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TRANSCRIPT
Theme-3
AnEmpireAcrossThreeContinents
ItwastheAncientRomanempirewhichwasspreadacrossthethreecontinentsnamely- Europe,AsiaandAfrica.
MainSocialFeaturesoftheRomanEmpire
Food Dressand SocialClasses CostumeStyle
Condition ofWomen
Standardof Sourcesof living Entertainment
* Wheat * Wine * OliveOil * barley * beans * lentils
Presbyterian Plebian Fightingof gladiator
withbeast
Evidence
Thelower Slaves
TheAristocratic class
Second Class
Class Coliseum
Amphitheatre
Positive aspect
Negative aspect
Righttoinheritance Iltreatmentby inFather'sProperly thehusband
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MainEconomicFeatures
AGRICULTURE CRAFT& INDUSTRY
DOMESTICATION OFANIMALS
TRADE
Transhumance
Minting Mining Amphorae Making Papyrusscrolls
Conditionsin NorthAfrica,EgyptandItalybestforgrowingcropslikewheatwine& OliveOil
Slaves Deployed inAgriculture
Empireincluded regionsthathadareputation forexceptionalfertility
Silkroute Sea Land
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Routes
Markets Goods
Places
Deployment
External
Internal
ofFreeSlaves Trade Trade
R ELIGIOUSFEATURES
MainCulturalFeatures
Art& Architecture
Statues
Knowledge& Science
PluralityofLanguages
Coliseum
Water MillingTe
chnology
Dressels20 Latin Greek Coptic Punic Aramaic Berber
Calendar
Buildings DraconianLaw LawCodes
Hydraulic MiningTech
nology
Aqueducts Writers
Amphitheatre Strabo Pliny Tacitus Olympiodorus
NaturalHistory
CorrectionwiththeSocio-Economic,Religious,Cultural&PoliticalFeaturesofAncientMesopotamia(Theme-2)
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Diocletian'sAchievement
Main PoliticalFeatures
The Early
Empire
JewishWar Downfall
oftheEmpire
Emperors
Administration
ThirdCentury Crisis
Late Antiquity
Dukes
Nero
Juliuscaesar
TheArmy
TheSenate
OctavianAugustus
TheAristocracy
Military Comma-
nders
Tiberius
TheEmperor Trajan
Republic
ProvincialTerritory
Taxation
OverExpansion oftheEmpire
CapitalatConst
antinople
Constantine's Achievement
Emperors andtheirAc
hievements
Justinian's Achieve-
ments
Christianity wasmadeofficialr
eligion
Monetary Sphere
Political
AbandonedTerritoriesoflittle Economic&StrategicI
mportance
Justinian Code
Expansion ofEmpire
Glassfactories Established
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Introductionof Solidus
Urban Prosperity
Sources
Archaeological (Literary)Written
AerialPhotographs
Texts Documents
HistorieswrittenbyContemporaryHistorians
Amphitheater
Amphorae
Coliseum Statues Aqueducts
TimeLine:RefertoPageNo.75ofthechapter/Themeofthe Textbook
KeyWords
CivilWar : Armedstrugglesforpowerwithinthesamecountry.
Republic : Thenameforaregimeinwhichrealpowerlaywiththesenate.Senate :
AbodydominatedbyasmallgroupofWealthyfamilies.
Transhumance:Herdsman'sregularannualmovementbetweenhighermountainregionsandlowlyinggroundinsearchofPasture.
Dressel20/Amphorae:Oilcontainersespeciallyoliveoil.
Draconian : Meaning'Harsh'UsedforlawsSocalledbecauseofanearly6thcenturyBCEGreeklawmakerwhoPrescribeddeathasthepenaltyformostcrimes.
QuestionswithModelAnswers:
2MarksQuestions:
1. GivetwofeaturesofRomanPolity
i) Politicallythewholespanisdividedintotwosegments-EarlyRomanEmpireandLateAntiquity.
ii) TheempirewasspreadacrossEuropesomepartofAsiaandNorthAfrica.
4MarksQuestions:
2. DescribetheconditionsofwomeninAncientRomansociety
Ans. Ppositive aspectstoshowthatwomenowedhonourablepositioninfamilyandsociety.
i) Womenremainedaprimaryheirtofather'spropertyaftermarriage.
ii) Theycouldbecomeindependentpropertyownersaftertheirfather'sdeath.
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iii) Onetypicalformofmarriagedidnotallowthewifetotransferherauthoritytoherhusbandbutretainedfullrightsinthepropertyofhernatalfamily.
iv) Womenenjoyedconsiderablelegalrightsinowningandmanagingproperty.
v) Divorcewaseasyforbothmenaswellaswomen.
Negativeaspects:
i) Marriagesweregenerallyarranged.
ii) Therewasconsiderableagegapbetweenhusbandandwifeasmalesmarriedintheirlate20sorearly30swhereaswomenweremarriedoffinthelateteensorearly20s.
iii) Womenweresubjecttodominancebytheirhusbands.
iv) Wiveswereevenbeatenupbyhusbands.
v) Fatherhadlegalcontroloverthechildren.
08Marksquestion:
3. DiscusstheeconomicactivitiesoftheAncientRomans.Whatmeasurewereadoptedforcontrollingworkers?
Ans. Agriculture-
i) TheRomanempireincludedregionsthathadareputationforexceptionalfertilitye.g.CampaniainItaly,Sicily,FayuminEgyptGalibe,Byzacium(Tunisia)southernGaul,Bactria.
ii) Theseareashadbestconditionsforcrops.
iii) Wheat,barley,beansandlentilswereproducedinabundanceandevenstored.Slaveswereusedinagriculturaltradeworks:
i) Goodsfortradecomprisedmainlywheat,wireandoliveoil.
ii) TherewascompetitionamongmerchantsforcontrolofMarkets..
iii) TradeoccurredthroughlandrouteandsearouteacrossMediterranean.
Craft&Industry:
i) Industrieslikeminingminting,amphoramakingwerepopular.
ii) Industrieslikeoilpressesandglassfactorieswereinstalledduringthelateantiquity.
iii) TheRomansalsomadescrollsofPapyrus.
Domesticationofanimals
i) TranshumancewaswidespreadinthecountrysideofNumidia(modernAlgeria)
- Thecountryside/Criticism:
- ThelargeexpansesofRomanempirewereinamuchlessadvancedstateforexampletranshumancewaswidespread,inthecountrysideofNumidia.AsRomanestatesexpandedinNorthAfrica,thepasturesofthosecommunitiesweredrasticallyreducedandtheirmovementsmoretightlyregulated.EveninSpaintheNorthwaseconomicallymuchlessdeveloped. IntheseareaspeasantrywhowereCeltic-speaking,livedinhilltopvillagesknownasCastillea.WhenwethinkoftheRomanEconomyweshouldneverforgetthesedifference.
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Conclusion:
TheRomanempirehad,however,asubstantialeconomicinfrastructureofharbors,minesquarries,brickyards,oliveoilfactoriesetc.ThewealthandeconomicprosperityoftheempireisextolledbythecontemporarywriterslikeOlympiodorusthatthearistocracybasedinthecity ofRomedrewannual incomesofupto 4,000poundsofgold fromtheirestates,notcountingtheproduce,theyconsumeddirectly.'
Source:
Archaeologicalviz-archaeologicalremainse.g.amphora,aqueductsetc.
Written:
Contemporarytextsanddocuments
Reference:
Themesinworldhistory,Theme-3,Page62pictureofaqueduct;Page-
58-PictureofPapyrusscrolls
Page-61-pictureofshops
Page-71-Excerpt''IncomesoftheRomanaristocracy,Early5thcentury'',OlympiodorusofThebes
ModelQuestions
2MarksQuestions:
1. GivetwofeaturesofAncientRomanReligion.
2. MentionfourarchaeologicalsourcesofAncientRomanEmpire.
3. WhatdoyoumeanbyRepublic?
4. NametwohistoriansofAncientRomancivilization.
5. NamethethreemainplayersofthepoliticalhistoryofancientRomanEmpire.
5MarksQuestions:
1. Nametheancientempirewhichwasexpandedacrossthreecontinents.Whyistheempireknownso?
2. NamethefamousemperorsoftheearlyEmpireinRome.Whatweretheircontributionsinthemakingoftheempire?
3. Whatismeantbytheearlyempire?DiscussitssignificanceinthehistoryoftheAncientRomanCivilization.
4. ExplaintheimpactofthecrisisofthethirdCenturyontheEarlyRomanEmpire.
5. WhowasSaintAugustine?WhyishefamousinthehistoryoftheRomancivilization?
10marksQuestions:
1. ExplainthemainfeaturesofAncientRomansociety.HowindependentwerewomenintheRomansociety?ComparethesituationofRomanfamilywiththefamilyinIndia.
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2. 'SlaverywasaninstitutiondeeplyrootedinAncientRomanworld'Explain.Doyouthinkthatcont
rollingworkerswasthefactorbehindtheeconomicprosperityoftheempire.
3. WhatismeantbyLateAntiquity?Describethemainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentoftheperiod.
4. DiscussthecausesofdownfalloftheRomanempire.HowdidthedownfallleadtothemodernizationofEurope?Explain.
5. DiscussthecontributionsoftheRomanstotheModernWorld.
2MarksQuestions
HotQuestions
1. Namefourlanguages,spokenintheRomanEmpire.
2. Definethetermcivilwar.
3. WhatdoyoumeanbyDracnian?AnswerinthecontextofRomanLaws.
4. GivetwocontributionsofDiocletian.
5. WhowasOlympiodorus?
4MarksQuestions:
1. HowwasthelargeRomanEmpireadministered.DiscusstheroleoftheProvincial......
2. ''Theemperor,thearistocracyandtheawaywerethethreemainplayersinthepoliticalhistoryoftheempire.''DiscusswasRomanRepublicatruerepublicintherealsenseoftheterm?
3. HowcanwefindgenderdifferencesinRomansociety?Giveexamples.
4. HowcanwefindculturaldiversityintheRomanempire?Discusswithexamples.
5. HowwereslavestreatedinancientRomansociety?Discuss.
8 MarksQuestions:
1. HowdidfertilityofRomanempirewasthecauseoftheprosperityoftheempire?ExplaininthecontextofancientMesopotamiancivilization.
2. GiveyourviewsonthereligiousfeaturesofAncientRomanEmpire.HowdidriseofIslamaffecttheempire.Explain.
3. WhatdotheSocialHereditiestellusaboutAncientRomansociety?DiscusstheroleoftheKnightsintheempire.Doyoufindanysimilaritybetweenthefeudalknightsandtheseknights?
4. WhowasConstantine?DiscusshisachievementsinthefinalcenturiesofRomanworld.
5. ''Ifromeplundered,itcivilizedtheworldaswell''.DiscussthestatementinthecontextofcontributionsoftheancientRomancivilization.
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TheRomanEmpire ThisvaststretchofterritorywastheRomanEmpire.IrancontrolledthewholeareasouthoftheCaspianSeadowntoeasternArabia,andsometimeslargepartsofAfghanistanaswell.ThesetwosuperpowershaddividedupmostoftheworldthattheChinesecalledTaCh'in('greaterCh'in,roughlythewest).
RiseoftheArabsaffectedtheRomanEmpire.
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Theme-4
TheCentralIslamicLands
RiseofIslamComparisons Social Religious inArabia Factors Factors
Political Factors
Economic Factors
Cultural Factors
Sources
Crusade
Faith Community Politics Agriculture Urbani- Commerce sation
Ist IInd IIIrd
Modern Islam
Early Islam
The The TheAbbasid
Caliphates UmayyadsRevolution
Polity
Breakupof the caliphate
andtheriseof
sultanates
Expansion CivilWar Sects
Before Prophate
After Prophet
Religion CommunityArt&Architecture
Sharia Sufism Bayat-al-Hikma Arabss
TheQuran
Mutazila
Khabar Chronicles
Thelegendof Learning&Culture
Quran TheCatalogue ArabExpandedand aknlaq+tari
khdeveloped
(9thCentury)
10thCentury DesertPalaces Rihla
developed
developed
ArtForms Threeimportant aspectsofhumanc
ivilisation
Kitab- al-
Fihrist
Bookson morallessions &Amusement
NewPersian
Calligraphy (Beautifulhandwriting)
Arabesque (buildingdesign)
Religion Community Politics
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I. RiseofIslam
ThreePhases
Faith Community Polity
* TheArabsdividedintoqabilas
* PolytheisticArabs
* BeforeProphetsMuhammad
* Before-612AD
* AfterMuhammada
communitywasfounded-named-umma-boundbyareligiousbelief 612AD
* AfterMuhammad'sdeathin632AD
* PoliticalauthoritywastransferredtotheUmmaCaliphatebecamethedeputyofprophet
II. Comparison
ModernIslam
* By21stcenturythereareover1billionMuslimslivinginallpartsoftheworld
* Theyarethecitizensofdifferentnationswith differentlanguagesanddresses.
EarlyIslam
* Unitedinitsobservanceofthesharia in ritualandpersonalmatters
* Itwasdefiningitsreligiousidentity.
III.
SocialFactor
BeforeProphetMuhammad(Be
fore612AD)
AfterProphetMuhammad(A
fter612AD)
Jahiliaageofthetribes
LifeofProphetHizratMuhammad
25
IV. ReligiousFactors
Crusades-ThreePhases
1st:1098-99AD 2nd:1145-49AD 3rd:In1189AD
V. PoliticalFactors
TheCaliphates TheUmayyadsand Polity
TheAbbasid Revolution
* Afterdeath Muhammad632AD.
of in
* First caliph MuawiyasRetainedpowerfor90years
* Movement Dawa
- *
* * The biggest
innovationcreationoftheinsti tutionofcaliphate
Break-upofthe CaliphateandtheRiseofSultanate
In810-acivilwarbrokeout-betweenAminandMamun
*From11thto12thCenturyaseriesofconflictbetweenChris tiansandArabstatestookplace.
Leaderofthe Arabworld
VI. EconomicFactors
* *
Agriculture
Wastheprincipaloccup
ation.
ofthesettledpopulationsi
nthenewlyconqueredte
rritories
Easytolevythetax
Wentwith
pol i t ica lstability
*
* *
*
Urbanization
Islamiccivilizationflourishedin
anumberofcities.
Garrison-cities-
misrUrbannetworkdevelo
ped
Cotton,SugarManufacturersd
eveloped
Linkingonetowntotheother-
formedacircuit
*
*
* *
Commerce
Politicalunificationandurband
emandforfoodstuffLuxuries
-
enlargedthecircuitofexchang
e.
10thcenturyRedsearouteg
ainedgreaterimportance. *
26
VII. ReligiousFactor
Islamiclandsbroughtthreeaspectsofhumancivilization
*
Religion
appearedin7thcentury Islam
*
Community
Seenoneseparatecircle
*
*
Politics
InfluenceofIslamoverstateandgovernment
*Involvedinmanythings-withoutsanction
e.g.-Kingshipcivilwar
VIII. Sources
TheHolyQuran Chronicles-Historical
(asasourceof earlyIslam)
* Khabar * Paper-Commercial * Geniyzrecords * History
27
IX TheLegendofLearningandCulture
I
II
TheCatalogue
* Kitab-al-Fihrist * Bookofmoral-
lessonsandamusement
III
Arab-expanded
*AkhlaqandTarikhdevelopedin9thcentury
28
Qu
ran
Sh
ari
a
Su
fis
Mu
tazila
Ba
yt-
al-
Hik
ma
Ara
b
IV
In10thCentury
* 'Rihla'developed
V
Desert-Palaces developed
VI
ArtForms
* Calligraphy(beautifulhandwriting)
* Arabesque(buildingdesigndeveloped)
VII
Threeaspectsofhuman civilizationdevelop
* Religion * Community * Politics
29
TimeLine:Refertothe TextBook
KeyWords
AllQahir,Mirikh,Qahira,Maqamat,Haji(Refertothetextbook)
ModelQuestion
2MarksQuestions:
1. WhoweretheBedouins? Mentiontheirtwo-characteristicfeatures.
2. Muhammaddeclaredhimselftobethemessengerwhy?
3. WhywasthecivilwarbrokeoutafterMuhammad'sdeath?
4. WhatdidtheUmayyadsdotoconsolidatetheirleadershipwithintheUmma?
5. MentiontworeasonsresponsiblefortheAbbasid'sRevolutions.
4MarksQuestions:
1. Mentionthereasonbehindthebreak-upoftheCaliphateandtheriseofsultanate.
2. DiscussthemessagesanddoctrinesofprophetMuhammad.
3. WhatwerethereasonsbehindtheAbbasids'Revolution?
4. Discussthemajorcausesresponsibleforthecrusade.
5. MentionfivemajorcontributionsoftheArabstotheworld.
8MarksQuestions:
1. Whatwastheconflictnamedcrusade?Explainthereasons,eventsandconsequencesoftheseriesofthecrusade.
2. 'TheMuslimsdeepenedthroughcontactwithotherpeopleasthereligiousandsocialexperiences'Examine.
Passage-basedQuestions
MapWork
4MarksQuestions:
1. Onthegivenoutlinemapofworld,locatethefollowingplaces:
1. TheQuran-ReferthebookText-page-96
2. IslamicCalendarRefertheText-book-Page-80
1. a) WhatdoyouUnderstandbyQuran? [1]
b) AccordingtoMuslimtradition,whatdoyoumeanbymessages? [1]
c) WhatkindofproblemwasposedinthehistoryofearlyIslam? [2]
d) Whatdothetheologiansgenerallybelieve? [1]
2. Islamiccalendar a) Mentiontheimportanceof622ADinIslamiccalendar. [1]
b) WhatisthetotalnumberofdaysinHijariyear? [1]
c) WhydoIslamicreligiousfestivalsnotcorrespondinanywaytotheseasons? [1]
d) WhatisthemeaningofHaj? [2]
a) Palestine b) Mecca
c) Medina d) Syria
e) Constantinople 30
2. Onthegivenoutlinemapofworld.Locatethefollowingplaces:
a) Arabsea b) Caspiansea
c) Blacksea d) Transoxiana
e) BukharaandSamarkand. QuestionswithModelAnswer
1. WhoweretheBedouins?M
entiontheirtwofeatures.
Ans.
* BeforetheProphetMuhammadtheArabsweredividedintotribes(Qabila)
* AChiefwaschosenonthebasisoffamilyaswellashisowncouragewisdomandgenerosity.
* ManytribeswereNomadicorbedouins,movingfromdrytogreen(oases)ofthedesertinsearchoffood.
* SomeSettledinthecitiesandpracticedtradeoragriculture.
4MarksQuestions:
MentiontheprinciplesandmessagesofProphet-Muhammad.
Ans. ProphetMuhammaddeclared:
* Himselftobethemessenger(rasul)ofGod-whohadbeencommandedtopreachthat
* AllahaloneShouldbeworshiped.
* Theworshipinvolvedsimplerituals,
Suchas-
a) Salat-dailyprayer
b) Alms-distributionamongthehelpless.
* Muhammadwastofoundacommunityofbelievers-Umma-boundbyacommonsetofreligiousbeliefs.
* Thecommunitywouldbearwitness(shahada)totheexistenceofthereligionbeforeGodaswellasbeforemembersofotherreligiouscommunities.
* Muhammad'smessageparticularlyappealedtothoseMacanesewhofeltdeprivedofthegainsfromtradeandreligionandwerelookingforthenewcommunityidentity.Thosewhoacceptedthedoctrinewerecalled'Muslims'.
* DayofJudgment
* JourneyfromMeccatoMedina
* BeginningoftheMuslimcalendar(5relevantpointsmust-P-10)
8 MarksQuestions:
1. 'TheMuslimsdeepenedsocialandreligiouscontactwithotherpeopleasthereligiousandsocialexperiences'Examine.
Ans.
* TheMuslimcommunitywasobligedtoreflectonitsandconfrontissuespertainingtoGodandtheworld.
* TheidealconductofaMuslimbecamealegendoflearningandculture.
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Theywerethefollowing:
* Quran
* Sharia
* Sufis
* Mutayila
* Bayt-al-Hikma
* Adab
* NewPersiangroup
* Thecatalogue
* AkhlaqandTarikh(theCentury)
* Rihla-10thCentury
* Desertpalacesdeveloped
* Artformsas-Calligraphy,andArabesque
* Religion-community-Politydeveloped(10relevantpoints)
- Map-workdonealltogather.
-----
Islamic-World
INDEX
1. AralSea
2. CaspianSea
3. BlackSea
4. Transoxian
5. Bukharaand
Samarkand
32
Theme-5
Nomadic Empires
Meaning
Imperial formationsconstructed by nomadic groups. The Mongols, under theleadershipofGenghisKhanestablishedatranscontinentalempirestraddlingEurope
FounderGe
nghishKhan
BackgroundPastoralists,Hunter-
gatherers SocietydividedintoPatrilineallineages
Contribution 1. Formationofatranscontinentale
mpire 2. Socialorganization 3. Politicalorganization 4. MilitaryOrganization 5. EncouragedLongdistancetradea
ttractedtravelerslikeMarcoPolo.
Career: - bornaround1162AD - Fatherwasmurderedatanearlyage - ConquestofChina,Transoxiana,
Khwarazm, Samarqand, Herat,AzerbaijanRussia
- Deathin1227
Achievements: - Organised
thearmy
Sources:ChroniclesofRashidal-Din,theGreatwallofChina,Thesilkroute.
FamilytreeofGenghisKhan–referpageNo.-116
Timeline: referpageNo.–112and113
AfterdecadesofSovietcontrol,thecountryofMongoliaisrecreatingitsidentityasanindependentnation.GenghisKhanappearedasaniconicfigurefortheMongolPeople,mobilizingmemoriesofagreatpastintheforgingofnationalidentitythatcancarrythenationintothefuture.
BritishEmpire,MauryanEmpire,MughalEmpire
– ComparisonwiththeMongolEmpire.
– MongolsProvidedideologicalmodelsfortheMughalsofIndia.
33
– Timur,anothermonarchwhoaspiredtouniversaldomination,hesitatedtodeclarehimselfmonarchbecauseofGenghisKhan.
SocialOrganization:
Alltheable-bodied,adultmalesofthetribeborearms.ThesocietyincludedgroupsliketheTurkicUighurs,thedefeatedpeoplelike-theKereyits.Itwasabodyofheterogeneousmassofpeople.
PoliticalOrganization:
Genghiskhanassignedtheresponsibilityofgoverningthenewlyconqueredpeopletohisfoursons.GenghisKhanenvisagedthathissonswouldruletheempirecollectively.Thenumbersofthefamilywasunderlinedattheassemblyofchieftains,quriltais,wherealldecisionsrelatingtothefamilyorthestatefortheforthcomingseason-Campaigns,distributionofplunder,Pasturelandsandsuccessionwerecollectivelytaken.
MilitaryOrganization:
Hisarmywasorganizedaccordingtotheoldsteppesystemofdecimalunits:indivisionsof10s,100s,1000sand10,000soldiers.Hedividedtheoldtribalgroupingsanddistributedtheirmembersintonewmilitaryunits.Anyindividualwhotriedtomovefromhis/herallottedgroupwithoutpermissionreceivedharshpunishment.Thelargestunitofsoldiers,approximating10,000soldiers.Thenewmilitarycontingentswererequired.toserveunderhisfoursonsandspeciallychosencaptainsofhisarmyunitscallednoyan.
KeyWords/Terms
Barbarian:Theterm'barbarian'isderivedfromthegreekbarbarouswhichmeantanongreek,whoselanguagesoundedlikearandomnoise:'bar-bar'.Cruel,greedandpoliticallyunabletogovern.
Yasa: GenghisKhan'scodeofLaw.
Tama: Themilitarycontingentsoftheindividualprinces.
Quriltais:Theassemblyofchieftainswherealldecisionsrelatingtothefamilyorthestate-campaings,distributionofplunder,pasturelandsandsuccession-werecollectivelytaken.
Anda: bloodbrothersofGenghisKhan.
Naukar: Specialrankingashisbondsmen,atitlethatmarkedtheircloserelationshipwiththeirmaster.
Qantas: Undergroundcanals.
Yam: ACouriersystemintroducedbyGenghisKhan
Qubcurtax:Alevythatthenomadspaidwillinglyforthemultiplebenefitsthatitbrought.
2MarksQuestion:
ModelQuestion
1. Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm'barbarian'?
2. WritetwomilitaryskillsofGenghisKhan?
34
3. WhatwasYasa?
4. WritetwoachievementsofGenghisKhan?
5. Whythe'GreatwallofChina'wasconstructed?
4 MarksQuestions:
1. Describeaboutthenomadicsocieties?
2. MentiontheestimatedextentofMongoldestruction?
3. WhywastradesosignificanttotheMongols?
4. Describeabout'theGreatWallofChine'?
5. WriteaboutthemilitarysystemofGenghisKhan?
8MarksQuestion:
1. MentiontheimportanteventsafterthedeathofGenghisKhan?
2. WriteabouttheadministrativesystemofGenghisKhan?
3. DescribeaboutthecodeoflawofGenghisKhan?
2MarksQuestion:
ModelAnswers
1. WritetwoachievementsofGenghisKhanA
ns.
i) UnitedtheMongolPeopleandfreedthemfrominterminabletribalwars.
ii) Fashionedagrandtranscontinentalempire.
4 MarksQuestion:
1. WriteaboutthemilitarysystemofGenghisKhan?A
ns.
i) Armywasorganizedaccordingtotheoldsteppesystemofdecimalunits.
ii) Dividedtheoldtribalgroupingsanddistributedtheirmembersintonewmilitaryunits.
iii) Anyindividualwhotriedtomovefromhisallottedgroupwithoutpermissionreceivedharshpunishment.
iv) Thelargestunitofsoldiers,approximating10,000.
v) Thenewmilitarycontingentswererequiredtoserveunderhisfoursonsandspeciallychosencaptains.
8 Marksquestion:
1. WriteabouttheadministrativesystemofGenghisKhan?A
ns.
i) GenghisKhanassignedtheresponsibilityofgoverningthenewlyconqueredpeopletohisfoursons.
ii) Thesecomprisedthefourulus,atermthatdidnotoriginallymeanfixedterritories.
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37