THEWESTERNEUROPEANOVERSEASEXPANSIONAND

OTTOMAN-HABSBURGSTRUGGLE

PARTI

1

THEMUSLIM-CHRISTIANCOMPETITIONINTHEEASTANDWEST,1450-1600

2

NOTEONTHETEXT

• Textbeginswithseveralfallacies

• ExplorationdrivenbyKingdomofJerusalem

• ApocalypticexpectationsrelatingtoAgeofExploration

• Reconquista

3

MARITIMEEXPLORATIONS

• 1277-1281à Genoesemarinerspioneeredcommercebysea

• Lisbon

• 15th centurymaritimeinnovations

• Infante DomHenrique(PrinceHenrytheNavigator)

• SeatradestimulatedexplorationofeasternAtlantic

• Portuguese

• Castilias

• Newcolonies 4

APOCALYPTICEXPECTATIONS

• LossofJerusalemin1291

• Noattemptstoreclaimit

• In-fighting

• Apocalypticbeliefs

• SecondCominginJerusalem

• ChristopherColumbus

• ForChristiansandMuslims,nocontradictionbetweenreligion,militaryconquest

5

APOCALYPTICEXPECTATIONS

• HenrytheNavigator• Schoolofnavigation

• Technologicalinnovation

• 1415à tookCeuta,hugestockofWestAfricanGold

• SearchforRiodeOro (RiverofGold)

• Mid-15th centuryà Portuguesemarinershadreachedthe“goldcoast”• Ghana

• NigerRiver– “goldriver”

6

REFORMSINCASTILE

• QueenIsabellaofCastileandKingFerdinandIIofAragonmarriedin1469

• Politicalandreligiousreform

• Politicalreforms

• Recruitmentofurbanmilitias,judges

• Religiousreforms

• Improvededucationforclergy

• StricterenforcementofChristiandoctrine

7

REFORMSINCASTILE

• SpanishInquisition

• Bodyappointedbymonarchsin1480à violationsofChristiantheology,canonlaw

• Religiousunity=civilunity;notauniqueperspective

8

RECONQUISTA

• Reconquista beganin722

• Muslimconquestwas711-720

• Conflictwasnotconstant

• Intermittentoverhundredsofyears

• 1085à retakingofToledo

• 1248à retakingofSeville

• 13th centuryà retakingNorthwestandCastile

• FallofSeville

• MarksendofMuslimcontrolinSpain

• 1492à fallofGranada9

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THECONQUESTOFGRANADA

• Reconquista culminatedin10-yearcampaign(1482-1492)

• FallofGranada

• Ottomans

• Mamluks ofEgypt

• Lastemir,MuhammadXII,negotiatedtermsforsurrender

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THECONQUESTOFGRANADA

• JewsinGranada

• ConverttoChristianityoremigrate

• Majorityemigratedin1492toPortugal,OttomanEmpire

• AimedatstrengtheningChristianunity

• Breakoftreaty

• Initialpeace– HernandodeTalevera

• Forcedconversions– Ximenez deCisneros

• Rebellion

• Options

• Convert

• Exile12

COLUMBUS’SJOURNEYTOTHECARIBBEAN

• 1492– goldenopportunityforSpaintocatchupwithPortugueseinAtlanticexploration

• ChristopherColumbusauthorizedtosailwestacrosstheAtlantic

• Builttwocaravels,alargercarrack

• PromisedtoreachIndiaaheadofthePortuguese

• DepartedfromCanaryIslands

• Voyageofalittleoveronemonth

• LandedononeoftheBahamanislands

• AssumedhewasclosetoIndia

• Stayedforthreemonths

• Leftsmallcoloniesofsettlers

• ReturnedtoSpain13

COLUMBUS’SJOURNEYTOCARIBBEAN

• Columbusà self-educatedexplorer

• Accumulatedsubstantialknowledge

• InsistedthattheoceanbetweenEurope,easternAsiawasrelativelynarrow

• PeddledideaofreachingIndiafromtheeast

• Portuguesedismissedhisideas

• TookseveralyearsbeforeQueenIsabellawouldlisten

• FerdinandandIsabellaweredisappointedbymeagerreturnsofColumbus’svoyages

• DelightedtohavenewislandsinCaribbean14

VASCODA GAMA’SJOURNEYTOINDIA

• PortugalredoubledeffortstofindwaytoIndiaaroundAfrica

• 1487– BartholomewDias

• SaileddownwesterncoastofAfrica

• MistakenlyroundedCapeofGoodHopeà enteredIndianOcean

• ProvedIndiacouldbereachedbysailingaroundtipofAfrica

• BypassMuslim-controlledlandroute

• Couldnotexplorerouteindepth

• Dwindlingsupplies

• Mutinouscrew15

VASCODA GAMA’S JOURNEYTOINDIA

• July8,1497- VascodaGamadepartstoexploresearoutetoIndia

• Commandedfourships– larger,bettersuppliedthanDias’sships

• Storms,windalmostforceddeGamatocoastofBrazil

• ArrivesinCalicutonMay20,1498

• Wentinlandtoseekruler

• AlvaroVelho

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VASCODA GAMA’SJOURNEYTOINDIA

• PortugalsoonmasteredIndiantrade

• RegularjourneysaroundAfrica

• Early16thcenturyà broughtconsiderableamountsofspicesfromIndiatoPortugal

• DuetoexplorationsofDiasanddeGama,PortugalestablishedacommercialempireinAsiabasedoutofIndiaportsofGoaandMalacca

• 1543– tradeinitiatedwithJapan

• 1556– tradingpostofMacauinChinaopened

• PortugalbecamefirstEuropeannationtoestablishaworldwidetradingempire

• SuccessopenedtradingwatersforthefutureDutchandEnglishempires 17

LATEBYZANTIUMANDOTTOMANORIGINS

• RiseofOttomanscloselyrelatedtodeclineofByzantium

• ByzantineEmpire

• Midsizekingdomwithmodestagriculturalresources

• Stillavaluabletradinghub–Constantinople’sstrategicposition

• Commercialwealthà culturalrevival

• Late14th centuryà lossofprovincestoBalkanSlavs,AnatolianTurks

• Bithynia

• Osman– Turkishwarlord

• Gatheredclan,assemblyofIslamicholywarriors,adventurers

• Declaredhimselfanindependentruler

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LATEBYZANTIUMANDOTTOMANORIGINS

• Osman,otherTurkishlordsnominallysubjecttoSeljuks

• 14th centuryà Osman,successorsemergedaspowerfulemirs

• ConqueredfurtherAnatolianprovinces

• AbuAbdallahIbnBattuta– impressedwithOttomans

• Nearly100forts,castles

• MaintainedpressureoneasternChristian“infidels”

• 1354– gainedfirstEuropeanfoothold

• 100milessouthwestofConstantinople

• Onlyamatteroftime19

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LATEBYZANTIUMANDOTTOMANORIGINS

• Byzantineemperorssalvagedruleforanothercentury

• Militarydefense

• Tributepayments

• Dynasticmarriages

• Timur theGreat

• Turkish-descendedruler

• WantedtorebuildMongolEmpire

• DefeatedOttomansin1402

• MehmetII,“theConqueror”

• FocusedonConstantinople21

FROMISTANBULTOTHEADRIATICSEA

• SiegeandconquestofConstantinople

• Byzantinesseverelyundermanned,shortofgunpowder

• Unabletodefendfulllengthofcitywalls

• AidfromGenoese,papal,Aragoneseforces– notenough

• Heavycannonbombardmentofcitywalls

• Focusedonwesternwalls

• Circumventingofchainbarrier

• Pillageandmassacreforthreedaysfollowingoccupation(Source16.2)

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FROMISTANBULTOTHEADRIATICSEA

• RenamedConstantinopleà Istanbul

• Hagia Sophiaconvertedintoamosque

• Appointmentofanewpatriarch

• ConstructionoftheTopkapi Palace,transferofadministrationtoIstanbul

• ResumptionofexpansionintheBalkans

• VladIIIDracul ofWallachia

• Balkansà OttomanscompletedconquestsofSerbia,Hungary

• AnnexedBelgrade,Buda

• SiegeofViennain1529 23

MOROCCOANDPERSIA

• 1450-1600à empiresofOttomans,IndianMughalsdominatedIslamiccivilization

• MoroccoandPersiaà twosmaller,short-livedrealms

• Moroccoà ruledbytheSaadid dynasty(1509-1659)

• DefendedsuccessfullyagainstOttomans

• LiberatedfromPortugueseoccupationofports

• 1591– sentarmytorevivegoldtradeinWestAfricaà destroyedempireofSonghay

• Timbuktu

• Splitintoprovincialrealms24

MOROCCOANDPERSIA

• Persiaà ruledbySafavid dynasty(1501-1722)

• KurdishbrotherhoodinIranà Shiitewarriororganization

• HiddenTwelfthImamàMuslimapocalypticrealmofjustice

• BattleofChaldiran

• Clericalhierarchy

• Constructionprojects

• Patronsofthearts

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RISEOFTHEHABSBURGS

• 1452– ElectorschoseKingFrederickIIIofAustriaasHolyRomanEmperor

• HouseofHabsburg

• DominatedHolyRomanEmpirefrom1452until1806

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RISEOFTHEHABSBURGS

• Castile-Aragonà centerofavastempire

• EmperorCharlesV

• SonofQueenJoannaofCastileandPhiliptheHandsome,DukeofBurgundy

• Vastinheritancefromallofhisgrandparents

• AustriafromEmperorMaximilianI

• NetherlandsfromEmpressMaryofBurgundy

• CastileandSpanishAmericafromQueenIsabella

• Aragon,itsMediterraneanandItalianpossessionsfromKingFerdinand 27

RISEOFTHEHABSBURGS

• CharlesVà electedHolyRomanEmperorin1519;becamemostpowerfulrulerinEurope

• FrederickIIIofSaxony;FrancisIofFrance;HenryVIIIofEngland

• AsHolyRomanEmperor,CharlesVwastitularpoliticalheadofWesternChristianity

• DirectcounterpartofSultanSüleyman oftheOttomanEmpire

• CompetingIslamic-Christianempires

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HABSBURGDISTRACTIONS

• CharlesV– dauntingtaskinconflictsagainstattemptedOttomaninvasions

• ProblemsinEuropeanterritories

• 1534à FranceforgedanalliancewithOttomans

• HorrifiedWesternEurope

• Ottomanmilitarymightà crucialplayerinEuropeanpolitics

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HABSBURGANDOTTOMANLOSSES

• Ottomansà pressedontwofrontsoftheBalkansandNorthAfrica

• FerdinandItotheduchyofAustriain1521

• Seriesofdramaticdefeatsà paytheOttomanstribute,signahumiliatingtruce(1562)

• WesternMediterranean

• GarrisonsoncoastsofAlgeria,Tunisia,Tripoli

• 1556à onlytwoofeightHabsburggarrisonssurvived

• ThirdfrontierofMuslim-Christianstruggleà IndianOcean

• Portuguese

• Ottomansà blockedPortuguesemilitarysupport,strengthenedallies

• Waronlandandseaformostof16th century30

HABSBURGANDOTTOMANLOSSES

• Portuguesesuccessfulinthelongrun

• DestroyedOttomanfleetssentagainstthem

• SmallerOttomangalleyscontinuedtoharassPortugueseships

• Ottomansbenefitedfromnewcommodityà coffee

• DecreaseofPortuguese,OttomanmilitarypresenceinIndianOceanà riseofNetherlandsinregion

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HABSBURG-OTTOMANBALANCE

• Challengesof1550’s

• Ottomans

• France

• Protestants

• DivisionofWesternandEasternterritories

• Spain,Naples,theNetherlands,theAmericasàPhilipII

• Austria,Bohemia,HungarytoFerdinandIà notelectedHolyRomanEmperoruntilafterCharlesV’sdeath

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HABSBURG-OTTOMANBALANCE

• PhilipII

• RealizedmajorityofHabsburgmilitarywasstationedoutsideSpain

• MusliminvasionofSpain

• Decreesofconversion

• RevoltofGranada(1568-1570)

• Moriscos supportedbyOttomansoldiers,Moroccanarms

• Dispersalofmoriscos insouthernSpain

• HolyLeague

• MemberswouldconstructafleettodestroyOttomanseapowerineasternMediterranean

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HABSBURG-OTTOMANBALANCE

• SiegeofMalta

• BattleofLepanto(1571)• LargestnavalbattleinWesternhistorysince

antiquity

• TurningpointofOttomanexpansioninMediterranean

• RebuildingofOttomannavy,disintegrationofHolyLeague(1573)• RecaptureofTunis(1574)

• EndofnavalwarinMediterranean• Venice

• Safavid Empire

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THELIMITSOFOTTOMANPOWER

• LongTurkishWar(FifteenYears’War)• Skirmishesalongsharedborder

• 1592à fortfelltoOttomans

• 1593à Ottomansattack

• Austrianolongeraweakstate• LackofsupportfromTransylvanian,

HungarianProtestants

• OttomansdrewevenonthebattlefieldwiththeAustrians

• 1606à Ottomans,Austriansmakepeace• Minormodificationsinfavorofthe

Austrians

• Twosidesreturnedtoearlierborders

• Austrianolongeravassalstate35

EXPULSIONOFTHEMORISCOS

• FearedcollusionbetweenOttomans,moriscos

• Resistedconversion

• Arabic– language,clothing,practices

• “Fifthcolumn”

• ResistanceamongSpanishCatholiclandowners

• Valencia

• Tenantfarmers

• 1609-1614à expulsion

• Morisco population–500,000

• Approximately200,000(40%)managedtoavoidexpulsion,upto70,000returned

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