theories of religion how many of them are there?
TRANSCRIPT
Theories of Religion
How many of them are there?
Four Men
Edward B. Tylor James George Frazer F Max Muller Lucien Levi-Bruhl
Edward B. Tylor
1832-1917 English Anthropologist Primitive Culture Developed a theory of
culture: it is made up of a wide range of human activity.
http://anthro.palomar.edu/culture/images/Edward_Tylor.jpg
The Start
Taylor addresses the question whether or not “primitive” people have a concept of religion. Yes they do; the problem is that their concept of
religion does not correspond the “Western” notion. What looks irreligious is actually religious. What the scientific community needs to do is to
widen its definition. The community needs to rely on observations and
not merely theoretical conjecture.
The Definition
Religion among primitive people is basically Animism “. . . in its full development, includes the belief in
souls and in a future state, in controlling deities and subordinate spirits, these doctrines practically resulting in some kind of active worship.”
The Parts
It has two components: 1. Souls of small creatures capable of existing
after the death of the body. 2. Other spirits including powerful deities who
control life and now and in the hereafter.
The Summary
Since humans have souls so do animals to a lesser degree as do trees to a lesser degree as do inanimate objects.
Taylor wants us to remember that souls in modern thinking is in the realm of metaphysics and no longer used to explain events.
However, it is still “an animating, separable, surviving entity, the vehicle of personal existence.”
James George Frazer
1854-1941 Scottish Anthropologist The Golden Bough: A
Study in Comparative Religion
Developed a theory of religion
http://www.todayinsci.com/F/Frazer_James/FrazerJamesThm.jpg
The Start
He contends that magic and science have the same element which under girds them both—namely faith.
The scientist and the magician believe in his or her craft.
Magic has the fatal flaw; it is the misconception of similarity of thought and ideals.
Magic is the bastard child of science.
The Definition
“. . . A propitiation or conciliation of powers superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and of human life.”
The Parts
Magic consist of two parts: Theoretical—that is a belief in higher powers. Practical—an attempt to propitiate or please them.
Totem is part of magic. Totem protects the person and the person shows respect to the totem in various ways.
The Summary
Magic is the mistaken application of thoughts and ideas to resemble or “to be congruous to certain actions.”
Magic preceded religion and therefore, modern civilization has magic in the background.
Religion is the outgrowth of the recognition of powers superior to humans.
Magic, Religion and Science are theories of thought.
Friedrich Max Muller
1823-1900 German Scholar Introduction to the
Science of Religion He articulated the idea
of doing a comparative study of religion.
http://www.as.ua.edu/rel/images/aboutmuller.jpg
The Start
Muller wants to develop the science of religion as a way of comparing religion. Christianity had been severely criticized. He hopes to exonerate Christianity by showing its superiority.
The Definition
Religion has a deity, sacred text or words and rituals. Religion produces a yearning for a higher life.
It has two sides dialectic: Growth
The tendency to convey ideas through words—to coalesce the thought.
Decay The tendency to highlight the material instead of the
spiritual—it vacillates between the two
The Parts
What the Science of Religion should be able to do: Withstand any scrutiny Errors of religion can be discovered No religion is superior to others Comparing religions leads to a greater understand
of them
The Summary
Comparative study of religion will lead to a greater understanding of religion.
Christianity is the best religion in this regard because it has the kind of platform which allows for the comparison to be made.
The problem with religion is with language.
Lucien Levi-Bruhl
1857-1938 French Philosopher How Natives Think His thinking gave new
perspective on understanding how peoples of past cultures think.
http://www.todayinsci.com/L/LevyBruhl_Lucien/LevyBruhlLucienThm.jpg
The Start
People act in groups and as individuals. For past cultures the only way you could
understand the culture was to look at the whole culture.
The Definition
Religion is mysticism—animism Religion was best understood as part of the
group dynamics. People act differently in groups than they do
as individuals.
The Parts
As a collective group when certain things are present, “certain qualities” exist in objects.
The objects have certain qualities present ascribed to it by the group.
Just because we do not see it, this does not mean that it is not present for the group.
The Summary
“Primitive man, therefore, lives and acts in environment of beings and objects, all of which, in addition to the properties that we recognize them to possess, are endured with mystical attributes. He perceives their objective reality mingled with another reality.”