themes of history
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What is Geography?
• Geography: the study of where people, places, and things are located and how they relate to each other
• Five Themes:– Location– Place– Interaction (between people and their
environment)– Movement– Region
Location
• Absolute Location: exact or precise spot on Earth that a place occupies– Use latitude (north and south) and
longitude (east and west), hemispheres, etc– Example: Santa Fe, NM is located at 35°41’
north and 105°57’ west
• Relative Location: the position of a particular place in relation to other places– Example: Santa Fe is 58 miles northeast of
Albuquerque
Place
• A location’s physical and human characteristics
• Place identity CHANGES through time
• Physical characteristics: landforms, climate, soil, vegetation, and animal life– Example: Santa Fe is in
the foothills of the southern Rocky Mountains
• Human characteristics: people’s way of life – activities, population distribution, means of transportation, architecture, religion, and languages– Example: Santa Fe has traditional Pueblo
and Spanish architecture
Human-Environment Interaction
People adapt their way of life to accommodate their environment Example: Chinese stir fry – not
many trees in China so food is cut into tiny pieces to allow it to cook quicker with little fuel
People adapt their environment to accommodate their lives Example: clearing forests,
blasting tunnels through mountains, plowing fields
Movement
• Interactions of people with one another as they travel, communicate, and exchange goods and services
• Migration: movement of people from one place to another– Example: people leave homelands to escape war or
natural disasters• Trade: movement of goods between areas• Spread of ideas
– Example: ideas of Buddhism spread from India to China
• Interdependence: dependence of countries on goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world– Example: Americans get coffee from South America,
tea from India, oil from the Middle East
Regions
• Region: an area having a specific characteristic or characteristics that set it apart from other regions– Characteristics could be physical, political,
climate, cultural, etc– Any given area could be part of several
different regions– Example: Santa Fe is the state capital of New
Mexico (political region), at the foot of the Sangre de Cristo Range of the Rocky Mountains (physical region), and has a large Spanish-American population (cultural region)
Political Theme of History
Why do we need government? Provide for the common needs of the
people Keep order within a society Protecting a society from outside threats
How do governments keep order? Making laws
How do societies create laws? Customs turn into laws
Why Should People Obey the Law?• Every form of government has different
laws and punishments for breaking them• Philosophes: Enlightenment thinkers who
argued about how much control the government should have over people’s lives– Will people create chaos without government?– Do laws take away peoples’ rights?
• Social contract: people “sign” a contract with their government in which they give up certain rights in exchange for protection of other rights
Types of Government
Democracy: government by the people Free electoral system
Dictatorship: absolute power exercised by a dictator
Constitutional Monarchy: monarch is a figurehead of the government, while a Parliamentary body exercises actual power
Absolute Monarchy: monarch retains all power
• Socialism: government owns the means of production– Utopian: ideal, everyone is equal– Democratic socialism: people retain partial
control and may own some private property– Authoritarian socialism a.k.a. communism:
government overthrown violently, new leaders own all the means of production, and must act violently in order to ensure that socialism can be achieved
Fascism: government led by a dictator, emphasizing aggressive nationalism and racism, and is extremely conservative
Theocracy: rule by the church
Economic Theme of History
• Economics: how people use limited resources to satisfy their wants and needs
• Three basic economic questions:– What goods and services should we
produce?– How should we produce them?– For whom should we produce them?
• Three basic types of economies:– Free market– Command– Mixed
FREE MARKETCOMMAND ECONOMY
MIXED ECONOMY
Private ownership of property/resources
Central ownership of property/resources
Individuals and businesses make decisions for the private sector.
ProfitCentrally-planned economy
Government makes decisions for the private sector.
CompetitionLack of consumer choices
Government’s role is greater than in a free-market economy.
Individual choiceMost economies today are mixed economies.
Consumer sovereignty
Social Theme of History
• Social theme: Includes all of the items that make up a culture and involves the way in which people live their lives
• Social institutions: social systems that are built into a society– Examples:
• Educational system• Health system• Arts, music, literature• Prison system• Daily routines and rituals• Folkways and customs
Religion
Religion helps people to answer basic questions and the meaning and purpose of life Supports the values that a group of people
consider to be important Monotheism: worship one god Polytheism: worship of more than one
god
Major world religions Judaism Hinduism Buddhism Christianity Islam
Abraham Father of 3
prominent religions Judaism,
Christianity, Islam Rejected idolatry
and embraced monotheism
Judaism
Monotheistic Religious text: Torah Religious buildings: Synogogues Sacred Symbol: Star of David Sacred Site: Jerusalem
Prophets Moses, through whom Torah was revealed to
the Hebrew people Torah
(first five books of the Bible), containing religious, moral and social law which guides the life of a Jew
Does not include the New Testament
As a way of life, Judaism is based on…
Written Law 613 commandments found in Torah
Oral Law – commentary of ancient rabbis that elaborates on how to apply God’s Law in everyday life Dietary rules (Kashrut/Kosher) Dress and other symbols Prayer and devotion to the one God The Temple and Temple rites Observance of Holy days Proper social relations between male and
female, in business, judicial rulings, etc.
As a people, Jews are…
A nation in Diaspora (dispersed) 15 – 16 million in worldwide population United by a common heritage (an “ethnic”
religion), divided in contemporary practice: Orthodox:
Modern Chasidic (Ultra Orthodox)
Reformed (18th century Germany) Conservative – moderates, response to
reform
How does Judaism sanctify life?Life cycle celebrations: Bris – ritual circumcision, sign of the
covenant Bar/Bat Mitzvah – full adult status and
responsibility within the religion Marriage - "Be fruitful and multiply" (Gen.
1:22) Death – funerals, mourning (sitting
“Shiva”), and memorials (“Yartzeits”)
Jewish Holidays
Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year) Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) Chanukah, the “Festival of Lights” Pesach (“Passover”) – commemorates the
exodus from Egypt (events told in Exodus) Shavuot (“weeks,” Pentecost) –
commemorates receipt of Torah at Sinai Shabbat (Sabbath, 7th day, on Saturday) –
the “Day of Rest”
How is Judaism related to Christianity? Judaism predates Christianity
It is the foundation of Christianity but is not a part of it
Jesus was Jewish, as were his followers and the Apostles Jews do not believe that Jesus was anything more
than a good and wise man who lived and died 2000 years ago
Jews still await their messiah The Jewish messiah would not be divine. He would
be a political figure who restores the Hebrew monarchy and causes peace to reign on Earth
Christianity
Monotheistic Religious Text: Bible Sacred Sites: Bethlehem, Jerusalem Sacred Symbol: Cross Special Days: Easter, Christmas
World’s largest religion 1.8 billion people 1/3 of world population
Followers believe that Jesus was the son of God Lived as a carpenter and preacher who taught
using parables Believe he was resurrected after his death
Fragmented into many separate denominations Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Protestant
Islam
Islam – submission to the will of God Muslim – follower of Islam Qur’an – holy book of Islam Jihad – struggle to defend the faith Mosques – place where Muslims
worship
5 Pillars of Islam
1. The profession of faith2. The five daily prayers3. Paying zakat4. Fasting during the holy month of
Ramadan5. Making a pilgrimage to Mecca at
least once, if possible
Muhammad
Born into merchant family in Mecca, orphaned early
Muhammad was troubled with gap between the greedy rich & honest poor
Muhammad went into mountains to meditate on the issue
While meditating, Muhammad received revelation from God through the angel Gabriel
Muhammad came to believe that Allah had revealed himself partially to Moses & Jesus and his final revelations were to him
Hijrah
Many of the people in Mecca were against Muhammad’s preaching Many people made pilgrimage there to worship
at the Kaaba Building that contained many idols that people
worshipped A.D. 622 Muhammad went on journey to
more accepting place Went to Medina (Yathrib) Hijrah: means “flight” or “migration”
Mosque Of The Prophet
In Medina
Muhammad assembled a military force to defend community Military victories attracted many
followers In 630, Muhammad returned to
Mecca with 10,000 soldiers City surrendered & many residents
converted to Islam Muhammad declared the Kaaba to
be a sacred shrine Muhammad died 2 years later,
Islam spread through the Arabian peninsula
Dome of the Rock:Where Muhammad
Ascended Into Heaven
The Islamic Community DividesSunni Shi’ah
Sufi –
Hinduism
God is one-but goes by many names No single founder-combination of beliefs Sacred texts-
Rig Veda: Hinduism’s oldest text- nearly 4000 years
Bhagavad Gita: most popular sacred text Upanishads
Reincarnation
• Death is not final for Hindus as they expect to be reborn many times.
• Samsara is the wheel of rebirth
• The soul is reborn from one life form to another
• People may be reincarnated at a higher or lower level of existence
• Depends on their karma from their present life.
• People may be reborn as plants or animals
• May be elevated to a higher caste as a human
Karma and Dharma
Karma-actions in this life that affect the next. Every action produces a Justified effect
based on its moral worthiness. Dharma-the religious and moral duties of
an individual.
Caste System
Group you are in according to class, occupation, or gender.
4 major castesBrahmin : priestsKshatriya: warriors and administratorsVaistrya: farmers, merchants, teachers,
artisansSudras: servants,laborers
Festival of Divali
Divali: row of lights Series of five festivals in October and
November Candles are floated on small rafts
If they remain lit, good luck will follow
The Ganges River
Falling fromIts source of Vishnu’s feetonto Shiva’shead and outfrom his hair, the water ofthe Ganges issacred enoughto purify all sins.
Buddhism
Founded by Siddhartha Guatama Indian Prince who lived in luxury and comfort
inside the palace
One day he left the palace gardens and saw an old man, a sick man, and a dead man Realized life was full of suffering Became the Enlightened one
1. The truth about suffering is that it exists. Life is suffering. Birth, aging and dying is suffering.
2. Our reaching into the world of dreams, our desire to fulfill what cannot be fulfilled is what brings us our suffering.
3. Only when we have broken the mirrors of illusion can we end our suffering, and
4. The Eight-Fold Path can help us to break our habits of suffering.
4 noble truths
The Eightfold Path
1.Right Understanding2.Right Thoughts 3.Right Speech 4.Right Action 5.Right Livelihood 6.Right Effort 7.Right Mindfulness 8.Right Concentration
The only cure for suffering is to follow the Eightfold Path, a middle road between a life devoted to pleasure and a life of harsh self-denial.
It is important to live a moral life.
Enlightenment is achieved through meditation.
The ultimate goal is nirvana, union with the universe and release from the cycle of rebirth.
Different Buddhas