theme 1.1: electro-mechanical coupling in soft materials: energy scavenging and storage
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Theme 1.1: Electro-Mechanical Coupling in Soft Materials: Energy Scavenging and Storage . Zoubeida Ounaies Penn State University. Iimec2012-TAMU College Station, TX 1/18/02-1/19/02. Overview. Overview. Research Agenda. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Theme 1.1: Electro-Mechanical Coupling in Soft Materials: Energy Scavenging and
Storage
Zoubeida OunaiesPenn State University
Iimec2012-TAMUCollege Station, TX
1/18/02-1/19/02
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Overview
Focus•Research agenda•Target applications•Scope of activities
Highlighted Projects
•Development of natural fiber composites•Electric field-manipulation of nanoreinforcements •Nanodielectrics for energy storage•Structural health monitoring of polymer matrix composites
Break-out Session
•Schedule/Participants•Goals•Some highlights
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Overview
Focus •Research agenda•Target applications•Scope of activities
Highlighted Projects
•Development of natural fiber composites•Electric field-manipulation of nanoreinforcements •Nanodielectrics for energy storage•Structural health monitoring of polymer matrix composites
Break-out Session
•Schedule/Participants•Goals•Some highlights
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Research Agenda
Materials exhibiting electro-mechanical coupling,such as piezoelectric and ferroelectric ceramics, electro-active polymers, and nano-composites for sensing, actuation, electrical energy harvesting, conversion and storage
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion 6
Energy Harvester
Diode Rectifier Circuit
Capacitor /Battery
Bottom Electrode
Top Electrode
Piezoelectric Material
1
32
1
32
1
32
Unimorph HomogeneousBimorph
One Approach…
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Challenges
Shortfalls of current electromechanical materials include:– small electromechanical coupling
coefficients– high actuation voltage – Trade off between blocked stress, free
strain and applied electric field– low mechanical to electrical energy
conversion, resulting from dissipative dielectric losses
– Low energy and work densities– Restricted operational temperatures and
frequencies– Limited development of additional
‘functionality’
EAP Achieved strains
(%)Electric field
(MV/m)
Polyurethane (Deerfield)
Silicone(Dow Corning)
PVDF-based electrostrictors
PVDF and copolymers
11
32
4
0.7
150
144
>10
>10
Barium Titanate (BaTiO3)
~0.83 1
Lead Manganese Niobate (PMN)
~0.1 1
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Can Nano Help Smart?
Introduce small amounts of Nanoparticles to achieve dramatic changes in Mechanical, Thermal, Physical,
Electrical and / or Chemical Properties
Introduce Multifunctionality (Structural + Electric; Structural + ElectroMechanical; Structural + Permeability; Structural + Biocompatibility)
Minimal change in density of the polymer
At the same volume fraction (10 vol%).
Microcomposite Nanohybrid
Effect of particle shrinking from micrometric to nanometric size: interface increasingly dominates!
particle
interface
Particle diameter 10 nm 1 mm
# particles/ cc 1.9 x 1017 1.9 x 1011
Surface area / cc 60 m2 0.6 m2
Average Interparticledistance
8.5 nm 850 nm
Understand opportunities afforded by polymer nanocomposites to address current State-of-the-Art challenges in smart materials.
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Nanostructured/Nanoreinforced Polymers
Nanofilled polymers Nanostructured hybrids-Capitalize on inherent filler properties to enhance performance of composites
-Introduce dramatic enhancement, new physical properties and novel behavior that are absent in unfilled matrices and particles
nanoscale effect!
Toughness Increase using Nanoclay (Shah et. al. 2004)
1.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.0E+08
1.0E+09
1.0E+10
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 0.0014
SWNT concentration
Stor
age
mod
ulus
Ec
(Pa)
Halpin Tsai theory below TgExperimental below TgHalpin Tsai theory above TgExperimental above Tg
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Overview
Focus•Research agenda•Target applications•Scope of activities
Highlighted Projects
•Development of natural fiber composites•Electric field-manipulation of nanoreinforcements •Nanodielectrics for energy storage•Structural health monitoring of polymer matrix composites
Break-out Session
•Schedule/Participants•Goals•Some highlights
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Target Applications
Light Flexible Piezoelectrics Piezoelectric Ceramics and Ceramic-based Composites
Wind Turbines
Smart Textiles
Power harnessing in ocean surges/waves along coastal regions
Active fiber composites
d
Autonomous, unmanned, self-powered, and adaptive
Nanocomposites
P+
n
P+- - - - -
Startup and reference
circuitsPiezoelectric transducer
> 4V
----
- -
- -- -Silicon Oxide Polysilicon
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Overview
Focus•Research agenda•Target applications•Scope of activities
Highlighted Projects
•Development of natural fiber composites•Electric field-manipulation of nanoreinforcements •Nanodielectrics for energy storage•Structural health monitoring of polymer matrix composites
Break-out Session
•Schedule/Participants•Goals•Some highlights
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
• Exchange of students for periods of 4-6 months– EPT to TAMU– EPT to PSU– PSU to Morocco– Morocco to PSU
• Faculty visits– EPT faculty to PSU
• Competing for additional funding– Tunisia-Morocco cooperation for scientific research and
technology– USA-Tunisia-Morocco State Department Grant– Fullbright– Tunisian ministry of higher education
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
• Co-advising of PFE, MS and Ph.D. theses
• Journal publications and conference proceedings
• International conference organization
• Non-profit professional society: NATEG
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Overview
Focus•Research agenda•Target applications•Scope of activities
Highlighted Projects
•Development of natural fiber composites•Electric field-manipulation of nanoreinforcements •Nanodielectrics for energy storage•Structural health monitoring of polymer matrix composites
Break-out Session
•Schedule/Participants•Goals•Some highlights
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
SWNT (vol%)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
M (m
2 /MV
2 )
10-910-810-710-610-5
10-2
10-1
100
M3333 SWNT +PI (1Hz)M1133 SWNT +PI (DC)M1133 SWNT +PI (0.5Hz)M1133 Polyurethane [18] P(VDF-TrFE) [19](calculated using Q and dielectric constant)
M3333
Trend to ease reading of M3333 data (1Hz)Trend to ease reading of M1133 data (DC)Trend to ease reading of M1133 data (0.5Hz)
SWNT (vol%)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
M (m
2 /MV
2 )
10-910-810-710-610-5
10-2
10-1
100
M3333 SWNT +PI (1Hz)M1133 SWNT +PI (DC)M1133 SWNT +PI (0.5Hz)M1133 Polyurethane [18] P(VDF-TrFE) [19](calculated using Q and dielectric constant)
M3333
Trend to ease reading of M3333 data (1Hz)Trend to ease reading of M1133 data (DC)Trend to ease reading of M1133 data (0.5Hz)
Palm tree, Alfalfa and Agave Plant.
Development of Natural Fiber Composites
Natural fiber extraction and characterization
Composite elaboration, synthesis and processing
Multifunctional property measurement
Model development
Target application
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Palm tree, Alfalfa and Agave Plant.
Development of natural fiber composites
Natural fiber extraction and characterization
Composite elaboration, synthesis and processing
Property measurement
Model development
Target application
Tunisia
U.S.A.Morocco
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
New Composite Materials with Natural Reinforcement
Applied Mechanics and Systems Research Laboratory TUNISIA POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL
Preparing Alfalfa short fibers specimens at PSU (varied lengths, random reinforcement)
.
.Elaboration of a new composite material where the reinforcement consists of natural fibers extracted from Alfalfa plants:
identify the thermo-mechanical properties of natural fiber separately and in the composite material
conduct both numerical and experimental measurements
investigate different arrangement of fibers (unidirectional, woven and random with varied lengths
Interest in integrating natural occuring fiber materials into composites
because of their functional and ecological qualities.
Tunisia possesses abundant sources of Alfalfa plants with promising physical and mechanical characteristics.
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Collaborative Process…
Development of natural
fiber composites
Faculty visit
through the
Fullbright program
PSU student at
PSU, recruited from EPT
Funds from the Tunisia-
Morocco Cooperation for Scientific
Research program
Short term student
exchange through IIMEC
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Overview
Focus•Research agenda•Target applications•Scope of activities
Highlighted Projects
•Development of natural fiber composites•Electric field-manipulation of
nanoreinforcements •Nanodielectrics for energy storage•Structural health monitoring of polymer matrix composites
Break-out Session
•Schedule/Participants•Goals•Some highlights
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
0.1wt%
Electric Field-Manipulation of Nanoreinforcements Flexibility and TransparencyCellulose
Abundantly available Bio- compatible Low cost Bio-degradable Easy to process
V. Favier et al 1995 Macromolecules
Plants, Sea tunicates, Wood
Mechanical reinforcementActuation
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Acid Hydrolysis
Multi-scale Processing and Characterization
Synthesis and Extraction
300 V/mm, 30 min
10 Hz 25 kHz
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Frequency (Hz)
101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Die
lect
ric C
onst
ant
6
7
8
9
10
11
Random 1Hz10Hz100Hz1KHz10KHz
Frequency (Hz)
101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Die
lect
ric c
onst
ant
7
8
9
10
11
12
Random 1Hz10Hz100Hz1KHz10KHz
Sample
Pure PVAc Random 1Hz 10Hz 100Hz 1KHz 10 KHz 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Elastic Modulus (MPa)Tensile Strenght (MPa)Percentage Elongation (X10-3)
Multifunctional Property Measurement and Analysis
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Collaborative Process…
Cellulose-based nancomposites
Conference and workshop co-organization
Co-advising PhD student from Caddi
Ayad
Hosting TAMU student in lab in
Morocco
Hosting Caddi Ayd student at
PSU
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Overview
Focus• Research agenda• Target applications• Scope of activities
Highlighted Projects
• Development of natural fiber composites
• Electric field-manipulation of nanoreinforcements
• Nanodielectrics for energy storage
• Structural health monitoring of polymer matrix composites
Break-out Session• Schedule/Participants• Goals• Some highlights
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Material Y(GPa)
Max. Strain (%)
CP2+0.1wt%NT
1.6013.0
3.00
3.500.4
1.2%
0.5%
2.2%2.0%
1.01
1.243.43
56.0
28.8
80.0200.0
PPI+1.0wt%NT
PVDF+0.2wt%NTPVDF-TrFE-
CupC
0.37
E(MV/m)
1.00.2
1.40Irradiated PVDF
Polyurethane0.40 150.0 5.0% 0.50 ____0.02 100.0 10.0% 0.1 10.0
26
EPT-PSU Collaboration through Student and Faculty Exchange
-Student completed MS thesis, co-advised by Chafra,Najar, Ounaies
-Student conducting PhD research, co-advised by Chafra and Ounaies
-Faculty exchange leveraging the Fullbright program: Dr. Moez Chafra from EPT to PSU. EPT students, Emna Helal ,
conducting research at TAMU.
TiORRO
ORRO Hydrolysis
TiOH HO
OH HO
PolycondensationTi
OO
OO TiO
O
TiO2
-NH2
Amine group is electron donating
C-F is electron
withdrawing
Dipole-Dipole Interaction
FFTiO2
Ways Toward Better Dispersion:
Particle Surface Functionalization
In-situ Sol-Gel Process inside Polymer Solution
experimental evidence of electrostriction by addition of small quantities of NPs.
1
2
3
tVΔt
Sensor
1
2
3
1
2
3
tVΔt
Sensor1
23
L
tw
V
1
23
1
23
L
tw
V
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Commercially available polymers for capacitors:Polypropylene: Energy density 1-1.2J/cc
Inexpensive
Easy to process
Current requirements
Energy density (> 4 J/cc)
Low loss (<0.005)
20 '21
bVt
AU
Monolithic materials: trade-off between ’ and Vb!
Breakdown versus dielectric constant“Proposed universal relationship between dielectric breakdown and dielectric constant” J. McPherson et al. 2002. Texas Instruments, Silicon Technology Development.
Motivation: Nanocomposite Dielectrics.
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Motivation: Nanocomposite Dielectrics.
To Store Large Amount of Electrical Energy at High Voltages for Long Periods of Time Without Significant Current Leakage.
• Enable Lightweight, Compact, High-energy-density Capacitors • Optimize The Dielectric Permittivity And The Dielectric Breakdown Strength
2.3vol% NWTiO2@APS-PVDFWith functionalization
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
29
Sample ε' @1kHz Tan(δ)@1kHz Eb (MV/m) U (J/cc)
Pure PVDF 7.2 0.014 179 1.01
2.3vol% F(NW) 8.7 0.016 184 1.30
4.6vol% F(NW) 10.5 0.023 339 5.34
9.2vol% F(NW) 12.8 0.069 147 1.22
Enhancement > 500% with 4.6vol% F(NW)-PVDF
Some Recent Results…
Samples thickness ranging from 17mm to 24mm
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
30
Breakdown Mechanisms
Possible mechanisms: Intrinsic breakdown
Electronic breakdown
Thermal breakdown
Electromechanical breakdown
Schematic representation of the relationship between the breakdown
field Eb, the time to breakdown t, and the sample thickness d, Bluhm, 2006 [5]
Sample
Electrodes
Coulombic attractive forces
FSpacer
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Dielectric breakdown thickness dependence
Sample thickness (mm)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Die
lect
ric b
reak
dow
n (M
V/m
)
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Pure PVDF2.3vol% F(NW) 4.6vol% F(NW)
Possible mechanisms:
Intrinsic breakdown
Electronic breakdown
Thermal breakdown
Electromechanical breakdown
31
The strongest dependence on
thickness is for the composite with
the highest particles content
Ramp = 500V/s
When the thickness increase, more
defects are present in the sample
decrease in the dielectric
breakdown
Breakdown mechanisms: Intrinsic?
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Overview
Focus• Research agenda• Target applications• Scope of activities
Highlighted Projects
• Development of natural fiber composites
• Electric field-manipulation of nanoreinforcements
• Nanodielectrics for energy storage• Structural health monitoring of
polymer matrix composites
Break-out Session• Schedule/Participants• Goals• Some highlights
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Structural Health Monitoring of Polymer Matrix CompositesNon linear Ultrasonics Technique
Novel SHM System
Results: Detection of Impact Damage
Experimental Setup for Impact Damage Detection in Composite Plates
Objective: Development of a new Structural Health Monitoring methodology based on damage detection via non –linear wave modulation characteristics.
Conclusions: Ability to reveal even small
damage sizes Efficient for all common damage
types of composites: Delamination Debondings Matrix cracks Single lap adhesive joints
Healthy 4J Impact load
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Modeling of Delaminated Composite Beams with Active Piezoelectric Sensors
Objectives: Development of new FE models with1) Layerwise mechanics2) Additional DOFs to simulate delamination3) Coupled electromechanical system
Conclusions: • Feasibility to reveal damage signatures • Ability to simulate delaminated system response• Agreement with experimental measurements
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
BREAK-OUT SESSION 1
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Afternoon break-out session:
3:15-5:00pm Room 1011B
Moderated by P.Sharma and Z. Ounaies
-Focus on electro-mechanical, mechanical reinforcement, opto-electric coupling, thermal management
-Planning next year’s collaborations and activities
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion
Technical Outcome Following Kick-off Meeting
IIMECInternational Institute for
Multifunctional Materials for Energy Conversion