theodolite survey ch 2

7/25/2019 Theodolite Survey Ch 2

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THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING

THEODOLITE SURVEYING

AN EDUSAT LECTURE BY:-Er. ANKIT GARG

Lecturer Civil Engg.

GOVT. POLYTECHN C COLLEGE

NAR!ANA

"

THEODOLITE SURVEYING 1


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THEODOL TE SURVEY NGTHEODOL TE SURVEY NG

So far we have been measuring horizon a!ang!es b" using a Compass wi h res#e$ o meridian %

whi$h is less accurate an& a!so i is no #ossib!e omeasure ver i$a! ang!es wi h a 'om#ass(

So when he ob)e$ s are a a $onsi&erab!e

&is an$e or si ua e& a a $onsi&erab!e e!eva ion or&e#ression %i be$omes ne$essar" o measure horizon a!an& ver i$a! ang!es more #re$ise!"( So hesemeasuremen s are a*en b" an ins rumen *nown as a

theodolite .

#



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The s"s em of surve"ing in whi$h he ang!es aremeasure& wi h he he!# of a heo&o!i e% is $a!!e&Theo&o!i e surve"ing (

$



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THEODOLITE The Theo&o!i e is a mos a$$ura e surve"ingins rumen main!" use& for + ,easuring horizon a! an& ver i$a! ang!es( Lo$a ing #oin s on a !ine(

-ro!onging surve" !ines( .in&ing &ifferen$e of !eve!( Se ing ou gra&es Ranging $urves Ta$heome ri$ Surve"

%



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THEODOL TE SURVEY NGTHEODOL TE SURVEY NG

TRANS T VERN ER THEODOL TE

THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING &



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VERNIER THEODOLITE

Vernier theodolite isalso known and transit.

A transit theodolite isone in whi h theteles o!e an "erotated in a #erti al!lane.

Ali'('e ())e*+l,

H ri nt(l circle

())e*+l,

Levelling /e(' ())e*+l,

Line 0 Sig/t

Tr(ver)e1/ ri nt(l (2i)

Vertic(l circle rigi'l, 0i2e' tt/e tele)c 3e

Vertic(l (2i)

T/ree ())e*+lie) 0 T/e ' lite $


7/72THEODOL TE SURVEY NGTHEODOL TE SURVEY NG


THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING 4

5ig. Det(il) 0 U33er 6 L 7er Pl(te).

THEODOLITE SURVEYING %




THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING 8THEODOLITE SURVEYING &


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'L/SSI.I'/TION O. THEODOLITES

Theo&o!i es ma" be $!assifie& as 0

/(

i1 Transi Theo&o!i e(

ii1 Non Transi Theo&o!i e(

2(

i1 Vernier Theo&o!i es(ii1 ,i$rome er Theo&o!i es(

9THEODOLITE SURVEYING '




/( Transi Theo&o!i e+ / heo&o!i e is $a!!e& a ransiheo&o!i e when i s e!es$o#e $an be ransi e& i(e

revo!ve& hrough a $om#!e e revo!u ion abou i shorizon a! a3is in he ver i$a! #!ane% whereas in a4

Non4Transi "#e% he e!es$o#e $anno beransi e&( The" are inferior in u i!i " an& have now

be$ome obsolete.

THEODOLITE SURVEYING 1(




2( Vernier Theo&o!i e+ .or rea&ing he gra&ua e&$ir$!e if verniers are use& % he heo&o!i e is $a!!e& as aVernier Theo&o!i e(

5hereas% if a micrometer is #rovi&e& o rea&he gra&ua e& $ir$!e he same is $a!!e& as a

,i$rome er Theo&o!i e(

Vernier "#e heo&o!i es are $ommon!" use& (

";THEODOLITE SURVEYING 11



SI6E O. THEODOLITE

/ heo&o!i e is &esigna e& b" &iame er of hegra&ua e& $ir$!e on he !ower #!a e( The $ommon sizes are 8cm to 12 cm whi!e 14 cm to25 cm ins rumen are use& for triangulation work (

Grea er a$$ura$" is a$hieve& wi h !argerheo&o!i es as he" have bigger gra&ua e& $ir$!e wi h

!arger &ivisions hen$e use& where he surve" wor*sre7uire high &egree of a$$ura$"(

""THEODOLITE SURVEYING 12



DES'RI-TION O. /

TR/NSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE

/ Transi vernier heo&o!i e essen ia!!" $onsis of hefo!!owing +

8( Leve!!ing Hea&( 9( T4 .rame(

:( Lower 'ir$u!ar -!a e( ;( -!umb ( Tri#o& S an&(

?( Te!es$o#e(

@( Vernier S$a!e(

"#THEODOLITE SURVEYING 13


14/72THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING 14


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TER,S USED IN ,/NI-UL/TING / TR/NSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE(

8('en ering : 'en ering means se ing he

heo&o!i e e3a$ !" over an ins rumen 4 s a ionso ha i s ver i$a! a3is !ies imme&ia e!" above

he s a ion4 mar*( I $an be &one b" means of

#!umb bob sus#en&e& from a sma!! hoo*a a$he& o he ver i$a! a3is of he heo&o!i e(

The $en re shif ing

arrangemen if #rovi&e& wi h he ins rumenhe!#s in eas" an& ra#i& #erforman$e of he$en ring(

"$THEODOLITE SURVEYING 15


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THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING #8

'ENTRING A LEVELLING

THEODOLITE SURVEYING 1$


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THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING 1%


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OPT CAL PLU


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TER,S USED IN ,/NI-UL/TING /TR/NSIT VERNIER THEODOLITE(

:( Transi ing :Transi ing is a!so *nown as plunging or

reversing ( I is he #ro$ess of urning he

e!es$o#e abou i s horizon a! a3is hrough 8>B B in he ver i$a! #!ane hus bringing i u#si&e&own an& ma*ing i #oin % e3a$ !" in o##osi e

&ire$ ion(

"%THEODOLITE SURVEYING 1'


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=( Swinging he e!es$o#e

I means urning he e!es$o#e abou i sver i$a! a3is in he horizon a! #!ane(

/ swing is $a!!e& right or left a$$or&ing as hee!es$o#e is ro a e& $!o$*wise or $oun er

$!o$*wise(

"&THEODOLITE SURVEYING 2(


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?( .a$e Lef

If he ver i$a! $ir$!e of he ins rumen is onhe !ef si&e of he observer whi!e a*ing a

rea&ing % he #osi ion is $a!!e& he face left an&

he observa ion a*en on he horizon a! orver i$a! $ir$!e in his #osi ion% is *nown as he

face left observation

"4THEODOLITE SURVEYING 21


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@( .a$e Righ

If he ver i$a! $ir$!e of he ins rumen is onhe righ si&e of he observer whi!e a*ing a

rea&ing % he #osi ion is $a!!e& he face right an&

he observa ion a*en on he horizon a! orver i$a! $ir$!e in his #osi ion% is *nown as he

face right observation.



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9( 'hanging .a$eI is he o#era ion of bringing he ver i$a!

$ir$!e o he righ of he observer %if origina!!" i

is o he !ef % an& vi$e < versa(I is &one in wo s e#s0 .irs !" revo!ve he

e!es$o#e hrough 8>B B in a ver i$a! #!ane an&

hen ro a e i hrough 8>BB

in he horizon a!#!ane i(e firs ransi he e!es$o#e an& henswing i hrough 8>B B(



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;( Line of 'o!!ima ion

LINE O.'OLLI,/TION

DI/-HR/G,

TELES'O-E

I is a!so *nown as he !ine of sigh (I is an

imaginar" !ine )oining he in erse$ ion of he$ross4 hairs of he &ia#hragm o he o# i$a!$en re of he ob)e$ 4 g!ass an& i s $on inua ion(

"THEODOLITE SURVEYING 24


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>( /3is of he e!es$o#e

/CIS O. THE TELES'O-E

TELES'O-E

I is a!so *nown an imaginar" !ine )oining he

o# i$a! $en re of he ob)e$ 4 g!ass o he $en reof e"e #ie$e(

O2 E'T GL/SS

.

#;THEODOLITE SURVEYING 25


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( /3is of he Leve! Tube I is a!so $a!!e& he bubb!e !ine(

I is a straight !ine tangential o he longitudinalcurve of he !eve! ube a he $en re of he ube(I is horizon a! when he bubb!e is in he $en re (

#"THEODOLITE SURVEYING 2$


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8B( Ver i$a! /3is

I is he a3is abou whi$h he e!es$o#e $an be

ro a e& in he horizon a! #!ane(88( Horizon a! /3is I is he a3is abou whi$h he e!es$o#e $an be

ro a e& in he ver i$a! #!ane( I is a!so $a!!e& he trunion axis.

##THEODOLITE SURVEYING 2%

/D UST ENT O / THEODOLITE


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/D UST,ENT O. / THEODOLITE

The a&)us men s of a heo&o!i e are of wo *in&s +4

8( -ermanen /&)us men s(:( Tem#orar" /&)us men s(

81 -ermanen a&)us men s+ The #ermanena&)us men s are ma&e o es ab!ish he re!a ionshi#be ween he fundamental lines of he heo&o!i e an& %on$e ma&e % he" !as for a !ong ime( The" are essen ia!

for he a$$ura$" of observa ions(

#$THEODOLITE SURVEYING 2&

/D UST ENT O / THEODOLITE


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8( -ermanen a&)us men s+ The #ermanena&)us men s in $ase of a ransi heo&o!i es are +4

i1 /&)us men of Horizon a! -!a e Leve!s ( The a3is ofhe #!a e !eve!s mus be #er#en&i$u!ar o he ver i$a!

a3is(

ii1 'o!!ima ion /&)us men ( The !ine of $o!!ima ionshou!& $oin$i&e wi h he a3is of he e!es$o#e an&

he a3is of he ob)e$ ive s!i&e an& shou!& be a righ

ang!es o he horizon a! a3is(iii1 Horizon a! a3is a&)us men ( The horizon a! a3is

mus be #er#en&i$u!ar o he ver i$a! a3is(

#%THEODOLITE SURVEYING 2'


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8( -ermanen a&)us men s F$on &(1+

iv1 /&)us men of Te!es$o#e Leve! or he /! i u&e Leve!-!a e Leve!s ( The a3is of he e!es$o#e !eve!s or he

a! i u&e !eve! mus be #ara!!e! o he !ine of$o!!ima ion(

v1 Ver i$a! 'ir$!e In&e3 /&)us men ( The ver i$a!

$ir$!e vernier mus rea& zero when he !ine of$o!!ima ion is horizon a!(

#&THEODOLITE SURVEYING 3(


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:( Tem#orar" /&)us men

The em#orar" a&)us men s are ma&e a ea$h seu# of he ins rumen before we s ar a*ing

observa ions wi h he ins rumen ( There are hreeem#orar" a&)us men s of a heo&o!i e+4

i1 'en ering(

ii1 Leve!!ing(

iii1 .o$ussing(

#4THEODOLITE SURVEYING 31


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,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+

There are hree me ho&s of measuring horizon a!ang!es+4

i1 Or&inar" ,e ho&(

ii1 Re#e i ion ,e ho&(

iii1 Rei era ion ,e ho&(


E/SURE ENT O HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+


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i1 Or&inar" ,e ho&( To measure horizon a! ang!e /O2+4i1 Se u# he heo&o!i e a s a ion #oin O

an& !eve! i a$$ura e!" (ii1 Se he vernier / o he zero or =9BB of

he horizon a! $ir$!e( Tigh en heu##er $!am#(

iii1 Loosen he !ower $!am#( Turn heins rumen an& &ire$ he e!es$o#e

owar&s / o bise$ i a$$ura e!" wi hhe use of angen s$rew( /f er

bise$ ing a$$ura e!" $he$* he rea&ingwhi$h mus s i!! rea& zero( Rea& he vernier 2 an& re$or& bo h herea&ings(

A B

HORI6ONT/L /NGLE /O2




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i1 Or&inar" ,e ho&( To measure horizon a! ang!e /O2+4

iv1 Loosen he u##er $!am# an& urn he

e!es$o#e $!o$*wise un i! !ine of sigh bise$ s #oin 2 on he righ han& si&e(Then igh en he u##er $!am# an&bise$ i a$$ura e!" b" urning i s

angen s$rew(v1 Rea& bo h verniers( The rea&ing of he

vernier a whi$h was ini ia!!" se azero gives he va!ue of he ang!e /O2

&ire$ !" an& ha of he o her vernier 2 b" &e&u$ ing 8>BB (The mean of hewo vernier rea&ings gives he va!ue ofhe re7uire& ang!e /O2 (

A B

HOR =ONTAL ANGLE AOB

#THEODOLITE SURVEYING 34



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i1 Or&inar" ,e ho&( To measure horizon a! ang!e /O2+4

vi1 'hange he fa$e of he ins rumen

an& re#ea he who!e #ro$ess( Themean of he wo vernier rea&ings gives

he se$on& va!ue of he ang!e /O2 whi$h shou!& be a##ro3ima e!" or

e3a$ !" e7ua! o he #revious va!ue(vii1 The mean of he wo va!ues of he

ang!e /O2 %one wi h fa$e !ef an& heo her wi h fa$e righ %gives he

re7uire& ang!e free from a!!ins rumen a! errors(

A B


$;THEODOLITE SURVEYING 35


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E/SURE ENT O HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+E/SURE ENT O HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+


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,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+

ii1 Re#e i ion ,e ho&(To measure horizon a! ang!e b"

re#e i ions+4i1 Se u# he heo&o!i e a s ar ing #oin

O an& !eve! i a$$ura e!"(

ii1 ,easure The horizon a! ang!e /O2(

iii1 Loosen he !ower $!am# an& urn hee!es$o#e $!o$* < wise un i! he ob)e$

F/1 is sigh e& again( 2ise$ 2 a$$ura e!" b" using he u##er angens$rew( The verniers wi!! now rea& hetwice he va!ue of he ang!e now(

A B


$#THEODOLITE SURVEYING 3%



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,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+ ii1 Re#e i ion ,e ho& $on &(((

iv1 Re#ea he #ro$ess un i! he ang!e isre#ea e& he re7uire& number of imesFusua!!" =1( Rea& again bo h verniers (The fina! rea&ing af er n repetitions shou!& be a##ro3ima e!" n C Fang!e1(

Divide he sum b" he number of

repetitions an& he resu! hus ob aine&gives he correct value of the angle /O2(

v1 'hange he fa$e of he ins rumen (Re#ea e3a$ !" in he same manner an&

fin& ano her va!ue of he ang!e /O2 ( Theaverage of wo rea&ings gives here7uire& #re$ise va!ue of he ang!e /O2(

A B


$$THEODOLITE SURVEYING 3&



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AB

Reiter(ti n


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AB

Reiter(ti n


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,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+ iii1 Rei era ion ,e ho&(

AB

Reiter(ti n


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,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+,E/SURE,ENT O. HORI6ONT/L /NGLES+ iii1 Rei era ion ,e ho& F$on &(1(

AB

Reiter(ti n


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,E/SURE,ENT O. VERTI /L /NGLES+,E/SURE,ENT O. VERTI /L /NGLES+

Ver i$a! /ng!e + / ver i$a! ang!e is an ang!e be ween heinclined line of sight an& he hori"ontal ( I ma" be anang!e of elevation or depression a$$or&ing as he ob)e$ isabove or be!ow he horizon a! #!ane(

A

B

O O

A

B

A

B

OHOR . L NE

HOR . L NE

>

HOR . L NE

VERT CAL ANGLE)i*.a

)i*. " )i*.

+ > AO,- ?

AO,- ? - >

$9

>

>

?

?

?



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,E/SURE,ENT O. VERTI'/L /NGLES+,E/SURE,ENT O. VERTI'/L /NGLES+

To ,easure he Ver i$a! /ng!e of an ob)e$ / a a s a ion O +

Fi1 Se u# he heo&o!i e a s a ion #oin O an& !eve! ia$$ura e!" wi h referen$e o he a! i u&e bubb!e(

Fii1 Se he zero of ver i$a! vernier e3a$ !" o he zero of hever i$a! $ir$!e $!am# an& angen s$rew(

Fiii1 2ring he bubb!e of he a! i u&e !eve! in he $en ra! #osi ionb" using $!i# s$rew( The !ine of sigh is hus ma&e horizon a!an& vernier s i!! rea&s zero(

Fiv1 Loosen he ver i$a! $ir$!e $!am# s$rew an& &ire$ hee!es$o#e owar&s he ob)e$ / an& sigh i e3a$ !" b" usinghe ver i$a! $ir$!e angen s$rew(

$THEODOLITE SURVEYING44


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,E/SURE,ENT O. VERTI'/L /NGLES+,E/SURE,ENT O. VERTI'/L /NGLES+

Fv1 Rea& bo h verniers on he ver i$a! $ir$!e% The mean ofhe wo vernier rea&ings gives he va!ue of he re7uire&

ang!e(

Fvi1 'hange he fa$e of he ins rumen an& re#ea he#ro$ess( The mean of of he wo vernier rea&ings gives hese$on& va!ue of he re7uire& ang!e(

Fvii1 The average of he wo va!ues of he ang!es hus

ob aine&% is he re7uire& va!ue of he ang!e free fromins rumen a! errors(

%;THEODOLITE SURVEYING45

E/SURE ENT O VERTI'/L /NGLES+E/SURE ENT O VERTI'/L /NGLES+


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,E/SURE,ENT O. VERTI /L /NGLES+,E/SURE,ENT O. VERTI /L /NGLES+

.or measuring Ver i$a! /ng!e be ween wo #oin s / A 2 i1 Sigh / as before % an& a*e he mean of he wo vernierrea&ings a he ver i$a! $ir$!e( Le i be

ii1 Simi!ar!"% sigh 2 an& a*e he mean of he wo vernierrea&ings a he ver i$a! $ir$!e( Le i be

iii1 The sum or &ifferen$e of hese &ings wi!! give he va!ue of hever i$a! ang!e be ween / an& 2 a$$or&ing as one of he #oin s isabove an& he o her be!ow he horizon a! #!ane( or bo h #oin s

are on he same si&e of he horizon a! #!ane .ig b A $

%"

>

THEODOLITE SURVEYING4$

E/SURE ENT O DE LE'TION /NGLES+


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,E/SURE,ENT O. DE.LE TION /NGLES+

De0lecti n (ngle i) t/e (ngle +, 7/ic/ ( line i) 'e0lecte'0r * it) rigin(l 'irecti n. t/i) 'e0lecti n )/ ul' +e t 7(r')

rig/t r le0t 'e3en') u3 n t/e (ngle *e()ure' in cl c@7i)er (nticl c@7i)e 'irecti n.


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RE/DING ,/GNETI 2E/RING O. / LINERE/DING ,/GNETI 2E/RING O. / LINE

To fin& he bearing of a !ine /2 as shown in fig (be!ow

i1 Se u# he ins rumen over / an& !eve! i a$$ura e!"

ii1 Se he vernier o he zero of he horizon a! $ir$!e(

N

A

B

)i*.


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RE/DING ,/GNETI 2E/RING O. / LINERE/DING ,/GNETI 2E/RING O. / LINE

iv1 Now !oose he u##er $!am# an& #oin hee!es$o#e owar&s 2 (5i h he he!# of u##erangen s$rew %bise$ 2 a$$ura e!" an& rea& bo hhe verniers (The mean of he wo rea&ings wi!! be

re$or&e& as magne i$ bearing of !ine(N

A

B

)i*.


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ROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINEROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINE

There are wo me ho&s of #ro!onging a given !ine su$h as /2

F81.ore sigh me ho& %an& F:1 2a$* Sigh ,e ho&

)i*.

F81.ore Sigh ,e ho&( /s shown in he fig( be!ow

A B C D =

i1 Se u# he heo&o!i e a / an& !eve! i a$$ura e!" (2ise$ he #oin b $orre$ !"( Es ab!ish a #oin ' in he !ine be"on& 2 a##ro3ima e!" b" !oo*ing over he o# of he e!es$o#e an&a$$ura e!" b" sigh ing hrough he e!es$o#e(

ii1 Shif he ins rumen o 2 % a*e a fore sigh on ' an& es ab!isha #oin D in !ine be"on& ' (

iii1 Re#ea he #ro$ess un i! he !as #oin 6 is rea$he&(

%%THEODOLITE SURVEYING5(

-ROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINE-ROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINE


51/72


ROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINEROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINE

F:1 2a$* Sigh ,e ho&( /s shown in he fig( be!owA B C D =

i1 Se u# he ins rumen a 2 an& !eve! i a$$ura e!" (

ii1 Ta*e a ba$* sigh on / (

iii1 Tigh en he u##er an& !ower $!am#s% ransi he e!es$o#ean& es ab!ish a #oin ' in he !ine be"on& 2 (

iv1 Shif he heo&o!i e o ' %ba$* sigh on 2 ransi he e!es$o#ean& es ab!ish a #oin D in !ine be"on& ' ( Re#ea he #ro$essun i! he !as #oin F6 1 is es ab!ishe&(

CD

%&THEODOLITE SURVEYING51



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ROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINEO O G G / S / G /

F:1 2a$* Sigh ,e ho&(F$on &(1 /s shown in he fig( be!owA B C D =

Now if he ins rumen is in a&)us men % he #oin s /%2%'%D an& 6 wi!! be in one !ine% whi$h is s raigh bu ifi is no in a&)us men i(e( !ine of $o!!ima ion is no#er#en&i$u!ar o he horizon a! a3is % hen ' % D an& 6 wi!! no be in a s raigh !ine(

CD

%4THEODOLITE SURVEYING52



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ROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINE

Doub!e reversing ,e ho&

A B C D =

5hen he !ine is o be #ro!onge& wi h high precision

or when he instrument is in imperfect ad#ustment % he#ro$ess of double sighting or double reversing % is use&(

Su##ose he !ine /2 is o be #ro!onge& o a #oin 6 (

-ro$e&ure+ /s shown be!ow+C"

C#

D"

D#D u+le Sig/ting 1 Rever)ing


54/72


ROLONGING / STR/IGHT / LINE

Doub!e reversing ,e ho&

i1 Se u# he heo&o!i e a 2 an& !eve! i a$$ura e!"(

ii1 5i h he fa$e of ins rumen !ef % ba$* sigh on / an&( $!am# bo h he u##er an& !ower mo ions(

iii1 Transi he e!es$o#e an& se a #oin ' 8 ahea& in !ine(

A B C D =

C"

C#

D"



55/72


Doub!e reversing ,e ho& F$on &(1

iv1 Loosen he !ower $!am# %revo!ve he e!es$o#e in he

horizon a! #!ane an& ba$* sigh on / (2ise$ / e3a$ !" b"using he !ower $!am# an& i s angen s$rew( Now he fa$e ofins rumen is righ (

v1 Transi he e!es$o#e an& es ab!ish a #oin ' : in !ine besi&ehe #oin ' 8(

A B C D =

C"

C#

D"



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vi1 The e3a$ #osi ion of he rue #oin ' mus be mi&4wa"

(( be ween ' 8 an& ' : (

vii1 ,easure ' 8 ' : an& es ab!ish a #oin ' e3a$ !" mi&4wa"%( whi$h !ies on he rue #ro!onga ion of /2 (

A B C D =

C"

C#

D"

D#.ig( Doub!e Sigh ing J Reversing ,e ho&

&;THEODOLITE SURVEYING5$



57/72



viii1 Shif he ins rumen o ' % &oub!e sigh on 2 %es ab!ish he

(( #oin D8 an& D : an& !o$a e he rue #oin D as before (

i31 'on inue he #ro$ess un i! he !as #oin 6 is es ab!ishe&(

A B C D =

C"

C#

D"

D#Doub!e Sigh ing J Reversing ,e ho&

&"THEODOLITE SURVEYING5%


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THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING5&


59/72

THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING5'

'HE'K ON O EN /ND 'LOSED TR/VERSE+'HE'K ON O EN /ND 'LOSED TR/VERSE+


60/72


HE K ON O-EN /ND LOSED TR/VERSE+HE K ON O-EN /ND LOSED TR/VERSE+

5OR OPEN TRAVERSE:

T/ere i) n *et/ ' 0 r c/ec@ing t/e 7/ le tr(ver)e 7/ileSe3(r(te *et/ ' @n 7n () tie line *et/ ' i) u)e' t c/ec@ it.

A

,

/

D

E

T I E LI N E

T c/ec@ in 3en tr(ver)e ( tie line i) ine' +et7een t7 3 int (n' t/eir0 re +e(ring (n' +(c@ +e(ring i) c(lcul(te'. 0 t/e 'i00erence +17 t/e)e+e(ring) i) E2(ctl, "9; 'egree t/en t/e tr(ver)e i) c *3letel, c/ec@e'.

THEODOLITE SURVEYING$(


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THEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYINGTHEODOLITE SURVEYING$1


62/72


/D UST,ENTS ON 'LOSED TR/VERSE+

". A' u)t*ent 0 (ngul(r err r.#. A' u)t*ent 0 +e(ring.$. A' u)t*ent 0 cl )ing err r.

A' u)t*ent) c(n +e ' ne +, t/ree 7(,):

". A' u)t*ent 0 (ngul(r err r: t/e 'i00erence +et7een )u* 0 *e()ure' (ngle) (n' t/e t/e retic(l )u* 0 (ngle) 0 cl )e' tr(ver)e i) @n 7n () (ngul(r err r. T/i) (ngul(r err r )/ ul' n t e2cee' +, le()t c unt ) . r t N.

#. A' u)t*ent 0 +e(ring): it i) t/e 'i00erence +et7een t7 +e(ring 0 t/e l()t line*e()ure' (t t/e 0ir)t (n' t/e l()t )t(ti n 0 tr(ver)e.

$. A' u)t*ent 0 cl )ing err r: )u* 0 n rt/ing )u* 0 ) ut/ing 6Su* 0 e()ting )u* 0 7e)ting

$2

Balancing of Traverse


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g In Case of Closed Traverse, the algebraic sum of latitude

must be equal to zero and that of departure must also beequal to zero in the ideal condition . In other words, the sumof the northing must equal that of the southing, and thesum of the easting must be the same as that of thewesting.

But in actual practice, some closing error is always found toexist while computing the latitude and departure of thetraverse station.

The total errors in latitude and departure are determined . These errors are then distributed among the traverse stationsproportionately, according to the following rule.

T/i) c(n +e ' ne in 0 ll 7ing 7(,):". BO!D TCH RULE#. TRANS T RULE$. TH RD RULE

THEODOLITE SURVEYING$3


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By this rule, the total error (in latitude ordeparture) is distributed in proportion to the lengthof the traverse legs. This is the most commonmethod of traverse adjustment.

(a Correction to latitude of any side !ength of that "ide # Total !rror in latitude $erimeter of Traverse(b Correction to departure of any side !ength of that "ide # Total !rror in

departure $erimeter of Traverse

Bowditch"s #ule

THEODOLITE SURVEYING$4

l


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Transit #ule

(a Correction to latitude of any$ide !atitude of that "ide # Total %rror in

!atitude &rithmetical "um of alllatitude

(b Correction to departure of any$ide

%eparture of that $ide # Total!rror in departure

&rithmetical $um of all %epartureTHEODOLITE SURVEYING

$5

hi d l


66/72

Third #ule(a Correction to 'orthing of any $ide

'orthing of that "ide # total error in latitude "um of 'orthing(b Correction to $outhing of any $ide "outhing of that side # total error in latitude "um of "outhing

(c Correction to !asting of any $ide %asting of that "ide # total error in departure "um of %asting(d Correction to )esting of any $ide esting of that "ide # total error in departure

"um of esting*f the error is positive, correction will be negative, and vice

versa.

THEODOLITE SURVEYING$$

/o0! tation o latit de and de!art re


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/o0! tation o latit de and de!art re Latit de o a line is the distan es 0eas red !arallel to the

north so th o the North o th dire tion De!art re o the line is the distan e 0eas red !arallel to

the east west dire tion

THEODOLITE SURVEYING$%



68/72

THEODOLITE SURVEYING$&

'orthing + !atitude towards north !

$outhing !atitude towards "outh *! !asting +eparture towards %ast + )esting +eparture towards est *+

Conversion of )CB to #B)CB #B uadrant

- to - - #B+)CB '!

- - and /0- - #B+ /0- 1 )CB $!

/0- - and 23- - #B+ )CB4 /0- - $)

23- - and 56- - #B+ 56- - 1 )CB ')


C *3uting l(titu'e (n' 'e3(rture


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C 3uting l(titu e (n e3(rture

$'

7ine 7ength (7 #educedBearing

(

7atitude(7C8$

%eparture(7 $in

&B 7 ' ! 9 7 cos 9 7 sin

BC 7 $ ! 47 cos 9 7sin

C% 7 $ ) 47 cos 47 sin

%& 7 ' ) 9 7cos 47 sin

7ine 7ength #educedBearing

ConsecutiveCoordinates

(7 ( 'orthing (9

$outhing (4

!asting(9

)esting

(4

&B 7 ' ! 7 cos 7 sin

BC 7 $ ! 7cos 7sin

C% 7 $ ) 7cos 7sin

%& 7 ' ) 7 cos 7sin

o r es o errors in theodolite


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o r es o errors in theodolite n)tru*ent(l err r)

N n (' u)t*ent 0 3l(te +u++le Line 0 c lli*(ti n n t +eing 3er3en'icul(r

t / ri nt(l (2i) H ri nt(l (2i) n t +eing 3er3en'icul(r t

vertic(l (2i) Line 0 c lli*(ti n n t +eing 3(r(llel t (2i)

0 tele)c 3e Eccentricit, 0 inner (n' uter (2e) Gr('u(ti n n t +eing uni0 r* Vernier) +eing eccentric

THEODOLITE SURVEYING%(

Per) n(l err r) N(tur(l err r)


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N(tur(l err r) Hig/ te*3er(ture c(u)e) err r 'ue t irregul(r re0r(cti n. Hig/ 7in') c(u)e vi+r(ti n in t/e in)tru*entF (n' t/i) *(,

le(' t 7r ng re('ing) n vernier)

Cl )ing err r

THEODOLITE SURVEYING%1

HO,E /SSIGN,ENTHO,E /SSIGN,ENT


72/72

M8( Enumera e he em#orar" an& #ermanen a&)us men s ofa heo&o!i e(

M:( 5ha are various me ho&s use& in measuring horizon a!ang!es M=( Define fo!!owing +4 i1 Swinging he e!es$o#e( ii1 -!unging or reversing(

iii1 'hanging fa$e(iv1 .a$e !ef (v1 .a$e righ (

M?( Draw a nea s*e $h of heo&o!i e an& name a!! he #ar s(

M@( 5ha are fun&amen a! !ines of a heo&o!i e(

theodolite survey ch 2

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