the world of islam, a.d. 600- 1500 1 1 the world of islam a.d. 600--1500 the crescent moon and star...

The World of Islam, A.D. 600-1500

1The World of Islam, A.D. 600-1500

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The World of IslamThe World of Islam

A.D. 600--1500

The Crescent moon The Crescent moon and star is a and star is a symbol of the symbol of the Ottoman Turks.Ottoman Turks.


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SSWH5 The student will trace the origins and SSWH5 The student will trace the origins and expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and expansion of the Islamic World between 600 CE and 1300 CE.1300 CE.

a. Explain the origins of Islam and the growth of the Islamic Empire.

b. Identify the Muslim trade routes to India, China, Europe, and Africa and assess the economic impact of this trade.

c. Explain the reasons for the split between Sunni and Shia Muslims.

d. Identify the contributions of Islamic scholars in medicine (Ibn Sina) and geography (Ibn Battuta).

e. Describe the impact of the Crusades on both the Islamic World and Europe.

f. Analyze the relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Map of the Islamic World: Map of the Islamic World: TodayToday


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Why is Green the holy color of Islam?

"Green is the symbolic color of Islam. Prophet Muhammad wore a green turban, and green is believed to have been his favorite color. Green was also the color of the banners used on the battlefield and the color of the first Islamic flag. The Quran and the Hadith, the teachings of Prophet Muhammad, describe Paradise as filled with green: the people of Paradise "will wear green garments of fine silk [The Noble Quran, 18:31]." Islam also considers green significant because it is the color of nature.


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THE RISE OF ISLAMTHE RISE OF ISLAM



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The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam

Did You Know • Ramadan is an important holiday for Muslims. They fast from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan, the ninth month of the year. Because the beginning and end of Ramadan are declared when a trustworthy witness testifies before the authorities that the new moon has been sighted, a cloudy sky can delay or pro long the fast.



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A. The Arabs were a nomadic, Semitic-speaking people who lived in the Arabian Peninsula, a harsh desert with little water. The hostile surroundings made the Arabs move continually to find water and to feed their animals.



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B. Arabs organized into loosely connected, independent tribes to help one another with their difficult lives. A sheikh, chosen from a leading family by a council of elders, led each tribe. Early Arabs herded sheep and farmed on the oases of the Arabian Peninsula. After the camel was domesticated in the first millennium b.c., Arabs expanded the caravan trade and became major carriers between the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean Sea.



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C. Most early Arabs were polytheistic, but Allah (Arabic for "God") was the supreme God. They traced their ancestry to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built a shrine called the Kaaba at Makkah (Mecca). The cornerstone of the Kaaba, the Black Stone, was revered for its association with Abraham.



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The Rise of Islam

D. The trade route through Makkah to modern Yemen and across the Indian Ocean became popular. Communities along this route flourished. Tensions arose between the wealthy merchant class and the poorer clans people and slaves.



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Discussion Question• Tension arose among early Arabs between the

rich and poor classes. What are some examples of that kind of tension in the history of the United States?

• Numerous examples come from the history of the relations between industrial and manufacturing workers—miners and factory workers, for example—and their employers.



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The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam“The Life of Muhammad”“The Life of Muhammad”

A. Muhammad was born into a merchant family in Makkah. He was orphaned early. He became a caravan manager and married his employer, a rich widow named Khadija. Muhammad was deeply troubled by the gap in his area between the rich merchants, who he thought were greedy, and most Makkans, who he thought were simple and honest. He went to the hills to meditate on the matter.



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The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam “The Life of Muhammad” “The Life of Muhammad”

B. While meditating, Muslims believe, Muhammad received revelations from God. Islam teaches that the messages were given by the angel Gabriel, who told Muhammad to recite what he heard.



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C. Muhammad came to believe that Allah had revealed himself partially through Moses (Judaism) and Jesus (Christianity), and that Allah's final revelations were to him. The Quran, the holy scriptures of Islam, came out of these revelations. (The word Islam means "peace through submission to the will of Allah.") The Quran contains the ethi cal guidelines for Muslims, those who practice Islam. Islam has only one God, Allah, and Muhammad is God's prophet.



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D. Muhammad set out to convince the people of Makkah that his revelations were true. His wife was his first convert, but after preaching for three years he had only 30 fol lowers. They were persecuted. In 622, he and some of his followers moved north to Yathrib, later renamed Madinah (Medina; "city of the prophet"). This journey is known as the Hijrah, and 622 is the first year of the Muslim calendar. Muhammad won support from residents of Madinah as well as from Bedouins, or Arabs in the desert. These formed the first community of practicing Muslims.



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E. Muhammad did not separate political and religious authority. Submission to the will of Allah meant submitting to his prophet, and Muhammad became a religious, politi cal, and military leader. He assembled a military force to defend his community. His military victories soon attracted many followers.



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F. In 630, Muhammad returned to Makkah with ten thousand soldiers. The city surrendered and many residents converted to Islam. Muhammad declared the Kaaba a sacred shrine. Two years later, Muhammad died, as Islam was first spreading through out the Arabian Peninsula.



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The Rise of Islam “The Teachings of Muhammad”

Discussion Question• Muhammad did not separate religion and politics

as we are supposed to do in America. He believed that the state should establish a religion, something forbidden by the United States Constitution. Is it important that politics and religion be separated? Why or why not?

• Two are the right to religious freedom and the effects of claiming God has a particular political affilia tion. Students may argue for negative or positive effects.)



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The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam “The Teachings of Muhammad”

A. Islam is monotheistic. Allah is the all-powerful Creator of everything. Islam offers sal vation and the hope of an afterlife for those who subject themselves to Allah's will.



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The Rise of Islam “The Teachings of Muhammad”

B. Muhammad is not considered divine, as Jesus is. He is a prophet who conveys Allah's final revelation. To do Allah's will, one must follow an ethical code comprised of the Five Pillars of Islam: Believe in Allah and Muhammad as his prophet; pray to Allah five times a day with public prayer on Fridays; give alms to the poor and unfortunate; observe the holy month of Ramadan, especially by fasting; make a pilgrimage to Makkah once, if possible. This pilgrimage is called the hajj.



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The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam “The Teachings of Muhammad”“The Teachings of Muhammad”

C. Islam is more a way of life than a set of beliefs. After the prophet's death, Muslim scholars drew up a law code called the shari'ah. It provides guidelines for daily living, and much of it comes from the Quran. Muslims must follow sound principles, such as honesty and justice. Muslims may not gamble, eat pork, drink alcoholic beverages, or be dishonest.



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The Rise of IslamThe Rise of Islam “The Teachings of Muhammad”“The Teachings of Muhammad”

Discussion Question

• What are some similarities among Islam, Judaism, and Christianity?

• All three religions are monotheistic and believe in the same God; all three dictate laws of behavior, and all three stresses the importance, of faith.



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“Creation of an Arab Empire”“Creation of an Arab Empire”

Did You Know • During the creation of the Arab Empire, the caliphs prohibited the destruction of Christian and Jewish houses of worship, pictures, and artifacts. The second caliph, Umar, upon entering Jerusalem, protected Christian churches and religious arti facts. Other Arab conquerors preserved the Egyptian Sphinx and the impressive artwork of Persia.



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“Creation of an Arab Empire”

A. Muhammad's death left his followers with a problem of succession. He had no son, and his daughters could not lead in such a male-dominated society. Some of Muhammad's closest followers chose Abu Bakr, Muhammad's father-in-law. He was named caliph, or successor to Muhammad.



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The Arab Empire and Its SuccessorsThe Arab Empire and Its Successors“Creation of an Arab Empire”“Creation of an Arab Empire”

B. Islam grew under Abu Bakr. Muslims expanded over Arabia and beyond. To spread the movement, Abu Bakr took part in the "struggle in the way of God," or jihad. By 650, Egypt, the Byzantine province of Syria, and the Persian Empire were part of the Arab Empire.



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C. The Arabs were fierce fighters C. The Arabs were fierce fighters led by brilliant generals. Military led by brilliant generals. Military courage was enhanced by the courage was enhanced by the belief that a warrior killed in battle belief that a warrior killed in battle was assured a place in Paradise.was assured a place in Paradise.



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D. The first two caliphs to rule after Abu Bakr's death were assassinated. In 656, Muhammad's son-in-law, Alt, became caliph, but he was also assassinated after ruling for five years.



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E. Arab administrators were tolerant E. Arab administrators were tolerant in their conquered territories. Some in their conquered territories. Some places retained local governments, places retained local governments, and no one was forced to convert to and no one was forced to convert to Islam. Those who did not con vert Islam. Those who did not con vert were required to be loyal to Muslim were required to be loyal to Muslim rule and pay taxes.rule and pay taxes.



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“Creation of an Arab Empire”

Discussion Question• Compare the creation of the Arab Compare the creation of the Arab

Empire with the creation of the Roman Empire with the creation of the Roman Empire and the Empire of Alexander Empire and the Empire of Alexander the Great.the Great.

• All depended on the military, and they All depended on the military, and they conquered some of the same land. The conquered some of the same land. The Roman and Arab expansion took Roman and Arab expansion took several generations, while Alexander several generations, while Alexander created his empire in just a few years.created his empire in just a few years.



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The Arab Empire and Its SuccessorsThe Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Umayyads”“The Umayyads”



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The Arab Empire and Its SuccessorsThe Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Umayyads”

• 661-750--The 'Umayyad Dynasty– Founded by Mu'ayya – Centered in Damascus, Syria – Military character – Time of expansion: to Spain in West, India in East



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Umayyads”

A. In 661, the general Mu'awiyah became caliph. He was a rival of Ali, and was known for one major virtue: he used force only if necessary. He made the office of caliph (caliphate) hereditary and began the Umayyad dynasty. Since he had been governor of Syria, he moved the capital of the Arab Empire from Madinah to Damascus.



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Umayyads”

B. At the beginning of the eighth century, B. At the beginning of the eighth century, Arabs conquered and converted the Arabs conquered and converted the Berbers, a pastoral people who lived on Berbers, a pastoral people who lived on the coast of North Africa. Around 710, the coast of North Africa. Around 710, combined Arab and Berber forces combined Arab and Berber forces occupied southern Spain. By 725, most occupied southern Spain. By 725, most of Spain was a Muslim state. In 732, Arab of Spain was a Muslim state. In 732, Arab forces were defeated at the Battle of forces were defeated at the Battle of Tours in present-day France, bringing an Tours in present-day France, bringing an end to Arab expansion in Europe.end to Arab expansion in Europe.



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C. In 717, Muslims attacked Constantinople, C. In 717, Muslims attacked Constantinople, but their navy was defeated by the but their navy was defeated by the Byzantine Empire. This created an uneasy Byzantine Empire. This created an uneasy frontier in southern Asia Minor between the frontier in southern Asia Minor between the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world. Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world. Arab power now extended east in Arab power now extended east in Mesopotamia and Persia, north into central Mesopotamia and Persia, north into central Asia, and into the southern and eastern Asia, and into the southern and eastern Mediterranean parts of the old Roman Mediterranean parts of the old Roman Empire.Empire.



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D. Internal struggles threatened the Umayyad Empire's stability. Local administrators favored Arabs, and revolts broke out. The most important was led by Hussein, second son of Ali. In 680, he battled against Umayyad rule. Most of his followers defected, however, and he fought 10,000 soldiers with only 72 warriors. All died.



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E. This struggle caused Islam to split into two groups, the Shiite and the Sunni. The for mer say the descendants of Ali are the rulers of Islam, and the latter claim that the descendants of the Umayyads are the true caliphs. This split continues today. Most Muslims are Sunnis, but much of Iraq and Iran consider themselves Shiites.



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The major advancements/accomplishments of The major advancements/accomplishments of the Umayyad Dynasty are the following:the Umayyad Dynasty are the following:

1. The capital of Islam moves to Damascus, Syria

2. Expansion of Islam touched the regions of India, China, North Africa, and Spain

3. Arabic is the official language of the Empire

4. Arabian currency is used about the Empire

5. Roads are built

6. Postal routes are created.



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Discussion Question

• Why was the Battle of Tours a turning Why was the Battle of Tours a turning point of the Arab empire?point of the Arab empire?

• The victory of the Frankish army over the Arab forces in this battle marked the end of Arab expansion into Europe.



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The Arab Empire and Its SuccessorsThe Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Abbasid Dynasty”“The Abbasid Dynasty”

A. Because of both favoritism toward Arabs and Umayyad corruption, resentment against Umayyad rule grew. In 750, Abu al-Abbas overthrew the Umayyad dynasty and founded the Abbasid dynasty, which lasted until 1258.



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• 750-1258--The 'Abbasid Dynasty

– Descended from Muhammad's uncle al-'Abbas.

– Centered in Baghdad, Iraq.

– Persian-style absolute monarchy: elaborate hierarchical royal court.

– Attracted "Mawali", non-Arab Muslims.

– Presided over Golden Age of culture: literature, arts, sciences, philosophy.

– Fell to Seljuk Turks, then Mongols.



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Abbasid Dynasty”“The Abbasid Dynasty”

B. In 762, the Abbasids built a new capital at Baghdad, on the Tigris River. This location took advantage of river and caravan traffic. This move eastward increased Persian influence and created a new cultural outlook. Not warriors, but judges, merchants, and government officials were the heroes. Also, all Muslims, Arab or not, could now hold both civil and military offices.



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C. The ninth-century Abbasid dynasty thrived. The reign of Harun al-Rashid is consid ered the dynasty's golden age. He was known for his charity and patronage of the arts. His son al-Ma'mun was a great patron of learning. He supported astronomical investi gations and created a foundation for translating Greek works.



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D. This time also saw economic prosperity. Baghdad became the center of a huge trade empire extending into Asia, Africa, and Europe. Under the Abbasids, the caliph became more regal and the bureaucracy more complex. A council headed by a prime minister, or vizier, advised the caliph. During council meetings, the caliph sat behind a screen and whispered his orders to the vizier.



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E. The Abbasid Empire had problems. It E. The Abbasid Empire had problems. It experienced much fighting over succession experienced much fighting over succession to the caliphate. Harun al-Rashid's two sons to the caliphate. Harun al-Rashid's two sons almost destroyed Baghdad when they almost destroyed Baghdad when they fought to succeed him. Vast wealth led to fought to succeed him. Vast wealth led to financial corruption, and a shortage of quali financial corruption, and a shortage of quali fied Arabs to fill key government positions fied Arabs to fill key government positions enabled non-Arabs, such as Persians and enabled non-Arabs, such as Persians and Turks, to become a dominant force in the Turks, to become a dominant force in the military and bureaucracy. This aided dis military and bureaucracy. This aided dis integration.integration.



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E. (continued) Finally, the rulers of the provinces began to break from the central government. Spain established its own caliphate. Morocco became independent, and in 973 Egypt established a dynasty under the Fatimids, with its capital at Cairo.



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Discussion Question

• Rejecting the Umayyad favoritism Rejecting the Umayyad favoritism towards Arabs, the Abbasid Empire towards Arabs, the Abbasid Empire took advantage of the diversity of its took advantage of the diversity of its peoples to build its civilization. Do you peoples to build its civilization. Do you think the United States uses its think the United States uses its diversity similarly?diversity similarly?

• Support your answer with examples.



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The Arab Empire and Its SuccessorsThe Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Seljuk Turks and The Crusades”“The Seljuk Turks and The Crusades”



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The Arab Empire and Its SuccessorsThe Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Seljuk Turks and The Crusades”“The Seljuk Turks and The Crusades”

A. The Fatimid dynasty soon became the center of Islamic civilization. The dynasty played a major role in trade because of its position in the Nile delta. They created a strong army by hiring non-native soldiers. One group was the Seljuk Turks.



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Seljuk Turks and The Crusades”

B. The Seljuk Turks were a nomadic people from central Asia. They had converted to Islam and prospered as soldiers for the Abbasid caliphate. By the eleventh century they had taken over the eastern part of the Abbasid Empire. In 1055 a Turkish leader captured Baghdad and took over the empire. His title was sultan, "holder of power." The Seljuk Turks held the political and military power in the Abbasid Empire.



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C. In 1071 the Byzantines challenged the Turks, who defeated them. The Turks took over the Anatolian Peninsula. The Byzantine Empire turned to the West for help.



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D. The Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked the Christian states of Europe for help against the Turks. Many Europeans agreed, and a series of crusades began in 1096. At first the crusaders put the Muslims on the defensive. In 1169, however, Saladin took control of Egypt, ending the Fatimid dynasty. He also took the offensive, and in 1187 Saladin's army destroyed the Christian forces in the kingdom of Jerusalem.



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Seljuk Turks and The Crusades”“The Seljuk Turks and The Crusades”

E. The chief effect of the Crusades was to E. The chief effect of the Crusades was to breed centuries of mistrust between breed centuries of mistrust between Muslims and Christians.Muslims and Christians.



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Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

• Why did crusaders from Europe invade Why did crusaders from Europe invade Southwest Asia?Southwest Asia?

• The Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked The Byzantine emperor Alexius I asked the Christian states of Europe for help the Christian states of Europe for help against the Turks.against the Turks.



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The Arab Empire and Its Successors“The Mongols”“The Mongols”

A. The Mongols were a pastoral people who came out of the Gobi in the early thirteenth century and took control of much of the known world. They were highly destructive conquerors whose goal was to create such terror that people would not fight back. In 1258, the Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia. Their leader Hulegu hated Islam. He destroyed Baghdad, including its mosques, and the Abbasid caliphate ended.



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A. The Mongols were a pastoral people who came out of the Gobi in the early thirteenth century and took control of much of the known world. They were highly destructive conquerors whose goal was to create such terror that people would not fight back. In 1258, the Mongols seized Persia and Mesopotamia. Their leader Hulegu hated Islam. He destroyed Baghdad, including its mosques, and the Abbasid caliphate ended.



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C. Mongol rulers began to convert to Islam, and they intermarried with local peoples. They also began to rebuild some cities. By the fourteenth century, the Mongol Empire split into separate kingdoms, and the Islamic Empire begun in the seventh and eighth centuries ended. Because the Mongols had destroyed Baghdad, Cairo became the center of Islamic civilization.



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Discussion Question• What did the Mongols do to strike terror What did the Mongols do to strike terror

into the people they were fighting?into the people they were fighting?

• They burned cities to the ground, they destroyed dams, and they reduced farming villages to mass starvation by ruining the land.



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Islamic CivilizationIslamic Civilization“Prosperity in the Islamic World”“Prosperity in the Islamic World”

Did You Know • Moses Maimonides (1135-Moses Maimonides (1135-1204), the Jewish philosopher, served as 1204), the Jewish philosopher, served as the Egyptian ruler's doctor. He also had a the Egyptian ruler's doctor. He also had a private practice in Egypt and lectured private practice in Egypt and lectured before other doctors at the state hospital. before other doctors at the state hospital. He became a physician because his He became a physician because his father and brother both died shortly after father and brother both died shortly after the family's arrival in Egypt, leaving the family's arrival in Egypt, leaving Moses as the family's sole money earner.Moses as the family's sole money earner.



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A. The period of the Arab Empire generally was prosperous. Much of it was based on the extensive trade by ship and camel. Camel caravans went from Morocco in the far west to countries beyond the Caspian Sea.



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B. Trade began to prosper around 750 under the Abbasid dynasty. Gold and slaves came from south of the Sahara, gold and ivory from East Africa. India contributed sandal-wood, spices, and textiles, while China contributed silk and porcelain. Egypt provided grain, and Iraq provided linens, dates, and jewels. Banking and coin usage developed, making the exchanges easier.



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C. Large, magnificent cities came to prominence, Baghdad under the Abbasids and Cairo under the Fatimids. These and Damascus were the administrative, cultural, and eco nomic centers of their regions. Islamic cities generally surpassed the cities of the largely rural Europe of the time. The Islamic city of Cordoba in Spain was Europe's greatest city after Constantinople.



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D. Islamic cities had their own physical appearance. The palaces and mosques were the most impressive buildings. They also had public buildings with fountains, public baths, and marketplaces (bazaars). The bazaar (covered market) was a vital part of every Muslim city or town. Inspectors guaranteed the quality of goods. Bazaars also had craftspeople and offered services such as laundries.



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E. Although the Arab Empire was urban for its time, most people farmed or herded. Early in the empire, free peasants owned most of the farmland. Then wealthy landowners amassed large estates in certain areas of the empire. The free peasant farmers along the Nile farmed the way their ancestors had.



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Discussion Question

• Why are cities important to history?

• One good answer is that cities are One good answer is that cities are where new ideas, practices, and where new ideas, practices, and innovations com monly occur, often innovations com monly occur, often because they are places where different because they are places where different groups interact.groups interact.



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The Arab Empire and Its SuccessorsThe Arab Empire and Its Successors“Islamic Society”“Islamic Society”

A. Muslims supposedly live their lives in A. Muslims supposedly live their lives in accordance with Allah's teachings as accordance with Allah's teachings as revealed in the Quran, which was revealed in the Quran, which was compiled in 635.compiled in 635.



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B. Islam claims that all people are equal B. Islam claims that all people are equal in the eyes of Allah. Such was not always in the eyes of Allah. Such was not always the case in the Arab Empire, however. the case in the Arab Empire, however. For example, it had a well defined upper For example, it had a well defined upper class of ruling families, wealthy class of ruling families, wealthy merchants, and other elites.merchants, and other elites.



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C. One group clearly not considered equal was slaves. Slavery was widespread in the Arab Empire. Because Muslims could not be slaves, most of the slaves came from Africa or Asia. Many were captives of war. Slaves often served as soldiers. Many of these were eventually freed, and some exercised considerable power. Women slaves often were domestic servants. Islamic law said to treat slaves fairly, and setting slaves free was considered a good act.



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D. The Quran granted women spiritual and social equality with men, and women could own and inherit property. Nevertheless, men dominated in the Arab Empire. Every woman had a male guardian. Women were secluded at home and kept from social contacts with men outside their families.



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E. Parents or guardians arranged marriages for their children. Muslim men could have up to four wives, but most had fewer because of having to pay a dowry to the bride. Only the wealthy could afford multiple dowries. Although women had a right to divorce, in practice the right was extended only to men. Women covered much of their bodies when appearing in public, a custom that continues in many Islamic societies today. This custom, however, owes more to traditional Arab practice than to the Quran.



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F. Despite these restrictions, the position of women in Islamic society was an improvement over earlier times when women had often been treated like slaves.



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Muslim WomenMuslim Women

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Discussion Question

• What was the view of Islamic law toward slavery?

• Islamic law made it clear that slaves should be treated fairly, and it was considered a good act to free them.



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The Culture of Islam“Preservation of Knowledge and Philosophy, Science,

and History”

Did You Know: Did You Know: Seeing Muslim women with their heads cov ered is an increasingly common experience in the United States. Muslim women cover their hair because the Quran teaches that women should be modest.



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and History”

A. During the first few centuries of A. During the first few centuries of the Arab Empire, Arab scholars read the Arab Empire, Arab scholars read and translated into Arabic works by and translated into Arabic works by Plato and Aristotle. The translations Plato and Aristotle. The translations were put into a library in Baghdad were put into a library in Baghdad called the House of Wisdom. called the House of Wisdom. Mathematics texts were brought Mathematics texts were brought from India.from India.



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and History”

B. Papermaking was introduced from China, which aided this scholarly work. By the end of the eighth century, paper factories had been established in Baghdad. Booksellers and libraries followed.



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and History”

C. Europeans recovered the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers through the Muslim world. When Aristotle's works made it to Europe, they were accompanied by brilliant commentaries by Arab scholars. One of the most important scholars was Ibn-Rushd, who wrote commentaries on almost all of Aristotle's works.



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and History”

Ibn-Rushd who wrote commentaries on almost all of Aristotle's works.



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and History”

D. Islamic scholars also made contributions to mathematics and the natural sciences. They gave shape to algebra and passed on India's numeral system, known as "Arabic" in Europe. Baghdad had an observatory where scientists studied and named many stars. Muslims also perfected the astrolabe, used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of stars and planets. This instrument enabled Europeans to sail to the Americas.



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and History”

E. Muslims also developed medicine as a field of study. The famous philosopher and scientist Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia and showed how unsanitary condi tions could spread contagious diseases. His medical works, translated into Latin, were standard in medieval European universities.



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and History”

F. Arabic scholars helped European F. Arabic scholars helped European intellectual life develop in the twelfth intellectual life develop in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, laying the and thirteenth centuries, laying the basis for the Renaissance.basis for the Renaissance.



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and History”

G. In his Mucjaddimah (Introduction to History), the Muslim historian Ibn-Khaldun argued that history was cyclical, going through regular cycles of birth, growth, and decay. He tried to understand the political and social factors that determine the changes in history.



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The Culture of Islam“Literature”

Discussion Question

• What factors most determine What factors most determine changes in history? changes in history?

• Some factors are economics, land, geography, lust for power, religion, and violence.



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A. Muslims believed the Quran was their greatest work of literature, but pre-Islamic forms continued to be used. One of the most familiar works of Middle Eastern literature is the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, who was a poet, astronomer and mathe matician. He composed his poems orally. In his work he wondered about the meaning of life when life was so transitory.



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Omar Khayyam, a poet, astronomer and mathe matician. He composed his poems orally.



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B. Another important work of Arabic literature is The Arabian Nights, also called The 1001 Nights. It is a collection of folktales, fables, and romances that combine the natural and supernatural. The stories were first told orally, and then written down over many years. The story of Aladdin was added in the eighteenth century.



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The Culture of Islam“Art and Architecture”

Discussion Question

• Why is understanding a people's literature helpful for understanding their history?

• Literature is one way of grasping a people's imagination. Through their literature, writers often articulate their culture's values, desires, and interpretations of meaning.



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A. Islamic art blends the Arabic, Turkish, and Persian traditions. Its highest expression is found in the mosques, which represent Islam's spirit.



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B. The Great Mosque of Samarra was the world's largest mosque at the time it was built. In present-day Iraq, it covers 10 acres. Its minaret is famous. The minaret is the tower from which the crier, or muezzin, calls the faithful to prayer five times a day. The minaret of Samarra is nearly 90 feet high with an impressive, unusual spiral staircase to the top. Another famous mosque is in Cordoba, Spain. Its hundreds of columns turn the building into a "forest of trees" jutting upward, giving the building a light, airy feel.



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The Great Mosque of Samarra



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MINARET OR MUEZZIN



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C. Palaces also reflected the glory of Islam. They were designed around a central court yard surrounded by high arcades and massive gate-towers. They also served as fortresses. A gallery over the entrance had holes for pouring boiling oil on attackers. This feature became a part of European castles. The Alhambra in Granada, Spain, is the finest Islamic palace. Every inch of its surface is decorated in floral and abstract patterns, some done in such detail that they look like lace.



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The Alhambra in Granada, Spain



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D. Most decorations on Islamic art are of repeated Arabic letters, plants, and abstract fig ures. These geometric patterns are called arabesques. They cover an object's surface completely.



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E. No representation of Muhammad is in any Islamic art. The Hadith, an early collection of the prophet's sayings, warns against imitating God by creating pictures of living things. From early on, therefore, no representation of a living thing appears in Islamic religious art.



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Discussion Question

• Why did not only the mosques, but also the palaces, reflect the glory of Islam?

• The Muslim religion combines spiritual and political power into one.



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"As-Salaam-Alaikum,"

• The Arabic greeting meaning "Peace be unto you."



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“Wa Alaikum Assalam”

When a Muslim is greeted with the word 'salam' or its variants, they should reply Wa Alaikum as-Salam - And upon you be peace.


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WHO IS THE MAN IN THIS WHO IS THE MAN IN THIS PICTURE?PICTURE?


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THIS MUST THIS MUST BE THE BE THE END!END!


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the world of islam, a.d. 600- 1500 1 1 the world of islam a.d. 600--1500 the crescent moon and star...

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early arabs