human development theories

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SZABIST 1

Human Development Theories

What do we mean by Development

Traditional approach

New approach

Core values Sustenance the ability to meet basic needs

Self Esteem To be a person with self respect.

Freedom from servitude to be able to choose.


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Three objective Development.

1. To make and increase the availability of and widen the

distribution of basic life-sustaining goods such as food,

shelter, health and protection.2. To raise level of living by providing more jobs and

education while paying greater attention to cultural and

humanistic values.

3. To expand the range of economic and social choicesavailable to individual or nation by freeing them from

the servitude and dependence in relation to others.


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Trade and Human Development

Gender equality is at the core of human

development concept, a concept that does not

discriminate and limit womens choices.

Human development concept implies that people

must participate in the processes that shape their

lives. They must help make and implement

decisions and monitor their outcomes.



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Human Development focus on Human Security (UNDP,1994) which refers to safety from chronic hunger,disease and repression. It also means protection fromsudden, harmful disruption in the pattern of daily life.

In economic context, it protects people from threats totheir incomes, food security and livelihood.

Earlier writer, intellectual like Aristotle, Adam Smith,David Ricardo, Robert Malthus, Karl Marx andcontemporary authors have talked about humandevelopment.



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Human Development is different from human oriented approaches todevelopment.

For example, Human Resource approach emphasizes Human Capital andtreats human beings as inputs into the production process, not asbeneficiaries.

The Basic Need approach focus on peoples minimum requirement, nottheir choices (Maslows hierarchy of need).

Human welfare approach looks at people as recipient, not as active

participants in the process that shape their lives.

Human Development treats people as the subject of development, not theobject.



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MDG

The objective of human development were codifed inthe Millennium Development Goals (UN,2000).

These goals are : Halving extreme income poverty andhunger, achieving universal primary education andgender equality in primary education, reducing under-5

mortality by two-thirds and maternal mortality bythree quarters, reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS andother major diseases and halving the portion of peoplewithout access to safe water.



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In contrast to the previous conception of the development, Human

Development is seen as

Enlargement of the choices of People

It concentrated around three choices:

The opportunity to lead a long and healthy life The opportunity to acquire knowledge

And the opportunity to have access to resources needed for decent

standard of living



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Latter addition

Political Freedom

Human rights

Human Development for women and men

Environmental and other aspects of sustainability

Themes regarding citizens participation and opportunities to affect

the political decision in society.

It was quite paradigm shift and this new paradigm called PARADIGM

FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT or it was just like Development by

People.



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Economic Development

Amartya Sens conception of Development

Development as freedom Virtuous Circles

It consists of five freedoms

Political freedoms

Economic facilities Social opportunities

Transparency guarantees

Protective security

Each of these distinct types of rights and opportunities helps to advance the

general capability of a person. Public policy to foster human capabilities and substantive freedoms in general can

work through the promotion of these distinct but interrelated instrumental

freedoms.


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Economic Development

Dudley Seers, a British Development Economist, advocated growth

fetishism with social development.

He raise a three question to measure the level of development.

What has been happening to poverty?

What has been happening to unemployment? What has been happening to inequality?

According to him if all three of thee have declined from high

level then there has been development. And if any one of these three growing worse then it would be

strange to call the result development.


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People are real wealth of nations.

The main goal of development creating an environmentfor people to enjoy long, health and creative lives.

Development process of expanding and enlarging peopleschoices, allowing them to live secure lives with full freedomand rights.

It requires sustainable economic growth

It requires gender equality and encouraging peoplesparticipation in decision that affect their lives.



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Forgotten Human Development during 1950s,

60s, 70s and 1980s.



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Defining development in the light of thesetheories.

People make choices economic, social, political

and cultural.

Ultimate goal of development is not to createmore wealth or to achieve growth.

It is enlarge human choices and enhancing theiroutcomes.



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MDG

The objective of human development were codifed inthe Millennium Development Goals (UN,2000).

These goals are : Halving extreme income poverty andhunger, achieving universal primary education andgender equality in primary education, reducing under-5mortality by two-thirds and maternal mortality bythree quarters, reversing the spread of HIV/AIDS andother major diseases and halving the portion of peoplewithout access to safe water.



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