Acknowledgement

Topic: theories of human intelligence

Introduction to human intelligence

 mental quality that consists of the abilities to learn from experiences adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to manipulate one's environment.

During the era of psychometrics and behaviorism, intelligence was thought to be a single, inherit entity. The human mind was believed by some to be a "blank slate" that could be educated and trained to learn anything if taught in the appropriate manner. so to understand intelligence of human mind psychologists give numbers of theories

Theory of Multiple IntelligencesHoward Gardner's (1983) original theory of

Multiple Intelligences comprised seven types of intelligences:

1:Linguistic Intelligence 2:Logical-Mathematical Intelligence3:Spatial Intelligence4:Musical Intelligence5:Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence6:Interpersonal Intelligence7:Intrapersonal Intelligence

1:Linguistic Intelligence : ability to learn languages and to use one's skill in using language effectively to accomplish specific goals Individuals high in linguistic intelligence are often writers, poets, and lawyers.

2:Logical-Mathematical Intelligence: ability to analyze problems logically

3:Spatial Intelligence: to represent the spatial world in his or her own mind. It includes skill at recognizing and using patterns.

4:Musical Intelligence: abilities in composing and performing music and in recognizing and composing musical pitches, tones, and rhythms

5:Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence: kinesthetic intelligence refers to an individual's ability to use mental abilities to coordinate bodily movements

6:Interpersonal Intelligence: individual's ability understand the intentions, motivations, and desires of other people

7:Intrapersonal Intelligence: capacity to understand oneself--one's thoughts, feelings, fears, desires, and motivations. It includes the ability to use this knowledge toward successful outcomes.

Since Gardner's original listing of the seven intelligences, other possible candidates or forms of intelligence have been discussed and considered for inclusion. These forms of intelligence include:

• Naturalist IntelligenceNaturalist intelligence refers to an individual's ability to recognize,

categorize, and draw upon certain features of the environment.• Spiritual IntelligenceSpiritual intelligence explores the nature of existence.• Existential IntelligenceExistential intelligence refers to the concern with the "ultimate issues."• Moral IntelligenceMoral Intelligence refers to the concern with rules, behaviors’, and

attitudes that govern the sanctity of human life as well as lives of other living creatures and the world they live in

Triarchic Theory of Human IntelligenceSternberg's (1985) Triarchic Theory of Human Intelligence includes

three facets:Analytical Intelligence (componential)• Analytical Intelligence is a measure of one's ability to solve

academic problems, such as analogies and puzzles. It is seen as a reflection of how the individual relates to one's internal world.

Creative Intelligence (experiential)• Creative Intelligence reflects an individual's ability to connect

their internal world to their external reality. It includes one's ability to use prior knowledge in new or innovative ways in different circumstances, such as finding a new approach to a problem. In this way, creative intelligence encompasses creative thinking.

Practical Intelligence (contextual)• Practical Intelligence involves one's ability to understand and

effectively deal with everyday tasks. It is reflective of how the individual relates to the external world.

• Most individuals will score higher in one of the three areas of intelligence.

Theory of Emotional Intelligence The construct of emotional intelligence, is becoming an increasingly

valued area of psychological research due to the adaptive properties it holds for both the individual and society Mayer and Salvoes formulated a revised model of emotional intelligence (1997. This processing model contained four branches:

• Perceiving EmotionsThe ability to perceive emotions in oneself and others as well as in

objects, art, stories, music, and other stimuli.• Facilitating ThoughtThe ability to generate, use, and feel emotion as necessary to

communicate feelings or employ them in other cognitive processes.

• Understanding EmotionsThe ability to understand emotional information, to understand how

emotions combine and progress through relationship transitions, and to appreciate such emotional meanings.

• Managing EmotionsThe ability to be open to feelings, and to modulate them in oneself

and others so as to promote personal understanding and growth.

Final Thoughts:

While there has been considerable debate over the exact nature of intelligence, no definitive conceptualization has emerged. Today, psychologists often account for the many different theoretical viewpoints when discussing intelligence and acknowledge that this debate is ongoing.

References:

1:Gardner, H. (1983). Frames of mind: The theory of multiple

intelligences. New York: Basic Books.

2:Spearman, C. (1904). "General intelligence," objectively

determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology 15,

201-293.

3:Sternberg, R. J. (1985). Beyond IQ: A Triarchic Theory of

Intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

4:Thurstone, L.L. (1938). Primary mental abilities. Chicago:

University of Chicago Press

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