, HayeSep D, pk 10 C1-CXXX-5153

Tubes, inert, HayeSep D, cond/capped, pk 10 C1-CAXX-5153

Tubes, inert, quartz wool/HayeSep D, pk 10 C2-CXXX-5146

Tubes, inert, quartz wool/HayeSep D,

cond/capped, pk 10

C2-CAXX-5146

Tubes, inert, Tenax TA/HayeSep D, pk 10 C2-CXXX-5250

Tubes, inert, Tenax TA/HayeSep D,

cond/capped, pk 10

C2-CAXX-5250

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For over a decade, Markes International has pioneered and

commercialised enhancements to analytical thermal desorption

(TD) instrumentation and associated sampling apparatus. The

following key technical advances have all been introduced by

Markes since 1997, and have now set the standard for TD

instrumentation:

• SecureTD-Q™ (quantitative re-collection of split flow)1

• Electronic tube taggingp 11

(TubeTAG)2

• Diffusion locking3

(SafeLok tubesp 4

, DiffLok capsp 16

)

• Patented inert valving4

for compatibility with every TD

application on a single TD analytical platform; ultra-volatiles,

semi-volatiles (up to n-C40) plus reactive species

(mercaptans, CS gas, etc.)

• Automated internal standard (IS) introduction onto blank

and/or sampled tubes

• Electrically-cooled sorbent trapping with uniquely fast trap

heating rates for splitless capillary GC and optimum sensitivity

without risk of ice formation

• Online desorbers with twin, electrically-cooled, reciprocally-

operated focusing traps for continuous air monitoring (TT24-7)

Thermal desorption instrument spares

UNITY series 1 64

UNITY series 2 65

TD-100 66

Cold traps and consumable starter kits 67

routine maintenance kits 68

routine maintenance consumables series 2 69

routine maintenance consumables series 1 70

General spares and consumables for UNITY 72

General spares and consumables for ULTrA autosampler 73

General spares and consumables for TD-100 systems 74

General spares and consumables for online air systems 75

1. Patent # GB 2395785, US 737847 (Automated re-collection using a singleTD autosampler

2. Patent # US 6,446,515 B2

3. Patent # GB 2337513, US 6,564656 B14. Patent # GB 2336649

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UNITY series 11

Major accessories available for

existing UNITY series 1 installations

1. UlTRA series 2 autosampler range - multi-

functional TD autosampler featuring; capacity for up to

100 tubes (versions available for either 3½” or 4½” long

tubes), TubeTAGp 11

compatibility, stringent sample

sealing before and after desorption via patented

DiffLokp 16

caps, full compliance with key international

standard methods. Adds to any series 1 or 2 UNITY.

ULTrA series 2 autosamplers can be configured with the

following options:

• TubeTAG read/write option - reads rFID tags

attached to sorbent tubes and automatically inputs

the information into the autosampler sequence

table. After each analysis, ULTrA 2 can also write to

the tube tag, e.g. to change tube status and clear

sample-specific data from the tag

• 50:50 option - ULTrA 2 can be factory configured

with a 50:50 preference for automated sample

re-collection using a single TD autosampler. It may

also be used to dry purge tubes prior to

desorption/analysis and, if necessary, can

incorporate either one or two mass flow controllers

(MFCs)

• Internal standard/dry purge (ISDP) option -

ULTrA 2 can be factory configured with ISDP which

allows an aliquot of gaseous internal standard to be

added to each tube before desorption to aid

analytical quality assurance. Can also be used to dry

purge tubes prior to desorption/analysis

• 50:50/ISDP - both the 50:50 and ISDP options

may be factory configured on the same ULTrA 2

unit.

2. 3-channel Air Server (series 1) accessory -

adds to UNITY 1 to provide automated sequencing

between up to 3 canisters, bags or online air/gas

lines.

3. Series 1 Mass Flow Control accessory - allows

the electronic mass flow control of UNITY 1 split flow.

Facilitates independent selection of different split flows

for all stages of TD operation and allows automatic

recall of desorption methods with different flow

settings during an automatic sequence of operation

For further information on all accessories available for

UNITY series 1 please contact Markes International

([email protected]) or your local distributor.

For information on spares and consumables for UNITY

series 1 and associated accessories please see page

70.

64



1. As of February 2008, UNITY series 1 has been replaced by UNITYseries 2. However, key accessories are still available from MarkesInternational to enhance your existing UNITY 1 installation

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UNITY series 2

Options and key accessories

available for UNITY series 2

UNITY series 2, Markes’ next generation TD platform,

incorporates every system innovation of the last ten

years and the field-proven reliability characteristic of all

Markes’ instrumentation. UNITY 2 main features

include:

• Compatible with electronically-taggedp 12

or

untagged tubes, (versions available for 3½” or 4½”

long tubes)

• Provides a single platform for all TD applications

i.e. labile species, semi-volatiles (up to n-C40),

ultra-volatiles (including C2H2 and freons), trace

levels (ppt) and high concentrations (ppm/%)

• repeat analysis via SecureTD-Q overcomes the

one-shot limitation of conventional TD systems

• Cryogen-free operation. Electrically-cooled sorbent

trapping to -30°C eliminates ice plug formation and

reduces running costs

• Full compliance with key international standard

methods1

i.e. no flow, ambient temperature leak

test, pre-purge of air to vent, inert flow path,

cryogen-free focusing trap, etc.

Accessories available for UNITY series 2 include:

• Electronic control of split and desorb flows -

series 2 UNITY can be configured with one or two

electronic mass flow controllers (MFC) which

provide versatile electronic control of both split and

desorption flows. The MFC modules also facilitate

flow rate recall during an automated sequence with

multiple TD methods

• UlTRA series 2 autosampler range i.e. ULTrA 2

autosampler and associated options (TubeTAG

read/write, ULTrA 50:50, ULTrA ISDP and ULTrA 50:50

ISDP) available in either 3½” and 4½” versions

• Online/canister accessories - a range of

accessories for UNITY series 2 offering automated

canister analysis and online air/gas monitoring

• 3-channel air server accessory (3½” or 4½”)

• 8-channel air server accessory (3½” or 4½”)

• 8-channel free standing canister interface

accessory (3½” and 4½”) with thermostatted flow

paths and internal standard addition capability

(TO-14/TO-15 compliant)

Further information on all accessories available for

UNITY series 2 is available on the Markes website,

www.markes.com, in the relevant brochures2, direct

from Markes International ([email protected]) or

from your local distributor.

For information on spares and consumables for UNITY

series 2 and associated accessories, please see page

71.

1. EN ISO 16017, ISO 16000-6, ASTM D6196-03, US EPA MethodTO-17, NIOSH 2549 etc.

65



2. Series 2 UNITY thermal desorber, Series 2 ULTrA thermal desorptionautosampler and series 2 Air Server thermal desorber options.

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TD-100

The TD-100 is a 100-tube capacity, highly versatile and

robust TD instrument. The TD-100 integrates all the

main features and functionality of the series 2 ULTrA-

UNITY system into a single unit.

Two versions of the TD-100 are available.

The Standard TD-100 autosampler features manual

re-collection and in-built TubeTAG read/write

functionality. The following upgrade options are

available for this system:

• Electronic mass flow control (MFC) of split anddesorption flows

• Automated re-collection for repeat analysis (alsoincludes dry purge functionality)

• Internal standard/dry purge (ISDP) functionality

For convenience, an Advanced TD-100 is available

which, in addition to TubeTAG read/write capability,

comes pre-configured with automated sample re-

collection (including dry-purge functionality) and

electronic MFC. This system can also be upgraded to

incorporate ISDP functionality, should internal standard

addition be required.

Please note: TD-100 sytems are not compatible with

Air Server, CIA 8 or HS-TD units.

Further information on all accessories available for the

TD-100 is available on the Markes website

(www.markes.com), in the relevant brochures, direct

from Markes International ([email protected]) or

from your local distributor.

For information on spares and consumables for the

TD-100 and associated accessories, please see page

74.

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Cold traps

For recommended series 2 UNITY and TD-100 cold

traps, see left hand column. For series 1 UNITY cold

traps see right hand column.

Please note that series 2 UNITY/TD-100 traps are not compatible with

series 1 UNITY and vice versa - be sure to order the trap which is

compatible with your thermal desorber.

Note that packs of 10 cold traps may be ordered by

affixing ‘10’ to the part number e.g. U-T1HBL-102S,

U-T14H2S10.

Packed (top) and empty (bottom) cold traps for UNITY

series 2

The entire range of all previously listed traps is still

available from Markes International. Contact

[email protected] for further details.

Consumable starter kits

The basic TD starter kit for 3½” (standard) tube

version for series 2 UNITY (C-KIT01-2S) comprises:

The comprehensive TD starter kit for 3½” (standard)

tube version of series 2 UNITY (C-KIT02-2S)

comprises:

C3-AAXX-5266

x 2

Tube, pkd, st st, Tenax TA, Carbograph 1TD/

Carboxen 1003, conditioned and capped, pk

10 x 2, (pumped sampling VOCs C2/3-C20)

C2-AAXX-5270

x 2

Tube, pkd, st st, Carbograph 1TD/Carboxen

1003, conditioned & capped, pk 10 x 2,

(pumped sampling VOCs C2/3 - C20)

C1-AAXX-5003 Tube, pkd, st st, Tenax TA, pk 10 (pumped

or diffusive sampling VOCs C6/7 - C26)

C-CPLOK CapLok tool for tightening and undoing ¼”

brass storage caps

C-DF010 Cap, diffusion, pk 10

C0-AXXX-0000 Tube, empty, stainless steel, pk 10

C-GZ020 Gauze, sorbent retaining, pk 20

C-SP010 Spring, gauze retaining, pk 10

C-TBMTE TubeMate tool for removing and fitting gauze

retaining spring

C-FP020 x 3 Ferrule, PTFE, one-piece, pk 20 x 3

C-PL010 PTFE liners, loose fit, pk 10

C-BTX100-10 Certified reference standards: benzene,

toluene, o-xylene, 100 ng each, pk 10 (plus

shipping blank, chromatogram & certificate)

C-QSC10 Quick seal column connector, pk 10

U-T15ATA-2S Cold trap, water management, ethane-C20,

UNITY 2 (Air toxics/water management)

C2-AAXX-5032 Tube, packed, st st, Tenax TA/Carbograph

1TD, conditioned & capped, pk 10 (suitable

for pumped sampling of VOCs from C5/6-C20)

C-CPLOK

CapLok tool

for tightening and undoing ¼” brass storage

caps


either

U-T2GPH-2S

or

U-T11GPC-2S

Cold trap, general purpose hydrophobic,

C4/5-C26, UNITY 2

or

Cold trap, general purpose carbon, C4/5-

C30/32, UNITY 2 (electronic carrier control)

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UNITY 2 &

TD-100

traps

Description UNITY 1

Traps

U-T1HBL-2S Cold trap, high boilers, C6-C40 U-T1HBL

U-T2GPH-2S Cold trap, general purpose

hydrophobic, C4/5-C26

U-T2GPH

U-T6SUL-2S Cold trap, sulphur/labile U-T6SUL

U-T7EMP-2S Cold trap, empty U-T7EMP

U-T8CUS-2S Cold trap, custom packed U-T8CUS

U-T10CW-2S Cold trap, CWAs U-T10CW

U-T11GPC-2S Cold trap, general purpose

carbon C4/5-C30/32

U-T11GPC

U-T12ME-2S Cold trap, materials emissions U-T12ME

U-T15ATA-2S Cold trap, TO-15/TO-17 air

toxics

U-T15ATA

U-T16GHG-2S Cold trap, greenhouse gases U-T16GHG

U-T17O3P-2S Cold trap, ozone precursors U-T17O3P

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The starter kit (U-ULKIT) for the 3½” x ¼” tube

version of the ULTrA 2 autosampler comprises:

The starter kit (U-ULKIT-XZ) for the version of ULTrA 2

accommodating 4½” tubes with 6 mm O.D. ends

comprises:

The starter kit (U-TDKIT-100) for TD-100 (3½” x ¼”

O.D. tubes) comprises:

Routine maintenance kits

routine maintenance kits are available for UNITY (1 &

2) and TD-100. Kits contain sufficient consumable

items (e.g. o-rings, PTFE filters, etc.) for approximately

12 months’ use. Where indicated, the relevant cold

trap is included (specify trap typep 67

with order).

routine maintenance kits are also available for series 1

or 2 UNITY Air Server systems.

Suggested maintenance schedule

Suggested maintenance frequencies are given below.

However, in some cases (depending on application

etc.), items may need replacing more frequently.

UNITY (series 1 or 2) & TD-100

ULTrA & TD-100

Air Server/Online systems

replace filter gauzes 12 months

replace o-rings in DiffLok caps If damaged/leaking

Change nozzle seals If damaged/leaking

Condition/change charcoal filter (split

tube)

3 months

replace/repack cold trap 12 months2

replace fused silica transfer line 12 months

Change sample tube O-rings/filters 12 months or if

damaged/leaking

Cold trap seals 12 months or if

damaged/leaking

68




Basic thermal desorption consumables kit,

UNITY 2, 3½”, manual pneumatic control

C-KIT01-2S

Basic thermal desorption consumables kit,

UNITY 2, 3½”, Electronic Carrier Gas Control

C-KIT012-2S

Comprehensive thermal desorption

consumables kit, UNITY 2, 3½”

C-KIT02-2S

ULTrA 2 autosampler starter kit, 3½” U-ULKIT

ULTrA 2 autosampler starter kit, 4½” U-ULKIT-XZ

TD-100 starter kit U-TDKIT-100

C-DL160 Cap, DiffLok, st st, ¼”, pk 160 (sufficient for

80 tubes, for routine analysis1)

U-COV07 O-rings, size 007, pk 10 (for UlTRA tube

receiver)

U-COV10 O-rings, size 010, pk 10 (for tube interface

seal)

C-DL160-XZ Cap, DiffLok, st st, 6 mm, pk 160 (sufficient

for 80 tubes, for routine analysis1)


receiver)

U-COV45 O-rings, 5.92 mm I.D., pk 10 (for tube

interface seal)

C2-AAXX-5032 Tube, packed, st st, Tenax TA/Carbograph

1TD, conditioned and capped, pk 10 (suitable

for pumped sampling of VOCs from C5/6-C20)

C-CPLOK CapLok tool for tightening and undoing ¼”

brass storage caps


C-DL160 Cap, DiffLok, st st, ¼”, pk 160 (sufficient for

80 tubes, for routine analysis1)


receiver)

U-COV10 O-rings, size 010, pk 10 (for tube interface

seal)

1. Note that if thermally labile compounds are to be analysed the use ofinert coated DiffLok caps

p 16at the sampling end is highly recommended

2. Note that the cold trap may need changing more frequently if theseries 1 or 2 UNITY is configured with an Air Server or ULTrAautosampler

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As well as routine maintenance procedures carried out

by the user, it is strongly recommended that a routine

maintenance service be carried out on your TD system,

by a trained service engineer, at least once per annum.


routine maintenance kit, UNITY 2, 3½”,

specify cold trap

rMK-0001-2S


without cold trap

rMK-0004-2S

routine maintenance kit (ECC), UNITY 2,

3½”, contains U-T11GPC-2S cold trap

rMK-012-2S


specify cold trap

rMK-0001-XZ


without cold trap

rMK-0004-XZ

routine maintenance kit, UNITY series 1,

specify cold trap

rMK-0001

routine maintenance kit, UNITY series 1,

without cold trap

rMK-0004

routine mainenance kit (ECC), UNITY series

1, contains U-T11GPC cold trap

rMK-012

routine maintenance Kit, 3½”, Air Servers

(3, 8-channel), Series 1 and 2

rMK-0003-2S

routine maintenance kit, ASIS 81

and CIA 8

only, 3½”

rMK-0007

routine maintenance kit, 4½”, (series 2 AS 3

and AS 8 only)

rMK-0003-XZ

routine maintenance kit, TD-100,

specify cold trap

rMK-0009

routine maintenance kit, TD-100, without

cold trap

rMK-0010

1. The ASIS (Air Service Internal Standard) 8 is compatible with Unityseries 1, and is further referenced on pp 73 and 75.

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Routine maintenance consumables for UNITY series 1


O-ring, low emission Viton, 006, pk 10 U-COV06



O-ring, Viton, 3 mm I.D., pk 10 U-COV31

Fused silica transfer line insert (0.25 mm

I.D.) and PTFE sleeve

SErUTD-5093

Split filter tube, st st, 3½”, packed with

charcoal, each

SErUTD-5065

Split filter tube, glass, 3½”, packed with

charcoal, each (used for online systems)

SErAAA-1600

Fuse, 5 mm x 20 mm 6.3 A, Antisurge SErZ-FS6A3




U-FV001

Ferrule, 1/16” x 1/16” graph vesp, pk 10 (PEEK

connections/bypass line)

U-FV002


connections/bulkhead unions)

U-FV003



Quick-fit capillary connectors, pk 10

(connects fused silica to column)

C-QSC10

PTFE filter disk, 5.1 mm section

U-DISK1

O-ring, low emission Viton, 010

U-COV10

Sample tube, see pp 6-10


U-DISK3


U-COV06


U-COV10


U-DISK1


U-COV06

O-ring, Viton, 3 mm I.D.,

U-COV31

split filter tube, st st, 3½”,

packed with charcoal

SERUTD-5065

split filter tube, glass, 3½”,

online systems, packed with

charcoal

SERAAA-1600

O-ring - not user changeable,

requires service engineer

Cold trap, see p 67

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71





O-ring, low emission Viton, 5.92 mm I.D., pk

10

U-COV45


charcoal, each

SErUTD-5065


charcoal, each (used for online systems)

SErAAA-1600


charcoal, each

SErAAA-5167


Fused silica transfer line insert (0.25 mm

I.D.) and PTFE sleeve

SErUTD-5093



U-FV001


connections/bypass line/bulkhead union)

U-FV002


connections/gas supply connections)

U-FV003


Quick fit capillary connectors, pk 10


C-QSC10

Split needle valve

Desorb needle valve

Heated transfer line assy containing:

0.25 mm I.D. uncoated fused silica

insert with PTFE sleeve SERUTD-5093


U-COV06

Cold trap (see p 67)

Split filter tube

3½” UNITY 2 SERUTD-5065

3½” UNITY 2/online SERAAA-1600

4½” UNITY 2 SERAAA-5167

Fused silica insert connected with:

nut, 1/16”, st st, Swagelok

SERZ-0157

Ferrule, 1/16” x 0.4 mm, graph vesp

U-FV001

Split flow vent

Desorb flow vent

O-ring, low emission Viton,

3½” UNITY 2, size 010 U-COV10

4½” UNITY 2, size 5.92 mm I.D.

U-COV45

Sample tube

(see pp 6-10)


U-DISK1

Tube desorption oven

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General spares and consumables forUNITY series 1 and 2

Tools and installation connections

Cables

Miscellaneous spares and accessories


Cable assembly, lead, null modem

(serial port - PC cable)

SErZ-0189

Cable assembly, UNITY 2 to GC, standard

(not compatible with UNITY series 1)

SErUTE-5141

Cable assembly, UNITY 2 to GC, Agilent


SErUTE-5142

Cable assembly, UNITY 2 to GC, Thermo


SErUTE-5143

Cable assemby, UNITY 2 to GC, Varian


SErUTE-5144

Cable assembly, PCB GC Interface and

cable, standard (UNITY series 1 and 2)

SErUTD-5095


cable, Agilent GC, (UNITY series 1 and 2)

SErUTD-5098


cable, Thermo GC, (UNITY series 1 and 2)

SErUTD-5108


cable, Varian GC, (UNITY series 1 and 2)

SErUTD-5116

1. A UNITY 2 TD system configured with any Air Server/CIA 8 optionalready includes one MFC100 as standard


UNITY series 2 software CD (includes

automation)

U-SW001-2S

UNITY series 1 software CD (includes

automation)

U-SW001

Markes’ technical manual for series 2 TD

systems on CD

U-TECHCD

UNITY to UNITYe conversion kit (series 1)

(converts UNITY from manual to electronic

carrier control)

SErUTD-5103

UNITY to UNITYe conversion kit (series 2)

(converts UNITY 2 from manual to

electronic carrier control)

SErUTE-5103

UNITY 2, tube oven conversion kit, 3½” to

4½”. User installable

U-35TO45KT

UNITY 2, tube oven conversion kit, 4½” to

3½”. User installable

U-45TO35KT

Mass flow controller (MFC), 2-100 ml/min,

series 2 UNITY1

U-MFC100-2S

Mass flow controller (MFC), 5-200 ml/min,

series 2 UNITY1

U-MFC200-2S

Universal direct inlet accessoryp 42

(Series 1 & 2 UNITY), 3½”

U-INLET

Universal direct inlet accessoryp 42

(series 2 UNITY), 4½”

U-INLET-XZ


O-ring insertion tool SErZ-0285

O-ring extraction tool SErZ-0351

O-ring service kit, 3½” tubes only

(includes U-COV10, U-DISK1, SERZ-0285,

SERZ-0351)

U-OrKIT

Tube extractor tool SErUTD-5062

Trap alignment tool SErUTD-5064

Standard tool kit SErUTD-5063

UNITY to GC transfer line clamp (for use as

spacer inside GC oven)

SErUTD-1125

Washer ¼” x 1” for use with SErUTD-1125 SErZ-0371

Washer ¼” x 1½” for use with SErUTD-

1125

SErZ-0372

Nut ¼”-20UNC st st for end of transfer line

(for series 1 UNITY from U-10284 and all

series 2 UNITY)

SErZ-NU14SS

Nut M6 st st for end of transfer line (for

series 1 UNITY prior to U-10284)

SErZ-NM6FSS

Quick fit capillary connectors, pk 10 C-QSC10

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Cap, DiffLok, inert, ¼”, pk 10 C-DLS10

Cap, DiffLok, inert, ¼”, pk 100 C-DL1S0

Cap, DiffLok, st st/inert, ¼”, pk 10 pairs C-DLP10

Cap, DiffLok, st st/inert, ¼”, pk 100 pairs C-DL1P0



Cap, DiffLok, inert, 6 mm, pk 10 C-DL1S0-XZ

Cap, DiffLok, inert, 6 mm, pk 100 C-DLS10-XZ

Cap, DiffLok, st st/inert, 6 mm, pk 10 pairs C-DLP10-XZ

Cap, DiffLok, st st/inert, 6 mm, pk 100 pairs C-DL1P0-XZ

O-ring, 010, low emission, high temp, pk 10

(for ¼” DiffLok caps)

U-COV10

O-ring, 010, low emission, high temp, pk 100

(for ¼” DiffLok caps)

U-COV100

O-ring, 5.92/1.93, low emission, high temp,

pk 10, (for 6 mm DiffLok caps)

U-COV45


U-COV07

73




O-ring, low emission Viton, 007, pk 10

(UlTRA tube receiver)

U-COV07

Tray assemblies for autosampler, 3½”,

including 20 tray labels, pk 10

U-TrAY

Labels, autosampler tray, 3½”, strip of 10,

blue

SErMTD-1213BU

Tray assemblies for ULTrA, 4½”, including

20 tray labels, pk 10

U-TrAY-XZ

Labels, ULTrA tray, 4½”, strip of 10, blue SErMTD-1394BU

ULTrA/TD-100 O-ring insertion tool SErMTD-1382

AutoSecureTD interface kit (to add a second

UlTRA 2 to UNITY series 2), 3½”

U-USKIT-2S



U-USKIT-XZ



U-USKIT

TubeTAG read/write option for ULTrA 2 U-TAGrW-2S

Connection kit, series 2 Air Server 3/8 or

CIA 8 plus ULTrA 2 to same UNITY 2, 3½”

U-UASK2-2S



U-UASK2-XZ

Connection kit, series 1 Air Server 3/8 plus

ULTrA (ISDP) to same UNITY series 1

U-UASK1

Connection kit, required for ASIS 8 plus

ULTrA to any UNITY 1, and for series 1 Air

Server 3/8 plus ULTrA 50:50 (ISDP) to

same UNITY series 1

U-UASK2

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General spares and consumables for TD-100 systems

Miscellaneous spares and accessories

O-ring, low emission Viton, 007 (U-COV07)

(indicated in enlarged sections)

Interrupted blue border indicates that

enlarged region is not visible from this angle

See also pages 72 and 73 for the tables of general spares and consumables for UNITY (2) and ULTrA

(2), respectively. See pages 67 and 68 for consumable starter kits for UNITY (2) and ULTrA (2).








U-FV001

Ferrule, 1/16” x 1/16” graph vesp, pk 10

(PEEK connections/bypass line/

bulkhead union)

U-FV002

Ferrule, 1/8” x 1/16” graph vesp, pk 10

(PEEK connections/gas supply connections)

U-FV003

ULTrA/TD-100 o-ring insertion tool SErMTD-1382

Fused silica transfer line insert

(0.25 mm I.D.) and PTFE sleeve

SErUTD-5093


charcoal, each

SErUTD-5065


Tray assemblies for autosampler, 3½”,

including 20 tray labels, pk 10

U-TrAY


Quick-fit capillary connectors, pk 10


C-QSC10


Cable assembly, lead, null modem

(serial port - PC cable)

SErZ-0189

Cable assembly, UNITY 2 to standard GC SErUTE-5141

Cable assembly, UNITY 2 to Agilent GC SErUTE-5142

Cable assembly, UNITY 2 to Thermo GC SErUTE-5143

Cable assembly, UNITY 2 to Varian GC SErUTE-5144


cable, standard GC

SErUTD-5095


cable, Agilent GC

SErUTD-5098


cable, Thermo GC

SErUTD-5108


cable, Varian GC

SErUTD-5116

Cables

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General spares and consumables for online air systems

Interface link tube assembly

SERASU-5043 (series 2 AS3/8)

SERASU-5021 (series 1 AS3/6/8)

Filter gauze (inside sample ports)

SERASU-1028

Attach

pump here

Sample transfer line

SERASU-5041

(CIA 8/ASIS 8)

Ferrule 1/8” x 1/16”

U-FV003


Ferrule, 1/8” x 1/16”, graph vesp, pk 10 (PEEK

to 1/8”-inch brass unions)

U-FV003

Tube, PEEK, 1/16” O.D. x 0.03” bore, 1m SErZ-0108


charcoal, each

SErAAA-1600

Tubing, PTFE 1/8”, 1 m SErZ-0062


(series 1 AS 3/6/8)

SErASU-5021


(series 2 AS 3/8)

SErASU-5043

Sample transfer line (ASIS 8 & CIA 8 only) SErASU-5041

Pump for Air Server, 115 V, series 1 and 2 U-ASPM1

Pump for Air Server, 230 V, series 1 and 2 U-ASPM2

Ferrule, 1/8” x 1/8”, vespel (used on UNITY

copper vents)

U-FV004


Filter, gauze, 1/8” diameter, pk 10 SErASU-1028

Dryer kit for series 2 Air Server (AS 3/8),

CIA 8, ASIS 8

U-ASDrY

Dryer kit for series 1 Air Server (3, 6 or 8

channel)

U-ASDrY-1S

Connection kit, ULTrA/ULTrA-ISDP and Air

Server to the same UNITY(e) (series 1)

U-UASK1

Connection kit, required for ASIS 8 plus ULTrA

to any UNITY 1, and for series 1 Air Server

3/8 plus ULTrA 50:50 (±ISDP) to same UNITY

series 1

U-UASK2



U-UASK2-2S



U-UASK2-XZ

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Markes offers a range of laboratory accessories and tools to assist

with successful thermal desorption (TD)-GC/MS analyses.

laboratory accessories for successful thermaldesorption1

Pneumatic control accessories 77

Helium leak detector 77

Flowmeter 77

Gas purifiers 78

Miscellaneous supplies 78

1. Markes International provides a site preparation document for their thermal desorption equipment, which should be consulted prior to TD installation.Contact your local distributor or Markes International ([email protected]) for further information

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Pneumatic Control Accessories

General purpose backing pneumatics for TD

operation (U-GAS01)

TD equipmentpp 64-66

typically requires a supply of high

purity carrier gas (usually helium) and a supply of dry

gas (either dry air or nitrogen) to operate. U-GAS01

controls both these gas supplies immediately up-

stream of the TD system. It consists of a high quality

(stainless steel) regulator and 0-60 psig for control of

the carrier gas and a standard regulator and 0-100

psig for control of the dry gas. Both lines also have

on/off toggle valves.

Markes strongly recommends that all thermal

desorbers (UNITY, TD-100 and TT24-7) are configured

with a U-GAS01 pneumatic control accessory.

General pupose backing pneumatics - U-GAS01

Carrier gas backing pneumatic accessory for some

TD accessoriespp 64-66

and applications (U-GAS03)

U-GAS03 consists of one high quality (stainless steel)

regulator, a 0-60 psig and an on/off toggle valve.

U-GAS03 is recommended for use in the following

configurations:

• controlling purge gas supply on ULTrA (1 or 2) and

TD-100 autosamplers with ISDP accessory

• regulating the pressure of the internal standard

(IS) gas supplying CIA 8 or ISDP accessory if no

other appropriate regulation is supplied

• controlling the supply gas to the Micro-

Chamber/Thermal extractorp 38

or TC-20p 36

Helium leak Detector

Accurate, sensitive and rapid detection of carrier gas

leaks in a TD-GC system is essential for

troubleshooting. Traditional wet methods of leak

detection using soap solution should be avoided, as

this can lead to contamination of the gas lines and TD

flow path. Markes offers a portable, highly sensitive

leak detector, designed to detect helium (or hydrogen)

leaks in TD-GC systems. It works on thermal

conductivity principles and is sufficiently sensitive to

detect leaks <0.01 mL/min. Gas leaks are indicated

via an LED display and a buzzer. The detector uses

rechargeable batteries and is supplied with the relevant

mains-powered battery charger.

Flowmeter

Markes offers a solid-state digital flowmeter1

for

measuring TD gas flows e.g. split flow, desorb flow,

etc. It provides measurement for eight gases: air,

argon, argon/5% methane, carbon dioxide, helium,

hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, within a range of 0.1

to 500 mL/min. resolution is 0.1 mL/min and

accuracy is typically better than ±2.5%. Calibration is

traceable to the UK National Physical Laboratory (NPL)

standards and an annual recalibration service is offered

on a return to factory basis.


Helium leak detector including 220 V charger C-HEL23

Helium leak detector including 110 V charger C-HEL11

Digital flowmeter C-FLMTr

recalibration service for digital flowmeter

(return to Markes)

C-FLCAL


Dual regulator (dry gas/carrier gas)

pneumatics accessory

U-GAS01

Single regulator (high purity gas) pneumatics

accessory

U-GAS03

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Gas purifiers

Markes strongly recommends the use of carrier gas

purifiers upstream of the analytical system to remove

hydrocarbons, oxygen and water. General purpose

purifiers are available for standard TD-GC(MS)

operation as well as high capacity purifiers for

specialised applications.

Hydrocarbon trap

The hydrocarbon trap is suitable for the removal of C3+

hydrocarbons in helium, hydrogen, nitrogen,

argon/methane and air. refill kits are also available.

The trap has a maximum flow capacity of 2 L/min and

the stated life is 16 cylinders1.

Molecular sieve 5Å water vapour trap

Molecular sieve 5Å efficiently removes water from

helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, air, etc. A refill kit is

available. The trap has a maximum flow capacity of

2 L/min and the stated life is 68 cylinders1.

Oxygen/water trap

This trap reduces O2 levels to less than 2 ppb2. It can

extract contaminating oxygen at 10 ppm from at least

three 8.5 m3 cylinders and the maximum flow capacity

is 250 ml/min.

High capacity helium purifier

removes O2, H2O, hydrocarbons, CO2 and CO from

helium, giving an output gas which is 99.99999% pure.

Maximum flow capacity is 8 L/min and the stated life is

13 standard cylinders2

of 99.999% helium.

High Capacity Gas Purifier

This specialised purifier removes both O2 and H2O from

any common carrier gas (except hydrogen) via a

catalytic reaction. It can purify up to 60 tanks of

heavily contaminated gas containing 100 ppm O2

and/or H2O at flow rates of up to 1.1 L/min. A

pressure gauge should be fitted at the outlet to

monitor the pressure drop across the purifier - when

the drop exceeds 10 psi the purifier tube should be

replaced. replacement purifier tubes are available.

Miscellaneous Supplies

Syringes

Markes offers a selection of syringes3, for both liquid

and gas injections.

1 µL liquid syringe

A 1 µL plunger-in-needle syringe fitted with a repeating

adaptor provides ±2% accuracy and reproducibility for

injection volumes down to 0.1 µL.

5 µL liquid syringe

A 5 µL plunger-in-barrel syringe provides ±1%

accuracy and reproducibility for injection volumes

between 1 and 5 µL.

50 mL and 100 mL gas syringes

50 mL and 100 mL removeable Luer lock gas tight

syringes are available, providing ± 1% accuracy and

reproducibility for injection volumes down to 10 mL.

Maximum gas temperature is 120°C.

3. Supplied by SGE


Gas purifier, hydrocarbon, 120 cc, 1/8”

fittings

C-HCTrP

Gas purifier, hydrocarbon, refill material C-rFHCT

Gas purifier, moisture, 200 cc, 1/8” fittings C-MSTrP

Gas purifier, moisture, refill material C-rFMST

Gas purifier, oxygen/water 120 cc, 1/8”

fittings

C-O2TrP

Gas purifier, helium purifier, 1/8” fittings C-HEPUr

Gas purifier, high capacity, 230 V, 1/8”

fittings

C-HCP23

Gas purifier, high capacity, 110 V, 1/8”

fittings

C-HCP11

Gas purifier, high capacity, replacement

purifier tube, 1/8” fittings

C-HCPTB


element, 230 V

C-HCE23


element, 110 V

C-HCE11

Gas purifier, high capacity, outlet pressure

gauge

C-HCPPG

1. Based on std 218 cubic feet cylinder containing 50 ppm contaminants2. When the level in the incoming gas does not exceed 10 ppm

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Capillary column cutting tool

This is used to cut the ends of fused silica tubing (e.g.

transfer line insert or capillary columns) to ensure

burr-free square ends, which are essential for clean

capillary-capillary connections and to reduce the

likelihood of blockage.

Fused silica column connectors

Quick seal column connector

Column connector

Quick-fit capillary column connectors are supplied with

Markes’ TD systemspp 64-66

for connecting the fused

silica transfer line insert to the GC capillary column

inside the GC oven. They are suitable for most routine

applications. However, the connectors are single use

only and must be discarded each time the connection

is remade.

SilTite™ mini unions

For TD-GC systems incorporating an MS detector, a

mini union is recommended for capillary-capillary

connections. SilTite mini unions use nuts and ferrules

to make the connection and may therefore be reused

(with new ferrules when applicable).

SilTite mini union

Copper tubing and fittings

Gases supplied to TD-GC/MS systems (i.e. carrier gas

and dry gas) should be supplied in solvent-washed 1/8”

refrigeration-grade copper tubing. This tubing should

never be brazed and should only be connected using

GC-compatible Swage-type fittings.


Syringe, 1 µL plunger-in-needle with

repeating adaptor, 50 mm needle length,

0.63 mm needle O.D.

C-SYL00-1UL

Syringe, 1 µL replacement needle and

plunger repair kit

C-SYLrP-1UL

Syringe, 5 µL plunger-in-barrel fixed

needle, 50 mm needle length, 0.47 mm

needle O.D.

C-SYL00-5UL

Syringe, 50 mL gas tight, removeable Luer

lock

C-SYG00-50ML

Syringe, 50 mL gas tight, replacement

plunger

C-SYGPL-50ML


Luer lock needles, 50 mm needle length,

0.63 mm needle O.D., pk 5

C-SYGND-50ML

Syringe, 100 mL gas tight, removeable

Luer lock

C-SYG00-100ML


plunger

C-SYGPL-100ML


Luer lock needles, 50 mm needle length,

0.63 mm needle O.D., pk 5

C-SYGND-100ML

Fused silica column cutting tool C-FSCCT

Quick seal column connector, pk 10 C-QSC10

Mini union, SilTite, connects 0.25 mm

fused silica transfer line to capillary column

(up to 0.25 mm I.D.)

C-MU000

Ferrules, SilTite mini-union, 0.1-0.25 mm

I.D. (columns up to 0.25 mm I.D.), pk 10

C-MUF25

Ferrules, SilTite mini-union, 0.32 mm I.D.

(0.32 mm I.D. columns), pk 10

C-MUF32

Copper tubing, 3 m C-CUTUB-3M

Union, brass, 1/8” T-shaped SErZ-0104

Union, brass, 1/8” - 1/8” SErZ-0026

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ClearView software utility reprocesses stored GC/MS data files

and improves the analysis of trace compounds. ClearView is

compatible with GC/MS data files from most major vendors and

can be applied to general GC/MS data and TD-GC/MS data.

ClearView produces a second, separate, reprocessed data file for

each (TD-)GC/MS analysis. The original GC/MS data files remain

intact and uncompromised, meaning that the use of ClearView is

totally risk-free.

The benefits of ClearView include:

• Enhanced automatic identification of trace target analytes and

unknowns in complex samples

• Selective elimination of chromatographic interference –

flattening baselines, simplifying integration and improving

sensitivity

• Simpler integration - improving quantitative accuracy and run-

to-run reproducibility

• reduced costs and enhanced productivity

GC/MS software utilities

ClearView 81

ClearView

ClearView software utility uses sophisticated Dynamic

Background Compensation (DBC) algorithms to

distinguish between chromatographic peaks and GC

background/baseline anomalies. It reprocesses stored

GC/MS data files, eliminating background ions from the

total ion chromatogram (TIC) and improving both

spectral purity and peak integration.

The software is fast, intuitive and works on most

standard GC/MS data file formats1. Files can be

processed individually or as a batch for optimum

efficiency. Processing takes about three seconds and

produces a second, separate data file for the same run.

The original GC/MS data file remains intact and none of

the original GC/MS information is lost.

Eliminating system and sample background

GC column bleed, humps of unresolved sample matrix,

extended solvent tails and air ingress can all contribute

to the background response, compromising both

spectral purity and peak integration accuracy.

ClearView provides an innovative solution.

ClearView: Improving compound identification

TD-GC/MS analysis of landfill gas, showing extreme

column bleed. Original TIC data shown (black) together

with ClearView reprocessed data (blue)

Automatic analysis of the original GC/MS data file does

not correctly identify the trace component at 16.486

minutes because high level background ions interfere

with the mass ion fragmentation (MIF) pattern

Automatic analysis of the ClearView reprocessed data

file shows greatly enhanced spectral purity, allowing

automatic identification of this trace component as

thiophene

ClearView: Enhancing sensitivity

By minimising GC/MS background ion contributions,

ClearView reduces noise and increases sensitivity in full

scan mode. In the above example, thiophene has a

S/N ratio of ~3.0 (rMS) in the original GC/MS data file

versus a S/N of ~30 in the ClearView reprocessed data

file. This is a significant increase in sensitivity.

ClearView: Enhancing quantitative accuracy and

repeatability

ClearView provides a flatter baseline, facilitating more

accurate and reproducible automatic integration.

Furthermore, it does this without compromising any of

the mass ions contributing to the chromatographic peak.

TIC analysis of trace levels (3 pg on column) of

octafluoronapthalene (OFN) in diesel using high speed

chromatography and BenchTOF-dx Time-of-Flight (TOF)

MS. 5 minute run time. Original GC/MS data (black)

shown overlaid with ClearView reprocessed data

(blue)2.

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1. Contact Markes on [email protected] for details of applicable fileformats2. In some cases, part of the signal eliminated by ClearViewcompromises unresolved sample components. In these cases, bothoriginal and reprocessed data files will be required - the original forcalculation of total VOC and simulated distillation type calculations, andthe reprocessed for more accurate/reproducible integration of resolvedcomponents

Diesel data shown in extracted ion mode. Note identical

peak area/height for OFN 272 signal indicating that

peak-related information is not lost using ClearView

Three overlaid, repeat high speed GC/TOF MS analyses

of OFN-spiked diesel, all reprocessed using ClearView.

Full run (top), expanded area (bottom). Excellent

integration (baseline assignment) and reproducibility

shown

If the original data from this series of 3 analyses were

overlaid (i.e. as above, but without ClearView

reprocessing) the reduction in integration accuracy

(baseline assignment) and reproducibility are clearly

seen

ClearView: Enhancing and de-skilling GC/MS

productivity

By reducing the need for time-consuming manual re-

integration of complex TICs by skilled GC/MS

technicians, ClearView simultaneously improves data

quality and lab productivity for minimal cost.

Compatible GC/MS file formats

The following GC/MS file types are accommodated by

ClearView:

• Agilent (*.d) format for processing directly in

ChemStation®

• Thermo (*.raw) format for processing in Xcalibur®

• Shimadzu, Varian and other vendors via *.cdf

format

Free 30-day ClearView trial

A free 30-day trial copy of ClearView is available

directly from Markes International. Contact

[email protected] to request your copy, or

download directly from www.markes.com/software.

Buying and operating ClearView software

A single-user copy of ClearView can be delivered on CD

or downloaded from the Markes website via the online

shop.

ClearView will only operate on the PC used for initial

software installation. (Contact Markes to renew your

ClearView license if the installation PC is replaced

within 12 months.)

Please contact Markes directly if you require any other

combination of licences ([email protected]).


ClearView GC/MS reprocessing software

(single user licence)

C-CVIEW1

ClearView GC/MS reprocessing software

(12-month licence)

C-CVIEWYr

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Original

ClearView

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Applications notes

A series of TD Technical Support (TDTS) Notes is

available (registration required) from the Markes

International website (www.markes.com). Examples

include:

1. Uptake rates on axial tube diffusive samplers

3. relevant national and international standard methods

5. Advice on sorbent selection, tube conditioning, tube storage &

air sampling

6. Problem solving

7. Calibration: preparing & introducing standards on sorbent tubes

8. Principles of diffusive monitoring

9. Monitoring materials and processes for trace level VOCs

14. Analysis of labile, high-boiling organic vapours

16. round the clock, online and cryogen-free monitoring of

hydrocarbons (acetylene-trimethyl benzene) in ambient air

19. Minimising artefacts – considerations for storage &

transportation of sorbent tubes

26. Minimising analytical interference from water during the

analysis of sorbent tubes

27. Sampling methods for monitoring VOCs in air by TD-GC(MS)

32. Analysis of sulphur compounds using TD-GC(MS)

35. Thermal desorption of dioctyl-phthalate & other plasticizers

36. The application of automated mass spectral deconvolution

using TD-GC/MS, for the analysis of CW agents in air

40. Direct desorption of volatile and semi-volatile organic

compounds from furnishings such as leather or textiles

44. The analysis of free-VX from sorbent tubes at low levels

47. The analysis of landfill gas compounds using TD-GC/MS,

GC/MS and a retention Time Locked Database

49. Fence-line & ambient monitoring of benzene and other

hydrocarbons using diffusive sampling and TD analysis

52. The use of TD-GC(MS) in flavour/fragrance profiling and food

analysis

53. Quantitative recovery of High Boiling (>450°C) Semi-

Volatiles (sVOCs) using TD-GC/MS

56. TD-GC/MS analysis of VOCs for materials emissions testing

58. The application of thermal desorption-GC(MS) as a tool in

forensic investigations

63. Using the TT24-7 with for continuous monitoring of trace

level toxic chemicals (e.g. Chemical Warfare Agents) in Air

64. Simultaneous TD-GC(MS) analysis of VOCs & Semi-VOCs

67. Using the µ-CTE to automate materials emissions testing for

industrial quality control

75. Tube impedance and other factors which may cause

discrimination during the calibration of TD Methods

77. Using TD for industrial (stack) emission testing

78. Low ppt levels of geosmin, methyl-i-borneol and other

odorants in drinking water using HS-TD

79. Air monitoring - the respective advantages and applications

of canisters and tubes

80. Evaluation of a ‘Soil Gas’ sorbent tube for improving the

measurement of (s-)VOC fuel vapors in contaminated land

81. Analysis of canister air samples using cryogen-free thermal

desorption in compliance with US EPA method TO-15

82. TubeTAG™ - Enhanced tracking of sample- and tube-related

information for thermal desorption

83. Enhancing TD-GC/MS methods for trace compound analysis

using ClearView reprocessing software

84. Using TD to enhance aroma profiling by GC/MS - featuring

example applications from the tobacco industry

85. GC/MS data analysis using ClearView reprocessing software:

dealing with common ions

86. EPA Method TO-17 for monitoring “air toxics” in ambient air

using sorbent tubes and automated, cryogen-free thermal

desorption

87. A cryogen-free method for monitoring trace greenhouse

gases in air

MiTT017. Technical support document for pumped air monitoring

of ambient air using US EPA Method TO-17

Markes International is continually publishing new applications

data, which can be downloaded by visiting the the technical zone

of our website.

Trademarks

Air Server™, ASIS 8™, Auto-DAAMS™, AutoSecureTD™, Bio-VOC™,

CapLok™, CIA 8™, CSLr™, DiffLok™, HS-TD™, HS5-TD™, MacroTube™,

MicroTube™, MTS-32™, SafeLok™, SecureTD-Q™, SPE-tD™, TC-20™,

TD-100™, TT24-7™, TubeMate™, TubeTAG™, µ-CTE™, U-INLET™,

ULTrA™, ULTrA 50:50™, ULTrA-UNITY™, UniCarb™, Uni-DAAMS™,

UNITY™, VOC-Mole™ are trademarks of Markes International Ltd., UK

Carbograph™ is a trademark of LArA s.r.l., Italy

Carbopack™, Carbotrap™, Carbosieve™, Carboxen™ are trademarks of

Supelco Inc., USA

ChemStation®

is a registered trademark of Agilent Technologies Inc.,

USA

Chromosorb®

is a trademark of Manville Corporation, USA

CSI 6000™ is a trademark of Cambridge Scientific Instruments, UK

FLEC®

is a registed trademark of Chematec, Denmark

Freon®

, Tedlar®

and Viton®

are registered trademarks of E. I. du Pont

de Nemours and Company, USA

HayeSep®

is a registered trademark of Hayes Separations Inc., USA.

PoraPak™ is a trademark of Waters Associates Inc., USA

radiello®

is a registered trademark of Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri

IrCCS, Italy

rilsan®

is a registered trademark of Arkema Inc., USA

Sidekick®

is a registered trademark of SKC Ltd., UK

SilcoCan®

is a registered trademark of restek, USA

Siltek®

is a registered trademark of restek, USA

SilTite™ is a trademark of SGE Analytical Science Pty Ltd, Australia

Tenax®

is registered trademark of Buchem B.V., The Netherlands

TO-Can™ is a registered trademark of restek, USA

Tygon®

is a registered trademark of Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics,

USA

Windows®

is a registered trademark of Microsoft Windows, USA

Xcalibur®

is a registered trademark of Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc, USA

Index

(S)VOC.....................................................................38, 52

µ-CTE...........................................38, 39, 40, 57, 59, 62, 83

Air monitoring..................2, 4, 19, 23, 28, 29, 32, 34, 33, 44,

...............................................................45, 47, 61, 63, 83

Air sampling.....................................................4, 32, 34, 48

Air Server.................................64, 65, 66, 69, 72, 73, 75, 83

Air toxics................................................7, 9, 29, 30, 67, 83

Barcodes.....................................................................5, 12

Bio-VOC breath sampler.............................................49, 50

Brass storage caps....................................5, 6, 12, 13, 47, 67

Cables............................................................................72

Calibration.....................................26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 77, 83

Canisters........................................................47, 48, 64, 83

CapLok..........................................15, 16, 39, 40, 67, 68, 83

Carbograph........................2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 21, 22, 67, 68, 83

Carbopack.......................................2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 21, 22, 83

Carbosieve III....................................................8, 9, 10, 23

Carbotrap.....................................................2, 8, 21, 22, 83

Carboxen...................................2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 22, 23, 67, 83

Carrier gas....................27, 36, 37, 41, 42, 53, 68, 77, 78, 79

Certified reference standards.......................................28, 67

Charcoal.................25, 32, 37, 54, 56, 61, 68, 70, 71, 74, 75

Chromosorb....................................2, 7, 8, 9, 17, 19, 20, 83

ClearView.......................................................80, 81, 82, 83

Cold trap................19, 20, 21, 24, 30, 41, 42, 61, 62, 67, 68,

..........................................................................69, 70, 71

Conditioning..............2, 4, 5, 6, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 24, 36, 83

Consumable starter kits..............................................67, 68

CWA...................................................................60, 61, 62

DAAMS tubes.......................................................12, 61, 62

DiffLok caps......................3, 4, 16, 17, 32, 37, 63, 68, 69, 73

Diffusion caps............................................................45, 46

Diffusive sampling..............3, 4, 7, 13, 15, 19, 20, 22, 45, 46,

..........................................................................47, 67, 83

Direct desorption.........................................3, 14, 53, 59, 83

Dynamic Background Compensation (DBC)....................81, 83

Emissions....................28, 38, 39, 43, 44, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56,

..........................................................................57, 67, 83

Exposure monitoring.............................................45, 46, 49

Ferrules..........................................5, 15, 16, 17, 51, 61, 79

Flavour profiling...............................................................42

FLEC...................................................34, 37, 54, 55, 56, 83

Fragrance profiling................................................43, 59, 83

G1290.................................................................41, 42, 43

G1888.................................................................41, 42, 43

Gas purifiers........................................................36, 37, 78

Gauzes..................................................................8, 15, 68

Glass tubes..................2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 53, 61, 62

Glass wool......................................................................25

Graphitised carbon..............................................2, 7, 21, 47

HayeSep.............................................2, 8, 9, 19, 20, 62, 83

Headspace-thermal desorption..........................41, 42, 43, 59

HS40...................................................................41, 42, 43

HS5-TD..........................................................41, 42, 43, 83

Mass flow controller...................................................65, 66

Molecular sieves....................................2, 21, 22, 23, 24, 37

MTS-32......................................................4, 34, 37, 62, 83

Odour profiling...........................................................58, 59

Off-odour........................................................................43

O-rings.........................................16, 17, 39, 40, 51, 61, 68

Penclips..........................................................................15

Permeation accessory......................................39, 40, 57, 62

PoraPak....................................................2, 8, 9, 19, 20, 83

Pumped sampling adaptors...............................................13

Quartz beads.............................................................24, 25

Quartz wool.............................3, 8, 9, 10, 24, 25, 27, 53, 62

radiello...............................................................46, 47, 83

routine maintenance kits............................................39, 68

SafeLok tubes...........................3, 4, 7, 12, 16, 31-34, 37, 63

Sample spacers...............................................................39

Sampling accessories.............................................36-43, 59

SecureTD-Q.........................................................63, 65, 83

Sidekick....................................................................33, 83

Silica gel...................................................................24, 25

Software..............................12, 13, 34, 42, 72, 80, 81, 82, 83

Sorbent tubes.............................1-10, 12, 13, 15-21, 24, 25,

.................................................... 27-34, 36-38,41, 42, 47,

....................................................51, 54, 55, 57, 61, 64, 83

Sorbents.........................2-4, 6-10, 17-25, 29, 33, 37, 47, 56

Sorptive extraction cartridges............................................43

SPE-tD...........................................................43, 44, 59, 83

Stainless steel tubes.............................................3, 5, 6, 13

Syringes.........................................................................78

TAGLok.....................................................................13, 15

TAGSCRIBE..................................................................12, 13

TC-20.....................................................4, 5, 36, 37, 77, 83

TD-100...............................11, 13, 24, 28, 36, 37, 66-69, 72

....................................................................73, 74, 77, 83

TD-GC(MS)..........................................................13, 54, 78

Tedlar bags.....................................................................48

Telescope extension.........................................................56

Tenax.................................2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 19, 20, 21, 27,

.............................................29, 36, 39, 40, 47, 53, 62, 67,

................................................................................68, 83

TIC (toxic industrial chemicals) ...................................60, 61

TT24-7...........................................................61, 63, 77, 83

Tube conditioner (see TC-20)...................................5, 36, 37

TubeMate.............................................................15, 67, 83

TubeTAG....................2, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, 13, 46, 62-66, 73, 83

ULTrA 50:50........................................13, 37, 65, 73, 75, 83

ULTrA autosampler..................................3, 11, 13, 28, 42, 73

ULTrA Series 2............................................................64, 65

Unicarb............................................2, 7, 8, 9, 10, 17, 23, 83

Universal direct inlet accessory......................41, 42, 43, 72

VOC..........3, 5, 17, 21, 28, 30, 38, 41, 43, 45, 46, 48, 49, 50,

...................................51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 67, 68, 81, 83

VOC-Mole soil probe....................................................45, 51

Volatiles..........4, 21, 22, 24, 29, 30, 41, 43, 44, 47, 52, 53, 59,

................................................................................63, 65

Zeolite molecular sieves....................................................24

84



Ind

ex

85



Ind

ex

C0-AXXX-0000 7, 53, 67

C0-CXXX-0000 53

C0-FXXX-0000 7, 53

C0-NXXX-0000 53

C-5BX10 17

C-5BX100 17

C-10BX100 17

C-10BX10 17

C-10LOK 15

C1-AXXX-5036 27

C1-BXXX-5072 27

C1-CAXX-5153 62

C1-CXXX-5153 62

C1-LXXX-7001 62

C1-LXXX-7003 62

C1-MXXX-7005 62

C1-MXXX-7006 62

C-2C102 20

C-2C106 20

C2-CAXX-5138 62

C2-CAXX-5146 62

C2-CAXX-5250 62

C2-CXXX-5138 62

C2-CXXX-5146 62

C2-CXXX-5250 62

C-2HSPD 20

C2-LXXX-7004 62

C2-MXXX-7007 62

C-2PPKN 20

C-2PPKQ 20

C-AC020 17

C-AC200 17

C-ASK1168SL 48

C-ASK1168SS 48

C-ASK2USS 48

C-ASK2UST 48

C-B100M 50

C-BIO01 50

C-BIO10 50

C-BIO100 50

C-BIO50 50

C-BTX100-10 29, 67

C-BTX1UG-10 29

C-C569 23

C-C1000 23

C-CF010 13, 17

C-CF010-XZ 13, 17

C-CF020 17, 47

C-CF020-XZ 17

C-CF100 13, 17

C-CF100-XZ 13, 17

C-CF200 17

C-CF200-XZ 17

C-CFA20 17

C-CFA200 17

C-CG120 22

C-CG140 22

C-CG160 22

C-CG220 22

C-CG240 22

C-CG260 22

C-CG320 22

C-CG340 22

C-CG420 22

C-CG520 22

C-CG540 22

C-CHArC 25

C-CHK10 29

C-CL010 15

C-CL100 15

C-CPB10 22

C-CPC60 22

C-CPLOK 15, 67, 68

C-CPX40 22

C-CPX60 22

C-CPY40 22

C-CPZ60 22

C-CSIII 23

C-CSLr 27

C-CT020 22

C-CTC20 22

C-CTX20 22

C-CTY20 22

C-CUST-10 29

C-CUST-20 29

C-CUST-40 29

C-CUTUB-3M 79

C-CVIEW1 82

C-CVIEWYr 82

C-DF010 46, 67

C-DF010E 46

C-DF100 46

C-DF100E 46

C-DFS20 46

C-DL010 17, 73

C-DL010-XZ 17, 73

C-DL100 17, 73

C-DL100-XZ 17, 73

C-DL1P0 17, 73

C-DL1P0-XZ 17, 73

C-DL1S0 17, 73

C-DL1SO-XZ 17, 73

C-DLP10 17, 73

C-DLP10-XZ 17, 73

C-DLS10 17, 73

C-DLS10-XZ 17, 73

C-FLCAL 77

C-FLMTr 77

C-FP020 17, 67

C-FP020-XZ 17

C-FP200 17

C-FP200-XZ 17

C-FSCCT 79

C-GS14A-1PPM 28

C-GS15-1PPM 30

C-GSPAMS-EPA 30

C-GSrEG-100 28, 30

C-GSSUL-1PPM 30

C-GSVOL-1PPM 30

C-GZ020 15, 67

C-GZ200 15

C-GZ2000 15

C-GZI10 15

C-GZI100 15

C-HCE11 78

C-HCE23 78

C-HCP11 78

C-HCP23 78

C-HCPPG 78

C-HCPTB 78

C-HCTrP 78

C-HEL11 77

C-HEL23 77

C-HEPUr 78

C-KIT012-2S 68

C-KIT01-2S 67, 68

C-KIT02-2S 67, 68

C-MS13X 23

C-MSTrP 78

C-MSV5A 23

C-MU000 79

C-MUF25 79

C-MUF32 79

C-O2TrP 78

C-PI010 53

C-PI100 53

C-PL010 53

C-PL100 53

C-QSC10 67, 68, 70

71, 72, 74, 79

C-QTZBD 25

C-QUTZW 25

C-rA010 47

C-rB010 47

C-rC010 47

C-rCC10 47

C-rCT10 47

C-rFHCT 78

C-rFMST 78

C-rSP10 47

C-rTB10 47

C-SCrIBE 13

C-SHL10 47

C-SIL40 25

C-SILGW 25

C-SLCAN1 48

C-SLCAN6 48

C-SP010 15, 67

C-SP100 15

C-SPBEB 33

C-SPBEC 33

C-SPMF10 33

C-SPMK1 33

C-SPMK1A 33

C-SPMK5 33

C-SPMK5A 33

C-SPTA 27

C-SPTD1 43

C-SPTD5 43

C-SPTD10 43

C-SYG00-100ML 79

C-SYG00-50ML 79

C-SYGND-100ML 79

C-SYGND-50ML 79

C-SYGPL-100ML 79

C-SYGPL-50ML 79

C-SYL00-1UL 79

C-SYL00-5UL 79

C-SYLrP-1UL 79

C-T4GCF10 13

C-T4GCF100 13

C-T6GCF10 13

C-T6GCF100 13

C-TAG10 13

C-TAG100 13

C-TAGG10 13

C-TAGG100 13

C-TAGKT 13

C-TAGKY 13

C-TAGLOK 13

C-TAGTL 13

C-TBMTE 15, 67

C-TCF10 13

C-TCF100 13

C-TCFP10 13

C-TCFP100 13

C-TED10P 48

C-TED10S 48

C-TED1P 48

C-TED1S 48

C-TEDSEP 48

C-TNXGr 20

C-TNXGr60 20

C-TNXTA 20

C-TNXTA60 20

C-TO17XX-10 29

C-TOCAN1 48

C-TOCAN6 48

C-TPA10 13

C-TPA100 13

C-TPAX10 13

C-TPAX100 13

C-UNCrB 23

C-UNS10 17

C-UNS100 17

C-UNSGW 25

E-MACAr 56

E-MACNT 56

E-MATBG5 56

E-MATBV5 56

E-MICAr 56

E-MICAr10 56

E-MICOr 56

E-MITBE5 56

E-MITBE50 56

FL-0001 56

FL-0001-01 56

FL-0001-02 56

FL-0100 56

FL-0150 56

FL-0151 56

FL-0160 56

FL-0161 56

FL-0170 56

FL-0200 56

FL-0201 56

FL-0202 56

FL-0203 56

FL-0204 56

FL-1000 56

FL-1000-01 56

FL-1000-02 56

FL-1000-02-1 56

FL-1001 34

FL-1001-01 34

FL-1001-02 34

FL-1001-03 34

FL-1001-03-01 34

FL-1001-03-02 34

FL-1001-06 34

FL-1001-06-1 34

FL-1001-08 34

FL-1001-09 34

FL-1001-10 34

FL-1001-20 34

Alphabetical index of part numbers

86



Ind

ex

FL-1001-21 34

FL-1003 34

FL-1003-04 34

FL-1003-05 34

FL-1003-06 34

FL-1003-07 34

FL-1003-12 34

FL-2001 56

FL-2002 56

M-CTE120 39

M-CTE120i 39

M-CTE120T 39

M-CTE120Ti 39

M-CTE250 40

M-CTE250i 40

M-DSK15 39, 40

M-DSKPF 39, 40

M-MC006 39, 40

M-MCHOr250 40

M-MCHOr250HT 40

M-MCHSI 39

M-MCHSS 39

M-MCHSS250 40

M-MCHSS250I 40

M-MCTOP 39

M-MCTOP250 40

M-MCTOP250I 40

M-MCTOPI 39

M-NM406 39

M-PrMIN 57

M-PrMIN1 57

M-PrMINSS 57

M-PrMINSS1 57

M-PrO30 57

M-PrSPT 57

M-SPC05 39

M-SPC15 39

M-SPGSC 39

M-STUKT 39

M-STUKT250 40

M-STUKT250I 40

M-STUKTI 39

M-TCN04 39

M-TCN06 39

M-TCN07 39

M-TCN64 39

M-TICAP 39, 40

MTS-32 37

MTS-5009 37

MTS-5010 37

MTS-5011 37

MTS-5013 37

M-TSTIN 39

P-00001 51

P-00010 51

P-00020 51

P-00030 51

P-00040 51

P-CP001 51

P-CP010 51

P-CPF10 51

P-CPO20 51

P-CPP10 51

P-CPS20 51

P-CPU10 51

P-FOrMr 51

r-FLTr4 37

rMK-0001 69

rMK-0001-2S 69

rMK-0001-XZ 69

rMK-0003-2S 69

rMK-0003-XZ 69

rMK-0004 69

rMK-0004-2S 69

rMK-0004-XZ 69

rMK-0005 61

rMK-0006 39

rMK-0006HT 40

rMK-0007 69

rMK-0008 43

rMK-0009 69

rMK-0010 69

rMK-012 69

rMK-012-2S 69

r-TC20-1 37

r-TC20-2 37

SErAAA-1600 70, 71, 75

SErAAA-5167 71

SErASU-1028 75

SErASU-5021 75

SErASU-5041 75

SErASU-5043 75

SErMTD-1213BU 73

SErMTD-1382 73

SErMTD-1394BU 73

SErTTD-5032 61

SErUTD-1125 72

SErUTD-5062 72

SErUTD-5063 72

SErUTD-5064 72

SErUTD-5065 61, 70, 71

74

SErUTD-5093 61, 70, 71

74

SErUTD-5095 72, 74

SErUTD-5098 72, 74

SErUTD-5103 72

SErUTD-5108 72, 74

SErUTD-5116 72, 74

SErUTE-5103 72

SErUTE-5141 72, 74

SErUTE-5142 72, 74

SErUTE-5143 72, 74

SErUTE-5144 72, 74

SErZ-0026 79

SErZ-0062 75

SErZ-0104 79

SErZ-0108 75

SErZ-0189 72, 74

SErZ-0022 28

SErZ-0285 72

SErZ-0351 72

SErZ-0371 72

SErZ-0372 72

SErZ-0669 39

SErZ-8138 33

SErZ-FS6A3 70

SErZ-NM6FSS 72

SErZ-NU14SS 72

T-1VX 61

T-2HD 61

T-3GBGE 61

T-6EMP 61

T-7CUS 61

U-35TO45KT 72

U-45TO35KT 72

U-ASDrY 75

U-ASDrY-1S 75

U-ASPM1 43, 75

U-ASPM2 43, 75

U-COV06 70, 71, 74

U-COV07 61, 68, 73

74

U-COV10 17, 61, 68

70, 71, 73

74

U-COV31 70

U-COV45 17, 68, 71, 73

U-COV100 17, 70, 71

73, 74

U-COV450 17

U-DISK1 61, 70, 71

72, 74

U-DISK3 70

U-FV001 61, 70, 71

74

U-FV002 70, 71, 74

U-FV003 70, 71, 74

75

U-FV004 75

U-GAS01 77

U-GAS03 39, 40, 77

U-HS5TD 43

U-HSKIT 43

U-HSNAS 43

U-HSTD-G1290 43

U-HSTD-G1888 43

U-HSTD-HS40 43

U-HSV00 43

U-HSVC0 43

U-HSVCr 43

U-HSVDC 43

U-INLET 43, 72

U-INLET-XZ 72

U-MFC100-2S 72

U-MFC200-2S 72

U-OrKIT 72

U-rCYBX 61

U-SW001 72

U-SW001-2S 72

U-T10CW 62, 67

U-T10CW-2S 62, 67

U-T11GPC 67

U-T11GPC-2S 67

U-T12ME 67

U-T12ME-2S 67

U-T15ATA 67

U-T15ATA-2S 67

U-T16GHG 67

U-T16GHG-2S 67

U-T17O3P 67

U-T17O3P-2S 67

U-T1HBL 67

U-T1HBL-2S 67

U-T2GPH-2S 67

U-T6SUL 67

U-T6SUL-2S 67

U-T7EMP 67

U-T7EMP-2S 67

U-T8CUS 62, 67

U-T8CUS-2S 62, 67

U-TAGrW-2S 73

U-TDKIT-100 68

U-TECHCD 72

U-TrAY 73

U-TrAY50 73

U-TrAY-XZ 73

U-UASK1 73, 75

U-UASK2 73, 75

U-UASK2-2S 73, 75

U-UASK2-XZ 73, 75

U-ULKIT 68

U-ULKIT-XZ 68

U-USKIT 73

U-USKIT-2S 73

U-USKIT-XZ 73

87



No

tes

Notes

Markes International ltd

Gwaun Elai Medi Science CampusLlantrisant

rCTCF72 8XL

United Kingdom

T: +44 (0)1443 230935 F: +44 (0)1443 231531E: [email protected] W: www.markes.com

thermal desorption accessories & consumables · support (tdts) notes, which are referenced...

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