the 'x' chronicles newspaper - august 2008

8/14/2019 The 'X' Chronicles Newspaper - August 2008

1/44

Wah/ 4=( Oa 62 K]]O % 40;;%2662 0/;< "\]+

PBLPBL

RR MBÂOKMHL] OLZ]VMBÂOKMHL] OLZ]VDVL^DVL^Vhdolp Ld~pb} AOH[Vd~doa~edh ! Vd~dv}{mbahaj{ Olz}vdvl~

Pbl J~Pbl J~ldp Jla~jkdldp Jla~jkd

Nkjgaap Badr agNkjgaap Badr ag>662>662

N{N{ PPae Cl~hkoae Cl~hko

Zbdp( oa Nkjgaap1

Acd{( pbl~l} oap ~ldhh{ d Nkjgaap na`{

nlkoj clvp ko d g~llyl~ }aelzbl~l ko Mhd{pao

Ma|op{/ Olwl~ zd}/

Dvvd~loph{ zl dhh coaz pbdp oaz/

Pbl~l zd} d nkj v~l}} maogl~loml ko

Mdhkga~okd hd}p zllc/ Pbl~l zd} @OD lwk`loml

v~l}lopl`( zbkmb edpmbl` @OD g~ae doava}}|e do` d b|edo/

Do` pbl~l zd} pbl dooa|omlelop

P|l}`d{ pbdp pbl zbahl pbkoj zd} d badr/

Kedjkol pbdp/

K }|vva}l kp bd` pa nl/ Dgpl~ dhh( vlavhl

bdwl nllo }ld~mbkoj ga~ Nkjgaap ga~ edo{ {ld~}

zkpba|p wl~{ e|mb }|mml}}/ \ohl}}( pbdp k}( {a|

ma|op pbl edo{ vhd}pl~ md}p} ag gaapv~kop}( pbl

}lwl~dh vbapaj~dvb} do` gkhe mhkv}( do` pbl

lrvl~p} zba }d{ pbdp }ael ag pbl lwk`loml mdop

nl pkl` pa lrk}pkoj dokedh}/

N|p pbl k`ld pbdp d gdekh{ ag }|mb

m~ldp|~l} zd} hkwkoj do` bk`koj }aelzbl~l ko

pbl Oa~pb Jla~jkd ea|opdko} zd} d i|}p hkpphl

paa bd~` pa j~d}v/ A~ljao( Zd}bkojpao( Dhd}cd(

ed{nl/ Acllglloacll ]zdev a~ pbl

Lwl~jhd`l}( ed{nl/

N|p pbl J~ldp ]eacl{ Ea|opdko}1

Mbl~acll Ko`kdo}( {l}/ Nkjgaap( oap hkclh{/

@aop ma|op el deaoj pbl dn}ah|pl oao%

nlhklwl~}( bazlwl~/ Ke i|}p avlo%eko`l`

loa|jb pa nlhklwl pbdp pbl~l d~l pbkoj} a|p pbl~l

dna|p zbkmb zl coaz hkpphl a~ oapbkoj dna|p(

n|p zbkmb dmp|dhh{ à lrk}p/

D} K z~apl d ma|vhl ag zllc} dja( K bdwl

}llo }ael gdk~h{ maowkomkoj lwk`loml do`

~l}ld~mb pbdp plo`} pa }|vva~p d mhdke pbdp

Nkjgaap k} ~ldh( n|p d} {lp k} }mklopkgkmdhh{

|o`k}mawl~l`/

Zbdp K mdop |o`l~}pdo` dna|p pbk} lopk~l

lvk}a`l k} pbl eapkwdpkao nlbko` pbl elo zba

vl~vlp~dpl` pbk} badr( a~ dp hld}p pbl zb{/

]vlm|hdpkao mlopl~l` ao pbl n|}kol}} pbdp pbl

pza elo zl~l d}}amkdpl` zkpb( d maevdo{ pbdp

v~aek}l` lrm|~}kao} kopa pbl Oa~pb Jla~jkd

ea|opdko} zbl~l vd~pkmkvdop} ma|h` an}l~wl d

Nkjgaap gdekh{ ko pbl zkh`/

Pblo i|}p pbk} zllc d }a%mdhhl` Nkjgaap

b|opl~ ko Mdhkga~okd ~lwldhl` pbdp pbl pza elo

bd` .~lt|l}pl` do |o`k}mha}l` }|e ag eaol{ d}

do d`wdoml( lrvlmpl` g~ae pbl ed~clpkoj do`

v~aeapkao pbdp za|h` odp|~dhh{ gahhaz pbl

`k}mawl~{ ag d Nkjgaap na`{/

Pbl RPbl R Yaol ^d`kaYaol ^d`ka

]baz do`]baz do` Pbl RPbl R

Mb~Mb~aokmhl} Olz}vdvl~aokmhl} Olz}vdvl~

d~d~l oaz dwdkhdnhl dpl oaz dwdkhdnhl dp

PblPbl DVVDVV ]]pa~pa~l$l$

Bl }dk` pbl pza dmp|dhh{ ~lmlkwl` }ael

cko` ag vd{elop( p|~ol` awl~ pbl lwk`loml( do`

}|n}lt|loph{ dèkppl` pbl zbahl pbkoj zd} d

badr do` pbl }|vva}l` na`{ zd} oapbkojea~l pbdo d ma}p|el/

Pblo Zlòl}`d{ okjbp ao aol hamdh

plhlwk}kao }pdpkao pbl pza elo zba bd` mhdkel`

pa bdwl pbl Nkjgaap na`{ dèkppl` kp zd} dhh d

badr %% d badr pbdp }pd~pl` a|p d} d iacl/

Edppblz Zbkppao( aol ag pbl elo zba

v~l}lopl` pbl mhdke pb~a|jb d olz} d~pkmhl ko pbl

Mhd{pao Olz}!@dkh{ ld~hkl~ pbk} eaopb( k}( edcl

pbdp zd}( d wlpl~do vahkml aggkml~ ko Mhd{pao

Ma|op{/

Za|o`l` ao pbl ian zbkhl dpplevpkoj pa

dvv~lblo` d }|}vlmp ko d }baapkoj( bl ma|h`

ld}kh{ bdwl }vlop pbl ~l}p ag bk} za~ckoj hkgl d}

d Mhd{pao Ma|op{ vahkml aggkml~/]a( zb{ za|h` bl jlp kowahwl` ko d badr

pbdp }elhhl` pa bkjb bldwlo hkcl d mao jdel1

Zba coaz}/ "Maopko|l` ao Vdjl >+

Pbl J~Pbl J~ldp Jla~jkdldp Jla~jkd

Nkjgaap Badr ag >662Nkjgaap Badr ag >662


2/44

Jla~jkd Nkjgaap Badr ag >662Jla~jkd Nkjgaap Badr ag >662

KoKo Pbk} L`kpkao agPbk} L`kpkao ag

Pbl RPbl R Mb~Mb~aokmhl}aokmhl}

Olz}vdvl~Olz}vdvl~"V~kop!Aohkol!M@ ÂE"V~kop!Aohkol!M@ ÂE

WWl~}kao+l~}kao+

D|j|}p >662 % Ko`lrD|j|}p >662 % Ko`lr

V|nhk}bl~/////ân EmMaoolhh

Pbl J~ldp Jla~jkd Nkjgaap Badr ag >662///Vj 4

@lhdzd~l N|}kol}}edo ko Nkjgaap Badr///Vj =

Nkjgaap Ga|o`////////////////////////////////////////Vj 0

Olz Bavl ga~ Oao ^ld`l~}//////////////////Vj

M~{}pdh ]c|hh} D~l Gdcl9 ]p|`{//////////////////Vj 4=

Ko Pbl Nljkookoj % I|ol >0 4;0:////////////Vj 40

â}zlhh \o~dwlhhl`///////////////////////////////////Vj 44

Pbl R Yaol ]pa~l D wl~pk}lelop////////////Vj >>

Pbl R Yaol ]pa~l D`wl~pk}lelop///////////Vj >=

Mbkol}l D~l ]clvpkmdh Dna|p \GA}/////////Vj >0

46 ^ld}ao} OAP pa Nlhklwl ko \GA}//////Vj >2

@ld~ E~/ ]mklopk}p//////////////////////////////////////Vj =6

Zbkppao Pl~ekodpl` g~ae Mhd{pao V@/////Vj =>Hld~o [a|~ Azo Kop|kpkao//////////////////////////Vj =0

G~ae Pbl R Yaol Olz}~aae/////////////////Vj =

Pbl R Mb~aokmhl} k} v|nhk}bl` n{ ^LH%ED^

EmMaoolhh El`kd Maevdo{/ Pbl maoplop} ag pbk}

edpl~kdh d~l "M+ Mav{~kjbp 4;;=%>662 n{ ^LH%ED^

EmMaoolhh El`kd Maevdo{ do` ed{ oap nl mavkl` a~

~lv~kopl` ko zbahl a~ ko vd~p zkpba|p pbl lrv~l}} z~kpplo

mao}lop ag pbl v|nhk}bl~/ Dhh avkokao}( maeelop} a~

}pdplelop} ag gdmp lrv~l}}l` n{ ân EmMaoolhh*} j|l}p}

d~l }p~kmph{ pblk~ azo do` d~l oap pa nl mao}p~|l` d} pba}l

ag Pbl *R* Yaol ^d`ka ' PW ]baz a~ ko do{ edool~

loà~}l` n{ ân EmMaoolhh( ^LH ED^ EmMaoolhh

El`kd Maevdo{( Pdhc]pd~ ^d`ka Olpza~c( kp} dggkhkdpl`

}pdpkao} a~ levha{ll}/ ^LH%ED^ EmMaoolhh El`kd

Maevdo{ d}}|el} oa ~l}vao}knkhkp{ ga~ mhdke} ed`l n{

kp} d`wl~pk}l~} do` à oap loà~}l do{ v~a`|mp do` a~

}l~wkml elopkaol` bl~lko/ Pa d`wl~pk}l ko Pbl R

Mb~aokmhl}( vhld}l maopdmp |} dp ";6 ve L@P

ZZllc`d{}llc`d{}

Pbl J~Pbl J~ldp Jla~jkd Nkjgaap Badrldp Jla~jkd Nkjgaap Badr

ag >662 Maopko|l` g~ag >662 Maopko|l` g~ae Vdjl 49ae Vdjl 49

Zblo pbl olz} gk~}p n~acl Mbklg Ilgg

P|~ol~ }llel` pa nl vbkha}avbkmdh dna|p pbl

Nkjgaap `k}mawl~{( }d{koj zbdp Aggkml~

Zbkppao k` ao bk} azo pkel kòp lp~dmp g~ae

bk} vahkml }l~wkml( |ohl}} kp zd} }aelpbkoj

`k}baol}p/

Oaz pbdp zl bdwl hld~ol` pbl zbahlpbkoj zd} d badr( P|~ol~ }dk` dhh bl zdopl`

g~ae Zbkppao zd} bk} |okga~e( bk} nd`jl do`

bk} j|o/

Lwlo ko pbl plhlwk}kao ~lva~p pbl zb{

olwl~ mdel |v/ Dhh Zbkppao ma|h` }d{ pbdp kp zd}

d iacl pbdp jap a|p ag bdo`/

]a( zl d~l hlgp pa zao`l~( zb{ za|h`

}aelaol dpplevp }|mb d }mblel( coazkoj kp

za|h` hld` pa b|ekhkdpkao do` va}}knhl m~kekodh

mbd~jl}/

Dhh K mdo à k} }vlm|hdpl/ Vl~bdv}( d}

Zbkppao }dk`( kp zd} i|}p d nd` iacl pbdp jap a|p

ag bdo`/

Vl~bdv} kp zd} d paoj|l%ko%mbllc vha{ pa`~dz dpplopkao pa pble}lhwl} do` pblk~ ea|opdko

bkckoj lrvl~kloml/

Ed{nl kp }pd~pl` a|p d} d vhd{g|h zd{ pa

edcl g|o ag pbl Nkjgaap e{}pkt|l do` kp paac ao

d hkgl ag kp} azo/

Vl~bdv} Zbkppao do` @{l~ olwl~

kedjkol` pbl ~ldmpkao pblk~ }pa~{ za|h` jlp g~ae

dhh d~a|o` pbl za~h`/

Do` pblo( ed{nl kp zd} vd~p ag d vhdo pa

mao vlavhl do` v~agkp g~ae kp/ Dgpl~ dhh( zl d~l

oaz bld~koj pbdp pbl pza elo d~l nlkoj }|l` ga~

pbl ~lmawl~{ ag >

Pbl RPbl R Yaol ^d`ka ]bazYaol ^d`ka ]baz

zkpb ân EmMaoolhhzkpb ân EmMaoolhh

Pbl R Yaol d`ka ]baz k} bld~` Eao`d{ % G~k d{g~ae 46 VE pa > DE Ld}pl~o( do pblo pbl }baz k}

~lvldpl` ko kp} lopk~lp{ g~ae > DE % 7 DE ao Pbl

Pdhc]pd~ ^d`ka Olpza~c do` kp gdekh{ ag dggkhkdpl}

pb~a|jba|p pbl \okpl` ]pdpl}( Mdod`d do` pbl

Md~knnldo "]dplhhkpl Jdhdr{ 0^+( ao Pdhc]pd~ ^d`ka

]p~ldekoj D|`ka ao a|~ zln}kpl dp

zzz/ryaol~d`ka/mae( pb~a|jba|p Mlop~dh Del~kmd(

]a|pb Del~kmd do` pbl Vdmkgkm ^ke ao Del~kmd}

Koplh]dp : "Plh]pd~ :+ do` oaz dm~a}} D}kd ao Djkhd>

do` dh}a ao J%=/

\okpl` ]pdpl} ag Del~kmd

DE 4=/; MCO] % Mdhlàokd( AO

DE 4==6 MBHZ % ]p/ Vd|h( DN

GE 460 MI]N % ]zdo Hdcl( EN

GE ;6/4 MBEY % Pagkoa( NM

GE ;;/< MKEE % \mh|lhlp( NM

GE ;2/; MGVW % Vlenl~pao( NM

Md~knnldo

DE 47>6 Z@BV % G~l`l~kc}pld` \]WK

D}kd

Pbl Vbkhkvvkol} d

Mbkod

Baoj Caoj

Pdkzdo

Ca~ld

Pbl RPbl R YaolYaol PWPW ]baz]bazK} Maekoj Pa DPW ]pdpkao( Mdnhl Avl~dpa~ a~

]dplhhkpl ]|vvhkl~ Old~ [a|$

MAEKOJMAEKOJ ]AAO]AAO PPAA DD PWPW ]LP]LP OLDÔLD^

[A\ KOMH\@KOJ[A\ KOMH\@KOJ %%

CBVC MB >2 % @dhhd}!Ga~p Za~pb( Plrd}

ZNTV MB 4> "Mdnhl :


3/44

@lhdzd~@lhdzd~l N|}kol}}edo ko Nkjgaap Badrl N|}kol}}edo ko Nkjgaap Badr ==DD @lhdzd~@lhdzd~l Ma|op{l Ma|op{

n|}kol}}edo( àkoj dn|}kol}}edo( àkoj d

gdwa~gdwa~ ga~ga~ d g~klo`( nlmdeld g~klo`( nlmdel

kowahwl` ko d Nkjgaap {d~okowahwl` ko d Nkjgaap {d~opbdp t|kmch{ |o~dwlhl`/pbdp t|kmch{ |o~dwlhl`/

N{ CLKPB Â[]@AON{ CLKPB Â[]@AO

E\OMKL %% Zkhhkde Hlpp I~/ zdop} bk}

@lhdzd~l Ma|op{ g~klo`} do` n|}kol}}

d}}amkdpl} pa coaz9 Bl*} oap d Nkjgaap cko`d

j|{/

.K ào*p coaz do{pbkoj dna|p Nkjgaap(.

pbl hamdh n|kh`l~ pah` Pbl ]pd~ V~l}} ko d

zllclo` kopl~wklz/ .K ào*p bdwl do avkokao ao

Nkjgaap/.]a baz `k` Hlpp( d hamdh maeel~mkdh

n|kh`l~ zba za~c} ao pbl odpkaodh hlwlh( lo` |v

n~acl~koj d


4/44

Nkjgaap ga|o`$Nkjgaap ga|o`$00

Nkjgaap ga|o`$Nkjgaap ga|o`$

N{ IHN{ IH ]P^KMCHDO@]P^KMCHDO@

@k` lwl~{aol jlp pbl elea pbdp pza

naya} `k}mawl~l` d v~kekpkwl edo!v~kedpl ko pbl

Oa~pb Jla~jkd pbkmclp}1

D} kp p|~ol` a|p( pbl Jla~jkd Nkjgaap

p|~ol` a|p pa nl d ~|nnl~ ja~khhd a|pgkp lomd}l`

ko kml/ N|p pbl~l ga~ d glz `d{}( pba}l j|{} bd`

pbl olz} el`kd*} dpplopkao/ Doapbl~ dedykoj

`lwlhavelop( apbl~ pbdo pbl }|vva}l` gko`koj ag

pbl e{pbahajkmdh m~kppl~( zd} pbdp d oapl`

Nkjgaap .lrvl~p. t|kmch{ i|evl` a|p ag pbl

n|}bl}/

Pbl ~dvk` dvvld~doml ag do lrvl~p k} oap

}|~v~k}koj/ Zkpb pbl d`wlop ag pbl >0%ba|~ mdnhl

olz} m{mhl( lrvl~p} ko dhh edool~ ag }|nilmp}bdwl }v~a|pl` hkcl e|}b~aae}/ [a| ed{ nl do

lrvl~p {a|~}lhg do` oap coaz kp/

Hkcl àhhd~ }pa~l}( {a| mdo oaz gko` do

lrvl~p ao ea}p lwl~{ ma~ol~/ Pbl{ d~l

lwl~{zbl~l/ Lwlo d} zl }vldc( }aelzbl~l ko d

e|}p{ |okwl~}kp{ hkn~d~{( a~ ko d ekh`lzl` ndmc%

{d~` |pkhkp{ }bl`( pbl za~h`*} hld`koj d|pba~kpkl}

ao lwl~{pbkoj g~ae Paapb Gdk~kl}( Ld}pl~

N|ookl} do` Baav ]odcl} d~l nk`koj pblk~ pkel

|opkh Jl~dhà a~ J~lpd }|eeao} pble pa mdnhl

olz} jha~{/

K e|}p dèkp( K bdwl dhzd{} nllo

}clvpkmdh dna|p pbl lrk}ploml ag Nkjgaap/ K

|o`l~}pdo` pbdp Odpkwl Del~kmdo hljlo`} }d{Nkjgaap k} ~ldh( n|p Odpkwl Del~kmdo hljlo`}

dh}a mhdke nldwl~} n|khp pbl za~h`/

K à oap nlhklwl d nldwl~*} pllpb ma|h`

bah` |v |o`l~ d mao}p~|mpkao v~ailmp ag }|mb

edjokp|`l/ D }edhh vao`( {l}3 d zbahl vhdolp(

oa/

]a zbdp d~l zl pa edcl ag pbl pza

kop~lvk` lrvha~l~} zba }dk` pbl{ ga|o` Nkjgaap

ko pbl bkjb haol}ael1 Dvvd~loph{( pbl{ d~l ah`

g~klo`} zba m|~~loph{ ~|o d n|}kol}} mdhhl`

.Nkjgaap Lrvl`kpkao}(. do lopl~v~k}l ga~edhh{

coazo d} .Vldmb ]pdpl ]okvl B|op} Kom/.

Olz} ~lva~p} `l}m~knl aol ag pbl}l

}mklopkgkm kowl}pkjdpa~} d} d |}l` md~ }dhl}edo(zbkmb eldo} bl k} dp hld}p ea~l p~|}pza~pb{

pbdo pbl dwl~djl maoj~l}}edo/

Pbl apbl~ elenl~ ag pbk} ndmczaa`}%

~denhkoj `|a k} d vahkmledo m|~~loph{ ao

el`kmdh hldwl/

Zbkhl pbl{ bdwl oap aggkmkdhh{ ~lwldhl`

pbl lrdmp odp|~l ag pbk} vahkml aggkml~*} vb{}kmdh

v~anhle}( ~|ea~} }d{ pbl |oga~p|odpl glhhaz

v|hhl` d j~ako e|}mhl zbkhl gkjbpkoj agg }vdml

dhklo}/

@a oap }magg kp ma|h` bdvvlo pa

do{na`{/ Kp ma|h` bdvvlo pa {a|( kg kp bd}o*p

dh~ld`{/

Eldozbkhl( dmma~`koj pa PblD}}amkdpl` V~l}}( Mhd{pao Ma|op{ Vahkml Mbklg

Ilgg P|~ol~ }dk` bl zd} v~aml}}koj pbl

vdvl~za~c pa gk~l pbl aggkml~/ Oa }|~v~k}l pbl~l/

Nl}k`l} pbl pza maba~p}( pbl pbk~` vl~}ao

kowahwl` k} pbl dga~lelopkaol` .Nkjgaap

lrvl~p(. Pae Nk}md~`k/ Pa `dpl( E~/ Nk}md~`k*}

j~ldpl}p dmbklwlelop bd} nllo bk} ~led~cdnhl

dnkhkp{ pa dwak` do{ za~c kowahwkoj bldw{

hkgpkoj/

Bl bd} v~a}vl~l` n{ jkwkoj PW do`

~d`ka kopl~wklz} dna|p bk} glwl~l`( pba|jb |o

}|mml}}g|h( t|l}p ga~ pbl bk~}|pl nld}p ag gdnhl

do` gahcha~l/ Lwk`loph{( Nkjgaap d``kmp} d~l

zkhhkoj pa vd{ vlavhl pa OAP gko` d Nkjgaap/

E|mb hkcl pbl jawl~oelop vd{} }ael h|mc{

gd~el~} oap pa j~az c|et|dp}/

Dh}a( dgkmkaodà} ko pbl ]d}t|dpmb

}ld~mb maee|okp{ }d{ E~/ Nk}md~`k k} pbl aoh{

kowl}pkjdpa~ zba coaz} zbl~l Lhwk} bd} nllo

bk`koj ga~ pbl vd}p pb~ll `lmd`l}/

Db( n|p lwlo E~/ Nk}md~`k bd} bk} hkekp}/

Kp zd} bk} Zln }kpl pbdp va}pl` |v`dpl} ao pbl

pbdzkoj ag Nkjgaap/

Nlmd|}l m|~~lop d}}kjoelop} bdwl

awl~lrplo`l` pbl ea}p }ckhhl`( `l`kmdpl`

kowl}pkjdpkwl ~lva~pl~}( pbk} zd} pbl dn}ah|pl

za~}p pkel ga~ d mhdke pa }|~gdml pbdp Nkjgaap

bd} nllo ga|o`/

Wlpl~do pdnhak` }bamc p~aav} d~l }v~ld`

pbko dpplevpkoj pa `lpl~ekol pbl a~kjko} ag

Mko`{ EmMdko*} maackl ~lmkvl} do` }v{koj ao

pbl oamp|~odh pae%mdppkoj dmpkwkpkl} ag Iabo

L`zd~`}/

Dmma~`koj pa pbl Jla~jkd na{} zba

ga|o` pbl Nkjgaap md~md}}( apbl~ }kekhd~ edo!

dvl} ekhhl` dna|p do` ~|nnl~%olmcl` d} pbl{

~leawl` pbl na`{/ Zbkmb hld`} el pa zao`l~9

Kg pbl}l v~kedpl} d~l ~ldh do` d~l dmp|dhh{ d p{vl

ag b|edo( baz d~l zl pa ~ljd~` pble1 D~l pbl{

hljdh mkpkylo}1 Kg }a( à pbl{ t|dhkg{ ga~ do{

}amkdh v~aj~de} a~ }l~wkml}1

Mdo a|~ dh~ld`{ awl~lrplo`l` p~ld}|~{

dgga~` pa vd{ ga~ Nkjgaap*} nkj }bal}1 Mdo {a|

kedjkol zbdp pblk~ bdk~m|p} za|h` ma}p1

\opkh zl hld~o `kggl~loph{( zl e|}p dp

hld}p mao}k`l~ pbl va}}knkhkp{ pbdp Nkjgaap k}

deaoj |}/ Zl }ba|h` dopkmkvdpl pbl olz }lp ag

}amklpdh v~anhle} pbdp ma|h` nl v~l}lopl` n{ pbl

d~~kwdh ag ]d}t|dpmb%Del~kmdo}/

D~l zl ~ld`{ ga~ d Nkjgaap gdekh{ pa

eawl ko olrp aa~( pa dpl a|~ `d|jbpl~}( pa ghk~p

zkpb a|~ }k}pl~}( pa ed~~{ a|~ lr%zkwl}1

Hkcl kp a~ oap( pbk} ma|h` bdvvlo( do` kp

za|h` md|}l khh gllhkoj} dhh d~a|o`/ Vhlop{ ag

zaelo d~l d }|mcl~ ga~ do{pbkoj pbdp k} g~k}c{

do` bdk~{ do` j~|op} zblo {a| ~|n kp} nlhh{/

Ga~lzd~ol` k} ga~ld~el`/ SU

Pbl R Yaol % zzz/ryaol~d`ka/mae


5/44

Olz Bavl Ga~Olz Bavl Ga~ Oao ^ld`l~}Oao ^ld`l~} 6pb pa pbl


6/44

Nkj Gaap( Nkjjl~Nkj Gaap( Nkjjl~ BadrBadr77Nkj Gaap( Nkjjl~Nkj Gaap( Nkjjl~ BadrBadr

N{ @doklh HarpaoN{ @doklh Harpao

DGPL^ D GLZ T\KLP [LD^]( >66=

DVVLD^] PA NL pbl {ld~ ag pbl ^lp|~o ag

Nkjgaapa~( pbl @ldpb ag Nkjgaap( `lvlo`koj

ao zba k} àkoj pbl pdhckoj/ A|~ ah` g~klo`

]d}t|dpmb( pbl pad}p ag Bahh{zaa` ko pbl bld`{

`d{} ag Bd~~{ do` pbl Blo`l~}ao}( }llel`

dhea}p pa bdwl ~lpk~l` ld~h{ ko pbl 4;;6}3

bazlwl~( hkcl bk} Bd~~{ ma}pd~ Iabo Hkpbjaz

"zba zd} g|oo{ haoj nlga~l Pbk~` âmc+(

Nkjgaap k} jlppkoj doapbl~ p|~o ko pbl }vaphkjbp/

Dèkppl`h{( pbkoj} zl~l j~ke pbl~l ga~ dzbkhl/ Ko ;:( ah` gdo} ag pbl e{}pl~{ zl~l

}d``lol` pa zdpmb ^lo @dbko`lo( aoml pbl

nkjjl}p odel ko Nkjgaap ~l}ld~mb( }bkhhkoj ga~

Cacdoll Nll~ ao PW/ D glz {ld~} nlga~l( bl paa

zd} d cko` ag }pd~d edia~ Bd~~{ do` pbl

Blo`l~}ao} mbd~dmpl~ zd} nd}l` ao @dbko`lo

}a kp zd}op e|mb g|o pa bld~ bke d}c pbl

d|`kloml( @a {a| pbkoc Ke m~dy{ a~

}aelpbkoj1 zbkhl bl gdkhl` pa mdpmb lwlo d nll~

ed}map ]d}t|dpmb/

G~ae pbl nljkookoj ag pbl Nkjgaap b|op

ko pbl 4;664( levp{

bdo`l`( nkppl~( do` n~acl dgpl~ dhea}p 7( >66>( pbl vd}}koj ag

^d{ Zdhhdml zd} ea|~ol` n{ bk} gdekh{ old~

]ldpphl( Zd}bkojpao/ Zkpb bk} `ldpb( bk}

~lhdpkwl} dooa|oml` pbdp pbl{ d~l g~ll pa ~lwldh

bk} j~ldpl}p }lm~lp9 ^d{( d }|mml}}g|h

mao}p~|mpkao maop~dmpa~( g~klo` pa mbkh`~lo( do`

{d~o%}vkool~ m|p g~ae pbl ah` mhapb( ed{ zlhhbdwl nllo pbl gk~}p edo lwl~ pa }p~dv ao pbl Nkj

Gllp/

^d{} }ao Ekmbdlh v|p kp pbk} zd{ ko do

kopl~wklz ga~ Pbl ]ldpphl Pkel}9 ^d{ H/

Zdhhdml zd} Nkjgaap/ Pbl ~ldhkp{ k}( Nkjgaap i|}p

`kl`/ Oap }|~v~k}kojh{( pbk} mhdke md|jbp gk~l d}

kp zlop a|p awl~ pbl DV zk~l9 ko pbl `d{}

gahhazkoj ^d{} `ldpb kp ed`l bld`hkol}

odpkaozk`l3 zd} elopkaol` ko Pbl Olz [a~c

Pkel}3 do` zd} lwlo pbl }|nilmp ag d iacl n{ Id{

Hloa/ Dmma~`koj pa bk} gdekh{( ^d{ Zdhhdml(

}paevkoj d~a|o` ao md~wl` zaa`lo gllp ko

4;66= zkhh nl nkjjl~/ N{ dhh

dmma|op}( ^d{ Zdhhdml zd} d hkcdnhl j|{( do`

kp} bd~` oap pa j~ko zblo ~ld`koj bk} pdhh pdhl}9

.Nkj Gaap |}l` pa nl wl~{ pdel( d} K

bdwl }llo bke dhea}p lwl~{ ea~okoj ao pbl

zd{ pa za~c K za|h` }kp ko e{ vkmc|v do`

pa}} dvvhl} a|p ag pbl zkoàz pa bke/ Bl olwl~`k` mdpmb do dvvhl n|p bl }|~l p~kl`/.

P~|pb nl pah`( pba|jb( bl md|}l` dhh

cko`} ag p~a|nhl ga~ }clvpkm} do`

m~{vpayaahajk}p} dhkcl( do` pbl v|nhkmkp{ m~ldpl`

ko pbl zdcl ag pbl ah` }ma|o`~lh} vd}}koj ed{

zlhh hld` d olz jlol~dpkao ag ^lo @dbko`lo}

zd{( zd{ azo pbl v~ke~a}l vdpb/ Dhh pbl }del(

Nkjgaap k} edckoj d maelndmcdo`( zkpb }ael

j|khp{ vhld}|~l( edo{ }clvpkmdh ]d}t|dpmb gdo}

zkhh }lm~lph{ hawl }llkoj pbl Nkj J|{ ndmc ao

pav/ SU

^lol @dbko`lo ko bk} bl{`d{

V~doc}pl~ ^d{ Zdhhdml

Zdhhdml} Gdekh{ v~a`|ml` pbl a~kjkodh

}p~dv%ao gllp ga~ pbl v~l}}


7/44

]ld~]ld~mbkoj ga~mbkoj ga~ pblpbl PP~|pb~|pb

D}p~D}p~aod|p} d} \GAaod|p} d} \GA ZZkpol}}l}kpol}}l}

N{ @look} Ndhpbd}l~N{ @look} Ndhpbd}l~

@|~koj pbl edo{ {ld~} pbdp K*wl nllo

àkoj pbk} ~l}ld~mb( K bdwl bd` pbl avva~p|okp{

pa ellp d maenkodpkao ag m~l`knhl( do` hl}} pbdo

m~l`knhl zkpol}}l}( oap aoh{ dna|p pbl â}zlhh

Komk`lop( n|p vl~pdkokoj pa apbl~ \GA komk`lop}

d} zlhh/ M~l`knkhkp{ do` wl~kgkmdpkao ag zkpol}}*}

koga~edpkao k} ag |pea}p keva~pdoml pa el( do`

|}|dhh{ mdo nl `lpl~ekol` dgpl~ }lwl~dh

maowl~}dpkao} zkpb pbl va}}knhl zkpol}}( a~ n{

mblmckoj pblk~ m~l`lopkdh} nd}l` ao coazo a~

anpdkodnhl koga~edpkao/

Ammd}kaodhh{ d zkpol}} mael} dhaoj pbdp

bd} pbl v~agl}}kaodh ndmcj~a|o`( m~l`knkhkp{( a~lrvl~kloml pbdp maowkoml} el pa vd{ dpplopkao pa

zbdp pbl{ d~l }bd~koj/ ]lwl~dh ag pbl zkpol}}l}

pbdp K*wl coazo a~ kopl~wklzl` bdwl nlmael

vl~}aodh g~klo`}( }|mb d} Il}}l Ed~mlh I~/ zba

bdo`hl` pbl `ln~k} g~ae pbl â}zlhh m~dgp ko

4;0:( do` bd} bd` a|p}pdo`koj md~ll~} d} d

ekhkpd~{ blhkmavpl~ vkhap do` d} d vb{}kmkdo/

Doapbl~ k} P~dwk} Zdhpao ag .Gk~l ko pbl

]c{. zba k} aol ag pbl ea}p nlhklwdnhl

dn`|mpll*} K*wl lwl~ elp/ Pbl~l d~l apbl~} }|mb

d} dk~vhdol vkhap}( hdz loga~mlelop aggkml~}( lpm/

Ga~ pbk} d~pkmhl bazlwl~ K zdop pa gam|}

ao a|~ d}p~aod|p}( zba ga~ pbl ea}p vd~p ào*p

pdhc e|mb dna|p pblk~ lrvl~kloml} zkpb \GA*}(t|kpl va}}knh{ nlmd|}l OD]D( zbkmb K pbkoc

}pdo } ga~( .Olwl~ D ]p~dkjbp Do}zl~.( bd}

d`wk}l` pble kp za|h` nl nl}p pa oap `k}m|}} pbl

}|nilmp( a~ pbl{ bdwl ~lg|}l` pa ja v|nhkm(

gld~koj ~k`km|hl do` mao`leodpkao/

D oapdnhl lrmlvpkao pa pbl d}p~aod|p

j~a|v pbdp àl} avloh{ pdhc dna|p kp k} ga~el~

Dvahha 40 d}p~aod|p( @~/ L`jd~ Ekpmblhh( zba ko

4;:4 vkhapl` pbl Dvahha 40 h|od~ ea`|hl( zkpb

maeedo`l~ Dhdo ]blvd~` pa pbl eaao*} }|~gdml/

K*wl bd` pbl avva~p|okp{ pa ellp @~/ Ekpmblhh

pzkml( pbl gk~}p pkel nlkoj }lwl~dh {ld~} dja dp

pbl Dyplm( Olz Elrkma }{eva}k|e/ Ea~l

~lmloph{ K elp bke bl~l ko â}zlhh/ K bd` bld~`pbdp bl colz }aelpbkoj dna|p pbl â}zlhh

Komk`lop( }a zblo K bd` pbl avva~p|okp{ ko

Dyplm( pa pdhc pa bke dhaol( K d}cl` bke( .zbdp

bl colz dna|p pbl â}zlhh Komk`lop1. Zkpba|p

bl}kpdpkao( bl koga~el` el( .pbdp bl colz kp `k`

bdvvlo( n|p ma|hò*p plhh el do{ea~l/.

Ekpmblhh j~lz |v ko pbl â}zlhh d~ld( dpplo`koj

zbdp k} oaz Nl~~loà Lhlelopd~{ ]mbaah ko

â}zlhh pb~a|jb pbl }lwlopb j~d`l( pblo eawl`

zkpb bk} gdekh{ pa D~pl}kd( Olz Elrkma(

j~d`|dpkoj g~ae D~pl}kd Bkjb ]mbaah( }ael =6

]ld~]ld~mbkoj Ga~mbkoj Ga~ PblPbl PP~|pb~|pb ::

ekhl} }a|pb ag â}zlhh( do` zd} d pllodjl~

zblo pbl â}zlhh Komk`lop bdvvlol` ko 4;0:/

Bk} gdekh{ bd} d haoj bk}pa~{ ag mdpphl ~dombkoj

ko pbl d~ld/

Hd}p zllclo`( "]|o`d{( I|h{ >:( >662+(

pbl a}zlhh @dkh{ lma~` olz}vdvl~ v~kopl` do

lrmh|}kwl kopl~wklz zkpb @~/ Ekpmblhh( ko zbkmbbl }pdpl`( .bl k} ml~pdko pbl 4;0: â}zlhh \GA

m~d}b zd} d p~|l dhklo loma|opl~/. Pbl kopl~wklz

zkpb pbl olz}vdvl~ zd} t|kpl hlojpb{ do`

maopdkol` zbdp K mao}k`l~ d} d ~l}ld~mbl~(

keva~pdop koga~edpkao( }ael ag zbkmb K*hh }bd~l

zkpb {a|/

Ko pbdp kopl~wklz @~/ Ekpmblhh }pdpl` pbdp(

.{ld~} hdpl~( }ael ag pbl d~ld*} ah`%pkel~} do`

ekhkpd~{ koplhhkjloml aggkml~} mha}l pa pbl

komk`lop % }ael gdmkoj pbl pb~ldp ag }lwl~l

vlodhpkl} % maogk`l` ko bke/. Nd}l` ao zbdp

pbl{ pah` bke( .bl k} maowkoml` pbl komk`lop zd}

d ~ldh loma|opl~( mawl~l` |v n{ pbl jawl~oelop

ga~ awl~ 74 {ld~}/. Dgpl~ bk} h|od~ ghkjbp( hamdhâ}zlhh zkpol}}l} maopdmpl` bke( do` nlmd|}l

bl zd} d zlhh%coazo d}p~aod|p do` d hamdh( bl

pba|jbp pbl{ glhp pbl{ ma|h` maogk`l ko bke/

@~/ Ekpmblhh dh}a }pdpl` ko pbl kopl~wklz

pbdp( .bl bdvvlol` pa bdwl nllo v~kwkhljl`

loa|jb pa nl ko ao pbl gdmp pbdp zl*wl nllo

wk}kpl`%%%do` pbdp pbl \GA vbloaelod k} ~ldh/.

Bl }dk`( .bk} nlhklg zd} maogk~el` n{ wd~ka|}

}a|~ml}( komh|`koj elenl~} a~ ga~el~ elenl~}

ag pav%}lm~lp ekhkpd~{ koplhhkjloml mk~mhl}/.

Ekpmblhh }dk`( .pbl \GA }pa~{ k} }a

}lm~lp pbdp lwlo v~l}k`lop} do` pav vahkpkmkdo}(

komh|`koj Ikee{ Md~pl~( Jl~dh` Ga~` do`

ga~el~ D~kyaod ]lodpa~ Nd~~{ Jah`zdpl~( zl~l`lokl` dmml}} pa pbl .nhdmc avl~dpkao} gkhl}(.

do` pbla~kyl} pbdp lwlo pbl jawl~oelop ed{ oap

nl ko maop~ah ag pbl koga~edpkao a~ plmboahaj{/.

Dhpba|jb @~/ Ekpmblhh bd} olwl~ }llo d

\GA( bk} vl~}aodh kopl~l}p ko \GA} do` pbl

va}}knkhkp{ ag lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh hkgl nljdo d} d

{a|oj gkjbpl~ vkhap( zblo apbl~ elenl~} ag bk}

}t|d`~ao nljdo ~lva~pkoj loma|opl~} zkpb

\GA}/ Zblo pbl{ p~kl` pa ~lva~p pbl komk`lop}(

}ael mhdkel` pa bdwl nllo pb~ldplol` do` zl~l

pah` pa }b|p |v( i|}p hkcl pbl mkwkhkdo vkhap}/

Ekpmblhh }dk`( .A|~ vkhap} za|h` mbd}l pble(

do` pbl{ za|h` mbd}l |}/ Pbl~l zl~l i|}p paa

edo{ komk`lop} do` ~lva~p} pa `lo{ pbdp pbl~lzd} oapbkoj jakoj ao/. Ekpmblhh nlhklwl} pbl

dhklo wk}kpdpkao} }ba|h` oap nl mao}k`l~l`

ba}pkhl( do` pbdp .}ael ag pbl dhhljl` wk}kp}.

zl~l dmp|dhh{ .baelj~azo.( hkocl` pa a|~ azo

}|vl~%}lm~lp v~aj~de}/

@~ Ekpmblhh coaz} Il}}l Ed~mlh I~/( pbl

}ao ag pbl D~e{ Dk~ Ga~ml koplhhkjloml aggkml~

Il}}l Ed~mlh ]~/( zba zd} dp pbl m~d}b }kpl

`|~koj pbl â}zlhh Komk`lop( do` coaz} bl zd}

maowkoml` pbdp zbdp m~d}bl` dp a}zlhh zd} oap

d zldpbl~ ndhhaao/ Ekpmblhh dh}a ko`kmdpl`( .pbdp

pbl~l ~ledko} }p~aoj lwk`loml( va}}knh{

komh|`koj vbapaj~dvb}( pbdp 74 {ld~} dgpl~ pbl

m~d}b bd} oap nllo }llo n{ pbl v|nhkm/. D} gd~ d}

do dhklo na`{"}+ nlkoj ~lmawl~l`( Ekpmblhh }dk`(

.K mdo*p v~awl pbdp( n|p K ml~pdkoh{ coaz pbdp pbl

}a%mdhhl` dhklo d|pav}{ vbapaj~dvb} zl~l

gdcl}/.

D} d ~l}ld~mbl~ dgpl~ pbl p~|pb( kp k} e{bavl pbdp ko`kwk`|dh} hkcl @~/ Ekpmblhh zkhh

maopko|l pa }vldc a|p( do` vl~bdv} apbl~} zkhh

maopko|l pa à hkclzk}l/

@~/ Ekpmblhh k} oap pbl aoh{ d}p~aod|p

pbdp bd} lkpbl~ }llo \GA} a~ nlhklwl} pbl{ d~l

~ldh do` ed{ ~lv~l}lop maopdmp zkpb apbl~

za~h`}/ Ja~ào Maavl~( aol ag a|~ kokpkdh

d}p~aod|p} zd} do a|p}vaclo nlhklwl~ ko \GA}(

v~ka~ pa bk} `ldpb ko >660/ Maavl~ mhdkel` pa

bdwl gk~}p }kjbpl` \GA} d} d {a|oj Dk~ Ga~ml

vkhap ko Jl~edo{ ko pbl 4;


8/44

Do}zl~} G~Do}zl~} G~aeae [[a|~a|~ Dojlh}Dojlh}22

Do}zl~} G~Do}zl~} G~aeae [[a|~a|~ Dojlh}Dojlh}

ZZkpbkpb

Delpb{}pDelpb{}p ZZ{h`g{~{h`g{~ll

J~llpkoj} do` pbdoc {a| ga~ wk}kpkoj e{ }kpl$ D~l {a| gllhkoj ha}p a~

awl~zblhel`1 Dp d m~a}}~ad`} ko {a|~ hkgl1 Bdwl mbakml} pa edcl n|p`ao*p coaz zbkmb zd{ pa ja1 Maog|}l` n{ }ael ag {a|~ lrvl~kloml}1 Dhhazel pa d}}k}p/ Zkpb {ld~} ag lrvl~kloml za~ckoj zkpb vlavhl ' zkpb pbl}vk~kp|dh ~ldhe( d aol%ba|~ ~ld`koj zkpb el mdo blhv do}zl~ {a|~t|l}pkao}( hld` {a| ko pbl ~kjbp `k~lmpkao( ~l`|ml {a|~ za~~kl} do` gld~}(wdhk`dpl {a|~ lrvl~kloml} do` v~awk`l {a| j~ldpl~ kool~ vldml/ Mdhh panaac do dvvakopelop % K DE bl~l pa d}}k}p {a| ao {a|~ vdpb/

K bdwl pb~ll `kggl~lop p{vl} ag hkwl ~ld`koj} pbdp K aggl~ pa pba}l zba d~l kopl~l}pl` koza~ckoj zkpb el/ ^ld`koj} d~l `aol awl~ pbl vbaol do` ~lma~`l` ga~ {a| pa cllv a~ kg {a|hkwl ko e{ d~ld do kovl~}ao dvvakopelop mdo nl d~~dojl` "ko vl~}ao dvvakopelop} d~loap ~lma~`l` bazlwl~ {a| d~l g~ll pa n~koj {a|~ azo ~lma~`koj lt|kvelop kg {a| zk}b+//

d~l zbl~l K |}l d wd~klp{ ag m~{}pdh} pa j|k`l pbl ~ld`koj do` padevhkg{ pbl el}}djl} pbdp d~l maekoj pb~a|jb g~ae {a|~ j|k`l}( dojlh}( }vk~kp dokedh}do` hawl` aol} zba bdwl m~a}}l` awl~ pa pbl apbl~ }k`l/ [a| mdo mblmc a|p pbl wk`la dnawlpa }ll ea~l koga~edpkao dna|p pbk} p{vl ag ~ld`koj/

d~l ~ld`koj} zbl~l K za~c zkpb {a|~ h|ekoa|} lol~j{ gklh` pa }mdo ga~

kev~l}}kao} g~ae cd~ekm( doml}p~dh a~ v~l}lop hkgl k}}|l} pbdp d~l m~ldpkoj nhamcdjl} ko{a|~ hkgl do` cllvkoj {a| g~ae eawkoj ga~zd~`/ @|~koj d ~ld`koj hkcl pbk} {a| mdolrvlmp d mhld~koj v~aml}} pa amm|~ d} zlhh d} pbl va}}knkhkp{ ag aol a~ ea~l dmpkwdpkao} ag{a|~ gklh` pa .i|ev}pd~p. {a| do` jlp {a| ndmc ao pa pbl vdpb pbdp zd} koplo`l` ga~ {a|dp pbl }a|h hlwlh zblo {a| komd~odpl` kopa pbk} hkgl/

d~l ~ld`koj} zbl~l K avlo e{}lhg pa pbl D~mbdojlhkm ^ldhe( pblD}mlo`l` Ed}pl~}( {a|~ J|k`l Plde do` dhh nlkoj} ag pbl bkjbl}p hlwlh} ag hkjbp zba zk}bpa jkwl {a| `k~lmp j|k`doml do` d`wkml ko pbl v~l}lop eaelop pa d}}k}p {a| ko dzdclokojpa {a|~ azo @kwkol V~l}loml/ Pbl}l ~ld`koj} agplo komh|`l ko%pbl%eaelop mbdoolhl`lrml~mk}l} do` dmpkwdpkao}( dpp|olelop}( bd~eaokydpkao} do` kokpkdpa~{ lol~j{

p~do}ek}}kao}/ Wk}kp e{ Zln}kpl Pa`d{$

zzzzzz/do}zl~}g~/do}zl~}g~ae{a|~dojlh}/maeae{a|~dojlh}/mae


9/44

]ld~]ld~mbkoj Ga~mbkoj Ga~ PblPbl PP~|pb~|pb ;;

]ld~]ld~mbkoj ga~mbkoj ga~ pblpbl PP~|pb~|pb"Dhzd{}"Dhzd{} PPlhhkoj pbllhhkoj pbl PP~|pb~|pb

Eldo} Olwl~Eldo} Olwl~ Bdwkoj paBdwkoj pa

^lelenl~^lelenl~ Do{pbkoj+Do{pbkoj+

Maopko|l` g~Maopko|l` g~ae Vdjl :ae Vdjl :

Vbapa} G~Vbapa} G~ae @look} Ndhpbd}l~ae @look} Ndhpbd}l~


10/44

D`wl~D`wl~pk}l~}pk}l~}4646

DhkloDhklo D|pav}{ Kot|l}pD|pav}{ Kot|l}p

n{n{Vbkhkv EdophlVbkhkv Edophl

Pbl }a%mdhhl` Dhklo D|pav}{ gkhe zd} ~lhld}l` n{ Hao`ao n|}kol}}edo ^d{ ]dopkhhk ko

D|j|}p ag h;;26 vdjl "khh|}p~dpl`+za~c k} v|nhk}bl` n{ V|nhk}bDel~kmd do` k} |okt|l ko lwl~{ }lo}l ag pbl za~`/ Pbl~l k} oa

apbl~ naac pbdp k} `l`kmdpl` lopk~lh{ pa pbl Dhklo D|pav}{ gkhe/ Pbk} naac haac} dp pbl gkhe

g~ae lwl~{ maomlkwdnhl dojhl( kopl~wklz} do` t|l}pkao} pbl ~lhlwdop lrvl~p} g~ae d~a|o`

pbl za~h`( do` v~l}lop} pbl gdmp} d} zl coaz pble/ Dp pbl lo` ag pbl naac d o|enl~ ag

va}}knhl }mlod~ka} d~l v|p ga~zd~` pa va}}knh{ lrvhdko pbl odp|~l do` a~kjko ag pbk}

maop~awl~}kdh gkhe( n|p ko pbl lo` pbl ~ld`l~ k} hlgp pa edcl |v pblk~ azo eko`/

DHKLODHKLO D\PD\PAV][AV][ KOT\L]PKOT\L]P

OAZOAZ DDWWDKHDNHLDKHDNHL

ZZZZZZ/DEDYAO/MAE/DEDYAO/MAE

WWk}kp Vbkhkv Edophl ao hkolk}kp Vbkhkv Edophl ao hkol

dpdp

zzzzzz/vbkhkvedophl/mae/vbkhkvedophl/mae

Komh|`l} Mav{ ag ]lwloKomh|`l} Mav{ ag ]lwlo

]]pdoyd} G~pdoyd} G~ae pbl Naac ag @y{doae pbl Naac ag @y{do

Keedo|lh Wlhkcaw}c{*} eao|elopdh za~c Za~h`} ko

Mahhk}kao zkhh hkwl djdko ko pbk} |v`dpl/ @aae}`d{( lo` ag

pkel} do` vhdolp R zkhh nl z~kpplo ko nah` v~kop zblo do

lhlmp~kmdhh{ mbd~jl` vhdolpak` b|~h} kp}lhg pb~a|jb pbl }ahd~

}{}ple/ Hkcl do doj~{( gk~l%n~ldpbkoj `~djao( kp zkhh }v~ld`

wahmdokm d}b g~ae pbl wd}p pdkh `~djjkoj nlbko` kp/

G~ae pbl Naac ag @y{do mael} pbl lrvhdodpkao ga~ do

lrvdo`koj ld~pb pbl bldp ag Wlo|} do` Ka} mah` }|~gdml/

E{}pl~kl} }ahwl`/

]AHD^ E[PBN[ OAHDHLL ]MBLOCN[ OAHDHLL ]MBLOC

zzzzzz/oahdhll/mae/oahdhll/mae


11/44

Badr Ag DomklopBadr Ag Domklop M~M~{}pdh ]c|hh}{}pdh ]c|hh} 4444ZZkpb d bkjb%plmbkpb d bkjb%plmb

ekm~ekm~a}mavl( }mklopk}pa}mavl( }mklopk}p

lrva}l} badr aglrva}l} badr ag

*domklop* m~*domklop* m~{}pdh }c|hh}{}pdh }c|hh}

N{ @aodh` ]ekpbN{ @aodh` ]ekpb

Pbl{ zl~l ~lhkm} ag d ha}p mkwkhkydpkao(

bdo`%m~dgpl` n{ zkyd~`}( a~ va}}knh{

lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh}/ Pbl{ ma|h` md}p }vlhh}( maoi|~l

}vk~kp}( m|~l khhol}} do` ga~lplhh pbl g|p|~l/

Dp hld}p pbdp} zbdp d hap ag vlavhl

nlhklwl` zblo d o|enl~ ag b|edohkcl }c|hh}

md~wl` a|p ag ~amc m~{}pdh nljdo md|}koj d

}lo}dpkao ko pbl d~p do` dopkt|kpkl} za~h` }ael76 {ld~} dja/

Dmp|dhh{( pbl{ d~lop domklop dp dhh/ Do`

oaz( pbl d~mbdlahajkmdh `lplmpkwl zba dvvhkl`

}vdml%djl elpba`} pa lrva}l pbl p~|l odp|~l ag

pbl}l }p~dojl anilmp} k} `lwlhavkoj d zd{ pa

blhv e|}l|e} d~a|o` pbl za~h` }lvd~dpl ~ldh

d~pkgdmp} g~ae ea`l~o gdcl}/

M~{}pdh }c|hh} bdwl dhzd{} nllo

t|l}pkaodnhl( }d{} Idol Zdh}b( do

dopb~avahajk}p dp pbl ]ekpb}aokdo} Odpkaodh

E|}l|e ag Odp|~dh Bk}pa~{/ Oana`{ bd} lwl~

lrmdwdpl` aol/ N|p pbl{ d~l ko d o|enl~ ag

edia~ e|}l|e}( komh|`koj a|~ azo/ Pbdp} baz

zl gk~}p jap kowahwl`/

M|~}l}( ja`} do` `lwkh}M|~}l}( ja`} do` `lwkh}

Pdhh pdhl} maoml~okoj pbl m~{}pdh }c|hh}

gk~}p nljdo mk~m|hdpkoj ko 4;0=( zblo G/D/

Ekpmblhh%Bl`jl}( d maha~g|h N~kpk}b ndocl~%

p|~ol`%d`wlop|~l~( do` bk} dàvpl` `d|jbpl~(

Dood( ed`l d }pd~phkoj dooa|omlelop/ @|~koj d

4;>6} lrvl`kpkao `llv kopa pbl i|ojhl} ag

Nlhkyl( Dood k}mawl~l`( p|mcl` dzd{ |o`l~ pbl

dhpd~ ag d Ed{do plevhl( d m~{}pdh }c|hh zkpb

}|vl~odp|~dh vazl~}/ A~ }a pbl{ mhdkel`/

@|nnkoj kp Pbl ]c|hh ag @aae(

Ekpmblhh%Bl`jl} nljdo v~a`|mkoj kp pa lopl~pdko

j|l}p} dp }amkdh jdpbl~koj}/ Dmma~`koj pa bke( kp

bd` nllo ed`l =(766 {ld~} dja/ Ed{do v~kl}p}

zklh`l` kp pa kowacl ja`} do` `lwkh}/ Kp} m|~}l

ma|h` n~koj ek}ga~p|ol do` `ldpb/

D} ea~l }c|hh} zl~l `k}mawl~l` n{

apbl~}( pbl gdomkg|h dmma|op} l}mdhdpl`/ ]ael

}dk` pbl pbkoj} mdel g~ae pbl ha}p ckojàe ag

Dphdopk}( zbkmb bd` ~lmlkwl` pble g~ae }vdml

dhklo}/ Apbl~} }dk` pbl }c|hh} bd` dmmaevdokl`

pbl Cokjbp} Plevhd~ ko pbl M~|}d`l}/ Pbl

anilmp} lekppl` }p~dojl hkjbp} do` }a|o`}(

`lvlo`koj ao pbl dhkjoelop ag pbl vhdolp}/ Pbl{

mbdoolhl` }vk~kp}/ Pbl{ pdhcl`/

Pbl{ ma|h` a }pdo`%|v mael`{ d} gd~ d}

Zdh}b k} maoml~ol` do` pbl{ }pkhh za|hòp

kev~l}} bl~ d} bdwkoj nllo ed`l e|mb ld~hkl~

pbdo pbl 4;pb mlop|~{( kg pblo/

Kg {a| zl~l d v~l%Mah|enkdo d~pk}dodo` {a| zdopl` pa md~wl }aelpbkoj ko }paol a~

~amc m~{}pdhzbkmb k} dmp|dhh{ t|d~py{a|`

|}l d }paol gkhl zkpb ed{nl }do` d} do

dn~d}kwl( Zdh}b }d{}/ Ea`l~o }paol md~wkoj

paah} bdwl lenl``l` dn~d}kwl}( |}|dhh{

`kdeao` a~ md~na~|o`|e/ Pbl{ i|}p hldwl wl~{

`kggl~lop kev~kop} ko pbl }paol/

Ko kowl}pkjdpkoj pbl }c|hh azol` n{ pbl

]ekpb}aokdozbkmb pbl Ko}pkp|pkao bd`

~lmlkwl` ko pbl edkh g~ae d àoa~ ko 4;;>

Zdh}b }ma|~l` bk}pa~kmdh ~lma~`}/ Pblo( |}koj

elpba`} gk~}p `lwlhavl` n{ Ed~jd~lp ]dr( d

edpl~kdh} }vlmkdhk}p dp pbl N~kpk}b E|}l|e(

Zdh}b vh|ojl` kopa d za~h` zbl~l k}pdoml} d~leld}|~l` ko ekm~ao}/

DD `ld` jkwldzd{`ld` jkwldzd{

Dp d pdnhl nlbko` bl~ `l}c dp pbl Odp|~dh

Bk}pa~{ E|}l|e( Zdh}b pdcl} a|p d }edhh }paol

md~wkoj( pblo vkmc} |v d `lwkml pbdp haac} hkcl

aol ag Ed~pbd ]plzd~p} jh|l j|o}/ Zdh}b

}t|llyl} d t|d~pl~%}kyl àhhav ag aay{ nhdmc

}khkmaol aopa d }lmpkao ag pbl md~wkoj/ Zkpbko d

glz eko|pl} pbl edpl~kdh bd~`lo}/ ]bl vllh} kp

agg do` bah`} |v d vl~glmp eah` ag pbl md~wkoj/

Oap aoh{ d~l pbl pkokl}p `lpdkh} ~lwldhl`( n|p pbl{

vav a|p ko ~lhklg( lodnhkoj Zdh}b pa lrdekol

pble ea~l mha}lh{/

Dgpl~ ~lmlkwkoj d }|vl~%gkol madpkoj ag

jah` pa ~lghlmp lhlmp~ao}( pbl eah` k} vhdml` ko d

wdm||e maopdkol~ pa bdwl kp} va~p~dkp ed`l n{ d

}mdookoj lhlmp~ao ekm~a}mavl/ Dp

edjokgkmdpkao} ag /

Mha}l dodh{}k} ~lwldhl` pbdp kp k} d >6pb%

mlop|~{ m~ldpkao do` oap do domklop d~pkgdmp/

"Vbapa n{ Azlo Edmàodh`+


12/44

]ekpb}aokdo} M~]ekpb}aokdo} M~{}pdh ]c|hh{}pdh ]c|hh4>4>Pbl ]ekpb}aokdo*}Pbl ]ekpb}aokdo*}

M~M~ {}pdh ]c|hh{}pdh ]c|hh

Baz pbl e|}l|e*} t|d~Baz pbl e|}l|e*} t|d~pypym~dok|e bkjbhkjbp} pblm~dok|e bkjbhkjbp} pbl

lvkm }khhkol}} ag pbl olzlvkm }khhkol}} ag pbl olz

Ko`kdod Iaol} eawklKo`kdod Iaol} eawkl

N{ Azlo L`zd~`}N{ Azlo L`zd~`}

Pbl m~{}pdh }c|hh }a|jbp n{ Bd~~k}ao

Ga~` d} Ko`kdod Iaol} ko pbl hdpl}p }khwl~%}m~llo

ko}pdhhelop ag pbl d~mbdlahajk}p} awl~%pbl%pav

d`wlop|~l} k}( ag ma|~}l( d eawkl v~av

ed}t|l~d`koj d} do domklop d~pkgdmp g~ae v~l%

Mah|enkdo Mlop~dh Del~kmd/ "@k}mha}|~l9 ko e{`d{ ian( K za~c ga~ d edjdykol v|nhk}bl` n{

v~a`|ml~ Jla~jl H|md} L`|mdpkaodh

Ga|o`dpkao/+ D} kp bdvvlo}( pbl v~av nld~} d

}p~aoj ~l}lenhdoml pa }ma~l} ag m~{}pdh }c|hh} ko

e|}l|e mahhlmpkao} d~a|o` pbl za~h`/ Pbl}l

}c|hh}( md~wl` g~ae hd~jl mb|oc} ag t|d~py( ed{

zlhh bdwl nllo mbk}lhl` n{ `l}mlo`dop} ag

Dyplm} do` Ed{do}( n|p pbl{ d~l `lmk`l`h{

va}p%Mah|enkdo/

Gdcl} d~l do dhh paa ~ldh vd~p ag pbl

e|}l|e za~h`/ Pbl~l d~l dhzd{} d~pk}p}

mdvdnhl ag edckoj do` }lhhkoj pbkoj} pbdp }lle

ah`( }d{} dopb~avahajk}p Idol EdmHd~lo Zdh}b

ag pbl ]ekpb}aokdo Odpkaodh E|}l|e ag Odp|~dhBk}pa~{ "OEOB+/ Zdh}b bd} }llo bl~ }bd~l ag

gdcl}/ Ko gdmp( }bl bd} nlmael }aelpbkoj ag d

}vlmkdhk}p ao pbl }|nilmp/ K `kòp }pd~p a|p d} d

}clvpkm( }bl }d{}( n|p lrvl~kloml bd} mbdojl`

e{ a|phaac/

Ko 4;;>( dmma~`koj pa Zdh}b( pbl

e|}l|e ~lmlkwl` do |o}ahkmkpl` aodpkao ag d

hd~jl~%pbdo%hkgl( plo%komb%bkjb }c|hh md~wl` g~ae

ekhc{%b|l` t|d~py/ ]ael pkel hdpl~( Zdh}b( do

lrvl~p ko Elrkmdo d~mbdlahaj{( zd} d}cl` pa

~l}ld~mb pbl }c|hh( aol ag }lwl~dh coazo pa

lrk}p/ \opkh pbdp vakop( }c|hh} ag pbk} cko`

p{vkmdhh{ bd` nllo dpp~kn|pl` pa domklop

El}adel~kmdo m|hp|~l}/Zdh}b colz pbdp kg pbl }c|hh v~awl` pa nl

d jlo|kol v~l%Mah|enkdo ~lhkm( kp za|h`

mao}pkp|pl do keva~pdop d``kpkao pa pbl

]ekpb}aokdo mahhlmpkao/ N|p }bl bd~na~l`

à|np} g~ae pbl }pd~p/ Dgpl~ Elrkmdo

ko`lvlo`loml( }bl }d{}( d hap ag a|p}k`l~}

}pd~pl` maekoj kopa pbl ma|op~{ do` mahhlmpkoj

bk}pa~km vklml} ga~ e|}l|e}/ Pbl mahhlmpa~}(

}bl d``}( m~ldpl` d `ledo`( do` hamdh d~pk}do}

pblo m~ldpl` d }|vvh{/ ]ael ag pbl pbkoj} }ah` pa

pbl}l ga~lkjol~} ed{ oap bdwl nllo ed`l pa

koplopkaodhh{ `lmlkwl( n|p ml~pdko `ldhl~}

mhdkel` pbdp pbl{ zl~l domklop/

D edia~ vhd{l~ ko pbl }c|hh jdel(

dmma~`koj pa Zdh}b( zd} G~l`l~kmc D~pb|~

Ekpmblhh%Bl`jl}( do Lojhk}b }pamcn~acl~%

p|~ol`%d`wlop|~l~ zba( ko 4;0=( nljdo

`k}vhd{koj d m~{}pdh md~wkoj pbdp bl mdhhl` Pbl]c|hh ag @aae pa bk} `kool~%vd~p{ j|l}p}/ Bk}

`d|jbpl~( Dood( hdpl~ mhdkel` pbdp bl bd` ga|o`

pbl }c|hh ko d ~|kol` plevhl ko Nlhkyl `|~koj pbl

ld~h{ 4;>6}/ Pbl gdekh{} }pa~kl} }llel` pa

jlol~dpl pbl `k}mawl~{ ag ea~l }c|hh} zkpb

lwlo zkh`l~ pdhl} dppdmbl`/ "Pbl{ bd` mael

g~ae pbl ha}p mkp{ ag Dphdopk} a~ nllo hlgp n{

lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh}/+

Kowl}pkjdpkao} n{ pbl Hkooldo ]amklp{ ag

Haoào( d ~l}ld~mb ko}pkp|pl }vlmkdhkykoj ko

pdraoae{ do` odp|~dh bk}pa~{( ~lwldhl` pbdp

Ekpmblhh%Bl`jl} dmp|dhh{ v|~mbd}l` bk} }c|hh dp

d|mpkao dp ]apbln{} ko Haoào ko 4;0= ga~

d~a|o` 066( dna|p 42(666 pa`d{/ Baz kp mdelpa pbl d|mpkao ba|}l k}op coazo/ "Dood

Ekpmblhh%Bl`jl} clvp kp |opkh bl~ `ldpb dp djl

466 hd}p {ld~3 pbl anilmp ~ledko} ko pbl gdekh{/+

Lrvl~p} oaz nlhklwl pbdp edo{ lrpdop m~{}pdh

}c|hh} zl~l ed`l ko Jl~edo{ `|~koj pbl hdpl

4266}3 Zdh}b pbkoc} pbdp pbl ]ekpb}aokdo }c|hh

zd} md~wl` ko Elrkma ko pbl 4;662>662

N^KDO @DWK@ DO@L^]LO % Ld~pb Mbdojl}3

ED^KL @ IAOL] % >64=9 Pbl Lo` ag @d{} a~ d OlzNljkookoj13 MAOOKL GAJDH % Hld`l~ ag pbl

Mdod`kdo Dmpkao Vd~p{ "MDV+3 @^/ @DOLLO

VLPL^]AO % ]pav Pbl Oa~pb Del~kmdo \okao3

VD\H JÂO@KO % Pbl J~ldp Del~kmdo Vbaol Ko3

@^ OADB EmCD[ % Zlhhol}} Dp Zd~v ]vll`3 MBKV

^LDWL] % ]lwlo Pkv} Ga~ Bdwkoj D Bldhpbkl~

Maev|pl~3 IAL JDOOD]MAHK % G~ae ]av~doa} pa

]kmc Ck`}3 CDH CA GG % Cdh*} Ca~ol~ HKWL g~ae

V~dj|l ko pbl Mylmb ^lv|nhkm3 BAHH[ BDHH %

D}p~ahajl~3 EDIA^ CLWKO ^DO@HL % Pbl

]plvblowkhhl \GA3 @^ PL@ NÂL^ % Pbl Pav 6623

CD^LO PDPL % Pbl ]dm~l` Glekokol3 @^/ ED^M

Â]L % Mbahl}pl~ah @~|j} ga~ 2%[ld~%Ah`}1 @ampa~]d{} Kp Eldo} pbl Vd~lop} Bdwl Ha}p Maop~ah3

^KMBD^@ V IDMC]AO % Vd~doa~edh Kowl}pkjdpa~

do` Lra~mk}p3 ]PLVBLO IABO]PAO % Zblo K}

I|`jelop @d{13 P^DWK] WL^JL % Zdhckoj Ko

]bdàz}9 D Naac zbkmb `k}pkoj|k}bl} nlpzllo Ja`*}

p~|pb do` ]dpdo*} `lmlvpkao}3 IABO HAWKOJ %

Maendp D`wk}a~3 ]K@ ZDPLÊDO % J~klg k} pbl

v~kml zl vd{ ga~ hawl3 ZKHHKDE GL@L^L^ %

Lrmh|}kwl9 Zkhhkde I/ Gl`l~l~ lrva}l} ~lhkjka|}(

ekhkpd~{( vahkpkmdh hkgl ag E|}hke mbklg3 BD]]DO

IDGGL^% D}p~ahajk}p pa pbl ^kmb( ]pd~} do` Gdea|}3

IL]]L CDH]K % D}p~a%O|el~ahajk}p3 @^ ZKHHKDE

]MBOLK@ % ]l~kdh Ckhhl~}$ Zbdp Edcl} Pble1 Zba

D~l Pbl{13 MDÂH N^D@HL[ N\^]DMC %

Eko`koj A|~ Lh`l~}3 L@ M^DGP % Doaedhk}p do`

\GA ^l}ld~mbl~3 ]BLHKD VAZLHH % V}{mbkm(

El`k|e( Vd~doa~edh Kowl}pkjdpa~3 IDEL]

ÂHHKO] % Pbl Hd}p A~dmhl3 ED^C ]PAOL %

Nlbko` Pbl ]m~llo % Bdmckoj Bahh{zaa`3 ZD[OL

VL^^[ % ]a|o` El`kmkol3 OKMAHL DO@

EKMBDLH ]LND]PKDO % Pbl @~lde @|`l}3 @^/

N^\ML JAH@NL^J % B{voa}k}3 IABO ID[

BD^VL^% Pbl ]pa~kl} Nlbko` Vhdolp%R do` V~lvd~l

ga~ pbl Za~}p( Nlmd|}l ]ahd~ ]pa~e} D~l Dna|p pa Jlp

\jh{3 EKPMB NDPPÂ] % Ld~pb Mbdojl}3 @^/CLWKO A^HKO IABO]AO( VB/@/ % Pbl ]ll`Pkel

V~ailmp3 @AW NDÂO % Nd~ao Ed}pl~{ Ko}pkp|pl3

P[HL^ EP/ VHL]DOP % V}{mbkm3 ED^C

\O@L^ZAA@ % Ilhh{gk}b Mdo V~aplmp [a|~ N~dko

Mlhh}3 ILGG HAZ^DOML % \]D Paea~~az3

CD^LO NLOPHL[ % Pbl ]|jd~%G~ll Ek~dmhl @klp3

@D]B NLD^@]HL[ % Jba}p Pa|~} ag Jdhwl}pao

K}hdo`3 ED^MKD EMEDBAO % Mbdoolh} V~koml}}

@kdod( Iabo Hlooao do` Il}|}3 @KPD ZLJEDO %

Oa}p~d`de|}*} @~lde Naac3 MB^K]PKOL

OKJBPKOJDHL % Dojlh}3 ID]AO HLKJB %

\ok`lopkgkl` Gh{koj Anilmp}3 MB^K] MD^H]]AO %

Oazpavkd3 @^ EDIA^ CLWKO ^DO@HL % Pbl

â}zlhh M~d}b ag 4;0: do` EI%4>3 NKHH COLHH %

Pbl \GA J|{3 ^DO@DHH ]BLHPAO % Zbdp ao

ld~pb k} bdvvlokoj13 MB^K]PAVBL^ NDHYDOA %

Ed}}dmb|}lpp} Vd~doa~edh M~a}}~ad`}3 LHKYDNLPBIA[ML % V}{mbkm3 NANNKL DP^K]PDKO % Wk~jkokd

Jba}p}3 MBLG HA^K OKMBAH] @DWKL] % Bahk}pkm

Maackoj Dmd`le{ ag Mdod`d3 C[HL BAAWL^ %

Vd}pa~( Hlmp|~l~ ' D|pba~ ag Pbl Ba|}l Pbdp Zk}àe

N|khp3 IABO KOJA % D|pba~ ag Pbl Hd}p Mlop|~kao3

ÂNL^P Z EA^JDO % Pbl Del~kmdo

Dopb~avhajkmdh ^l}ld~mb Ga|o`dpkao3 DHDO

D^MKL^K % Ld~pb ]mbaah4649 Zba zl d~l( zbl~l zl

d~l do` zb{ zl d~l bl~l///3 @KDOOL J^LJJ % Pbl

Bk``lo @dojl~} ag ]a{3 ND^^[MBDEK]B % lp|~o

Ag Pbl Jkdop}3 @^ N^\ML MAÔLP % Pbl Vkol

N|}b Doaedh{ ' \GA}3 DEK^DB % ]a|hE{}pkm3 @^/

]LPB ]BA]PDC % ]loka~ D}p~aoael~ % ]LPK3

]PLWLO D HDMBDOML % Vd~doa~edh Kowl}pkjdpa~

' D|pba~ SU]EKPB]AOKDO KO]PKP\PL


13/44

M~M~{}pdh }c|hh} d~{}pdh }c|hh} d~l gdcl9 }p|`{l gdcl9 }p|`{ 4=4=M~M~ {}pdh }c|hh} d~{}pdh }c|hh} d~l gdcl9l gdcl9

}p|`{}p|`{

Ma|~pl}{ Md~`kgg \okwl~}kp{

do` Za~h` ]mkloml }pdgg

D} Ko`kdod Iaol} ~dml} pa gko` do

domklop m~{}pdh }c|hh ko bk} olz eawkl

d`wlop|~l( bl ekjbp zdop pa pdcl d eaelop pa

mblmc kp} d|pblopkmkp{/

Olz ~l}ld~mb }|jjl}p} pza zlhh%coazo

m~{}pdh }c|hh}( ko pbl N~kpk}b E|}l|e do` pbl

]ekpb}aokdo Ko}pkp|pkao ko Zd}bkojpao( d~l oap(

dgpl~ dhh( g~ae domklop Elrkma/ Dmd`lekm} oaz

nlhklwl pbl N~kpk}b }c|hh zd} ed`l ko 4;pb%

mlop|~{ L|~avl do` pbl Del~kmdo aol lwlo

hdpl~/

.Kp k} dhzd{} `k}dvvakopkoj zblo do

kop~kj|koj d~plgdmp hkcl d m~{}pdh }c|hh p|~o} a|p

oap pa nl jlo|kol(. }dk` Md~`kgg \okwl~}kp{*} Kdo

G~ll}paol( d elenl~ ag pbl ~l}ld~mb plde/

.Bazlwl~( kp k} keva~pdop pa nl v~lmk}l dna|p

zbdp k} d|pblopkm do` zbdp k} gdcl kg zl d~l

v~avl~h{ pa |o`l~}pdo` a|~ vd}p/ Ed{nl Ko`kdod

Iaol} zkhh bdwl nlppl~ h|mc ko bk} b|op ga~ d ~ldh

m~{}pdh }c|hh$.

Pbl gko`koj} d~l pa dvvld~ ko Pbl

Ia|~odh ag D~mbdlahajkmdh ]mkloml/ SU

Pbl N~kpk}b E|}l|e na|jbp kp} }c|hh( d

hkgl%}kyl md~wkoj g~ae d }kojhl nhamc ag ~amc

m~{}pdh( g~ae Pkggdo{ do` Ma/( Olz [a~c( ko

42;:/ Kp} a~kjko} zl~l |ocoazo n|p pbl~l zl~l

}|jjl}pkao} kp zd} ag domklop Elrkmdo a~kjko/

B|edo }c|hh} za~o d} a~odelop} do``k}vhd{l` ao ~dmc} zl~l coazo pa bdwl gldp|~l`

ko Dyplm d~p/ Pbl }c|hh dpp~dmpl` e|mb v|nhkm

dpplopkao do` }vlm|hdpkao do` zd} aoml pba|jbp

pa bdwl bldhkoj vazl~}/

M~{}pdh }c|hh} bdwl }koml gldp|~l` ko

edo{ naac}( d~pkmhl} do` gkhe}( ea}p ~lmloph{ ko

pbl olz ]plwlo ]vklhnl~j eawkl Ko`kdod Iaol}

do` pbl Ckojàe ag pbl M~{}pdh ]c|hh/

Bazlwl~( pbl~l bdwl nllo à|np} dna|p

pbl d|pblopkmkp{ ag pbl }c|hh }koml pbl 4;=6}/

Oaz do kopl~odpkaodh ~l}ld~mb plde bd}

}m~|pkokyl` pbl N~kpk}b E|}l|e }c|hh do` d

hd~jl~ zbkpl t|d~py }c|hh àodpl` pa pbl

]ekpb}aokdo ko 4;;>/Lhlmp~ao ekm~a}mavl dodh{}k} ga~ paah

ed~c} ga|o` napb }c|hh} zl~l md~wl` zkpb ~apd~{

`k}m%}bdvl` paah( d plmboahaj{ pbl domklop

Elrkmdo} `kò*p bdwl/ Dodh{}k} ag pbl t|d~py ko

pbl N~kpk}b E|}l|e }c|hh }|jjl}p} kp zd}

t|d~~kl` g~ae N~dykh a~ Ed`djd}md~ % gd~

a|p}k`l pbl Domklop Elrkmdo}* p~d`koj hkoc}/

Pbl plde( ed`l |v ag lrvl~p} g~ae

Md~`kgg do` Ckoj}pao |okwl~}kpkl} ko pbl \/C/(

pbl N~kpk}b E|}l|e do` pbl ]ekpb}aokdo(

maomh|`l` pbdp olkpbl~ }c|hh ma|h` bdwl nllo

ed`l ko Elrkma nlga~l pbl pkel ag Mah|en|}/

Pbl{ nlhklwl pbl N~kpk}b }c|hh zd} m~ldpl` ko

L|~avl ko pbl 4;pb mlop|~{( do` pbl]ekpb}aokdo*} }ba~ph{ nlga~l kp zd} na|jbp ko

Elrkma Mkp{ ko 4;76/

zzzzzz/o|enl~/o|enl~lol~jkl}/maelol~jkl}/mae

Vd|h EkoVd|h Ekod~d~

Pbl Maevhlpl O|el~Pbl Maevhlpl O|el~ahajk}pahajk}pKp*} nllo awl~ >< {ld~} }koml pbl mbdoolhl` l}}loml ag V{pbdja~d} ko}p~|mpl` Vd|h pa z~kpl

d naac ao O|el~ahaj{/ ]koml pblo( Vd|h bd} v~dmpkml`( }p|`kl` do` ~l}ld~mbl` pbl domklop

d~p( dhzd{} j|k`l` n{ pbl ]vk~kp ag bk} Elopa~ |opkh( dp hd}p( pbl naac bd} mael kopa nlkoj/

O|el~ahaj{ ga~ gd}p( ld}{ `lmk}kao edckoj

Pbl o|enl~}%%dhvbdnlp maoolmpkao

Pbl okol vd~p} ag Ja`*} m~ldpkwl jlaelp~{

@k}mawl~koj {a|~ o|el~kmdh @OD

M~ldpkoj }|mml}}g|h a|pmael}

Mbdojl {a|~ odel( mbdojl {a|~ `l}pko{

O|el~ahaj{ ga~ dokedh}

do` e|mb ea~l$

Vd|h Ekod~

O|el~ahajk}p

Kp Ed{Kp Ed{

Oap NlOap Nl

M~M~{}pdh{}pdh

N|p Kp K}N|p Kp K}

DD ]c|hh$]c|hh$

LHAOJDPL@ ]C\HH]


14/44

KoKo Pbl Nljkookoj % I|ol >0 4;0:Pbl Nljkookoj % I|ol >0 4;0:4040KoKo Pbl NljkookojPbl Nljkookoj

Pbl `dpl zd} I|ol >0( 4;0:( d P|l}`d{3

pbl pkel( i|}p nlga~l pb~ll a*mhamc ko pbl

dgpl~oaao/ Cloolpb D~oah`( d v~kwdpl vkhap do`

gk~l%maop~ah%lt|kvelop }dhl}edo g~ae Nak}l(

K`dba( zd} gh{koj awl~ pbl Md}md`l Ea|opdko}}ld~mbkoj ga~ pbl ~ledko} ag d ha}p M%07 ga~

zbkmb d


15/44

Â]ZLHHÂ]ZLHH \O^D\O^DWLHHL@WLHHL@ 4( 4;0:( }lwl~dhzkpol}}l} ko do` old~ â}zlhh( Olz Elrkma(

an}l~wl` d k}m }bdvl` anilmp eawkoj }zkgph{ ko

d oa~pbzl}pl~h{ `k~lmpkao pb~a|jb pbl }c{/ Pbl

gahhazkoj ea~okoj( Edm N~dylh( ga~ledo ag d

~domb hamdpl` old~ pko{ Ma~aod( Olz Elrkma(

~a`l a|p ao ba~}lndmc pa eawl }bllv g~ae aol

gklh` pa doapbl~/ Dmmaevdo{koj bke zd} d

{a|oj olkjbna~ na{( Pkeapb{ @ V~ampa~/ D}

pbl{ ~a`l( pbl{ mdel |vao }p~dojl `ln~k} %

wd~ka|}%}kyl mb|oc} ag elpdhhkm edpl~kdh %

~|ookoj g~ae aol bkhhpav( àzo do d~~a{a( |v

doapbl~ bkhh( do` ~|ookoj àzo pbl apbl~ }k`l/

Pa dhh dvvld~doml} }ael cko` ag dk~m~dgp bd`

lrvha`l`/ Ko gdmp N~dylh bd` bld~` }aelpbkojpbdp }a|o`l` hkcl do lrvha}kao pbl okjbp nlga~l(

n|p nlmd|}l kp bdvvlol` `|~koj d ~dko}pa~e

"pba|jb kp zd} `kggl~lop g~ae pb|o`l~+( bl bd`

oap haacl` kopa pbl md|}l/ N~dylh vkmcl` |v

}ael ag pbl vklml}/ Bl bd` olwl~ }llo do{pbkoj

hkcl pble/ Pbl{ zl~l lrp~lelh{ hkjbp do` wl~{

pa|jb/

N{ pbl pkel lwlop} bd` ~|o pblk~ ma|~}l(

pbl za~h` za|h` nl hl` pa nlhklwl pbdp N~dylh

bd` ga|o` pbl ~ledko} ag d zldpbl~ ndhhaao/ Ga~

pb~ll `lmd`l}( aoh{ pba}l `k~lmph{ kowahwl` ko

pbl komk`lop za|h` coaz pbdp pbk} zd} d hkl/ Do`

ko pbl ld~h{ 4;


16/44

Â]ZLHHÂ]ZLHH \O^D\O^DWLHHL@WLHHL@4747

Â]ZLHHÂ]ZLHH

\O^D\O^DWLHHL@WLHHL@

Maopko|l` g~Maopko|l` g~ae Vdjl 46 {ld~} hdpl~( zblo bl paac maeedo`

ag pbl nd}l( pbl maeekppll zd} }pkhh avl~dpkoj/ Kp

bd` oapbkoj pa à zkpb V~ailmp Nh|l Naac( pbl

vaa~h{ g|o`l`( kod`lt|dpl v~ailmp pbdp

dvvd~loph{ }l~wl` hkpphl ea~l pbdo d v|nhkm

~lhdpkao} g|ompkao/ D} N~kj/ Jlo/ Nahlo`l~ bd`

ko`kmdpl` ko do kopl~odh Dk~ Ga~ml elea~do`|e(

\GA ~lva~p} .zbkmb ma|h` dgglmp odpkaodh

}lm|~kp{ d~l oap vd~p ag pbl V~ailmp Nh|l Naac

}{}ple/.

Lmbal} ag pbl â}zlhh komk`lop

ELLP PBA] ZBA BDWL NLLO

KO@\MPL@ KOPA PBL

R YAOL A^@L^ AG ZAA ZAA]

DHNKDOK( Ial @O^( NDK^@( ânl~p @O^(

NDHLJD( Nlp}{ @O^ ( ND[( N~doào @O^(

NKHHAZ( Doo @O^( NK]MD^@K( Pae @O^(

NA@KOL( Lmba @O^( N^D@[( Jla~jl @O^(

N\^PLO]BDZ( @lnnkl @O^( MBKVVLA(

â}led~{ @O^( M^K]ZLHH( @kmc@O^( MÂ]](

Vdp~kmc@O^( MÂPLD\( âhdo` @O^(

M^[]PDH( ^|pb @O^( @^LDE BLDHL^(

D`de @O^( @^\GGLH( Dool @O^( GAÊDO(

Hko`d @O^( JDHHDOP( Wlhed @O^(

JKHHKHDO@( Idel} @O^( J^DOP( ^kmbd~` @O^(

BD^K( J|~`kv @O^( IABO]AO( ânl~p Nazkl@O^( IAOL]( Il}}kmd @O^( CD[( Ed~jkl "^ldh

Odel % Ed~jl VD@JKPP+ @O^( C\LBO( ânl~p

.\GA Nan. @O^ ( HLD( ]klood @O^/ HLW[(Ekmbdlh @O^( HAOJA( G~doc@O^( HAVA^PA(

Jd~~lpp @O^( H\CDPBL^%CKPMB( Ha~d @O^ (

EDOYA( Zd{ol @O^( EmM^DMCLO( Clo @O^(

Em@AODH@( Zkhhkde @O^( ELOCKO( Ekmbdlh

@O^( ELPY( Nkhh @O^( EK^DCK( @~ Eabdeed`

@O^( EAÔKOJ]PD^( ânl~p @O^( AL]PL^(

@~ @dwl @O^( VBLHDO( Idolp @O^( ^DOWKHHL(

Clkpb @O^( ^DVVAV^P( âjl~@O^( ^KPPL^(

Jla~jl @O^( ]BL^ZAA@( Mb~k} @O^(

]BL^ZAA@( L` @O^( ]B^KOL^/ ]bl~~{ @O^(

]PLWLO]( Blo~{ @O^( ]\ODO@D( Ekmbdlh

@O^( PD[HA ( ]|ydool @O^( PBAED]( ânnkl@O^( PKPPHL( Ia}lvb @O^( P\^K( @~ H|k} @O^(

WLJB( Nlpb @O^( ZDHPL^]( L~km @O^(

ZAHGL( N|~pao @O^( [\^MBL[( @a|j @O^(

YKEELÊDO( ânl~p @O^/

zzz/ryaola~`l~agzaazaa}/mae

bdwl nllo bld~` ga~ `lmd`l} ko vav|hd~ gahcha~l

dna|p }lm~lp ~aae} do` n|kh`koj} dp Z~kjbp%

Vdppl~}ao DGN zbl~l jawl~oelop vl~}aoolh

dhhljl`h{ }p|`{ vb{}kmdh do` nkahajkmdh v~aag ag

dhklo wk}kpdpkao/ Ea}p % n|p oap dhh % d~l .g~klo`%

ag%d%g~klo`. pdhl}/ ^lpk~l` Z~kjbp%Vdppl~}ao

levha{ll Oa~ed Jd~òl~ mhdkel` nlga~l bl~

`ldpb///

Maopko|l` ao Vdjl 4:


17/44

Â]ZLHHÂ]ZLHH \O^D\O^DWLHHL@WLHHL@ 4:4:Â]ZLHHÂ]ZLHH

\O^D\O^DWLHHL@WLHHL@

Maopko|l` g~Maopko|l` g~ae Vdjl 47ae Vdjl 47

".\omhl ]de mdo*p a do{pbkoj pa el aoml K*e ko

e{ j~dwl/.+ pa bdwl dhhljl`h{ mdpdhaj|l` \GA

edpl~kdh( komh|`koj vd~p} g~ae pbl kopl~ka~ ag d

edmbkol pbdp bd` nllo n~a|jbp pa pbl nd}l }ael

{ld~} ld~hkl~( ]bl dh}a mhdke} pa bdwl p{vl`

d|pav}{ ~lva~p} ao pbl na`kl} ag amm|vdop}3

aoml( ea~lawl~( }bl mhdke} pa bdwl }llo pza ag

pbl na`kl} d} pbl{ zl~l nlkoj eawl` g~ae aol

hamdpkao pa doapbl~/ G~ae bl~ l}m~kvpkao % kg }bl

zd} plhhkoj pbl p~|pb % }bl }dz pbl â}zlhh

lopkpkl}/ Ko pbl ek`%4;76} ]lo/ Nd~~{

Jah`zdpl~( d n~kjd`kl~ jlol~dh ko pbl Dk~ Ga~ml

~l}l~wl( d}cl` bk} g~klo` Jlo/ M|~pk} HlEd{dna|p pbl ~|ea~}/ Jah`zdpl~ pah` Pbl Olz

[a~cl~ "Dv~kh >2pb( >662 @~

Clwko ^do`hl( zba nlhklwl} pbdp pbl â}zlhh

komk`lop zd} pbl ~l}|hp ag d m~d}bl` \GA zkhh`lndpl Cdh Ca~gg zba nlhklwl} pbdp pbl â}zlhh

komk`lop zd} pbl ~l}|hp ag V~ailmp Eaj|h/

Pbl `lndpl }pd~p} dp 46 ve L@P ! : ve

V@P/

Pa }d{ pbdp pbk} lndpl zkhh nl ag kopl~l}p

pa dhh zba d~l kop~kj|l` zkpb pbl â}zlhh

komk`lop k} do |o`l~}pdplelop/

Nl vd~p ag bk}pa~{ do` iako ân

EmMaoolhh ko Pbl *R* Yaol ^d`ka ' PW ]baz(

ga~ Pbl J~ldp â}zlhh @lndpl( Pb|~}`d{(

D|j|}p >2pb( >662/ Zdpmb( Hk}plo do` Mbdp dp

zzz/pblj~ldp~a}zlhh`lndpl/mae

Pbl zkool~ ag pbl `lndpl zkhh nl i|`jl`

n{ pbl hk}plokoj d|`kloml dpzzz/pblj~ldp~a}zlhh`lndpl/mae n{ pbl

elenl~} ag pbl hk}plooj d|`kloml/

D Vahh zkhh nl }lp|v dp

zzz/pblj~ldp~a}zlhh`lndpl/mae do` zkhh nl

dwdkhdnhl ga~ hk}plol~} pa md}p pblk~ wapl} |opkh

Eao`d{( ]lvplenl~ 4 >662 dp >=9


18/44

â}zlhhâ}zlhh do` V~do` V~ailmp Eaj|hailmp Eaj|h4242Pbl â}zlhh Komk`lopPbl â}zlhh Komk`lop

do` V~do` V~ailmp Eaj|hailmp Eaj|h

n{ @dwln{ @dwl Pbaed}Pbaed}

D} ~lva~pl` ko pbl Ido|d~{%Gln~|d~{ 4;;6/=; >6/=; 4/:;

47/:; 47/:; 47/:;

4:/;; 4:/;; 4=/4;


24/44

â}zlhhâ}zlhh do` V~do` V~ailmp Eaj|hailmp Eaj|h>0>0Pbl â}zlhh Komk`lopPbl â}zlhh Komk`lop

do` V~do` V~ailmp Eaj|hailmp Eaj|hMaopko|l` g~Maopko|l` g~ae Vdjl 42ae Vdjl 42

D `kdj~de ag do ld~hkl~( }kekhd~ ghkjbp(Ghkjbp -> "hd|ombl` Dv~kh 42( 4;0:( g~ae

Nlpbhlble( Vloo}{hwdokd+ }baz} pbl ndhhaao

p~dko/ Oa }|mb `kdj~de k} dwdkhdnhl ga~ Ghkjbp 03

}koml oa dhpkp|`l dpd zl~l anpdkol` ga~ kp( kp zd}

oap komh|`l` ko ga~edh O[\ ~lva~p}/ Bazlwl~(

Eaa~l }d{} pbl maogkj|~dpkao ga~ Ghkjbp 0 zd}

t|kpl }kekhd~ pa pbdp }bazo/ Pbl hd~jl ampdbl`~dh

anilmp} dp pav hlgp do` nappae ek``hl d~l ~d`d~

~lghlmpa~}( zbkmb zl~l |}l` ga~ p~dmckoj/

]lwl~dh }edhh dh|eko|e ~koj} ga~ bdo`hkoj pbl

hkol} d~l ko`kmdpl`3 pbl .vd{had`. "d }aoan|a{+

zd} }|vva~pl` n{ }hkjbph{ hd~jl~ ~koj}/ Pbl

mh|}pl~ ag olav~lol }a|o`koj ndhhaao} lrplo`l`

ga~ b|o`~l`} ag gllp ko ghkjbp/Pbl `ln~k} N~dylh vkmcl` |v%%do` zbkmb

zd} hdpl~ pdclo pa Ga~p Za~pb( Plrd}( ga~

ko}vlmpkao n{ N~kjd`kl~ Jlol~dh âjl~ ^del{(

pbl Dk~ Ga~ml maeedo`l~ pbl~l%%edpmbl} O[\

Ghkjbp 0 ko }lwl~dh `kggl~lop zd{}/ ]ael ag pbl

`ln~k} mao}k}pl` ag vdpmbl} ag d }elhh{( }eac{

j~d{( ~|nnl~%hkcl edpl~kdh( zbkmb k} mao}k}plop

zkpb pbl olav~lol ndhhaao} |}l` ko O[\ Ghkjbp

0/ E|mb ag pbl â}zlhh `ln~k}%%}pkmc}( elpdhhkm

vdvl~( do` }p~dojlh{ ed~cl` pdvl%%k} }kekhd~ pa

edpl~kdh |}l` ga~ pbl ~d`d~ ~lghlmpa~}/ Zblo

Zd~~dop Aggkml~ K~wkoj Olzpao }dz pbl ln~k} ko

Jlol~dh ^del{*} aggkml( bl ~lmajokyl` kp d}

vklml} ag d ~d`d~ pd~jlp/ Eaa~l vakop} a|p pbdppbl del{ vbapaj~dvb} }baz vd~p} ag ea~l pbdo

aol ~lghlmpa~3 Ghkjbp 0 maopdkol` pb~ll ]kjodh

Ma~v} EH%=6:N ^DZKO pd~jlp}

Edo{ zkpol}}l} ag pbl `ln~k} `l}m~knl`

pdvl zkpb ghazl~ `l}kjo} a~ bkl~ajh{vbkm} ao kp/

Eaa~l ~lmdhh} pbdp pbl ~lkoga~mkoj pdvl |}l` ao

O[\ pd~jlp} bd` m|~ka|} ed~ckoj}/ .Pbl~l zl~l

dna|p ga|~ ag |} zba zl~l kowahwl` ko pbk}( do`

dhh ~lelenl~ pbdp a|~ pd~jlp} bd` }a~p ag d

}p{hkyl`( ghazl~hkcl `l}kjo/ K bdwl v~lvd~l`( ko

e{ hkgl( v~andnh{ ea~l pbdo d b|o`~l` ag pbl}l

pd~jlp} ga~ ghkjbp/ Do` lwl~{ pkel K bdwl

v~lvd~l` aol ag pbl}l pd~jlp}( K bdwl dhzd{}

zao`l~l` zbdp pbl v|~va}l ag pbdp pdvl ed~ckoj

zd}/ N|p / / / d edia~ odel` Iabo Vlpl~}ao(

hd|jbl` / / / do` }dk` *Zbdp à {a| lrvlmp zblo

{a| jlp {a|~ pd~jlp} ed`l n{ d pa{ gdmpa~{1*.

Pbl ~d`d~ pd~jlp} maopdkol` }edhh

l{lhlp}/ Eaa~l }bazl` pbl OE]^ d|`kloml d

}kekhd~ pd~jlp zkpb pbl l{lhlp}/ Ko do d~pkmhl ko

pbl â}zlhh @dkh{ ^lma~` ao I|h{ ;( 4;0:(

~dombl~ N~dylh l}m~knl` pbl ln~k} d} bdwkoj oa

}p~koj} a~ zk~l( n|p d} bdwkoj l{lhlp} ga~ }ael}a~p ag dppdmbelop/

Zbkhl edo{ \GA v~avaolop} mhdke pbl

z~lmcdjl }bazo ko Jlol~dh ^del{*} aggkml zd}

i|}p d zldpbl~ ndhhaao }zkpmbl` ga~ pbl .~ldh

`ln~k}(. Eaa~l vakopl` a|p pbdp pbl ~d`d~ pd~jlp}

|}l` n{ O[\ zl~l |ohkcl do{pbkoj ghazo ko

Olz Elrkma nlga~l do` pbdp .pbl{ zl~l oap

dwdkhdnhl ko Ga~p Za~pb pa nl }|n}pkp|pl` ga~ pbl

`ln~k} ko Jlol~dh ^del{*} aggkml/. Zd~~dop

Aggkml~ Olzpao zd} dnhl pa ~lmajokyl pbl ln~k}

ko Jlol~dh ^del{*} aggkml nlmd|}l bl bdvvlol`

pa bdwl |}l` do ld~h{ wl~}kao ag pbl }del pd~jlp}

zbkhl }l~wkoj d} d zldpbl~edo ko Ackodzd/ Pbl

ld~hkl~%ea`lh pd~jlp} Olzpao |}l` `k` oap bdwlpbl ~lkoga~mkoj pdvl zkpb pbl vkock}b%v|~vhl

ghazl~ `l}kjo}/ "Maopko|l` ao Vdjl >


25/44

â}zlhhâ}zlhh do` V~do` V~ailmp Eaj|hailmp Eaj|h >0ae Vdjl >0

N~dylh*} `d|jbpl~( Nl}}kl N~dylh]mb~lknl~( ko d 4;:; kopl~wklz mao`|mpl` n{

d|pba~ Zkhhkde Eaa~l "oa ~lhdpkao pa Mbd~hl} N/

Eaa~l+( `l}m~knl` }ael dh|eko|e ~koj%}bdvl`

anilmp} ko pbl ln~k} pbdp haacl` hkcl vkvl kopdcl

mahhd~} a~ pbl olmc} ag ndhhaao}/ "Pbl elopkao

ag pbl ~koj} dvvld~} ko Zkhhkde Eaa~l*}

p~do}m~kvp ag pbl kopl~wklz( n|p zd} oap komh|`l`

ko bk} naac Pbl â}zlhh Komk`lop/+ ]bl

l}pkedpl` pbdp pbl{ zl~l dna|p 0 kombl} d~a|o`(

do` }dk` }bl ma|h` v|p bl~ bdo` pb~a|jb pble/

Mbd~hl} Eaa~l vakop} a|p pbdp Ghkjbp 0 md~~kl`

}lwl~dh =%komb%`kdelpl~ dh|eko|e ~koj} ga~

d}}k}pkoj zkpb pbl hd|ombkoj ag pbl ndhhaao p~dko(

d} zlhh d} hd~jl~ ~koj} |}l` pa bah` pbl}aoan|a{}/ Pbl}l zl~l m|p g~ae m{hko`~kmdh

p|nkoj }pamc( do` pblo mbdegl~l` pa v~lwlop

`dedjl pa pbl ~avl}/

]bl~k`do Mdwkpp( pbl MKM "Ma|opl~%

Koplhhkjloml Ma~v}+ aggkml~ zba dmmaevdokl`

Edia~ Il}}l Ed~mlh pa pbl `ln~k} gklh`(

`l}m~knl` d nhdmc nar ko pbl z~lmcdjl/ Eaa~l

}d{} pbl O[\ m~lz ~a|pkolh{ vdmcl` ndppl~kl}

ga~ pbl dma|}pkm lt|kvelop ko nhdmc narl}/

Pbl~l bd} nllo }ael }vlm|hdpkao pbdp pbl nhdmc

nar ekjbp bdwl nllo d ~d`ka}ao`l( n|p Eaa~l

vakopl` a|p pbdp ~d`ka}ao`l} d~l |}|dhh{ zbkpl pa

v~lwlop dn}a~vpkao ag bldp/

Ao I|ol 0( 4;0:( Ghkjbp 0 zd} hd|ombl`(do` p~dmcl` d} gd~ d} D~dnlhd( Olz Elrkma(

aoh{ 4: ekhl} g~ae pbl hamdpkao ag pbl `ln~k}

gklh` ao pbl Ga}pl~ ~domb/ Ghkjbp 0 zd} }pkhh dhagp

zblo pbl ndppl~kl} ~do àzo( do` maopdmp zd}

ha}p/ N~dylh ~lva~pl` pbdp bl ga|o` pbl `ln~k} ao

pbl ~domb ao I|ol 40( 4;0:( dhpba|jb ea}p \GA

v~avaolop} v|p pbl pkel ag pbk} `k}mawl~{ d} d

glz zllc} hdpl~( ko ld~h{ I|h{/ N~dylh kò*p pdcl

pbl ln~k} kopa a}zlhh |opkh I|h{ :( 4;0:( n{ bk}

azo dmma|op3 pbk} `dpl k} `k}v|pl` d} zlhh/

^lmloph{( Mbd~hl} Eaa~l bd} `lwlhavl`

d n~do`%olz hkol ag lwk`loml lwlo g|~pbl~

}|vva~pkoj d hkoc nlpzllo pbl â}zlhh Komk`lop

do` V~ailmp Eaj|h/ \GA ~l}ld~mbl~ Clwko^do`hl ~lmloph{ v~awk`l` Eaa~l zkpb Odpkaodh

Zldpbl~ ]l~wkml zko` `dpd ga~ ld~h{ I|ol 4;0:/

Eaa~l( zba bd} hkwl` do` n~ldpbl` dpea}vbl~km

vb{}km} ea}p ag bk} d`|hp hkgl( dodh{yl` pbk} `dpd

ko `lpdkh/ Bk} dodh{}k} `ldh} zkpb pb~ll O[\

ghkjbp} 9 Ghkjbp 0 "I|ol 0( 4;0:+( Ghkjbp < "I|ol


26/44

â}zlhhâ}zlhh do` V~do` V~ailmp Eaj|hailmp Eaj|h>7>7Pbl â}zlhh Komk`lopPbl â}zlhh Komk`lop

do` V~do` V~ailmp Eaj|hailmp Eaj|hMaopko|l` g~Maopko|l` g~ae Vdjl >:>:

RR Yaol ]|jjl}pl`Yaol ]|jjl}pl`

ZZln}kpl}ln}kpl}zzzzzz/ryaol~d`kapw/ryaol~d`kapw/mae/mae

zzzzzz/ryaolkva`/mae/ryaolkva`/mae

zzzzzz/v~/v~admpkwldo`v~admpkwldo`v~lvd~lvd~l`/mael`/mae

zzzzzz/}pavpbloa~/}pavpbloa~pbdel~kmdo|okao/maepbdel~kmdo|okao/mae

zzzzzz/naookl000/mae/naookl000/mae

zzzzzz/~kmbd~`vidmc}ao/mae/~kmbd~`vidmc}ao/mae

zzzzzz/ekmblhhlnlhdojl~/ekmblhhlnlhdojl~/mae/mae

zzzzzz/pblj~/pblj~ldp~ldp~a}zlhh`lndpl/maea}zlhh`lndpl/mae

zzzzzz/maha~eln|ppl~gh{/maha~eln|ppl~gh{

zzzzzz/}vdmka|}}c{/}vdmka|}}c{/mae/maezzzzzz/a|~/a|~m|~ka|}za~h`/maem|~ka|}za~h`/mae

zzzzzz/~/~lh%ed~lh%ed~/mae/mae

zzzzzz/pdhc}pd~~d`ka/mae/pdhc}pd~~d`ka/mae

zzzzzz/zbkpl}v~koj}/pw/zbkpl}v~koj}/pw

zzzzzz/cdhca~g/cdhca~gg/maeg/mae

zzzzzz/p~|l}llcl~}/a~j/p~|l}llcl~}/a~j

zzzzzz/nknhl|ga/mae/nknhl|ga/mae

zzzzzz/v~/v~ailmpnh|lhkjbp/olpailmpnh|lhkjbp/olp

zzzzzz/pbloea/a~j/pbloea/a~j

zzzzzz/olz%wk}kao}/mae/olz%wk}kao}/mae

zzzzzz/kowl}lm/mae/kowl}lm/maezzzzzz/del~kmdo`d{n~/del~kmdo`d{n~ldc/maeldc/mae

Pbl ZPbl Za~ha~h } J~ldpl}p} J~ldpl}p

\GA!Gh{koj ]d|ml~\GA!Gh{koj ]d|ml~

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DDzd~`zd~` ZZkool~kool~ ga~ga~

Nl}p \GANl}p \GA @am|elop~d~@am|elop~d~{ ko pbl{ ko pbl ZZa~hà~h`

@W@@W@ DDwdkhdnhl F zzzwdkhdnhl F zzz/}vdmka|}}c{/}vdmka|}}c{/mae/mae

a~a~OP]M a~OP]M a~ VVDHDH F zzzF zzz/dedyao/mae/dedyao/mae


28/44

Gdkhl` V~Gdkhl` V~avblmkl}avblmkl} Pb~Pb~a|jba|p Bk}pa~a|jba|p Bk}pa~{{>2>2GGDKHL@ VÂVBLMKL]DKHL@ VÂVBLMKL]

PBÂ\JBA\PPBÂ\JBA\P

BK]PBK]PAÂ^[[

Maopko|l` G~Maopko|l` G~ae Vdjl >7ae Vdjl >7

% 426 `d{}/

Pbk} zd} g|~pbl~ kopl~v~lpl` d} ~lv~l}lopkoj

>6 {ld~}( eld}|~l` g~ae pbl }pd~pkoj `dpl ag

76: NML/ Pbk} jdwl 4;40 d} pbl pd~jlp `dpl/Zblo 4;40 vd}}l`( pbl{ mbdojl` pblk~

v~l`kmpkao3 4;40 nlmdel pbl {ld~ pbdp Il}|}

kowk}knh{ nljdo bk} ~|hl/

% 4;40( 4;46( 4;>< k} d `dpl `lgkokplh{ do` mhld~h{ ed~cl` ko

pbl ]m~kvp|~l}( lwlo ea~l mhld~h{ pbdo pbdp ag4;403 n|p kp za|h` nl v~l}|evp|a|} ao pbl vd~p

ag do{ gdkpbg|h gahhazl~ ag pbl Ha~` pa d}}|el

i|}p zbdp pbl Ha~` k} jakoj pa à `|~koj pbdp

{ld~/.

% Pbl Zdpmbpazl~ ]amklp{ }lhlmpl` 4;:< d} kp}

olrp edko v~l`kmpkao/ Pbk} zd} nd}l` ao pbl

l}pkedpl .dmma~`koj pa ~lhkdnhl Nknhl

mb~aoahaj{ D`de zd} m~ldpl` ko pbl {ld~ 06>7

NML( hkclh{ ko pbl d|p|eo ag pbl {ld~( dp pbl lo`

ag pbl }krpb `d{ ag m~ldpkao/. Pbl{ nlhklwl` pbdp

pbl {ld~ 4;:< d v~aek}koj dpl ga~ pbl lo` ag pbl

za~h`( d} kp zd} pbl 7(666pb dookwl~}d~{ ag

D`de*} m~ldpkao/ Lrdmph{ 4(666 {ld~} zd} pa

vd}} ga~ ldmb `d{ ag pbl m~ldpkao zllc/ Pbk}

v~avblm{ dh}a gdkhl`/

% Pbl m|~~lop l}pkedpl k} pbdp pbl lo` ag pbl

za~h` d} zl coaz kp zkhh bdvvlo v~lmk}lh{ 7666

{ld~} dgpl~ pbl m~ldpkao ag Lwl/ ; Pbl~l k} oa

zd{ ag coazkoj zblo pbk} bdvvlol`/

% 4;4;9 Elpla~ahajk}p Dhnl~p Va~pd

v~l`kmpl` pbdp pbl maoi|ompkao ag 7 vhdolp}

za|h` jlol~dpl d edjolpkm m|~~lop pbdp za|h`

md|}l pbl }|o pa lrvha`l do` loj|hg pbl ld~pb ao

@LM%4:/

% 4;=79 Bl~nl~p Z D~e}p~aoj( ga|o l~

ag pbl Za~h`zk`l Mb|~mb ag Ja`( v~l`kmpl` pbdp

pbl @d{ ag pbl Ha~` za|h` bdvvlo }aelpkel ko

4;=7/ Oapbkoj e|mb bdvvlol` pbdp {ld~( lrmlvp

ga~ pbl nk~pb ag pbl maevkhl~ ag pbk} hk}p %% zba

bd} nllo ~lgl~~l` pa d} do Dopk%Mb~k}p/ Zblo pbl

v~l`kmpkao gdkhl`( bl ed`l d olz l}pkedpl9 4;:602/

% 4;


29/44

]|jd~]|jd~ G~G~ll Ek~dmhl @klpll Ek~dmhl @klp >;>;

@a%Kp%[@a%Kp%[a|~}lhga|~}lhg WWdh|l Vdmcdjldh|l Vdmcdjl

k} i|}pk} i|}p >6/66/>6/66/

Lwl~{pbkoj {a| oll` pa nl }|mml}}g|h k} komh|`l` ko pbk} ga|~%naac wdh|l vdmcdjl99

4+4+ Pbl ]|jd~Pbl ]|jd~%G~%G~ll Ek~dmhl @klp Bdo`naacll Ek~dmhl @klp Bdo`naac

Pbk} k} pbl nknhl ag }|jd~%g~ll ldpkoj/ Pbl ~lpdkh wdh|l k} 40/;;40/;; (( n|p kp}komh|`l` ko pbl wdh|l vdmcdjl ga~ i|}p 7/+ Pbl Bldh E{ Na`{Pbl Bldh E{ Na`{ ZZa~cnaaca~cnaac\}l pbk} vazl~g|h paah ga~ bldhkoj {a|~ na`{ pb~a|jb {a|~ eko / Pbl

~lpdkh wdh|l k} ;/;;(;/;;( n|p kp} komh|`l` ko pbl wdh|l vdmcdjl ga~ i|}p 0/


30/44

@ld~@ld~ E~E~/ ]mklopk}p %/ ]mklopk}p % ZZdpl~dpl~ ao Ed~}1$1ao Ed~}1$1=6=6GGDKHL@ VÂVBLMKL]DKHL@ VÂVBLMKL]

PBÂ\JBA\PPBÂ\JBA\P

BK]PBK]PAÂ^[[

Maopko|l` G~Maopko|l` G~ae Vdjl >2ae Vdjl >2

% 4;20 pa 4;;;9 Ko 4;2=( Nbdjzdo ]b~ll

^dioll}b( hdpl~ mdhhl` A}ba( pldmbl~ ag zbdp bd}

nllo mdhhl` pbl ^dioll}b eawlelop( k} }dk` pa

bdwl v~l`kmpl` ed}}kwl `l}p~|mpkao ao ld~pb(

komh|`koj odp|~dh `k}d}pl~} do` edo%ed`l

mdpd}p~avbl}/ Ghaa`} hd~jl~ pbdo do{ }koml Oadb(

lrp~lel ld~pbt|dcl}( wl~{ `l}p~|mpkwl wahmdoa

l~|vpkao}( o|mhld~ zd~} lpm/ zl~l pa bdvvlo/

Pac{a( Olz [a~c( ]do G~domk}ma( Ha} Dojlhl}(

Naend{ zkhh dhh `k}dvvld~/ Dmp|dhh{( pbl

v~l`kmpkao} zl~l ~ld` a|p n{ bk} }lm~lpd~{3 pblk~

hljkpkedm{ k} à|npg|h/% 4;2666 D@. v~l`kmpl` pbdp

Il~|}dhle za|h` nl pbl ~kmbl}p mkp{ ao Ld~pb(pbdp pbl Maeeao Ed~clp za|h` ~|hl L|~avl(

do` pbdp pbl~l za|h` nl d o|mhld~ zd~ kowahwkoj

^|}}kd do` vl~bdv} pbl \/]/ Dh}a( bl

v~avbl}kyl` pbdp pbl j~ldpl}p Mb~k}pkdo ~lwkwdh ko

pbl bk}pa~{ ag pbl mb|~mb za|h` bdvvlo9 dhh

`|~koj pbl hd}p 4= {ld~} ag pbl >6pb mlop|~{/ Dhh

ag pbl v~l`kmpkao} gdkhl`/

% 4;229 Bdh Hko`}l{ bd` v~l`kmpl` ko

bk} naac .Pbl Hdpl( J~ldp Vhdolp Ld~pb. pbdp pbl

^dvp|~l zd} maekoj ko 4;22 % aol jlol~dpkao a~

06 {ld~} dgpl~ pbl m~ldpkao ag pbl }pdpl ag K}~dlh/

Pbk} gdkhl` v~avblm{ `k` oap dvvld~ pa `dedjl

bk} ~lv|pdpkao/ Bl maopko|l} pa z~kpl naac} ag

v~avblm{ zbkmb }lhh wl~{ zlhh ko`ll`/% Dhg~l` ]mbeklhlz}c{( d v}{mbkm zba}l

}pdjl odel zd} .}|vl~%v}{mbkm D/]/ Od~d{dod(.

v~l`kmpl` ko 4;27 pbdp pbl za~h`*} j~ldpl}p

odp|~dh `k}d}pl~ za|h` bkp Eaop~ldh ko 4;22/

]d`h{( bk} v}{mbkm dnkhkpkl} gdkhl` bke ao 4;;;%

DV^%44 zblo bl do}zl~l` pbl aa~ ag bk} bael

aoh{ pa nl }bap `ld` n{ d j|oedo/

% 4;22%ED[9 D 4;24 eawkl pkphl` .Pbl

edo zba }dz paea~~az. `l}m~knl` }ael ag

Oa}p~d`de|} v~l`kmpkao}/ Ed}}kwl ld~pbt|dcl}

zl~l v~l`kmpl` ga~ ]do G~domk}ma do` Ha}

Dojlhl}/

% 4;22%AMP%449 L`jd~ Zbk}lod|p( d

OD]D }mklopk}p( bd` v|nhk}bl` pbl naac .22^ld}ao} zb{ pbl ^dvp|~l zkhh Amm|~ ko 4;22/.

Kp }ah` awl~ 0 ekhhkao mavkl}/

% Dna|p 4;;69 Vlpl~ ^|mcedo

maomh|`l` g~ae bk} dodh{}k} ag pbl Nknhl pbdp pbl

~dvp|~l za|h` mael zkpbko d glz {ld~} ag 4;;6/

% >666 % [>C( pbl hd~jl}p ag ~lmmlop

badrl} pbdp zd} g|lhl` n{ d hdpl okjbp pdhc }baz

ba}p zba v|}bl` àae do` jhaae/ Oll`hl}} pa

}d{ pbdp oapbkoj bdvvlol`/

]pd{ p|ol` pa Pbl R Yaol ^d`ka ]baz

ga~ ea~l v~avblm{ |v`dpl}$ SU

@LD^ E^/ ]MKLOPK]P@LD^ E^/ ]MKLOPK]P

GÂE9 ân EmMaoolhh

Bdekhpao( Aopd~ka(

Gdr9 ";6


31/44

V}{mbkmV}{mbkm DppdmcDppdmc =4=4


32/44

ZbkppaoZbkppao PPl~ekodpl` G~l~ekodpl` G~ae Mhd{pao Vahkmlae Mhd{pao Vahkml=>=>Nkjgaap Badrl~Nkjgaap Badrl~ ZbkppaoZbkppao

PPl~ekodpl` G~l~ekodpl` G~ae Mhd{paoae Mhd{pao

Ma|op{ Vahkml @lvd~Ma|op{ Vahkml @lvd~peloppelop

Zbdp*} olrp1 Lhwk} }kjbpkoj ga~ badr

vdk~ ao pbl hde1

Mdo {a| nlhklwl kp1 Jla~jkd*} Nkjgaapzd} i|}p d nkj badr/

Pbl na`{ ag d }|vva}l` dvl%edo ga|o`

ko pbl oa~pb ea|opdko ~ljkao ag pbl }pdpl zd}

oapbkoj n|p do levp{ ~|nnl~ eaocl{ }|kp

lenl``l` ko kml( dmma~`koj pa Mdhkga~okd

Nkjgaap lopb|}kd}p zba gkodhh{ jap d mbdoml pa

lrdekol kp hd}p zllclo`/

Pbl pza Dphdopd elo zba }paa` |v dp d

olz} maogl~loml ko Mdhkga~okd do` p~kl` pa

maowkoml pbl za~h` pbl{ bd` ga|o` Nkjgaap

oaz dvvd~loph{ mdo*p nl hamdpl` % i|}p hkcl pbl

~ldh Nkjgaap/

Mdhh} pa Edppblz Zbkppao( d Mhd{pao

Ma|op{ Vahkml Aggkml~ % edcl pbdp ga~el~vahkml aggkml~ % do` bk} md~ }dhl}edo n|``{ do`

ga~el~ ma~~lmpkaodh aggkml~ ^kmc @{l~ zl~lo*p

~lp|~ol` {l}pl~`d{/

Pbl do}zl~koj edmbkol ao d .pkv hkol.

maoolmpl` pa pbl vdk~*} zln}kpl( zbkmb }pkhh

d`wl~pk}l} 0;; \] Nkjgaap lrvl`kpkao}( }d{}

pbl{*~l }pkhh a|p }ld~mbkoj ga~ ]d}t|dpmb % d}

zlhh d} hlv~lmbd|o}( `koa}d|~}( |okma~o}(

Ikee{ Baggd do` Lhwk}/

]ld~mbkoj ga~ Nkjgaap Kom/( pbl

Mdhkga~okd a|pgkp pbdp vdk` do |o`k}mha}l` }|e

pa Zbkppao do` @{l~ ga~ ~kjbp} pa pblk~ }pa~{

do` pblk~ gko`( }d{} pbl vdk~ mblmcl` a|p ag pbl

baplh zbl~l pbl{ bd` nllo v|p |v ao pbl

zllclo`/

Dmma~`koj pa d olz} ~lhld}l ao

]ld~mbkoj ga~ Nkjgaap*} zln}kpl( pbl zba }mde

|o~dwlhl` zblo d nhamc ag kml maopdkokoj pbl

.na`{. elhpl` ao pbl zllclo`/ Zbkppao do`

@{l~ hdpl~ maogl}}l` pbdp kp zd} i|}p d ma}p|el(

dmma~`koj pa pbl ~lhld}l/

Zb{ pbl pza Jla~jkdo} maop~kwl` pbl

m~a}}%ma|op~{ mao} k}o*p mhld~/Zbdp k} ml~pdko k} pbdp Zbkppao( >2( ao

el`kmdh hldwl dgpl~ nlkoj }bap ko pbl z~k}p n{ d

~annl~{ }|}vlmp ld~hkl~ ko >662( zao*p nl jakoj

ndmc pa za~c dp pbl Mhd{pao Ma|op{ Vahkml

@lvd~pelop/

D} }aao d} bl bld~` Zbkppao*} Nkjgaap

zd} d nkj gdcl( .K pl~ekodpl` bke(. }dk` Vahkml

Mbklg Ilgg~l{ P|~ol~ {l}pl~`d{/ .Bl*} d

`k}j~dml` bke}lhg( bl*} do lend~~d}}elop pa

pbl Mhd{pao Ma|op{ Vahkml @lvd~pelop( bk}

m~l`knkhkp{ do` koplj~kp{ d} do aggkml~ k} jaol(

do` K bdwl oa |}l ga~ bke/

.Bk} nlbdwka~ k} |onlmaekoj ag pbdp ag

d vahkml aggkml~(. bl d``l`/Pbl mbklg }dk` bl zdop} pa }lo`

Zbkppao bk} pl~ekodpkao vdvl~za~c do` jlp bk}

|okga~e} ndmc/ SU

RR Yaol ^d`ka 'Yaol ^d`ka '

PWPW ]baz]baz

El~El~

mbdo`k}l K} Oambdo`k}l K} Oa

DDwdkhdnhlwdkhdnhl Dp9Dp9

zzzzzz/ryaol}pa~/ryaol}pa~l/mael/mae

]a|hE{}pkm]a|hE{}pkm

DEK^DBDEK^DB

zzzzzz/}a|he{}pkm/mae/}a|he{}pkm/mae

Bl~ EK]]KAO

d} d Bldhl~ k} pa blhv {a| gko` {a|~ Kool~ ]vk~kp/

Bl~ EK]]KAO

d} d Bldhl~ k} pa blhv {a| gko` {a|~ Kool~ ]vk~kp/

Ga~ Hkglpkel}( Dek~db bd} }l~wl` d} d .]a|h E{}pkm. %% Ed}pl~ Mhdk~wa{dop Bldhl~ do` ]vk~kp|dh

Pldmbl~/ Dek~db*} v~aga|o` za~c m~ldpl} hkgl mbdojkoj ~l}|hp} pbdp mhklop} wdh|l/

) ]vk~kp|dh Hkgl Madmb

) T|dop|e Lol~j{ Bldhl~

) V}{mbkm El`k|e Mao}|hpdop

) Mhdk~wa{dop P~dkokoj do` Bldhkoj

) D|pba~ ag .Hawl \v [a|~ Hkgl$.

) ]dm~l` Ia|~ol{}

DEK^DB k} d ]a|hE{}pkm % d

ed}pl~g|h t|dop|e lol~j{

bldhl~ do` }vk~kp|dh pldmbl~/ Bl~

~lv|pdpkao k} gd~ ~ldmbkoj ao do

kopl~odpkaodh }mdhl za~ckoj ao

lra~mk}e}( ek}}koj vl~}ao}(

vl~}aodh ma|o}lhkoj do`

l`|mdpkao/ ]bl bd} }vlop dhea}p

= `lmd`l} keel~}l` ko bldhkoj

do` kop|kpkwl d~p} do` bd} nllo d

j|l}p ao o|el~a|} ~d`ka }baz}/


33/44

Oa}p~d`de|}Oa}p~d`de|} ====

^ldh @~lde} V~l`kmpkoj [a|~ Paea~~az1

PBL VAZL^

AG PBL ]PD^]9

Baz pbl{ eawl

|} b|edo}$@kpd

Zljedo( d haoj%

pkel }ld~mbl~ ag

pbl P~|pb zba bd}

`khkjloph{ }p|`kl`

do` lrvl~kloml`

O a } p ~ d ` d e | }

c o a z h l ` j l

maoml~okoj pbl

vazl~ ag pbl }pd~}( mdel kopa pbl va}}l}}kao ag

pbl v~avblp} aoh{ `~lde naac ko d e{}pl~ka|}

edool~/

Pbk} l`kpkao ag Oa}p~d`de|}@^LDE

NAAC "4;>2+ zd} pbl hd}p aol ko lrk}ploml/

@kpd }vlop edo{ `lmd`l}( oap aoh{ }p|`{koj

pbl paah} Oa}p~d`de|} ~lwldhl` pa v~l`kmp

ko`kwk`|dh} g|p|~l}( n|p mao}k}ploph{(

pb~a|jba|p bl~ hkglpkel( bd} lrvl~kloml` pblk~

p~|pbg|hol}}/

Dmma~`koj pa Oa}p~d`de|} "do`

ea`l~o ]mkloml+( ~d`kdpkao bah`} pbl \okwl~}l

pajlpbl~ do` md|}l} lwl~{ anilmp pa ~d`kdpl ko

kp} azo mbd~dmpl~k}pkm zd{/ A|~ l}pdnhk}bl`

Ya`kdm k} v~aag( maogk~ekoj pbdp ldmbko`kwk`|dh na~o |o`l~ aol ag pbl 4>

d}p~ahajkmdh }kjo} ~lghlmp} ml~pdko

mbd~dmpl~k}pkm} ~d`kdpkoj g~ae pbl vhdolp} pbdp

maoga~e pa ldmb }kjo ag pbl ya`kdm/

Ga|~ b|o`~l` gkgp{ {ld~} dja(

Oa}p~d`de|}( zba zd} d el`kmdh `ampa~ do`

ed}pl~ ko d}p~aoae{!d}p~ahaj{ "mdhhl` *`kwkol*

n{ maopleva~d~{ }mbahd~}+( |o`l~}paa` pbl

p~|pb nlbko` pbl eldokojg|h vazl~ ~d`kdpkao ag

pbl }pd~}/ Bl }dz pbl kopl~maoolmpl`ol}}( baz

pbl }pd~} kogh|loml b|edo a~jdok}e}( do` baz

kp dgglmp} a|~ }hllv do` `~lde}/ SU

OA]P^D@DE\]

Bl zdhcl` pbl

ld~pb


34/44

Hld~oHld~o PPaa [[a|~a|~ Azo Kop|kpkaoAzo Kop|kpkao=0=0Hld~o pa Hk}plo pa[Hld~o pa Hk}plo pa[a|~a|~

Azo Kop|kpkaoAzo Kop|kpkao

n{ Dek~db

[a| d~l {a|~ azo nl}p pldmbl~/ Zl dhh

}llc j|k`doml g~ae pkel pa pkel n|p ào*p lwl~

`k}~ljd~` {a|~ azo gllhkoj} do` kop|kpkao ko hkl|

ag }aelaol lh}l*} d`wkml a~ p~|pb/ Bdwl {a| lwl~

bd` d b|omb dna|p }aelpbkoj do` `kòp hk}plopa kp1 Pblo( {a| ckmc {a|~}lhg nlmd|}l {a|

`kòp hk}plo/

Ed~kh{o( d baeledcl~ g~ae Oa~pbl~o

Mdhkga~okd oll`l` pa bld~ pbk} el}}djl zblo

}bl ~ldmbl` a|p `|~koj d mao}|hpdpkao/ Pbl


35/44

G~G~aeae Pbl RPbl R Yaol Olz}~Yaol Olz}~aaeaae =662/ G~ae pbl |vvl~ `lmc ao

bk} ba|}lnadp( ^/ N/ zd} v|yyhl` n{ pbl wkwk`

p|~t|ak}l nh|l zkpb pa|mbl} ag j~llo bl zd}

}llkoj ko}pld` ag ~l`}( {lhhaz} do` a~dojl} ko

ea~l oa~edh gk~l/ @l}vkpl pbl }p~dojl nh|l j~llo

maha|~( pbl zkpol}} pba|jbp vl~bdv} bl zd}

zdpmbkoj d vhdol dna|p pa m~d}b/

^/ N/ `k` oap coaz pbl~l zd} doapbl~l{lzkpol}} %% G~doc Ma}pkjdo( ~lpk~l` ga~el~

]|vl~koplo`lop ag Avl~dpkao} do` Vahkml Mbklg

dp Ha} Dojlhl} Kopl~odpkaodh Dk~va~p g~ae 4;:2

pa 4;2< do` ]|vl~koplo`lop ag Avl~dpkao} dp

Aopd~ka Kopl~odpkaodh Dk~va~p ko Mdhkga~okd g~ae

4;2< pa 4;27/ G~doc bd` japplo |v pa hlp bk}

]kdel}l mdp a|p do` zlop a|p}k`l pa haac dp pbl

mhld~ okjbp }c{/ Bk} bael k} dna|p pb~ll ekhl}

ld}p ag pbl Maha~dà ^kwl~/ Pa bk} }|~v~k}l d

hd~jl( n~kjbp anilmp ag edo{ maha~} àekodpl`

n{ p|~t|ak}l nh|l zkpb }ael j~llo zd}

}p~ldckoj pb~a|jb pbl }c{ pazd~` pbl Maha~dà

^kwl~ d~ld/

G~doc ma|h` dh}a }ll }ael ~l` do`{lhhaz maha~} hkcl ghdel} do` lrvlmpl` pa bld~

pbl b|jl naae ag d m~d}b kevdmp/ K pba|jbp K

ekjbp bld~ }aelpbkoj zblo kp bkp pbl j~a|o`

nlmd|}l kg kp zd} d} mha}l d} K pba|jbp kp zd} do`

d} nkj d} kp zd}( K pba|jbp K za|h` bld~

}aelpbkoj/ N|p K `k` oap bld~ do{pbkoj/ Do` kp

zlop a|p ag e{ wklz nlga~l kp bkp pbl j~a|o`/

N|p awl~ ao pbl Maha~dà ^kwl~( ^/N/ zd} aoh{

dna|p 066 {d~`} g~ae zbl~l pbl gkl~{ p|~t|ak}l

nh|l anilmp bkp pbl j~a|o` ao pbl zl}p }k`l ag pbl

~kwl~/

Bl zd} a|p}k`l gk}bkoj dp =de zblo bl

}dz pbl n~khhkdop p|~t|ak}l nh|l ghdekoj anilmp/

Zblo kp bkp pbl j~a|o` dna|p 466 {d~`} zl}p agpbl ~kwl~ bl }dz pbl zbahl pbkoj na|oml ndmc |v

ko pbl dk~ zkpb lwlo ea~l jhazkoj ~l` {lhhaz

vklml} d~a|o` pbl nkj mlopl~ anilmp/ Do` {lp( bl

`k` oap bld~ pbl m~d}b }a|o` bl lrvlmpl`/

Pbl~l zd} aoh{ d pb|ev }a|o`( bl pah` pbl

}a|~ml/ N|p bl zd} dg~dk` pbdp }ael cko` ag

vhdol bd` m~d}bl` do` |~jloph{ zlop àzo pa

pbl hazl~ `lmc ag bk} ba|}lnadp pa jlp bk} mlhh

vbaol do` mhkenl` ndmc |v pa pbl pav `lmc pa

jlp d }dplhhkpl }kjodh ga~ bk} vbaol/ Zblo bl bd`

d }kjodh bl clvp kdhhkoj ;44( n|p aoh{ jap d n|}{

}kjodh/ Dhh ag pbk} paac dna|p }lwlo eko|pl} dgpl~

pbl m~d}b/ Pblo pa bk} maevhlpl dedylelop pbl

zkpol}} bld~` pbl ha|` }a|o` ag d }c{%baac a~}c{m~dol blhkmavpl~ maekoj gd}p ko pbl okjbp }c{/

Pbl olrp pbkoj bl colz pbl }pkhh jhazkoj

anilmp zd} baacl` |o`l~oldpb pbl }c{m~dol do`

md~~kl` dzd{ ~dvk`h{/ Bl pba|jbp pbdp pbl anilmp

d} nkj d} d 46(666 jdhhao pdoc p~|mc do` awdh

}bdvl`/ Dgpl~ pbl }|o mdel |v( @dwk` Bd{l} pbl

azol~ do` jlol~dh edodjl~ ag CPAR DE 4=06

zd} ~kwkoj pa za~c dhaoj K%06 ko Oll`hl} zblo

bl }dz wl~{ |o|}|dh wlbkmhl} p~dwlhkoj pajlpbl~

zkpb nhdmc do` zbkpl }vlmkdh hkmlo}l vhdpl}/ SU

\GA Hann{k}p Ag\GA Hann{k}p Aggl~} pagl~} pa

N~klg Anded aoN~klg Anded ao

Lrp~dpl~~Lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh}l}p~kdh}

Ilgg Vlmcedo( zba mdel pa odpkaodh

dpplopkao ld~hkl~ pbk} {ld~ zblo bl hd|ombl` d

ndhhap kokpkdpkwl pa m~ldpl do Lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh

Dggdk~} Maeek}}kao ko @lowl~ do` hdpl~

dooa|oml` pbdp bl va}}l}}l` dmp|dh gaapdjl ag d

hkwl LP( maopko|l} bk} mdevdkjo pa pb~|}p dhklo

hkgl kopa pbl vahkpkmdh hkelhkjbp/ Pbk} zllc( bl

kowkpl` Nd~dmc Anded pa bld~ d n~klgkoj ao

\GA} do` lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh hkgl g~ae d v~kwdpl

mkpkylo*} vl~}vlmpkwl/ Dì|}p {a|~ pko gakh bdp do`

gko` a|p zbdp Vlmcedo bd} pa }d{ pa pbl

v~l}k`lopkdh mdo`k`dpl do` zb{ bl zdop} pa }d{

kp nlga~l pbl lhlmpkao/

Vlmcedo bavl} pa mbdp zkpb Anded

nlga~l bl} lhlmpl`( zblo pbl MKD % jdplcllvl~

ag dhh }bdàz{ koga~edpkao % bdo`} pbl }lodpa~

kp} azo wl~}kao ag pbl lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh p~|pb/ Dp

hld}p aol ga~el~ v~l}k`lop `k` jlp pbl g|hh Gdmp}

ag Kopl~jdhdmpkm Hkgl( dmma~`koj pa Vlmcedo9

V~l}k`lop ^ldjdo} \GA!LP n~klgkoj dp

Mdev @dwk` Ed~mb 7%2( 4;24 k} `l}m~knl` ko d

pzlop{%aol vdjl dhhljl` p~do}m~kvp pbdp zd}

`lmhd}}kgkl` g~ae Pav ]lm~lp hd}p Ampanl~

>66:/ Pbl am|elop }|jjl}p} pbdp MKD @k~lmpa~

Zkhhkde Md}l{ do` }lwl~dh apbl~ |oodel`

d`wk}a~} ~lwldhl` gdmp} dna|p \GA} do` LP}

pbdp mhld~h{ d}paok}bl` ^ldjdo/

N|p @leam~dp} bdwl dvvd~loph{ oap bdwl

nllo dgga~`l` pbl }del ma|~pl}{9

Pbl `d{ dgpl~ bk} kod|j|~dpkao(

V~l}k`lop Ikee{ Md~pl~ ~lt|l}pl` koga~edpkao

ao pbl \GA!LP k}}|l n|p zd} `lokl` pbl

edpl~kdh n{ MKD @k~lmpa~ Jla~jl N|}b ]~/ Cl{

^lv|nhkmdo} hkcl N|}b ]~/ d~l ~lva~pl` pa bdwl d

nkj ~ahl ko cllvkoj koga~edpkao dna|p \GA}

g~ae pbl v|nhkm/

V~l}k`lop Mhkopao zd} dh}a oap dhhazl`

d n~klgkoj g~ae bkjb hlwlh jawl~oelop aggkmkdh}/

Ko}pld` bl bd` pa ~lh{ ko hd~jl vd~p ao m~l`knhl

zkpol}} pl}pkeao{ g~ae ga~el~ bkjb%~dockoj

ekhkpd~{( koplhhkjloml djlom{( do` jawl~oelop

maop~dmpa~ vl~}aoolh a~jdokyl` n{ @~/ ]plwlo

J~ll~ ag pbl @k}mha}|~l V~ailmp/

]a àl} Vlmcedo pbkoc blhh dmp|dhh{

zko Anded*} ld~1 V~andnh{ oap/ Bl }d{} pbl

aggl~ k} i|}p d ma|~pl}{/ N|p |hpkedplh{( bl

zdop} pbl @leam~dpkm Vd~p{ pa ga~ml pbl k}}|l ao

lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh `k}mha}|~l n{ d``koj ga|~

anilmpkwl} pa kp} vhdpga~e9

Pa bah` avlo( }lm~lm{%g~ll bld~koj} ao

pbl \GA!Lrp~dpl~~l}p~kdh v~l}loml ao do`

d~a|o` Ld~pb/

Pa bah` avlo bld~koj} ao d`wdoml`

lol~j{ do` v~av|h}kao }{}ple} pbdp( zblo

v|nhkmh{ ~lhld}l`( zkhh v~awk`l }ah|pkao} pa

jhandh lowk~aoelopdh mbdhhlojl}/

Pa lodmp hljk}hdpkao zbkmb zkhh ndo dhh

}vdml%nd}l` zldvao}/

Pa lodmp maev~lblo}kwl hljk}hdpkao pa

~l}ld~mb( `lwlhav do` lrvha~l }vdml vldmlg|hh{

do` maavl~dpkwlh{ zkpb dhh m|hp|~l} ao Ld~pb

do` ko }vdml/

Pbl~l k} oa ko`kmdpkao pbdp Vlmcedo

vhdo} pa edcl d }kekhd~ aggl~ pa ]lodpa~

EmMdko/ Vl~bdv} EmMdko k} aol ag pba}l cl{

^lv|nhkmdo} cllvkoj dhklo} do` pblk~

plmboahaj{ |o`l~ z~dv}/

Lo`

Ko pbl Olwd`d `l}l~Ko pbl Olwd`d `l}l~p(p(

pbl~pbl~l*} }aelpbkoj a|pl*} }aelpbkoj a|p

pbl~pbl~l d Nhdmc Edkhnarl d Nhdmc Edkhnar

Old~ D~ld


36/44

G~G~aeae Pbl RPbl R Yaol Olz}~Yaol Olz}~aaeaae=7=7Ko pbl Olwd`d `l}l~Ko pbl Olwd`d `l}l~p(p(

pbl~pbl~l*} }aelpbkoj a|pl*} }aelpbkoj a|p

pbl~pbl~l d Nhdmc Edkhnarl d Nhdmc Edkhnar

Pbl elo vd~c old~ pbl edkhnar do` d

n|hhlp%`kojl` }pav }kjo( do` avlo pblk~ àa~} pa

}khloml/

Pbl nar k} ed`l ag t|d~pl~%komb%pbkmc

n|hhlpv~aag elpdh( do` kp} àa~ k} mhdevl` }b|p

zkpb d Ed}pl~ Hamc/ Kp} azol~( }d{ pbl nhdmc

hlppl~} v~kopl` ao kp} }k`l( k} ]PLWL EL@HKO(

BM 74( NAR 26/ Wk}kpa~} bdwl d``l` n|evl~

}pkmcl~} do` pblk~ azo e|}koj}9

.P~|}p oa aol/.

.K de pbl hd}p dhklo/.

.Kp*} nlmael pbk} elmmd(. }d{} d Hd}

Wljd} edo zba*} dèk~koj pbl zldpbl~l` nar/

Bl zld~} d Iabookl Zdhcl~ ^W} ndhh mdv do``lmhkol} pa jkwl bk} odel/

.Pbdp*} v~andnh{ pbl ea}p vbapaj~dvbl`

edkhnar ko pbl za~h`(. D~oah` }d{}( bk} j~|gg

wakml pkojl` zkpb dzl/

Pbl azol~} ag pbl edkhnar( ]plwl do`

Jhlo`d El`hko( eawl` ko 4;:= pa d mdpphl ~domb

ko Pkcdnaa Wdhhl{( dna|p 26 ekhl} oa~pb ag Hd}

Wljd}/ Pbl~l zd} oa pdhc ag dhklo}( do` oa bael

edkh `lhkwl~{/

D glz {ld~} hdpl~( d hamdh p|oj}plo t|d~~{

~lavlol`/ ]ael ekol~} eawl` pa d p~dkhl~ vd~c

old~ pbl El`hko}3 kp j~lz kopa pbl pazo ag

^dmblh/ Va}pdh md~~kl~} nljdo `lhkwl~{( do` pbl

ma|vhl v|p |v d maeeao nhdmc ~|~dh edkhnardna|p }kr ekhl} g~ae pblk~ bael( old~ Bkjbzd{

=:


37/44

G~G~aeae Pbl RPbl R Yaol Olz}~Yaol Olz}~aaeaae =:=:Zbdp vahkpkmkdo} mdoZbdp vahkpkmkdo} mdo

hld~o g~hld~o g~ae Nkjgaapae Nkjgaap

N{ Iabo Najl~N{ Iabo Najl~pp

K ào*p coaz zba pbl}l dhzd{}%}vaclo%

ag Del~kmdo Vlavhl d~l do{ ea~l pbdo {a| à/

N|p kg K zl~l pa aggl~ d m~k}v jlol~dhkp{

ao d zd{ pa ~ldmb pba}l vlavhl( kp za|h` nl pbk}/

Cllv kp }kevhl$

Zbkmb k} pa }d{( zblo d vd}pa~ ag d b|jl

Mb~k}pkdo maoj~ljdpkao d}c} E~/ V~l}k`lopkdh

Mdo`k`dpl kg bl nlhklwl} ko dna~pkao bl }ba|h`

olwl~ ja zkpb( .Ed{nl pbk} a~ ed{nl pbdp/.

Zbdp {a| à k} zbdp Iabo EmMdko `k`

pbl apbl~ `d{/ [a| }d{( .Oa/. Do` kp ~ldhh{

àl}o*p edppl~ pbdp d }p~koj ag ^lv|nhkmdo} bdwl

nllo wapl` kopa aggkml `k}dvv~awkoj ag dna~pkaozbkhl coazkoj `d~o zlhh pbdp pbl{ mdo*p à d

pbkoj dna|p kp/

Pbk} jal} ga~ ea}p edia~ k}}|l}/

T9 Jd} v~kml}1

D9 Agg}ba~l `~khhkoj/ "@ao*p lrvhdko pbdp

akh( oa edppl~ kg kp} `~khhl` ko Pa~~doml a~ ]d|`k

D~dnkd/ }lhh} ga~ pbl lrdmp }del za~h` v~kml+/

T9 Jhandh zd~ekoj1

D9 \b( l~( }ahd~ vazl~/ "]pav zkpb pbl

gdmp} dh~ld`{( pbl}l d~l zbdp ckhhl` Dh Ja~l/+

I|}p cllv kp }kevhl/ Zbkmb K }d{ d}

}aelaol zba ~lj|hd~h{ `kol} zkpb pbl oap%}a%

n~kjbp zba kobdnkp aol lo` ag pbl Del~kmdo

Vlavhl }vlmp~|e do` d} d j|{ zba bd} ~|nnl`lhnaz} zkpb pbl nl}p do` n~kjbpl}p % pbl vlavhl

zkpb eaol{ zba ~lghlrkwlh{ wapl djdko}p pba}l

zba ekjbp zdop pa pb~az d m~|en pa pba}l zba

bdwl oaol/

N|p }aelbaz( dhh ag |} jlp pb~azo hkcl d

had` ag zbkpl |o`kl} kopa d maopkolop%}kyl

maeel~mkdh zd}bkoj edmbkol pbdp dh}a bdvvlo}

pa maopdko aol olz do` |ooapkml` ~l` }zldpl~/

Zbdp lel~jl} dhh vkoc do` g|oc{ g~ae

pbdp zd}bl~ k} pbl Del~kmdo Vlavhl( d n|omb pbdp

dmp|dhh{ dhhaz} bdhg%n~kjbp }lodpa~}(

maoj~l}}elo do` v~l}k`lop} pa mdhh |} .a~`kod~{

za~ckoj Del~kmdo}/. Do` za~}l( d n|omb pbdp

zkhh dhzd{} vd|}l pa lopl~pdko d Nkjgaap }pa~{ oaedppl~ baz ndmczaa`}%~domk` do` k`kapkm kp ed{

nl/

Nkjgaap % dhaoj zkpb pbl IGC

d}}d}}kodpkao do` pbl \GA mawl~%|v % nlkoj pbl

aoh{ pba|jbp%v~awackoj }pa~{ pbk} ma|op~{ bd}

jlol~dpl` ko }kr `lmd`l}/

Pbdp do` wk}kao} ag Il}|} }llo ko zdpl~

}pdko}( ko mbll}l }do`zkmbl} do` % e{ gdwa~kpl %

ko pbl g~a}pl` jhd}} ag d Jd~`lod ndpb~aae

zkoàz/ Pbk} aol jlol~dpl` }a e|mb v~d{l~

p~dggkm pbl nk}bav }lop ko d v~kl}p zba k}mawl~l`

pbdp zblo d olrp%àa~ va~mb hkjbp zd} }zkpmbl`

agg( Il}|} }{enahkmdhh{ `k}dvvld~l`/

Pblo mdel pbl hdpl}p Nkjgaap }pa~{zbkmb zd} odp|~dhh{ hdpmbl` aopa n{ pbl

Del~kmdo el`kd nlmd|}l pbl Del~kmdo el`kd k}

vd~p ag pbl Del~kmdo Vlavhl/

Ko gdmp( zl d~l pbl Del~kmdo Vlavhl do`

d~l pbl~lga~l `l}pkol` pa ~|o d vkmp|~l "d} ea}p

el`kd a|phlp} `k` pbk} zllc+ ag zbdp zd}

anwka|}h{ d mbldv ja~khhd }|kp m~deel` kopa d

`llv g~llyl/

A~ pbdp*} zbdp kp haacl` hkcl pa el( d

edo zba bd} aoh{ }llo aol \GA ko bk} lopk~l

hkgl/

Odp|~dhh{ pbk} Nkjgaap zd} ga|o` `ld`

n{ pza elo ko pbl Jla~jkd ndmczaa`} zba

`kò*p ja pbl~l haackoj ga~ pbl e{pbkmdh m~ldp|~l

dp dhh/ Oa( pbl{ zl~l }ld~mbkoj ga~ `koa}d|~}(

zbkmb za|h` odp|~dhh{ }llc ~lg|jl ko d }pdpl

dh~ld`{ }|o`l~l` n{ eaao}bkol~}( `lwlhavl~}(

Jlo/ ]bl~edo do` Pl` P|~ol~/

Pbl vld n~dko} ko t|l}pkao zl~l Edpp

Zbkppao( d vahkml aggkml~( do` ^kmc @{l~( d

ga~el~ v~k}ao j|d~`( pza elo zba mhdkel` pa

bdwl }p|enhl` dm~a}} d m~ldp|~l zlkjbkoj gllp+ ko pbl `k}pdoml( zkpb

a}mkhhdpkoj eawlelop}(. bl }dk`/

D }kpl ag }vlmkdh kopl~l}p k} d ghdp yaol ag

b|jl wahmdokm nhamc} coazo d} Lh Lohd`~khhdà(

76 ckhaelpl~} "=: ekhl}+ g~ae ]do Mhlelopl

do` dp do dhpkp|`l ag >(=66 elpl~} ":(


38/44


39/44

=;=;PP~|pb b|~~|pb b|~p} % zl*` nlppl~p} % zl*` nlppl~ gdml kp t|kmch{gdml kp t|kmch{PP~|pb b|~~|pb b|~p} % n|p zl*`p} % n|p zl*`

nlppl~nlppl~ gdml kp t|kmch{gdml kp t|kmch{

N{N{ ÂNL^ÂNL^PP ZZ EA^JDOEA^JDO

Vl~bdv} {a| ed{ dj~ll3 vl~bdv} oap/

N|p( d} edo{ ag |} }ll kp( V~l}k`lop N|}b `k`

ko`ll` edcl d ek}pdcl ko baz bl mao`|mpl` a|~

zd~ ao pl~~a~k}e/ N|p pbdp ek}pdcl zd} pa

nlhklwl pbk} odpkao k} pbl }del aol bk} gdpbl~ do`

ekol do` vl~bdv} {a|~} ga|jbp ga~ ko ZZK(

Za~h` Zd~ KK( do` Ca~ld/

Kp*} p~|l3 kp k} oap pbl }del/ Kp*} nllo

j|ppl` n{ Hknl~dh} zba ld~ol` pblk~ g~llàe} dp

pbl lrvlo}l ag apbl~}/Pdcl d eaelop pa ~lghlmp ao pbk} vakop ag

gdmp/ Za~h` Zd~ KK nljdo ga~ |} }ba~ph{ dgpl~ zl

bd` mael a|p ag d wkmka|} `lv~l}}kao/ Pbl

ma|op~{ bd` ld~ol` kp} }pllh do` j~kp n{ pbl

bd~`}bkv} ag pbdp `lv~l}}kao( n|p pbl{ }pkhh

nlhklwl` gl~wloph{ ko pbk} ma|op~{/ Pbl{ colz

pbdp pbl vlavhl bd` lhlmpl` pblk~ hld`l~}( }a kp

zd} pbl vlavhl*} |p{ pa ndmc pba}l hld`l~}/ Pbl

@leam~dp G~dochko @lhdoa âa}lwlhp zd} a|~

edo ag pbl ba|~( do` bl `k` do dèk~dnhl ian/

Pbl~lga~l( zblo pbdp zd~ n~acl a|p( a|~

vlavhl mdel pajlpbl~( ~dhhkl` nlbko`( do` }p|mc

zkpb a|~ hld`l~}/ Kp `k` oap edppl~ zba {a|

wapl` ga~ a~ djdko}p a~ zblpbl~ pbl zd~ zd}jakoj nd`h{ a~ oap/ Do` zd~ pblo zd} i|}p d}

`k}pd}plg|h do` pbl doj|k}b awl~ kp zd} i|}p d}

j~ldp pblo d} kp k} pa`d{/

K coaz pbk} gk~}p%bdo / K zd} na~o ko

4;=


40/44


41/44

0404]lm~]lm~lp} Ag Mdplp} Ag Mdp Dppkp|`l ^lwldhl`Dppkp|`l ^lwldhl`

]lm~]lm~lp} ag Mdplp} ag Mdp DDPPKP\@LPPKP\@L^lwldhl`^lwldhl`

BA\]PBA\]PAO( MDOAO( MDO [A\ ^LD@ EL1// VÂNHLE[A\ ^LD@ EL1// VÂNHLE

]AH]AHWL@WL@ ZKPB .R. GZKPB .R. GDMPDMPA^/A^/

K} {a|~ `dkh{ m~{ .]mapp{ Nlde El \v( e{ mdp bd} dppkp|`l.1

Pbl }lm~lp ~ldhh{ k} a|p ag pbl ndj zkpb pbl v|~~~%glmp( .Oa Mav{mdp.

naac9

Md~ah{o Nd~py "pbl mdp*} elaz ao mdp nlbdwka~+ d``} d olz pzk}p do`

ghdwa~ pbdp }bd~l} bl~ {ld~} ag vl~}aodh lrvl~kloml do` ko}kjbp pa

}ahwkoj v~anhle} g~ae pbl mdp*} vakop ag wklz/

Mdp azol~} do` hawl~} m~dwl pbdp . ~kjbp awl~ {a|~ }ba|h`l~.

dvv~admb pbdp pdcl} pbl ~lhdpkao}bkv zkpb pblk~ mdp |v%d% oapmb do` pa

pbl .olrp hlwlh./

) G~ae Hkppl~ Nar pa d~ld} a|p}k`l pbl nar/

) El`kmdh gdmp} ~lwldh zb{ {a|~ mdp mdo*p blhv kp$ [a|~ mdp zdop} {a|

pa coaz pbk}$

) @kjkpdh vbapa j|k`l} pa mdp md~l

) Bk}pa~kmdh!E{pb Jle}

) G|o( lohkjbplokoj T|ky

) Gaa` hdnlhkoj ' `klp pkv}

) V}{mbkm mdp} ' apbl~ `kelo}kao} ag d }lm~lp }amklp{/

]lm~]lm~lp} ag Mdplp} ag Mdp DDPPKP\@LPPKP\@L ^lwldhl`^lwldhl` k} OAZ dwdkhdnhl aoDedyao/mae ' Nd~ol}doÒanhl/mae

El`kd Nka dwdkhdnhl/

]bl hawl} pa blhv apbl~} n{ }bd~koj bl~ vd}}kao$

Maopdmp9 Md~ah{o Nd~py

Wdoma|wl~( ZD

=76%"VdmkgkmPkel+

mdp}lm~lp}0|Fld~pbhkoc/olp

MDÂH[O ND^PY


42/44

0>0> ]P^DOJL G]P^DOJL GDMP]DMP]Pbl Ld~pb k} 0/=66 NM/

Pbl D|}p~dhkdo nkhh{ jadp vh|e maopdko} 466

pkel} ea~l wkpdeko M pbdo do a~dojl/

Pbl dk~ dp pbl }|eekp ag Ea|op Lwl~l}p( >;(6>;

gllp k} aoh{ d pbk~` d} pbkmc d} pbl dk~ dp }ld hlwlh/

@OD zd} `k}mawl~l` ko 427; n{ ]zk}}

G~kl`~kmb Ekl}mbhl~/

Pbl eahlm|hd~ }p~|mp|~l ag @OD zd}`lpl~ekol` n{ Zdp}ao do` M~kmc ko 4;


43/44

]P^DOJL G]P^DOJL GDMP]DMP] 0=0=]P^DOJL N\P P^\L

GDMP]

Ko Mhlwlhdo`( Abka( kp*} khhljdh pa mdpmb ekml

zkpba|p d b|opkoj hkmlo}l/

Kp pdcl} =(666 maz} pa }|vvh{ pbl hldpbl~ ga~ d

{ld~*} }|vvh{ ag gaapndhh}/

Pbl~l k} do dwl~djl ag 4:2 }l}del }ll`} ao d

Em@aodh`*} Nkj Edm n|o/

Pbl ~dpka ag pl~ekpl} do` b|edo ko pbl za~h` k}

4694/

Pbl Nknhl bd} nllo p~do}hdpl` kopa Chkojao/

Pbl }|eel~ ag >66= ko L|~avl ckhhl` =67 naol}/

Ldmb }t|d~l komb ag b|edo }cko maev~k}l} ag 4;

ekhhkao mlhh}( 76 bdk~}( ;6 akh jhdo`}( 4; gllp ag

nhaa` wl}}lh}( 7>< }zldp jhdo`}( 4;(666 }lo}a~{

mlhh} do` pba|}do` do` ekhhkao} ag ndmpl~kd/

Paedpal} d~l pbl ea}p vav|hd~ gaa` za~h` zk`l

zkpb d v~a`|mpkao ag 76 ekhhkao pao} vl~ {ld~/

Ep/ Lwl~l}p( dp 2202 elpl~} do` >;(6>2 gllp( k}

pbl pdhhl}p ea|opdko ko pbl za~h`/

Hl}} pbdo >, ag pbl zdpl~ k} g~l}b/

D vl~}ao dp ~l}p jlol~dpl} d} bldp lt|dh pa 466

zdpp hkjbp n|hn/

@lvhlpl` |~dok|e bd} nllo |}l` n{ zl}pl~o

ekhkpd~{ vazl~} d} do dopk%pdoc zldvao/

Dna|p :6, ag hkwkoj

the 'x' chronicles newspaper - august 2008

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