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Thematic Review Global History & Geography Regents Exam

1. CHANGE (Revolution) Change means basic alterations in things, events, and ideas. Throughout global history, major changes have had significant and lasting impacts on human development. NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION: (E,S)

3 causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms P x

Domesticated animals Tigris Euphrates/ganges/Indus

S

Permanent settlements Written laws

E

River valleys Mesopotamia/fertile crescent

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION: (E,S)

3 causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms P X

Urbanization (+ / -) Natural Resources (Coal, iron, Alsace Lorraine)

S more people/more need

Sadler Laws (stopped child labor) +

Karl Marx: Communism

E coal and water in England , steam engine (WATT)

Child Labor - Adam Smith: Laissez Faire

FRENCH REVOLUTION: (P)

3 causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms P: Louis 16

Storm Bastille Declaration of Rights of Man

S: Old Regime

Reign of Terror Voltaire, Locke, Enlightenment

E: High Taxes

Napoleon Robespierre

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION: (P)

3 causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms P Nicholas II

Lenin, Trotsky collectivization

S Feudalism

Communism: Censorship and Terror

Czar Nicholas

E High Taxes

5 year plan FAIL Karl Marx

Other examples of Change are: Crusades, Renaissance, Enlightenment, Reformation, Scientific Revolution.

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2. TURNING POINTS Turning points are times when decisive changes occur. Turning points often have political, social, economic, and cultural impacts. FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms Ottoman Empire in 1453. Became Islamic. Name becomes Istanbul

Trade controlled by muslims

Istanbul

Ends Christianity in Mid East

Ottoman Empire

Find new routes to Asia / Columbus

Islam

THE ENCOUNTER, 1492

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms Columbus discovers New World

Disease

Triangle Trade: Columbian Exchange

Cultural Diffusion

Encomienda System

New Resources: Tobacco, Coffee, Sugar

Mercantilism

FRENCH REVOLUTION

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms

THE CRUSADES

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms Attempt of Christians to take back the Holy Land during Middle Ages.

Increased Trade

Muslims Advanced

Increased Cultural Diffusion

Dark Ages of Christians

Ended Feudalism

Manorialism / Feudalism

MARTIN LUTHER/REFORMATION

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms Split in the Catholic Church. Began Protestant Religions.

Splits Church: Lutheran

Recant, 95 Theses, Indulgences

Decreases Power of Church

Henry 8 (Anglican) John Calvin: predestination

Luther Excommunicated

Printing Press

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FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms Fell because it was split in 2, West invaded by barbarians.

Begins Dark Ages

Constantinople

DECENTRALIZED GOV.

Justinian’s Code

Byzantine Empire survives. Feudalism

THE RENAISSANCE

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms Rebirth of Greek and roman culture in Europe

Printing press

Gutenburg

Increased Art / Literature

Da Vinci, Michelangelo

Machiavelli The Prince THE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms England LIMITED POWER OF KING

People got rights

Magna Carta

Established the Parliament Bill of Rights

THE FALL OF THE BERLIN WALL

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms Ended the Cold War between US and USSR

Ended the Cold war

Glasnost

All countries in Eastern Europe became FREE.

Perestroika

Turkey, Czech, Poland, Austria Gorbachev THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION

Historical Context 3 effects 3 Key Terms

Bosnian Genocide, Ethnic Cleansing

Other examples of Turning Points are: Magna Carta, Independence Movements in Latin America, Russian Revolution, Invention of the Printing Press, Congress of Vienna, Industrial Revolution, WWII, Freeing of Nelson Mandela.

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3. BELIEF SYSTEMS Established orderly ways in which groups or individuals look at religious faith or philosophical tenets. CHRISTIANITY

Where? 3 Beliefs 3 Key Terms Western Europe

Monotheistic

Jerusalem

Jesus is Messiah

10 command

Bible Crusades ISLAM

Where? 3 Beliefs 3 Key Terms Middle East

Hajj Allah Fasting during Ramadan Koran 5x a day Mecca

JUDAISM

Where? 3 Beliefs 3 Key Terms Israel

Holy Land: Jerusalem

Zionism

Abraham

Balfour Declaration

Torah

Holocaust

BUDDHISM

Where? 3 Beliefs 3 Key Terms China / India

8 Fold Path

Siddartha Gautama

4 Noble Truths

Desires

Nirvana

Dalai Lama

HINDUISM

Where? 3 Beliefs 3 Key Terms India

Reincarnation

Karma

Caste System

Darma

Polytheistic

Untouchables

Other examples of belief systems are Animism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shintoism, Sikkhism

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4. GEOGRAPHY AND THE ENVIRONMENT This essay has to do with relationships among people, places, and environments. Environment means the surroundings, including natural elements and elements created by humans.

Early River Civilizations

3 Civilizations & River Describe how rivers impact development 3 Key Terms Indus: Indian Civ.

Water, Fertile Land, Animals, Transporation, Fish

Neolithic

Mesopotamia: Tigris/Euphrates

Fertile Crescent

Egypt: Nile

Domest. Animals

Influence of Geography on Japan

Geographic Characteristics How did Japan adapt to geography? 3 Key Terms Island, Archipelgo

Isolated Terrace Farms Fish Lack natural resources

Imperialism

Mountains

Manchuria

Water

Meiji Restoration

Influence of Geography on Great Britain

Geographic Characteristics How did England adapt to geography? 3 Key Terms Island

Can’t be taken over (Hitler) Trade I.R. started here

Watt

Cliffs

Irregular coastline

Lots of resources (Coal, water)

Influence of Geography on Russia

Geographic Characteristics Russia’s geography influence on history? 3 Key Terms Big

Can’t be taken over. Napoleon and Hitler tried…Failed. Isolated from Europe.

Czar

Cold

General Winter, Moscow

Frozen

Tundra

Influence of Geography on Greece

Geographic Characteristics Greece’s geography influence on history? 3 Key Terms Archipelego

Led to cultural diversity

Athens vs. Sparta

Mountains

Terrace Farming

Water

Fishing

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Other examples of Geography and the Environment are: The importance of the Middle East as a crossroads between three continents, environmental problems such as deforestation, desertification (Africa) and destruction of tropical forests (Latin America)

5. ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Include traditional, command, market, and mixed systems. Each must answer all three basic economic questions: what is to be produced? How will it be produced? For whom shall they be produced? Traditional Economy

Where? When? 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms Africa, undeveloped nations. L.A.

Fish

Farm

Hunt Manorialism

Where? When? 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms Europe during Dark Ages

Self sufficient

No cultural diffusion

Feudalism

Manor Mercantilism

Where? When? 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms Latin America (Spain)

Mother Country

Encomienda System

Raw Materials

Tobacco, Sugar, Coffee

Colonies Capitalism (Market Economy)

Where? When? 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms Europe, Industrial Rev.

$$$$$

Adam Smith

Supply and Demand

Wealth of Nations

Competition

Laissez Faire

Marxism/Communism (Command Economy)

Where? When? 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms Russia/China/Cuba

Gov. Control everything

Karl Marx

Collectivization

Proletariat vs. Capitalists

Command Economy

Communist Manifesto Little Red Book

Other examples of Economic Systems are: Laissez Faire, European Union, NAFTA

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6. POLITICAL SYSTEMS Political systems, such as monarchies, dictatorships, and democracies, address certain basic questions of government such as: What should a government have the power to do? What should a government not have the power to do? Monarchy

Historical Context 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms King/Queen

Total power

Magna Carta

Feudalism

Glorious Rev.

France/England

Feudalism

Historical Context 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms Dark Ages

Rigid Class Structure

Lords, kings, peasants

manorialism

Knights

Decentralized gov.

Ended with Crusades

Democracy

Historical Context 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms Athens

Limited power to gov.

Pericles

vote

Capitalism

Freedom of speech

people

Absolutism

Historical Context 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms France: Louis 14th

Total power

“Sun King”

Picked by God

Divine Right

Great wealth

Versailles

Fascism

Historical Context 3 Characteristics 3 Key Terms Germany and Italy

Dictator Holocaust Hitler

Treaty of Versailles

Mussolini

Nuremburg, Nazi, Anti-Semitism

Other examples of Political Systems are: limited democracy of Athens, militarism of Sparta and Japan, communism, fascism

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7. CULTURE AND INTELLECTUAL LIFE Culture includes the patterns of human behavior (PERSIA) that a society transmits to succeeding generations to meet its fundamental needs. Roman Empire

Historical Context 3 Contributions 3 Key Terms 500 BC-500AD Med.Sea

Government

Republic

Law

12 Tables

Architecture

Domes, aqueducts, pillars, roads

Islamic Golden Age

Historical Context 3 Contributions 3 Key Terms Ottoman Empire

Conquered Byzantines

istanbul

Math

Gunpowder

Science

Telescope, c-section, astronomy

Renaissance

Historical Context 3 Contributions 3 Key Terms Rebirth of Greek and Roman in Europe

Art

DaVinci, Donatello, Michelangelo

Religion

Decreased power of church. Secular

Government

Humanism T.E.J.T.M.

Enlightenment

Historical Context 3 Contributions 3 Key Terms Political Change

Freedom of Speech

Locke

Freedom of Religion

Voltaire

Natural Rights (L,L,P)

Montesquieu

Other examples include: early river civilizations, classic Chinese civilizations, Gupta Golden Age, African Kingdoms, Aztec/Inca/Maya (meso-american)

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8. NATIONALISM Feeling of pride in and devotion to one’s country or ethnic background or the desire of a people to control their own government. Sometimes it is unifying, sometimes destructive. Freedom movement in India

Historical Context. Who? Why? 3 examples of Nationalism 3 Key Terms Gandhi ************ Get rid of British Imperialism

Civil disobedience

Salt march

Non violence

Homespun (make his own clothes)

Freedom in 1947. Partition Split into Pakistan.

Fasting

African Independence Movement

Historical Context. Who? Why? 3 examples of Nationalism 3 Key Terms Mendela Kenyatta Nkrumah

Fought Apartheid in S.A.

Scramble for Africa

Freedom for Kenya

Berlin Conference

Freedom for Ghana White Man’s Burden

German and Italian Unification

Historical Context. Who? Why? 3 examples of Nationalism 3 Key Terms Garabaldi / Bismark Freedom for Germany/Italy.

Blood and Iron

Divided by Congress of Vienna

War

Alsace / Lorraine

Imperialism

Realpolitik

Zionism

Historical Context. Who? Why? 3 examples of Nationalism 3 Key Terms Homeland for Jews Theodor Herzel

Creation of Israel 1948

United Nations

After WWII

Holocaust Balfour Declaration

Caused War (Egypt)

Camp David Accords

Other examples of nationalism include: development of Turkey, conflicts in the Balkans, Latin America in the 1800s, Pan-Africanism and Pan-Arabism.

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9. IMPERIALISM Domination by one country of the P.E.R.S.I.A. of another country or region. Imperialism has had both positive and negative effects on colonies. British in India

Historical Context. 3 effects of Imperialism (+ or -) 3 Key Terms Imperialized for Natural Resources by Engalnd.

Indian people lost freedom (-) Gandhi Increased taxes (-) Civil Disobedience Built roads, schools, hospt. (+) Sepoy Mutiny

The Scramble for Africa

Historical Context. 3 effects of Imperialism (+ or -) 3 Key Terms Natural resources. Berlin Conference

War -

Hutu and Tutsi

Tribalism -

Genocide

White Man’s Burden -

Apartheid Nelson Mendela

Japanese Expansion in the Pacific

Historical Context. 3 effects of Imperialism (+ or -) 3 Key Terms Needed Natural Resources They have NONE

Took over China

Rape of Manchuria

Industrialized Japan

Meiji Restoration

Axis powers with Germany

WWII

Spanish in Latin America

Historical Context. 3 effects of Imperialism (+ or -) 3 Key Terms Spanish took over LA for natural resources

Colonies

Mother Country

Columbian exchange

Raw materials: coffee, tobacco, sugar

Encomienda System

mercantilism

Other examples of imperialism include: The Romans, the Byzantines, the Mongols, Imperial rivalries which caused WWI. The collapse of European imperialism still affects many regions of the world today.

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10. DIVERSITY AND INTERDEPENDENCE Diversity involves understanding and respecting oneself and others, including differences in language, gender, socioeconomic class, religion and other human traits. It is closely related to interdependence, the reliance upon others in mutually beneficial interactions and exchanges. The refusal to accept diversity leads to conflict. Byzantine Empire

Historical Context. 3 effects of diversity (+ or -) 3 Key Terms Connected 3 continents (Af, Asia, Eur)

Cultural Diffusion +

Constantinople

Increased Trade +

Preserved Greek/Roman culture

War - Conquered by Ottomans The Balkans

Historical Context. 3 effects of diversity (+ or -) 3 Key Terms Powder Keg Many different nationalities, ready to explode.

War (-)

WWI: Serbia

Ethnic Cleansing (-)

Bosnia: 1995

Terrorism (-)

Black Hand

Global Economy

Historical Context. 3 effects of interdependence (+ or -) 3 Key Terms Interdependence. All are connected.

Spread of disease

Black Plague

Oil Sales

OPEC

Overpopulation Starvation, war over food and land

Environmental Issues

Historical Context. 3 effects of interdependence (+ or -) 3 Key Terms Pollution

Cutting down trees, homes/paper

Deforestation

Over farming

Desertification

Emissions, air pollution

Global Warming

Other examples of diversity/interdependence include: The Mongol Empire, Islamic Fundamentalism, interactions among Hindus and Muslims in India.

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11. JUSTICE AND HUMAN RIGHTS Justice is fair, equal or appropriate treatment given to individuals in societal interactions. Human rights are those basic and natural rights to which all human beings are entitled. The Holocaust

Historical Context / causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms Jews in Europe during WWII Ethnocentrism of Germans

8 million deaths

Genocide

Creation of Israel

Auschwitz / Buchenwald

Nuremberg Trials

Elie Wiesel , NIGHT

Tiananmen Square

Historical Context/ causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms China Students wanted freedom and democracy

Tanks

Deng Xiaoping

Students punished

Cultural Revolution

Communism Stronger

Statue of Liberty Tank Man

Apartheid in South Africa

Historical Context/ causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms Mendela / Caused by White Man’s Burden / Imperialism 1990

Mendela put in Prison Mendela Segregation

Desmond Tutu

Boycott until Apartheid is over

F.W. De Clerk

Written Law (Hammurabi, Justinian, Rome)

Historical Context/ causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms To make laws more fair for people.

Civilizations form

Justinian’s Code

Ordered society

Hammurabi’s Code

Crime goes down Laws of the 12 Tables English Bill of Rights / Magna Carta

Historical Context/ causes 3 effects 3 Key Terms Limited Monarchy (King) Glorious Revolution

Limited power of king

Magna carta

More power to people

Bill of rights

Parliament

Other examples include: The Armenian Massacre, the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia (Pol Pot), and international terrorism.

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12. MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE AND GOODS Cultural Diffusion is the constant exchange of people, ideas, products, technology and institutions from one region to another. Crusades

Historical Context. 3 effects of interaction 3 Key Terms

Increased Trade

Increased CD

Ended Feudalism

The Age of Exploration / Columbian Exchange

Historical Context. 3 effects of interaction 3 Key Terms

Disease

Coffee/Tobacco/Sugar

Increased C.D. / Trade

Encomienda System

Slavery

Middle Passage

The Silk Road

Historical Context. 3 effects of interaction 3 Key Terms Connected China to Europe/M.E/ Africa

Increased Trade

Silk, Spices

Increased CD

Gunpowder, Math

Information, Knowledge

Marco Polo

Japan/China/Korea

Historical Context. 3 effects of interaction 3 Key Terms Korea is Cultural Bridge

Mandate Heaven

Terrace Farming

Confucius

Other examples of Movement of People & Goods include: the spread of Belief Systems, the Muslim influence in Africa, patterns of global migration.

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13. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY The tools and methods used by people to get what they want and need. The Printing Press

Historical Context. 3 effects of invention 3 Key Terms Gutenburg, idea from China

Increased literacy

Bible

95 Theses, Protestant Reformation

Decreased Power of Church

The Industrial Revolution, Steam Engine

Historical Context. 3 effects of invention 3 Key Terms Watt

Urbanization

Natural Resources

Pollution

Neolithic Revolution

Historical Context. 3 effects of invention 3 Key Terms

Domestication of Animals

Fertile Crescent

Permanent Settlements

Tig/Euph

Hand Tools

Ganges / Indus

The Computer Revolution

Historical Context. 3 effects of invention 3 Key Terms 1990’s

Technology

Jobs, Gates

Different Culture for young

Internet

Education improved

Smart Phones

Other examples of Science and Technology include: The Green Revolution, advances in Genetics, and Space Exploration.

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14. CONFLICT Conflict has occurred throughout history, and its costs have sometimes been very high. The causes of conflict can be political, social, or economic. World War I

3 causes (P, S, or E) 3 effects 3 Key Terms MAIN

Versailles

Spark

WWII

(Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism)

League of Nations

World War II

3 causes (P, S, or E) 3 effects 3 Key Terms WWI

Holocaust

Treaty of Versailles

Nuremburg Trials

Israel

Japan imperializing

Hitler

fascism

The French Revolution

3 causes (P, S, or E) 3 effects 3 Key Terms King 16

Reign of Terror

Robespierre, Guillotine

Old Regime

Napoleon

Moscow, Napoleon Code

High $$

Congress of Vienna

Reactionary

The Cold War

3 causes (P, S, or E) 3 effects 3 Key Terms WWII

Fear (Duck and Cover)

Atomic Bomb

Korea/Vietnam/Cuba

Communism vs. Capitalism

The Crusades

3 causes (P, S, or E) 3 effects 3 Key Terms

Increased Trade

Increased CD

Ended Feudalism

Other examples of Conflict include: The Russian Revolution, Religious Conflict, Arab/Israeli Conflit.

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15. MODERN GLOBAL CONNECTIONS AND INTERACTIONS Today’s world is a web of connections and interactions. On every level, the people of the world meet, connect, interact, and sometimes collide. These interactions involve politics, economics, culture or the environment. Global migrations

Historical Context. 3 effects of migration 3 Key Terms People need to Move. Bantu, Africa, Israel, Crusades

Increased Cult. Diffus. (+)

Crusades

War (-)

Rwanda Israel

Overpopulation

China , India

International Terrorism

Historical Context. 3 effects of terrorism 3 Key Terms People use fear to get their goals.

Iran Hostage

Ayatollah Khomeini

Somalia

Al Queda

Black Hand

WWI (Serbia)

The United Nations

Historical Context. 3 effects of the United Nations 3 Key Terms Created after WWII. Keep Peace

Created Israel

Freedom

Korean War

Human Rights

1995: Bosnia

Ethnic Cleansing, Genocide

Nuclear Proliferation

Historical Context. 3 effects of nuclear technology 3 Key Terms Nuclear Technology.

Energy (+) Meltdown (-) Chernobyl, Japan War

Cold War, WWII Iran, N. Korea