� Early microscope,which revolutionizedscience

Model of the Rocket, one of England’s firststeam locomotives �

484

The ChangingWorld

UNIT 100°

Prim

e M

erid

ian

60° W

60° E

120°

E

180°

180°

120°

WEquator

1688Glorious Revolution

in England

1619Virginia House ofBurgesses meets

1607First permanent

Englishsettlement atJamestown

1500Cabral claims

Brazil forPortugal

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Organizing Information Study Foldable Make this foldable to help youorganize what you learn about the changes that occurred in western Europeand the Americas during the 1800s.

Step 2 Open the paper andrefold it into fourths fromside to side.

Step 4 Label as shown.

This formsfour columns.

Terms People Places

Revolution

Expansion

Unit 10

Industry

Step 3 Unfold, turn the paper,and draw lines along the folds.

Reading andWriting Completeyour table foldable asyou read the unit. Yourfoldable should containmain ideas about thepolitical and economicdevelopments of the1800s.

™

1847Samuel Colt develops theassembly line

1776U.S. Declaration of Independence

1769James Watt perfects

steam engine

Journal Notes

What changes took place in the

world between the 1500s and the

1800s? Note details about these

changes as you read.

485

See pages 692–693 for other primary sourcereadings to accompany Unit 10.

Read “Life at the Mill: Memoirsof a Child Laborer” from the

World History Primary Source Document Library CD-ROM.

PRIMARY SOURCESPRIMARY SOURCES

LibraryLibrary

Step 1 Fold a sheet of paper intofourths from top to bottom.

Fold it in half,then in half

again.

Thisforms four

rows.

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CHAPTER

� Rosary beads froma Spanish mission inNew Spain

UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD486

31Expansion Intothe Americas1500 A.D.–1700 A.D.

� Mural from the University of Mexico

1500Cabral claims

Brazil for Portugal

1607English settle at

Jamestown

1608Frenchfound

Quebec

1619First enslaved Africansbrought to Jamestown

1624Dutch found

NewAmsterdam

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Terms to Learncolonizeviceroypeninsularesmestizosindentured

servants

People to KnowCabralSir Francis DrakeSir Walter RaleighJohn SmithJohn RolfeWilliam Penn

Places to LocateBrazilPeruRoanoke IslandJamestownPlymouthNew France

SECTION 1 PortugalBy 1512, the Portuguese had claimed all of Brazil. They had

also established trading posts in Africa, India, Southeast Asia,and the Moluccas (muh luhk’ uhz), or Spice Islands. They tookmost of the Asian coastal cities by force.

Portugal found it difficult to rule its new territories. Onereason was that it did not have a large enough population tosend settlers to all its territories. Also, most of Portugal’sterritories already had large populations. Then, too, the hot, wetclimate of the trading posts was too uncomfortable for mostPortuguese. As a result, Portugal had to depend on sea powerand the cooperation of defeated leaders to protect its interests.

Brazil In 1500, the Portuguese explorer Pedro Alváres Cabral(pa’ dr o al vah’ rez kah brahl’) claimed Brazil for Portugal. Sinceno precious metals were found, Portugal paid little attention tothe discovery. Then, other countries started to take brazilwood, or ared wood used to make dyes. When the Portuguese realized thevalue of the wood, they became more interested in Brazil.

Why It’s Important From the early 1500s to the 1700s, severalwestern European countries set out to colonize, or build per-manent settlements in, the Americas. Europeans wanted theriches of the Americas, which they thought would bring thempower. They also wanted to spread Christianity.

Chapter FocusRead to Discover

• Why Europeans colonized the Americas.• What European empires were established in the Americas.• Why many colonial empires declined.• How empires in the Americas influenced Europe.

487CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS

Reading Check How did western

Europeans colonizethe Americas?

Chapter OverviewVisit the Human Heritage Web siteat humanheritage.glencoe.comand click on Chapter 31—Chapter Overviews to previewthis chapter.

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488 UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD

In 1532, the Portuguese established their first permanentsettlement in Brazil. The king of Portugal divided the area into 15territorial strips called captaincies (kap’ tuhn sez). Each strip wasgiven to a different Portuguese family who could establishtowns, give out land, and raise armies. In return, they promisedto colonize and protect their captaincies.

Portugal sent large numbers of settlers to Brazil. Portuguesesailors landed there and decided to stay. Criminals were sent towork off their sentences. Soldiers and officials came to protectroyal interests. Ranchers arrived with herds of cattle. Missionar-ies came looking for converts to Christianity.

The Portuguese set up plantations in Brazil. Most plantationsgrew sugarcane, which was used to make sugar, molasses, andrum. About 2 million Native Americans were living in Brazilwhen Portugal claimed the land. The Portuguese settlersenslaved them to work the land. Most of the Native Americans,however, either ran away or died from diseases brought by theEuropeans.

Before long, the Portuguese settlers began bringing overenslaved Africans. The number of Africans grew until, in someplaces, there were at least 20 enslaved Africans for each Por-tuguese settler. The Africans brought their religions with them.They also brought African music and dance to Brazil. They toldfolktales about their African history and carved wooden figuresfor churches. They also added many new words to the Por-tuguese language.

By the end of the 1600s, there was less demand for sugar.Bandeirantes (ban duh ran’ tas), or fortune-hunters, looking forprecious stones and escaped enslaved people began to appear.Bandeirantes were the frontiersmen of Brazil. Traveling in bandsof fifty to several thousand men, they followed the rivers into thejungle. They established Portugal’s claim to the far western andsouthern areas of Brazil.

Royal interest in Brazil grew when gold was discovered in the1690s. The king sent government clerks to check the mineralresources and make sure the monarchy received one fifth of eachminer’s gold. Gold brought still more people to Brazil and morewealth to Portugal. The growing of coffee, which was introducedin the early 1700s, made Portugal richer.

In many ways, Brazil was a tolerant society. It welcomedpeople of different countries and religions. Many men ofpart-African ancestry rose to high positions in the Church and thegovernment. Women, however, were allowed little freedom orpower, and hardly anyone knew how to read and write.

The Loss of Empire By the middle of the 1500s, Portugalbegan losing its empire. The colonial government was not well

Early Map of Brazil

Reading Check How did the

Portuguese use captaincies to colonize Brazil?

Reading Check Who were the

bandeirantes, andhow did they increasePortuguese landclaims?

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489CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS

organized and the economy was in poor shape. Another reasonwas that the conquered peoples disliked the Portuguese for forc-ing Christianity on them. By the time the Portuguese king diedin 1580, Portugal was very weak. The king left no heirs, and thethrone was claimed by Philip II of Spain. Portugal was ruled bySpain until 1640. Then, Portugal regained its independence. Dur-ing that time, the English and the Dutch took over most of thePortuguese trading centers, including those in Southeast Asia.

BRAZILIAN PLANTATION Early Portuguese settlers established plantationsin Brazil. At first, Native American populations were enslaved to provide the neededlabor. Most of the Native Americans, however, proved too rebellious or too sickly toperform the hard work required. Enslaved Africans were then brought to work on theplantations. For what was the sugarcane grown on plantations used?

Carnival The Braziliancapital of Rio de Janeiro isknown for its annual Carnival. Celebrated justbefore the beginning ofLent, the Christian holyseason that comes beforeEaster, Carnival runs forfour days.

Section 1 Assessment 1. Define: colonize, captaincies, bandeirantes.2. What kept Portugal from colonizing set-

tlements?3. What happened to the Native Ameri-

cans who lived in Brazil when the Por-tuguese claimed the land?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences How do you

think the Native Americans felt aboutthe Portuguese settlement of Brazil?

Graphic Organizer Activity 5. Draw this diagram, and use it to show

the causes of the decline of the Por-tuguese empire.

Causes

Decline of Empire

1.

2.

3.

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SECTION 2 SpainBy 1535, Spain had established the largest colonial empire in

the Americas. Spain’s colonies reached from southern NorthAmerica through Central America and the West Indies to SouthAmerica. Spain also had trade interests in the Philippines.

Unlike Portugal, Spain had a fairly large population. Thisallowed it to send thousands of people to its colonies in the Ameri-cas. Spain also had a strong, centralized colonial government.

Mexico and Peru In the early 1500s, Spain conquered theNative American empires of Mexico and Peru. They set the exam-ple for other Spanish colonies. They were governed by the Councilof the Indies, which met at the Spanish court. This council madelaws, acted as a court of final appeal, and chose officials to send tothe Americas. It even took charge of religious matters.

The colonies were divided into two viceroyalties (vıs’ roiuhl tez), or districts—New Spain, or Mexico, and New Castile, orPeru. Each viceroyalty was ruled by a viceroy (vıs’ roi), orperson who represented the king.

The colonists in the viceroyalties sent large amounts of goldand silver back to Spain. They also ran plantations that producedcocoa, coffee, tobacco, tea, and sugar. They forced NativeAmericans to do all of the heavy work in mines and on plantations.Most of the Native Americans were badly treated. Many died ofoverwork, starvation, or such diseases as measles and smallpox.

After a time, the Spanish, like the Portuguese, broughtenslaved Africans to the Americas. Most of these enslaved peopleworked on sugar plantations located on the islands of theCaribbean. There were still far more Portuguese-owned enslavedpeople in Brazil, however, than Spanish-owned enslaved peoplein the Caribbean.

By the middle 1500s, colonists in the Americas were dividedinto clear-cut social groups. At the top were peninsulares (puhnin su la’ ras), or Spaniards born in Spain. Then came Creoles(kre’ olz), or those of Spanish descent born in the Americas. Nextwere mestizos (me ste’ zoz), or people of mixed European andNative American ancestry. They were followed by Native Ameri-cans. At the lowest level were blacks. Each group held certainjobs. Peninsulares served as viceroys or important church lead-ers. Mestizos were mostly artisans and merchants.

The way in which colonial cities developed also reflectedthis social structure. Most cities centered on a square. On one sideof the square was the cathedral. On the other three sides stoodthe government headquarters and the houses of peninsulares.Farther out were the houses of Creoles and mestizos.

UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD

Colonial Vase

Reading Check What were the

viceroyalties? Whatwas the role of theviceroy?

Reading Check How did the

peninsulares andmestizos differ fromeach other?

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Music The enslaved Africans brought to theAmericas contributed to the development ofthe region’s culture. They crafted drums(below) and other instruments similar to thosein their homeland and shaped our musicalheritage. Today the rhythms of Africa can beheard in the music of the steel drummers inthe Caribbean (right) and in the sounds of reg-gae, calypso, salsa, rap, and other types ofmusic. What cultur-al contributionsdid Spanish set-tlers make?

491

The Roman Catholic Church played a large role in Spanishcolonization. It controlled most of the best land in the Spanishcolonies. Although the Church itself did not pay taxes, it chargedthe people who rented or farmed its land a 10 percent income tax.

The Church worked to improve conditions in the colonies.Leaders, such as Bartholomé de Las Casas (bar tol uh ma’ da lahskah’ sahs), tried to improve life for the Native Americans. TheChurch built schools, hospitals, and asylums (uh sı ’ luhms), orplaces for the mentally ill, and staffed them mostly with nuns. Itestablished the first two universities in the Americas. One was theUniversity of Mexico. The other was San Marcos (mar’ kuhs)University at Lima.

The Decline of an Empire Spain received a great deal ofwealth from the colonies, but it did not hold on to that wealth.The Spanish Inquisition had driven out most of the Jews andMuslims who had been the backbone of Spanish industry. As aresult, much of the gold and silver sent to Spain ended up goingto northern Europe to pay for goods made there.

CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS

Laziness In Inca times,anyone entering the city ofCuzco was greeted by thephrase Ama Sua, Ama Quella, Ama Lulla—Don’tLie, Don’t Steal, Don’t BeLazy. To the Incas, lazinesswas such a serious offensethat it was punishable bydeath.

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The Spanish also had trouble getting gold and silver fromtheir colonies to Spain. Ships loaded with the precious metalswere robbed at sea by English, French, and Dutch pirates. Eng-lish sea dogs attacked Spanish treasure ships with the blessing oftheir queen, Elizabeth I. One of the most successful sea dogs wasSir Francis Drake. When the Spanish Armada was defeated bythe English in 1588, Spain lost its power in the Atlantic. Thisopened the Americas to colonization by England, the Nether-lands, and France.

SECTION 3 EnglandLike Portugal and Spain, England looked to the Americas

for wealth. English nobles and merchants saw it as a place to getraw materials as well as gold and silver. With enough gold, sil-ver, and raw materials, the English could establish a favorablebalance of trade. This meant England would be able to sell moreproducts to other countries than it would have to buy from them.The English would no longer have to depend on other countriesfor their needs.

The English had other reasons for wanting colonies in theAmericas. England had such a large population that jobs werebecoming hard to find. New colonies meant more jobs. Then, too,the Anglican (ang’ gluh kuhn) Church had become England’sofficial church and the English people were expected to followAnglican beliefs. Because of this, Catholics and groups of Protes-tants called Separatists (sep’ uhr uh tists) were looking for aplace where they could have religious freedom. They believedthat in the Americas they would be able to worship freely.

Section 2 Assessment 1. Define: viceroyalties, viceroy, peninsu-

lares, mestizos.2. What role did the Roman Catholic

Church play in the Spanish colonies?3. Why did the Spanish have trouble

transporting gold and silver from theAmericas to Spain?

Critical Thinking4. Predicting Consequences What do

you think might have happened if

Spain had used the gold and silver todevelop industries in the Americas?

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to show

the structure of Spanish society fromthe most powerful to the least power-ful groups.

Most

Least

Pow

er

Reading Check How did the

English try to estab-lish a favorable balance of trade?

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493CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS

In 1585, a group of colonists financed by Sir Walter Raleigh(rahl’ e) sailed for North America. There, they founded a colonyon Roanoke (ro’ uh nok) Island off the coast of North Carolina.After six years, however, the colonists disappeared. No oneknows for certain what happened to them. For this reason,Roanoke Island became known as the “Lost Colony.”

The English did not try again to found colonies in theAmericas for more than 20 years. However, in 1600, Englishmerchants formed the East India Company to trade with the EastIndies. The company set up trading posts in India, Malaya (muhla’ uh), and some islands in both the East and West Indies.

Jamestown In 1607, a group of English nobles andmerchants formed the Virginia Company of London. Thefollowing year the company sent about 100 settlers to theAmericas to search for gold and silver. They founded the firstpermanent English settlement in America. It was located nearthe mouth of Chesapeake (ches’ uh pek) Bay. The settlers namedit Jamestown after their king, James I.

The area in which the colony was founded had long beenhome to Native Americans. By the time Christopher Columbusarrived in the Americas, there were more than 1 million NativeAmericans scattered across the North American continent. Theywere divided into some 500 different groups.

Each group of Native Americans had its own language, reli-gion, and way of life. Some, like the Pima (pe ’ muh), Papago(pap’ uh go), Creeks, and Cherokee (cher’ uh ke), were farmers.Others, like the Comanche (kuh man’ che), Blackfoot, Sioux (su),Apache (uh pach’ e ), and Navaho (nav’ uh ho ), were huntersand warriors who traveled in bands.

The Native Americans who lived in the area near Jamestownwere the Powhatan (pau uh tan’). Their chief, whom the settlerscalled Powhatan, controlled 128 Native American villages.

Life in Jamestown was hard. The land was swampy andfilled with mosquitoes that carried disease. Winters were colderin Jamestown than in England. The colonists burned parts oftheir houses as fuel. Many became sick and died.

Captain John Smith kept the settlement from total failure.He made it clear that those who did not work would not eat. Healso convinced the Powhatan to supply the colonists with cornand beans. When Smith returned to England in 1609, however,many of the colonists starved to death. Those still alive a yearlater were ready to go back to England. When an English fleetarrived with supplies, the colonists decided to stay.

The settlers worked the land, but they did not own it. Itbelonged to the Virginia Company. Then, in 1618, the companybegan granting land to individuals. All colonists who paid theirown way to America were given 50 acres, or about 20 hectares, of

John Smith

Student Web ActivityVisit the Human Heritage Web site athumanheritage.glencoe.comand click on Chapter 31—Student Web Activities to findout more about Jamestown.

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494 UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD

REGION WAY OF LIFE

Arctic fished and hunted whales, seals, walruses, andcaribou; lived in wood and stone houses or igloos inwinter and animal skin tents in summer

Subarctic hunted and gathered food; built wood-frame hous-es; traveled by snowshoes, canoe, and toboggan

Northwest Coast fished and hunted; built cedar wood houses andsea-going canoes; carved totem poles to honorancestors; held potlatches, or ceremonial feasts

Plateau hunted bison, fished, and gathered food; lived inmultifamily lodges; bred the Appaloosa horse

Great Basin hunted and gathered food; traveled over territory;wove reed baskets decorated with beads, feathers,and shells

California hunted, fished, and gathered food; settled in com-munities; used acorns to make bread

Southwest farmed corn, beans, and squash; built pueblos ofstone and adobe; wove straw and reed baskets andcotton cloth

Great Plains farmed and hunted; lived in log houses or cone-shaped tepees; communicated with other tribes byhand signals

Eastern Woodlands fished and hunted; lived in longhouses and birchlodges; women owned property, chose chief, andpassed on family name

Southeast farmed and hunted; built towns with open squares;women owned houses and land; counted descentthrough mothers

NATIVE AMERICANS

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land. In order to attract more colonists, the company began giv-ing each settler an additional 50 acres, or 20 hectares, for eachperson that settler brought to the Americas. Soon, the number ofpeople coming to the Americas increased tremendously.

Most of the newcomers were indentured (in den’ chuhrd)servants. These were people who agreed to work for four toseven years after their arrival to pay for their passage. At the endof that time, they were free and could obtain land of their own.

The settlers saw the Native Americans using tobacco andbegan to use it themselves. People in Europe also started usingtobacco. At first, they used it as a medicine. Later, they smoked itin clay pipes. About 1612, a settler named John Rolfe (rahlf)began planting tobacco. It soon became Virginia’s most importantcrop. Most of the tobacco grown was exported to Englandbecause people there were willing to pay a good price for it.

The settlers brought English laws and government withthem to the Americas. They were far from England, however, andtravel was slow. Soon, it became necessary for them to make theirown laws. In 1619, they elected 22 burgesses (ber’ jis ez), or rep-resentatives, from among landowning males over 17 years old.The burgesses met to decide laws for the colony. This House ofBurgesses set an important example of self-government.

Plymouth Another company, the Virginia Company ofPlymouth (plim’ uhth), was formed in England in 1606. In1620, it was reorganized as the Council for New England. Itgained the right to grant land to settlers for colonies in NewEngland.

That same year, a group of Separatists called Pilgrims sailedfor Virginia on the Mayflower. They had received grants of landfrom the Virginia Company. Strong winds blew the Mayflower offcourse, causing the Pilgrims to land in New England just north ofCape Cod in present-day Massachusetts.

The lands in New England belonged to the Council for NewEngland, and the Pilgrims had not been given the right to governin them. Therefore, they signed an agreement to set up a civilgovernment. This agreement was called the Mayflower Compact.The majority of free men would govern. Neither women norindentured servants could vote.

The Pilgrims named their settlement Plymouth after theEnglish town from which they had sailed. Their first winter in theAmericas was hard. About one half of the settlers died. In thespring, those who remained cleared the fields for farming. TheNative Americans taught them how to fertilize their crops andhow to hunt and fish in the wilderness.

The people of Plymouth governed themselves for 70 yearswith almost no outside control. Then, in 1691, Plymouth becamepart of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS

Reading Check How did

indentured servantspay for their passageto the Americas?

Reading Check Who were the

burgesses, and howdid they encourageself-government?

Baptized IndenturedServants The firstAfricans in Virginia, whoarrived at Jamestown in1619, were indentured ser-vants. Among them were acouple named Antoneyand Isabella, who hadprobably been baptized bySpanish traders. In 1623 or1624, Isabella gave birth toa son, the first AfricanAmerican born in the Eng-lish colonies. The baby wasnamed William and wasbaptized in the Church ofEngland.

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SECTION 4 The NetherlandsThe Dutch also established colonies in the Americas. In

1602, Dutch merchants founded the Dutch East India Companyto trade in Africa and the East Indies. The Dutch had a fleet ofmore than 10,000 merchant ships. One by one, they seized Por-tuguese trading posts in the East Indies and soon controlledmost of the East Indies. In addition, they became the first Euro-peans to reach Australia and New Zealand. They also founded a

496

The Growth of an Empire Jamestown and Plymouthwere not the only English settlements in the Americas. In fact, by1733 Great Britain had 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast ofAmerica. One of these colonies was founded in 1630, when agroup of Puritans seeking religious freedom sailed to New Eng-land. There, they formed several settlements of the MassachusettsBay Colony in the area around present-day Boston.

In 1634, the English settled in Maryland. King Charles I hadgranted the land to his friend Cecilius Calvert (se sel’ yuhs kal’vuhrt), the second Lord Baltimore. Calvert wanted a place inAmerica where English Catholics could live in peace.

In 1681, William Penn, the leader of a religious group calledthe Quakers (kwa’ kuhrz), founded a colony in Pennsylvania.King Charles II had granted Penn the land in payment for a debthe owed Penn’s father.

UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD

Painting of Lord Baltimore

Section 3 Assessment 1. Define: balance of trade, indentured

servants, burgesses.2. Why did colonists set up the House of

Burgesses?3. What group founded the Massachusetts

Bay Colony? Why did they establish it?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences Why would the

Americas be a likely place for people tosettle who were unhappy in their owncountries?

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to com-

pare the English colonies at Jamestownand Plymouth.

Both PlymouthJamestown

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497CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS

SECTION 5 FranceIn 1608, Samuel de Champlain (sham pl an’), a French

explorer, founded the first permanent French colony in theAmericas at Quebec (kwi bek’). Soon after, the French establishedother settlements around the Great Lakes. They also establishedsettlements at the northern end of the Mississippi River andalong the rivers and streams that flowed into it.

Most of these settlements resembled villages in France.Houses stood side by side along a lake or river bank. Behindeach house stretched a long, narrow farm. The settlements weresmall, because few people wanted to leave France.

Most of the French in the Americas were fur traders. On footor by canoe, they visited various Native American tribes. Theygave the Native Americans blankets, guns, knives, and wine in

Painting of Robert de La Salle

colony named Capetown at the southern tip of Africa. ManyDutch colonists, called Boers (borz), settled there.

In 1621, the Dutch formed another company called the DutchWest India Company to establish colonies in the Americas.Colonists were sent first to islands in the West Indies and alongthe coast of South America. In 1624, the Dutch founded the city ofNew Amsterdam (am’ stuhr dam) on the island of Manhattan(man hat’ n). They bought the island from the Native Americansfor goods worth about $24. The Dutch called the coloniesthey established in North America “New Netherlands.” NewAmsterdam was the capital.

Later in the 1600s, rivalry between the Dutch and the Englishled to a series of wars, which the Dutch lost. The English took overmost of the Dutch colonies, including New Amsterdam, whichthey renamed New York.

Section 4 Assessment 1. Why were the Dutch East India Compa-

ny and the Dutch West India Companyformed?

2. To what nation did the Dutch lose mostof their colonies?

Critical Thinking3. Drawing Conclusions Do you think

the Dutch purchase of Manhattan wasfair or unfair to the Native Americans?Explain.

Graphic Organizer Activity 4. Draw this diagram, and use it to show

some of the areas that the Dutchexplored or colonized.

DutchExploration and

Colonization

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498 UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD

European Colonies in the Americas

PLACES ANDREGIONS By themid-1700s, France, England, Portugal,and the Netherlandshad extended theirAmerican claims. Inwhat parts of theAmericas were theBritish claims located?

MAP STUDYMAP STUDY

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499

exchange for beaver and other animal skins. Beaver hats forgentlemen became very fashionable in Europe, and the fur tradebrought France much wealth.

In 1682, René-Robert Cavelier (ka ve lya’), Sieur de La Salle(sjoer da la sal), claimed the Mississippi River valley for France.He named the area Louisiana in honor of the French king, LouisXIV. The French called Louisiana and their other lands in theAmericas “New France.”

The French also established settlements in the West Indiesand in India. In time, the French and the English became greatrivals. They clashed in Europe, the Americas, and India. After aseries of four wars, the French finally were defeated. In 1763, theysigned the Treaty of Paris. Under the treaty, the French lost theirNorth American colonial empire and almost all of their settle-ments in India.

CHAPTER 31 EXPANSION INTO THE AMERICAS

SECTION 6 The Influence of EmpiresEmpires in the Americas helped make the nations of west-

ern Europe richer and more powerful. These empires also intro-duced western Europeans to many new foods. Among themwere avocados, lima beans, peanuts, pineapples, tomatoes, andturkeys. Farmers in Spain, Portugal, and Italy began to growcorn, while farmers in Germany and Ireland started to specializein potatoes. Both corn and potatoes were nourishing and easy togrow. As a result, fewer western Europeans died because offamine, and Europe’s population increased.

Another popular product from the Americas was a drinkmade by roasting dry cocoa beans over a fire and pounding theminto a paste. The chocolate paste was then mixed with water,

Chocolate HernandoCortés may have been thefirst European to tastechocolate. At Montezuma’scourt in Mexico, he hadsampled a bitter drink madefrom cocoa beans. He thenbrought the drink back toSpain. There people drank ithot, sweetened, and fla-vored with vanilla or cinna-mon.

Robert de La Salle1643–1687French ExplorerRobert de La Sallemoved in 1666 to whatis now Canada. Hisexplorations in the Mississippi River valleyled to French claims inNorth America.

Section 5 Assessment 1. What was the first permanent French

colony founded in the Americas?2. Why did France’s established settle-

ments in the Americas remain small?3. How did the French lose their lands in

North America?

Critical Thinking4. Making Inferences Why do you

think so few French people wanted tosettle in the Americas?

Graphic Organizer Activity5. Draw this diagram, and use it to write

at least three facts about French settle-ments in North America.

FrenchSettlements

Fact 2

Fact 1

Fact 3

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500

sugar, vanilla, and cinnamon, and shaken up and down until it bub-bled. The people in London, Paris, and other cities in western Europebecame so fond of the chocolate drink that they opened cafes wherethey could sip the drink and talk about events of the day.

UNIT 10 THE CHANGING WORLD

Section 6 Assessment 1. What did the empires in the Americas

do for the nations of western Europe?2. What were some of the new foods the

empires introduced to western Europeans?

3. What crop did Germany and Irelandspecialize in raising?

Critical Thinking4. Synthesizing Information Which of

the foods introduced to western Euro-peans from the Americas are part ofyour diet today?

Graphic Organizer Activity 5. Draw this diagram, and use it to sup-

port this generalization: Contact withthe Americas improved life for westernEuropeans.

Supporting Details

Generalization

1.

2.

3.

4.

1. By 1532, Portugal had a colony inBrazil and trading posts in Africa,India, and Southeast Asia.

2. A poorly organized government and aweak economy allowed Spain andother nations to take over many Por-tuguese lands.

3. English defeat of the Spanish Armadain 1588 weakened Spain’s grip on theAmericas and opened the door to col-onization by other nations.

4. In 1607, the English founded their firstsuccessful settlement in the Americasat Jamestown.

5. Settlers at Jamestown established theHouse of Burgesses, which set theexample of self-government in theEnglish colonies.

6. In 1620, the Pilgrims established En-gland’s second permanent settlementat Plymouth in New England.

7. The Dutch and French also estab-lished settlements in North America,but the English seized most Dutchholdings.

8. Empires in the Americas gave westernEuropean nations wealth and powerand introduced people to many newfoods.

Chapter Summary & Study Guide

Self-Check QuizVisit the Human Heritage Web site at humanheritage.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 31—Self-Check Quizto assess your understanding of this chapter.

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Using Key Terms

Write a paragraph as if you were aSpanish person of the 1500s who hasdecided to go to the Americas. Explainwhat you have heard that has influencedyour decision. Use the following words inyour paragraph.

colonize captainciesbandeirantes viceroyaltiesviceroy peninsularesmestizos balance of tradeindentured servants burgesses

Understanding Main Ideas

1. Why did western European nationswant to colonize the Americas?

2. Why did the Portuguese settlers inBrazil bring over enslaved Africans?

3. What happened to most of the goldand silver Spain received from itscolonies?

4. In what ways did Native Americanshelp the settlers at Jamestown? At Ply-mouth?

5. What kind of trade did the Frenchestablish with the Native Americans?

Critical Thinking

1. What changes did European coloniza-tion cause in the lives of Native Amer-icans? Explain.

2. “Working as an indentured servant forseveral years to pay for a trip to theAmericas was fair.” What is your opin-ion of this statement? Explain.

3. What was the most difficult problemEuropeans faced in the Americas?

4. What would you have liked aboutbeing a Jamestown settler? Whatwould you have disliked?

Graphic Organizer Activity

Culture Create a chart like the onebelow, and use it to compare the coloniesestablished by Portugal, Spain, England,the Netherlands, and France.

Geography in History

Human Systems Refer to the mapon page 498. The European coloniesstretched from Hudson Bay in the north tothe Strait of Magellan in the south. What issimilar about the places where most colo-nial cities were established? Write a para-graph explaining the reasons for thissimilarity.

AssessmentCHAPTER

Colonies

Portugal Spain England Netherlands France

501

Using Your Journal

Review any details you may

have noted about the changes

that took place in the Americas

in the 1500s and 1600s. Imag-

ine you are a news reporter in

the Americas at that time. Write

an editorial in which you give

your impression of the effects of

colonization of the Americas on

the land and its people.

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