SCIENCE

VOL. 103 Friday, June 7, 1946 NO. 2684Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

In This IssuePages 677-696

The current issues will remain at 32 pages untilwe are assured of a more adequate supply ofpaper.

On the Theory of Scales of MeasurementS. S. Stevens

H.R. 6448Howard A. Meyerhoff

Scientists DividedWatson Davis

Technical Papers News and Notes

Science Legislation

Letters to the Editor Book Reviews

Complete Table of Contents Page 2

Published by the

American Association for the Advancement of Science

_I__

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June, 7, 1946 1

SCIENCEEditor: Willard L. Valentine

Assistant Editor: Mildred Atwood Advertising Manager: Theo. J. Christensen

Policy Committee: Malcolm H. Soule, Roger Adams, Walter R. Miles and Kirtley F. Mather

VOL. 103 FRIDAY, JUNE 7, 1946 No. 2684

Contents

On the Theory of Scales of Measurement:

S.S. Stevens .......................................... 677

TECHNICAL PAPERS

Apparent Visible Violet Radiation in the Recent

Large Sunspot Group: James C. Bartlett, Jr .. 681

The Activity of Synthetic Folic Acid in Purified

Rations for the Chick: T. D. Luckey, et al.............. 682

Fluctuations in Abundance of Marine Animals:

MartinD.Burkenroad ................... ....................... 684

Hyaluronidase Inhibition by Sodium Salicylate in

Rheumatic Fever: Francisco Guerra .............................. 686

SCIENCE LEGISLATION

H.R. 6448:HowardA. Meyerhoff ..........................................

ScientistsDivided: Watson Davis .......................................... 688

NEWSANDNOTES ............. .............................. 689

SCIENCE: A Weekly Journal, since 1900 the official organof the American Association for the Advancement of Science.Published by the American Association for the Advancementof Science every Friday at Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Communications relative to articles offered for publicationshould be addressed to Editor, Massachusetts and NebraskaAvenues, Washington 16, D. C.

Entered as second-class matter July 18, 1923 at the Post

LETTERS TO THE EDITOR

Rains of Fishes-Myth or Fact?: E. W. Gudger ...... 693

Geopathology or Ethnopathology?: Herbert Lieker 694

A New Pennsylvania Meteorite: Henry Leighton ... 694

Another Superior Pith for Free-hand Sections:

B.L. Steyaert .......... ............................... 695

BOOK REVIEWS

The endocrine glands: Max A. Goldzieher.

ReviewedbyB. G. Hoskins ......................................... 696

Endocrine man: a study in the surgery of sex:

L. R. Broster.

ReviewedbyB. G. Hoskins ......................................... 696

Transmission lines, antennas and wave guides:

Ronold W. P. King, Harry Rowe Mimno, and

Alexander H. Wing.

Reviewedby A. E. Vivell ......................................... 696

Communications relative to advertising should be addressedto THEO. J. CHRISTENSEN, Massachusetts and Nebraska Ave-nues, Washington 16, D. C.

Communications relative to membership In the Associationand to all matters of business of the Association should beaddressed to the Permanent Secretary, A.A.A.S., SmithsonianInstitution Building, Washington 25, D. C.Annual subscription, $6.00 Single copies, 15 cents

Office at Lancaster, Pa., under the Act of March 8, 1879.

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6, Vol. 103, No. 2684

Vol. 103, No. 2684

to assure passage of S. 1850 don't believe so. The-many members of the Association who have writtenand spoken to the writer don't believe so.

If individual scientists are to get what they do want,they must become articulate. They must become more

vocal with their congressmen than the willful indi-viduals or the reactionary organizations who may yetlobby objectionable and obstructive legislation onto thestatute books,-and who are evidently determined todo it!

The following people testified on 28 May in connection with the bill before the Subcom-mittee on Public Health of the Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee: Rep. ThomasA. Jenkins, of Ohio; Dr. Isaiah Bowman, president of Johns Hopkins University; Rep. WilburMills, of Arkansas; Mr. Robert T. Patterson, Secretary of War; Dean C. D. MacQuigg, of OhioState University; Dr. Homer Smith, of New York University College of Medicine; Dr. R. E.Dyer, of the National Institute of Health; Dr. Vannevar Bush, director of the Office of Scienti-fic Research and Development; Mr. W. J. Kenney, Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and Mr.John Victory, executive secretary of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics.

The hearings continued on 29 May, when the following testified: Mr. George E. Folk, ofthe National Association of Manufacturers; Dr. Detlev Bronk, director of the Johnson ResearchFoundation of the University of Pennsylvania, and Dr. A. N. Richards, vice-president of theUniversity of Pennsylvania and chairman of the Committee on Medical Research of the Office-of Scientific Research and Development. Dr. Bronk and Dr. Richards spoke in broad termswhich would apply equally to H. R. 6448 or S. 1850.

Dr. E. U. Condon, director of the National Bureau of Standards, also testified on 29 May,but opposed the Mills bill, pointing out that it was practically identical with the MagnusonBill, which contained features unsatisfactory to the majority of American scientists. Dr..Condon spoke both for himself and for Secretary Wallace, whose written statement he read.Secretary Wallace pointed out in his statement why the compromise Senate bill S. 1850 was abetter bill than the proposed legislation in the House, based as it is on the older discardedMagnuson bill.

As the situation now stands, all of these people are subject to recall to testify before thecommittee again at its pleasure. It is hoped that Science can print excerpts from the testimonyreferred to above in the issue of 14 June.

Scientists DividedWatson Davis

Director, Science Service, Washington, D. C

Another science foundation bill to provide federalfunds for scientific research is making a bid for Con-gressional action, although a compromise bill, S. 1850,worked out by months of Senate hearings to reconcileviewpoints among scientists has already been reportedout of committee (19 March) and awaits a place onthe Senate calendar (Science, 1946, 103, 382; 589).

This new bill, H.R. 6448, introduced by Rep. WilburD. Mills of Arkansas 15 May, has had two days ofhurriedly called hearings, at which Dr. Vannevar Bush,director of the OSRD gave it his blessing as "fulfillingthe needs of the country better than any other pieceof legislation I have seen for the purpose."A statement from Secretary of Commerce Wallace,

presented by Dr. E. U. Condon, Bureau of Standardsdirector, declared the new bill "will not foster the-progress of free scientific inquiry" and "will lead toan increasing monopolization of science by a smallclique and operate to the detriment of small and inde-pendent business in this country."The Mills bill puts the control of the proposed na-

tional science foundation in the hands of a part-timeboard, whereas the Senate bill (1850), compromisingearlier Magnuson and Kilgore bills, provided a full-time Presidentially-appointed administrator with a

part-time advisory board.

The new bill continues the present general practiceunder which commercial patent rights go to the in-ventor, meaning generally the institution where theresearch is done, with the government gettsng only theright to use the results for its own purposes. TheSenate bill (1850) provides generally that federally-supported research shall be freely available to thepublic.

The new bill does not distribute funds geograph-ically or to non-profit organizations, and it does notprovide for support of social science research.

A National Association of Manufacturers represen-tative, George E. Folk, testified for the new bill, andso did Prof. Homer W. Smith, New York Universityphysiologist, who has acted as secretary of the Com-mittee Supporting the Bush Report.

Last November this Committee, headed by PresidentIsaiah Bowman of Johns Hopkins University, attackedthe Kilgore bill and supported the Magnuson bill.After the compromise S. 1850 bill had been developed,this group as recently as 23 April on behalf of 5,000scientists, appealed to Congress for its enactment.The stand of Dr. Bush, Prof. Smith and others

upon the Mills bill seems to again divide those whofavor some sort of National Science Foundation.

688 SCIENCE

June 7, 1946 SCIENCE

obscure cleavage. This is probably olivine. Accompany-ing the silicate is a small amount (possibly 2 or 3 per

cent) of metallic iron, which is also visible on the un-

broken surfaces. The specific gravity of the whole speci-men is approximately 3.4.From this preliminary examination it is evident that

the meteorite is an aerolite with a small amount ofmetallic iron and may possibly be classed as an olivineachondrite.

It is hoped that the specimen eventually may be ac-

quired by the Carnegie Museum of Pittsburgh or some

other public repository so that a detailed petrographicand chemical study of it may be made.

HENRY LEIGHTONDepartment of Geology, University of Pittsburgh

Another Superior Pith for Free-hand Sections

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reference), cassava pith has no vascular bundles or hardtissues. Moreover, when used dry it cuts beautifullyunder the razor, leaving a sheeny surface very soft tothe touch. It can be sectioned very thinly without dis-integrating, as does that of elder, in like circumstances.The reason for this can be found in comparing the

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has, in cross-section, cells measuring 160-250 j1 by 100-150 A. The cells are larger in the center than outwardsand gradually decrease in size in that direction. Inlongitudinal section the dimensions are contrariwise uni-form and vary throughout from 25 to 60 [i. Thus, were

it not that they are organized in a tissue, the cells wouldbe lenticular in shape, whereas elder-pith cells are

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difficulty whatsoever. Cassava stalks should be chosenstraight and when the plants are fully mature. Theyare cut in lengths of about 30-40 cm. A stick of thediameter of the pith is inserted at one end of the frag-ment. Pushing the stick forces the pith out at the otherend in a contorted rod. When straightened out, the rodsare left to dry and are then ready for use. The rodscan be obtained of a diameter up to 1.5 cm., but they aremore usually of 1-1.2 cm., which is quite sufficient forsectioning with a hand microtome.For cutting small objects the pith can be carved, while

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cassava pith that elder pith has been totally discarded.R. L. STEYAERT

Bambesa, District Uele, Belgian Congo

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