the vietnam era - your history site american journey/chap30.pdf · fell under a communist...
TRANSCRIPT
864
Vietnam Era1960ndash1975
Why It MattersThe United States became involved in Vietnam because it believed that if all of Vietnam
fell under a Communist government communism would spread throughout SoutheastAsia and beyond The Vietnam War was the longest war in the nationrsquos history
The Impact TodayMore than 58000 US troops died in Vietnam The war damaged peoplersquos confidence
in their government Americans grew more willing to challenge the president on militaryand foreign policy issues after Vietnam The war also became a yardstick to gauge
whether to involve American troops in later crises
The American Journey Video The chapter 30 video ldquoThe First TV Warrdquoexplores how televised images brought the Vietnam War into American householdsand influenced public opinion about the war
1965bull US involvement in
Vietnam grows
1959bull Civil war begins
in Vietnam
1961bull Berlin Wall
erected
1966bull Cultural Revolution
in China
The
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
1960 1963 1966
Kennedy1961ndash1963
1962bull Cuban missile crisis
Eisenhower1953ndash1961
Johnson1963ndash1969
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49685097
865
1969bull Armstrong walks on moon
1968bull North Vietnam
launches Tetoffensive
1970bull Civil War begins
in Cambodia
HISTORY
Chapter OverviewVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 30mdashChapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information
Helping a Comrade Members of the First Marine Division carry a woundedmarine to safety during battle in South Vietnam
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
1972 19751969
Nixon1969ndash1974
1968bull Robert Kennedy assassinated
1970bull Kent State shootings
1975bull Vietnam War ends after fall
of Saigon
Ford1974ndash1977
1973bull Paris peace accords
end US involve-ment in Vietnam
Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half fromside to side
Step 2 Turn the paper and fold it into thirds
Step 3 Unfold and label the foldable as shown
Step 4 Cut the top layer only along bothfold lines
This will makethree tabs
Sequencing Events Study Foldable Sequencethe actions of the United Stateslsquos presidents duringthe Vietnam War by making and using this foldable
Reading and Writing As you read the chapterrecord facts about the actions and policies of thepresidents in office during the Vietnam era Besure to also record the dates of these importantevents
JFK LBJ Nixon
JFK LBJ Nixon
1962Cuban missilecrisis occurs
1963Telephone hot line linksUS Soviet leaders
1969Neil Armstrong walkson the moon
Main IdeaIn the early 1960s the nation facedSoviet threats relating to Cuba and to Berlin
Key Termsguerrilla warfare flexible responseexecutive order exile blockade hot line
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readSection 1 re-create the diagrambelow and describe the actions theKennedy administration took inresponse to these crises
Read to Learnbull how the Kennedy administration
handled challenges to foreignaffairs
bull what happened during the Cuban missile crisis
Section ThemeGeography and History TheKennedy administration faced crisesin Cuba and Berlin
Kennedyrsquos Foreign Policy
866 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Kennedyinaugural ribbon
ldquoIn the long history of the world only a few generations have been granted the roleof defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger I do not shrink from this respon-sibilitymdashI welcome itrdquo So spoke John F Kennedy in his Inaugural Address AlthoughKennedy talked of approaching this responsibility with ldquoenergyrdquo and ldquodevotionrdquo eventsunfolding around the worldmdashin Cuba Eastern Europe and Vietnammdashwould challengehis determination The new president and nation soon faced a series of crises
New DirectionsPresident Kennedy continued the antindashCommunist foreign policy begun under
Presidents Truman and Eisenhower In pursuing that policy though Kennedytried some new approaches
During the presidential campaign Kennedy led Americans to believe that thenation had fewer nuclear missiles than the Soviet Union As president Kennedyincreased spending on nuclear arms At the same time he tried to convinceNikita Khrushchev the Soviet leader to agree to a ban on nuclear testing
1961Bay of Pigs invasion fails
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1960 1965 1970
Response to Crises
Berlin Wall Cuban missile crisis
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6969504
867CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Strength Through FlexibilityKennedy also worked to improve Americarsquos
ability to respond to threats abroad In certainareas of the world Communist groups fought totake control of their nationrsquos government Manyof these groups received aid from the SovietUnion They employed guerrilla warfare orfighting by small bands using tactics such assudden ambushes
The United States needed a new approachfor fighting guerrilla wars Kennedy intro-duced a plan called flexible response whichrelied on special military units trained to fightguerrilla wars One of these units was the Spe-cial Forces known as the Green Berets TheSpecial Forces provided the president withtroops ready to fight guerrilla warfare any-where around the world
Strength Through AidPresident Kennedy understood that the
poverty in Latin America Asia and Africa madethe Communist promises of economic equalityseem attractive He decided to provide aid tocountries in those areas to counteract the appealof communism On March 1 1961 the presidentsigned an executive order creating the PeaceCorps An executive order is a rule issued by thechief executive
Americans who volunteered for the PeaceCorps worked in other countries as teachershealth workers and advisers in farming indus-try and government By 1963 some 5000 volun-teers were working in more than 40 countries
To promote Latin Americarsquos growth Kennedyproposed a 10-year development plan called theAlliance for Progress In his InauguralAddress Kennedy promised Latin Americanleaders that the United States would ldquoassist freemen and free governments in casting off thechains of povertyrdquo He hoped as well to preventthe rise of Communist states in the region
Explaining Why did PresidentKennedy form the Peace Corps
Cold War ConfrontationsIn 1961 just a few months after taking office
President Kennedy faced a foreign policy crisisin Cuba That same year the United States andthe Soviet Union clashed in Europe
As you read in Chapter 28 Fidel Castro hadseized power in Cuba in 1959 When Castroformed an alliance with the Soviet UnionAmericans felt threatened because Cuba liesonly 90 miles (144 km) south of Florida Late inEisenhowerrsquos presidency officials in the Central
The Peace Corps in Ethiopia1966 by Norman RockwellVolunteers worked in many devel-oping countries in Africa WhichKennedy program dealt withLatin Americarsquos economy
History Through Art
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15380836
Alan Shepard becamea national hero on May 51961 when he becamethe first American inspace His flight aboardthe tiny Freedom 7 space-ship lasted 15 minutesand reached an altitude of about 120 milesAlthough the flight wasbrief it was a key stepforward for the UnitedStates in its space racewith the Soviet Union
After graduating fromthe United States NavalAcademy in 1944 Shep-ard served during WorldWar II After the war he attended the NavalTest Pilot School In 1959Shepard was named oneof NASArsquos original sevenastronauts
Ten years after hisflight aboard Freedom 7Shepard commanded theApollo 14 moon mission
during which he spent arecord 335 hours on thesurface of the moon
In 1974 Shepardretired from both NASAand the Navy andentered private businessHe served as the presi-dent of the MercurySeven Foundation whichprovides college sciencescholarships for deserv-ing students
Intelligence Agency (CIA) forged a plan to over-throw Castro The CIA recruited refugees whohad fled Castrorsquos Cuba and settled in the UnitedStates The plan called for these exiles or per-sons forced from their homes to land in Cubaspark an uprising and overthrow CastroAlthough Kennedy had doubts about the planhe accepted the advice of military advisers andthe CIA and allowed it to go forward
On April 17 1961 about 1500 CIA-trainedCuban exiles landed at the Bay of Pigs in south-ern Cuba Many blunders occurred and at a cru-cial moment Kennedy refused to provideAmerican air support Within days Cuban forcescrushed the invasion and captured the survivors
The Bay of Pigs embarrassed Kennedy whotook the blame for the failure The disaster hadthree consequences First Kennedy never againcompletely trusted military and intelligence advice Second other nations in Latin Americalost trust in Kennedy Third Soviet premierKhrushchev concluded that Kennedy was not astrong leader and could be bullied
The Berlin WallThough 16 years had passed since the end of
World War II the wartime Allies had still not set-tled the status of Germany West Germany gainedcomplete independence in 1949 but the SovietUnion continued to control East Germany
The location of Berlinmdashfully within Soviet-controlled East Germanymdashposed special prob-lems American British and French troops stillremained in the western part of the city andthey sometimes had difficulty getting into WestBerlin and maintaining control there Mean-while a steady flow of people fled to West Berlinfrom Communist East Berlin hoping to escapeeconomic hardship and find freedom
At a June 1961 summit conference in ViennaAustria Premier Khrushchev told PresidentKennedy that the West must move out of Berlinand he insisted on an agreement by the end ofthe year Kennedy rejected Khrushchevrsquosdemand To emphasize the Westrsquos right to stayin West Berlin the United States later sent moretroops to protect the city
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era868
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869CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Later that summer a large number of EastGermans fled to the West On August 13 theEast German government with Soviet backingclosed the border between East and West Berlinand built a wall of concrete blocks and barbedwire along it The Soviets posted armed guardsalong the wall to stop more East Germans fromfleeing to the West The Berlin Wall cut commu-nications between the two parts of the city
The Western Allies continued to support theindependence of West Berlin They could do littlehowever to stop the building of the wall whichcame to symbolize Communist repression
Explaining Why did the SovietUnion build the Berlin Wall
The Cuban Missile CrisisThe most dangerous Cold War dispute
between the Americans and Soviets came in 1962Once again the dispute involved Cuba
In mid-October 1962 an American spy planeflying over Cuba made a disturbing discoveryPhotographs revealed that the Soviets werebuilding launching sites for nuclear missilesThese missiles could easily reach the UnitedStates in a matter of minutes
For the next week President Kennedy metsecretly with advisers to determine how to dealwith the Cuban missile crisis They exploredseveral options including invading Cuba andbombing the missile sites New spy photo-graphs showed the bases nearing completionfaster than expected A decision had to be made
On October 22 President Kennedy speakingon national television revealed the ldquosecretswift and extraordinary builduprdquo of missiles inCuba Kennedy ordered the navy to blockadeor close off Cuba until the Soviets removed themissiles He threatened to destroy any Sovietship that tried to break through the blockadeThe president also declared
ldquoIt shall be the policy of this nation to regardany nuclear missile launched from Cuba againstany nation in the Western Hemisphere as anattack by the Soviet Union on the UnitedStatesrdquo
The United States would respond he warnedwith a nuclear attack against the Soviet Union
As the two superpowers neared the brink ofnuclear war people all over the world waitednervously However Khrushchev was not readyto back down and Soviet shipsmdashsome carryingmissilesmdashcontinued to approach Cuba
Two days after Kennedyrsquos announcement abreakthrough occurred Some Soviet ships near-ing the blockade turned back
However some Soviet ships still headedtoward Cuba and work on the missile bases con-tinued The presidentrsquos advisers worked on plansfor an air attack on the missile sitesmdashjust in case
After five agonizing days when the worldappeared on the brink of nuclear war the Sovietships turned back from the blockade Sovietleaders also decided to withdraw their missilesfrom Cuba
500 kilometers0Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
500 miles0
N
S
EW
20degW60degW100degW140degW
20degN
40degN
60degN
MIG
jetbomber range= 800
miles
Medium
ballistic missile range= 11
50m
iles
Inte
rmed
iate ba
llistic
missile range= 2500 miles
CUBA
Miami
Washington DC
New York CityChicago
Los Angeles
This map shows the range of the Soviet missiles in Cuba Their accuracy fell off as range increased1 Region What parts of the United States could
intermediate-range missiles reach2 Analyzing Information What strategy did the United
States use to respond to the Soviet threat in Cuba
The Cuban Missile CrisisOctober 14ndash28 1962
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16692311
Having come so close tonuclear disaster the super-powers worked to establish abetter relationship In the sum-mer of 1963 Kennedy andKhrushchev created a direct tele-phone link called the hot linebetween Moscow and Washingtonto allow the leaders to communi-cate instantly in times of crisis
That same summer the twonations signed a treaty banningnuclear tests aboveground andunderwater
Rivalry in SpaceThe United States competed with
the Soviet Union in another area duringthe Kennedy administrationmdashouterspace The space race began when theSoviet Union launched Sputnik the worldrsquos firstsuccessful satellite in 1957 In April 1961 Sovietcosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (guhbullGAHRbulluhn)became the first person to orbit the earth Onemonth later Alan Shepard Jr became the firstAmerican to make a spaceflight
Shortly after Shepardrsquos flight Kennedy chal-lenged the nation to a great undertaking In aspeech to Congress he said
ldquoI believe that this nation should commit itselfto achieving the goal before this decade is outof landing a man on the moon and returning himsafely to the earthrdquo
The president asked Congress for moremoney for NASA (the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration) which ran thespace program NASA expanded its launch-ing facility in Florida and built a control cen-ter in Houston Texas
Astronaut John Glenn thrilled the coun-try in February 1962 when he orbited theearth in a spacecraft the first American todo so An even greater triumph for thespace program came on July 20 1969 withthe Apollo project Awestruck televisionviewers around the world watched thespacecraft Eagle land on the surface of the
moon Hours later with millions still watchingastronaut Neil Armstrong took the first humanstep on the moon and announced ldquoThatrsquos onesmall step for a man one giant leap for mankindrdquoBy the end of the Apollo project in 1972 10 moreAmericans had landed on the moon
Explaining Why did PresidentKennedy order a blockade of the island of Cuba
870 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Cuban missile crisisPersuasive Writing Write a speechthat President Kennedy might havewritten to defend his actions duringthe Cuban missile crisis Use completesentences except where fragmentsare appropriate
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write a sentence in
which you correctly use each of thefollowing terms guerrilla warfareflexible response executive orderexile blockade hot line Beloweach sentence write the definition ofthe term used
2 Reviewing Facts Who was the firstAmerican to orbit the earth in aspacecraft
Reviewing Themes3 Geography and History Why did
West Berlinrsquos location make it difficultfor the allies to defend it
Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences Why do you
think Khrushchev sent missiles toCuba
5 Analyzing Information Re-createthe diagram below and identifystrategies that the Kennedy adminis-tration considered to stop thebuildup of missiles in Cuba
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
of the Cuban missile crisis on page869 According to the map wasWashington DC within the range of a medium ballistic missile Could a medium-range missile reach Los Angeles
Having come so close tonuclear disaster the super-powers worked to establish abetter relationship In the sum-mer of 1963 Kennedy andKhrushchev created a direct tele-phone link called the hot linebetween Moscow and Washingtonto allow the leaders to communi-cate instantly in times of crisis
That same summer the twonations signed a treaty banningnuclear tests aboveground andunderwater
Rivalry in SpaceThe United States competed with
the Soviet Union in another area duringthe Kennedy administrationmdashouterspace The space race began when theSoviet Union launched Sputnik the worldrsquos firstsuccessful satellite in 1957 In April 1961 Sovietcosmonaut Yuri Gagarin (guhbullGAHRbulluhn)became the first person to orbit the earth Onemonth later Alan Shepard Jr became the firstAmerican to make a spaceflight
Shortly after Shepardrsquos flight Kennedy chal-lenged the nation to a great undertaking In aspeech to Congress he said
ldquoI believe that this nation should commit itselfto achieving the goal before this decade is outof landing a man on the moon and returning himsafely to the earthrdquo
The president asked Congress for moremoney for NASA (the National Aeronauticsand Space Administration) which ran thespace program NASA expanded its launch-ing facility in Florida and built a control cen-ter in Houston Texas
Astronaut John Glenn thrilled the coun-try in February 1962 when he orbited theearth in a spacecraft the first American todo so An even greater triumph for thespace program came on July 20 1969 withthe Apollo project Awestruck televisionviewers around the world watched thespacecraft Eagle land on the surface of the
moon Hours later with millions still watchingastronaut Neil Armstrong took the first humanstep on the moon and announced ldquoThatrsquos onesmall step for a man one giant leap for mankindrdquoBy the end of the Apollo project in 1972 10 moreAmericans had landed on the moon
Explaining Why did PresidentKennedy order a blockade of the island of Cuba
870 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Cuban missile crisisPersuasive Writing Write a speechthat President Kennedy might havewritten to defend his actions duringthe Cuban missile crisis Use completesentences except where fragmentsare appropriate
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Write a sentence in
which you correctly use each of thefollowing terms guerrilla warfareflexible response executive orderexile blockade hot line Beloweach sentence write the definition ofthe term used
2 Reviewing Facts Who was the firstAmerican to orbit the earth in aspacecraft
Reviewing Themes3 Geography and History Why did
West Berlinrsquos location make it difficultfor the allies to defend it
Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences Why do you
think Khrushchev sent missiles toCuba
5 Analyzing Information Re-createthe diagram below and identifystrategies that the Kennedy adminis-tration considered to stop thebuildup of missiles in Cuba
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
of the Cuban missile crisis on page869 According to the map wasWashington DC within the range of a medium ballistic missile Could a medium-range missile reach Los Angeles
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14032787
871CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
1954Geneva Accordsdivide Vietnam
1959Civil war in Vietnam begins
1964Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed
1968More than 500000 UStroops are in Vietnam
In March 1967 David Parks an African American soldier serving in Vietnam describedan enemy attack on his camp ldquoI was asleep when the first shell exploded The earthshook and I rolled to the ground as someone hollered lsquoIncomingrsquo I shook like jellyas the shrapnel burst all around our bunker All we could do was open up with our50-caliber and small arms Irsquom not sure the native people are with us They smile atus in the daytime and their sons shoot at us at night Itrsquos hard to spot the real enemyrdquo
The US and VietnamIn the early 1960s the United States became involved in a fight against com-
munism in Southeast Asia The war in Vietnam did not unfold as Americanshad hoped however General Maxwell Taylor who served as American ambas-sador to Vietnam reflected on the war in Vietnam years after it had ended
ldquoFirst we didnrsquot know ourselves We thought we were going into another Koreanwar but this was a different country Secondly we didnrsquot know our South Vietnameseallies We never understood them and that was another surprise And we knew evenless about North Vietnamrdquo
Main IdeaUS military involvement in Vietnamincreased steadily throughout the1960s
Key TermsVietcong coup escalate search-and-destroy mission
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and fill in themain events that occurred after theGulf of Tonkin Resolution
Read to Learnbull how Vietnam became a divided
countrybull why America increased its involve-
ment in the Vietnam War
Section ThemeGlobal Connections Unable to endthe Vietnam War quickly the UnitedStates found itself increasingly drawninto the conflict
War in Vietnam
Soldierrsquos bootsVietnam War
Gulf ofTonkin
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1950 1960 1970
AJ-871
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812928
872
Origins of the WarThe roots of the Vietnam conflict can be traced
back to World War II when Japanese forces cap-tured the French colony of Indochina in South-east Asia Vietnamese forces led by CommunistHo Chi Minh (hoh chee MIHN) fought againstthe Japanese
When Japan surrendered at the end of WorldWar II Ho Chi Minh declared Vietnamrsquos inde-pendence The French however were unwill-ing to give up their empire Their Indochinacolonymdashthe present-day nations of CambodiaLaos and Vietnammdashwas among the richest ofFrancersquos colonies supplying such valuableresources as rice rubber and tin Ho Chi Minhand his forces fought the French in a longbloody war finally defeating the French in 1954at Dien Bien Phu
The Geneva AccordsThat same year diplomats from the United
States France Great Britain the Soviet UnionChina and Vietnam met in Geneva Switzer-land to work out a peace agreement Accord-ing to the Geneva Accords Vietnam would bedivided temporarily Ho Chi Minhrsquos Commu-nist nationalists would control the North
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Buddhist monks often led protests againstunpopular South Vietnamese governments andtheir leaders Why did Vietnamrsquos Buddhistsprotest against the Diem government
History
Hanoi served as its capital Non-Communistforcesmdashsupported by the United Statesmdashwould control the South with Saigon as thecapital Vietnam would be unified in 1956 afternational elections
Neither the United States nor South Vietnamhad signed the agreement but they did notoppose its provisions At the same time an Amer-ican representative warned that the United Statesreserved the right to step in if Communist NorthVietnam moved aggressively against the South
In 1955 Ngo Dinh Diem (NOH DIHN dehbullEHM) the French-educated Vietnamese leadergained control of the government of South Viet-nam The following year Diem with Americansupport refused to hold the elections Diemrsquosbrutal policies and his refusal to hold electionsangered many Vietnamese
Communist supporters of Ho Chi Minhremained in the South after Vietnam wasdivided In the late 1950s Diem launched a cam-paign to destroy the power of the CommunistsIn response the Communists organized them-selves as the National Liberation Front (NLF)mdashbetter known to Americans as the Vietcong In1959 the Vietcong on orders from Ho Chi Minhbegan a war against the Diem regime
Ho Chi Minh
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873CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
American soldiers leap from a helicopterduring a mission in South Vietnam Whendid President Johnson begin to increaseAmerican involvement in Vietnam
History
ldquoThe helicopter added a newdimension to warfaremdashmobility The helicoptertook soldiers into battle suppliedthem andevacuated thewounded and the deadrdquo
A Growing American RoleThe United States had replaced the French as
the dominant foreign power in the South in 1955If Communists took South Vietnam PresidentEisenhower once said the other countries ofSoutheast Asia would fall to communism like arow of dominoesmdashone right after the other Thisdomino theory helped shape American policy inVietnam for the next 20 years
To support South Vietnam the Eisenhoweradministration sent the country billions of dol-lars in aid It also dispatched a few hundred sol-diers who acted as advisers to the SouthVietnamese government and army
Like Eisenhower President Kennedy sawVietnam as part of the global struggle in thefight against communism Kennedy sent moreSpecial Forces troopsmdashthe Green Beretsmdashtotrain and advise South Vietnamese troopsKennedy also pressured Diem to make politicaland economic reforms to eliminate the condi-tions that had allowed communism to take rootin the first place But Diem refused to comply
Instead of paying for new schools health clinicsor land reform American funds often ended upin the pockets of corrupt South Vietnamese offi-cials At the same time North Vietnam sent aidand troops to the South to help the Vietcong in aguerrilla war against Diem that began in 1959
The Diem government lost support through-out the country His government took rightsaway from Buddhistsmdashthe majority of the peo-ple in South Vietnammdashand favored Catholicslike himself Buddhists responded with protestssome of which ended in bloodshed when gov-ernment troops fired into the crowds
In early 1963 Buddhist monks showed theiropposition to Diemrsquos rule by setting themselveson fire on busy streets Horrifying photographsof monks engulfed in flames appeared in news-papers and on television screens around theworld The Kennedy administration found itdifficult to continue to support Diem
On November 1 1963 a group of South Viet-namese army officers staged a coupmdashoverthrewthe governmentmdashand assassinated Diem The
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12575091
Kennedy administration had supported thecoup but not the assassination After PresidentKennedy was assassinated later that same monththe question of what to do in Vietnam fell on theshoulders of President Lyndon B Johnson
Analyzing How did the dominotheory affect the decision regarding the conflict in Vietnam
The Conflict DeepensAt the time of Kennedyrsquos death the United
States had nearly 16000 American troops inVietnam as advisers President Johnson sent Sec-retary of Defense Robert McNamara to Vietnamon a fact-finding mission
McNamara told the president that South Viet-nam could not resist the Vietcong rebels withoutmore help from the United States In a May 1964conversation taped but not made public until1997 Johnson himself expressed doubts aboutAmerican commitment ldquoI donrsquot think itrsquos worthfighting forrdquo he said ldquobut I donrsquot think we can get outrdquo Nevertheless as Vietcong attacks con-tinued the United States moved toward deeperinvolvement
President Johnson wanted con-gressional support for expandingthe American role in Vietnam Theopportunity to get that supportcame in August 1964 when NorthVietnamese patrol boats allegedlyattacked American destroyers in theGulf of Tonkin near North VietnamCongress quickly passed a resolu-tion that allowed the president toldquotake all necessary measures torepel any armed attack against theforces of the United Statesrdquo TheGulf of Tonkin Resolution gaveJohnson broad authority to useAmerican forces in Vietnam
In 1965 Johnson began to esca-latemdashgradually increasemdashUnitedStates involvement in Vietnam Thebuildup included both groundtroops and an air campaign
United States Marines landed near Da NangSouth Vietnam on March 8 1965 During the nextthree years the number of American troops inVietnam increased sharply About 180000 sol-diers were in Vietnam by the end of 1965 almost400000 by the end of 1966 and more than 500000by 1968
The United States also unleashed an intensebombing campaign called Operation RollingThunder Some planes attacked the Ho ChiMinh Trail a network of roads paths andbridges that wound from North Vietnamthrough Cambodia and Laos into South Viet-nam North Vietnamese troops used this route tobring equipment south Other planes targetedbridges docks factories and military bases inthe North
The bombing increased in intensity from 1965through 1968 By then American planes haddropped more bombs on North Vietnam thanthey had dropped on Germany Italy and Japanduring World War II
Fighting the WarThe American troops found fighting a ground
war in Vietnam difficult Dense jungles muddytrails and swampy rice paddies hampered troop
874 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
More than 7500 American nurses served duringthe Vietnam conflict
AJ-874
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18170985
875
movement The South Vietnamese army didnot always fight effectively As the Vietcongguerrillas blended with the population Amer-ican soldiers found it hard to tell friends andenemies apart
The American forces began to conduct search-and-destroy missions The goal was to seek outVietcong or North Vietnamese units and destroythem The Americans hoped to eventually defeatthe Communists or force them to negotiate
Ground troops coordinated their moves withair support Patrols on the ground radioed theirlocation and helicopter gunships roared to the scene to blast the enemy with cannon and machine-gun fire
Planes bombed areas of South Vietnam inan effort to drive guerrillas from their junglecover Both sides used planes to drop napalman explosive that burned intensely to destroyjungle growth North Vietnamese and Vietcong
forces also used napalm in flamethrowersdevices that expel fuel or a burning stream ofliquids To improve visibility chemical herbi-cides were sprayed in Vietnam to clear outforests and tall grasses One herbicide AgentOrange is believed to have contaminated manyAmericans and Vietnamese causing serioushealth problems
Frustration GrowsThe bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail and
the North did not stop the constant flow oftroops and equipment south Neither did itbreak the morale of the North Vietnamese Asone of their leaders later said
ldquoThe Americans thought that the more bombsthey dropped the quicker we would fall to ourknees and surrender But the bombs heightenedrather than dampened our spiritrdquo
A wounded American soldier reaches for a fallen comrade How many Americantroops were in Vietnam by late 1967
History
AJ-875
null
973834
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Use the following terms
in sentences or short paragraphsVietcong coup escalate Relatethem by using two or more of theterms in each sentence or paragraph
2 Reviewing Facts How many Ameri-can troops were in Vietnam by theend of 1965
Reviewing Themes3 Global Connections How did Presi-
dent Johnson gain congressionalapproval to use American forces inVietnam
Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences Explain how
Americansrsquo view of communisminfluenced policy to support SouthVietnam
5 Organizing Information Re-createthe diagram below and explain thepurpose of the military strategies
Analyzing Visuals6 Picturing History Examine the pho-
tograph on page 875 Write a captionexpressing what you think the soldieris saying to his fallen comrade
876 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Research and Sequencing Usebooks magazines and newspapersto learn about the plight of Ameri-can POWs (prisoners of war) andMIAs (soldiers missing in action) inVietnam Make a time line to showwhat the government and privatecitizens have done on their behalf
Strategy Purpose
Search-and-destroy missions
Operation RollingThunder
American troops advanced into rice paddiesjungles and small villages and killed scores of Vietcong Yet the next day the same area had tobe attacked again
American soldiers grew frustrated Philip Caputo a young marine lieutenant recalled thechanging attitude
ldquoWhen we marched into the rice paddies onthat damp March afternoon we carried alongwith our packs and rifles the implicit convictionsthat the Vietcong could be quickly beaten We keptthe packs and rifles the convictions we lostrdquo
Debate in the White HouseOfficials in the Johnson administration saw
the mounting Communist losses and believed atfirst that the United States could succeed As thewar dragged on however some governmentofficials saw a gloomier situation Secretary ofDefense McNamara began to argue that theground war and the air attacks had failed andthat the war could not be won Outside thenationrsquos capital opposition to the war grewSoon it swelled to anger
Identifying What is Agent OrangeWhat are its effects
Military ID tags commonlycalled dog tags included the wearerrsquos name branch of service blood type and religion if desired by the wearer
The search-and-destroy missions killed thousands of North Vietnamese and Vietcongtroopsmdashbut the troops always seemed to bereplaced What Ho Chi Minh had said to theFrench became true again
ldquoYou can kill ten of my men for every one Ikill of yours But even at those odds you willlose and I will winrdquo
AJ-876
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883455
877
October 1967War protesters marchon Pentagon
April 1968Dr Martin Luther King Jris assassinated
June 1968Robert F Kennedy is assassinated
November 1968Richard Nixon wins presidency
Main IdeaMany Americans opposed the nationrsquosinvolvement in Vietnam Many othersbelieved that US leaders were notdoing enough to win the war
Key Termscounterculture deferment dovehawk credibility gap silent majority
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and state how you think people known as doves and hawksdiffered on these issues
Read to Learnbull what factors contributed to the rise
of the protest movementbull how Americans at home responded
to the war in Vietnam
Section ThemeContinuity and Change As the warcontinued disagreement over thenationrsquos role in Vietnam grew
The VietnamYears at Home
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
The Draft Escalation
Doves
Hawks
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1967 1968 1969
As the Vietnam War dragged on Americans became divided over the US presencein that country Even reporters showed their biases when they covered the antiwardemonstrations at the Pentagon in 1967 On one hand older reporters who stoodbehind the police wrote about radicals storming the Pentagon On the other side of thepolice barricade younger reporters wrote about the brutality of the US Marshals Eachside of the generation gap firmly believed that its version of the story was correct
The Youth ProtestWhile fighting raged in Vietnam the American people disagreed sharply
over the war Prowar and antiwar groups attacked each other with mountinganger Antiwar demonstrators called President Johnson and his supportersldquokillersrdquo Supporters of the war referred to the protesters as ldquotraitorsrdquo The warseemed to split Americamdashand much of the division resulted from what peoplecalled the generation gap
Demonstration atthe Pentagon
AJ-877
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6671723
As United States involvement in the warincreased so did opposition to it Some Ameri-cans felt that the conflict in Vietnam was a civilwar and should not involve the United StatesOthers were concerned that the cost of Americarsquoscommitment to Vietnam was hurting domesticprograms All condemned the devastation of thecountryside and lives lost during the course ofthe war
Many who opposed the war were part of thecounterculture a movement that rejected tradi-tional American values Some common symbolsof the counterculturemdashtorn blue jeans and longhair for malesmdasharoused opposition from parentsPopular music played a role in communicatingthe ideas of the counterculture
Other parts of the counterculture representeda more serious challenge to traditional middle-class values Some young people refused to fol-low customary social roles of study work andfamily They aimed to reject aspects of Americansocietymdashthe competition for material goods andpersonal success
Opposition to the DraftStudent protests targeted the selective service
systemmdashthe draft that supplied soldiers for thewar The law required all men to register for thedraft when they reached age 18 Opposition tothe draft had two sources
Those strongly opposed to American involve-ment in Vietnam believed that by forcing an endto the draft they could halt the supply of soldiersneeded to fight there Others called the draftunfair Draft boards had the power to give
people deferments that excused them from thedraft for various reasons Full-time studentsattending collegemdashmostly from the middleclassmdashreceived such deferments As a result anincreasing percentage of soldiers came frompoor or working-class families Many whoopposed the draft argued that deferments dis-criminated against the poor
Some protesters became conscientiousobjectors claiming that their moral or religiousbeliefs prevented them from fighting in thewar Other protesters showed their oppositionby burning their draft cardsmdashtheir militaryregistration forms Congress responded with alaw making the burning of draft cards a crime
Doves and HawksStudents and other opponents of the Vietnam
War came to be called doves Supporters of thewar became known as hawks
Across the nation more and more Americanscame to view the war unfavorably Somethought the United States should not be fight-ing in Vietnam Others opposed the way thegovernment conducted the war Both hawks and doves criticized President Johnson for hishandling of the war in Vietnam and hisapproval rating declined dramatically
The War Loses SupportAs opposition to the war mounted the oppo-
nents staged larger demonstrations In October1967 more than 50000 people marched to thePentagonmdashheadquarters of the Defense Depart-mentmdashto protest the war
Attacks by opponents of the war grewsharper and more bitter The Secret Servicecharged with guarding President Johnsonfeared for his safety and urged him not to speakin public He began to appear only beforecrowds known to be sympathetic
The president had often urged people to cometogether to discuss issues calmly ldquoLet us reasontogetherrdquo he had said By 1968 Americansshowed less willingness to talk reasonably andviolent events often overtook discussion
Explaining What are draft defer-ments Who received them
878 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Texas business executive H Ross Perot attempted to deliver food medicine mail and clothing to US prisoners of war in Vietnam
AJ-878
null
2037071
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
1968mdashYear of CrisisThe year 1968 opened with a shock for the
American people On January 23 North Koreanboats seized the USS Pueblo a navy spy shipcruising in international waters off the coast ofKorea The news that a foreign country had cap-tured an American ship and its crew shockedthe nation
The next week brought another staggeringblow as North Vietnam launched a major seriesof attacks in South Vietnam As Americans soonlearned 1968 would be a long dramatic andvery difficult year
The Tet OffensiveOn January 31 1968 the North Vietnamese
and Vietcong launched a series of attacksthroughout South Vietnam The attacks whichbegan on the Vietnamese new yearmdashTetmdashbecame known as the Tet offensive Tet markeda turning point in the Vietnam War
The Tet offensive targeted American militarybases and South Vietnamrsquos major cities Viet-cong troops raided the United States embassy inSaigon the capital The Vietcong also struck inHue the ancient capital of Vietnam and foughtfor almost a month
All across South Vietnam Americans andSouth Vietnamese troops fought bravely toretake the cities They finally drove the Vietcongback and inflicted thousands of casualties Theenormous losses that the Vietcong suffered
forced North Vietnam to take over a larger shareof the fighting In military terms the Americansand the South Vietnamese won the battle
Impact Back HomeIn the United States however the Tet offen-
sive turned many more Americans against thewarmdashand against President Johnson The sightof Vietcong guerrillas killing Americans in theembassy shocked television viewers The manydays needed to defeat the assault on Hue under-mined the armyrsquos statements about the UnitedStates winning the war
Major newspapers and magazines openlycriticized the Johnson administrationrsquos conductof the war The Wall Street Journal wrote ldquoTheAmerican people should be getting ready toaccept the prospect that the whole Vietnameffort may be doomedrdquo
Most Americans seemed to agree Fewer peo-ple believed that the army was making progressin the war More people believed that the armywas losing ground The Johnson administrationdeveloped a credibility gapmdashfewer peopletrusted its statements about the war
As opposition to the war grew President John-son faced challenges in his own party In late 1967Democratic senator Eugene McCarthy of Min-nesota had announced that he would run for thepartyrsquos nomination for the presidency as a protestagainst the war Not well known McCarthyseemed to have little chance of winning In theMarch 12 primary in New Hampshire however
879
Reacting against the antiwar demonstrations many Americanscountered with demonstrations in support of American troops
AJ-879
null
17157336
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Should We Be Fighting the Vietnam War
As the war in Vietnam dragged on political support for it began to evaporate While government politicians coaxed Americans to support goals of liberty and democracy antiwar protesters counted the corpses sent home and argued that the war was useless
Should We Be Fighting the Vietnam War
880
Walter Cronkite news broadcaster after the Tet offensive February 27 1968We have too often been disappointed by the opti-mism of the American leaders both in Vietnam andWashington to have faith any longer in the silver lin-ings they find in the darkest clouds To say thatwe are closer to victory today is to believe in theface of evidence the optimists who have beenwrong in the past To suggest we are on the edgeof defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimismTo say that we are mired in stalemate seems theonly realistic yet unsatisfactory conclusion [I]t is increasingly clear to this reporter that the onlyrational way out then will be to negotiate not as victorsbut as an honorable people wholived up to their pledge todefend democracy and did the best they could
Learning From History1 What does Johnson mean by ldquodivi-
sion in the American houserdquo2 Why might Americans like Walter
Cronkite be frustrated with the war3 Do the presidentrsquos words seem real-
istic How might Cronkite respondto the presidentrsquos address
President Johnson addresses the nation March 31 1968
Tonight I renew the offer I made in Augustmdashto stop the bom-
bardment of North Vietnam We ask that talks begin promptly
that they be serious talks on the substance of peace
There is division in the American house now There is divisive-
ness among us all tonight And holding the trust that is mine as
President of all the people I cannot disregard the peril to the
progress of the American people and the hope and the prospect
of peace for all peoples
Accordingly I shall not seek and I will not accept the nomi-
nation of my party for another term as your President
But let men everywhere know however that a strong a con-
fident and a vigilant America stands ready tonight to seek an
honorable peacemdashand stands ready tonight to defend an hon-
ored causemdashwhatever the price whatever the burden what-
ever the sacrifices that duty may require
Walter Cronkite
McCarthy surprised everyone by taking 42 percent of the popular voteAlthough Johnson won the primaryMcCarthyrsquos strong showing indicatedwidespread opposition to the war
Later another antiwar candidateentered the race Robert F Kennedyattorney general during hisbrotherrsquos presidency and now a sen-ator from New York announcedthat he too would seek the Democ-ratic nomination
The President RespondsEvents in Vietnam and the growing
antiwar movement disturbed Presi-dent Johnson Following the Tet offen-sive the American commander inVietnam General William Westmore-land had requested still more troopsInstead of agreeing the presidentordered a reevaluation of the war Healso reevaluated his own campaignfor reelection in 1968
On March 31 1968 after consult-ing advisers President Johnsonappeared on television to announce aldquonew step toward peacerdquomdashhe wouldhalt the bombing of North Vietnamrsquoscities He asked North Vietnam for acomparable action so that peacenegotiations could begin
The president concluded hisspeech with a startling announce-ment He said ldquoI shall not seek andI will not accept the nomination ofmy party for another term as yourpresidentrdquo
Identifying Whatcandidates from President Johnsonrsquos ownparty challenged him
Violence EruptsA few days after Johnsonrsquos with-
drawal from the presidential racetragedy struck the nation A sniper inMemphis Tennessee shot and killed
AJ-880
null
99211876
Dr Martin Luther King Jr the leadingactivist in the civil rights movement
The King assassination triggered a rashof riots across the country Army troopswere called on to control unruly crowds invarious cities Already saddened byKingrsquos death Americans worried aboutthe renewed urban violence
While the nation agonized over unrestat home and war abroad the presidentialrace picked up speed Vice PresidentHubert H Humphrey joined EugeneMcCarthy and Robert Kennedy in seek-ing the Democratic nomination Kennedyedged out McCarthy in a number of pri-mary elections but McCarthy rebounded andscored a primary victory in Oregon Humphreymeanwhile avoided the primaries He gatheredsupport among Democratic Party leaders whoin some states chose the delegates
In early June 1968 Kennedy and McCarthyfaced each other in the primary election in Cali-fornia the state with the most delegates Thatnight after Kennedy won an assassin shot andkilled himmdashand the nation reeled with theshock of yet another assassination
The Democratic ConventionBy the time the Democrats held their conven-
tion in Chicago Humphrey appeared to haveenough votes to win the nomination As a long-time supporter of civil rights and labor causesHumphrey had considerable backing in hisparty As a supporter of Johnsonrsquos Vietnam pol-icy however Humphrey was linked to theprowar faction of the party
Antiwar Democrats felt angry and excludedfrom the convention Tension filled the air Whentrouble broke out though it did not occur asmuch in the convention hall as in the cityrsquos streets
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Frustrated by the almost certain victory ofHumphrey thousands of antiwar activistsflocked to Chicago to protest Chicagorsquos mayorRichard J Daley feared violence from thedemonstrators and had the police out in forceThe police made some arrests the first twonights but no major problems developed
On the third day the antiwar protestersplanned to march to the convention site to protestHumphreyrsquos nomination Police blocked themarchers at the hall When the marchers headedin another direction the police stopped themagain The protesters began to pelt the police withsticks and bottles The police threw tear gas andcharged in wielding nightsticks They pursuedthose who fled beating some and arresting many
Humphrey won the Democratic nominationbut the violence outside and the anger within thehallmdashall shown on televisionmdashhad damaged hiscandidacy The Democrats appeared unable tocontrol their own convention Humphrey admit-ted ldquoChicago was a catastropherdquo
Identifying What two popular lead-ers were assassinated in 1968
881
History
After Robert Kennedyrsquos death in June 1968 a divided Demo-cratic convention met in Chicago Chicago mayor RichardDaley had barbed wire set up at the convention hall to keepout antiwar protesters How did most Americans react tothe violence in Chicago
AJ-881
null
16300436
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define counterculture
deferment dove hawk credibilitygap silent majority
2 Reviewing Facts What did conscien-tious objectors declare
Analyzing Themes3 Continuity and Change What was
the result of the 1968 presidentialelection
Critical Thinking4 Making Inferences How do you
think the credibility gap affectedJohnsonrsquos ability to be an effectivepresident
5 Determining Cause and EffectRe-create the diagram below andexplain why support for war in Viet-nam eroded
Analyzing Visuals6 Picturing History Look at the pho-
tographs on page 879 Write a para-graph to describe what is happening
882 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Research Interview friends andrelatives who lived during the Viet-nam War era to see how people inyour community reacted to theconflict Present an oral report ofyour findings
Support for the war effort falls
these people the ldquosilent majorityrdquo Declaringthat the ldquofirst civil right of every American is tobe free from domestic violencerdquo Nixon prom-ised a return to law and order
Nixon remained vague on his views of Viet-nam He promised that he would achieve ldquopeacewith honorrdquo but he would not provide details of his plan
During the election campaign Nixon sought towin some of the traditionally Democratic South-ern states with the law-and-order issue ThisldquoSouthern strategyrdquo paid off Although Wallacedid take five Southern states and 46 electoralvotes Nixon won seven Southern states and their78 electoral votes
Nixon WinsThe popular vote was close Nixon edged out
Humphrey by about 500000 votesmdasha differenceof less than 1 percent In the electoral vote how-ever Nixon won a solid majoritymdash301 votes toHumphreyrsquos 191
Nixon entered the presidency with the votesof only 434 percent of the people Nixon andWallace together however had won almost 57percent of the vote It seemed that a substantialmajority of Americans wanted the governmentto restore order
Identifying What presidential can-didate provided a strong third-party challenge in 1968
Election of 1968A majority of Americans disapproved of the
police action in Chicago but at the same timestrongly opposed the actions of the protestersThe years of protest and dissent had taken theirtoll and a backlash had set in Most Americansfervently wished for a return to ldquolaw and orderrdquo
The Wallace CandidacyOne presidential candidate who used the ldquolaw
and orderrdquo theme was Governor George C Wal-lace of Alabama Running as a third-party candi-date Wallace promised to crack down onldquolong-hair draft card-burning youthrdquo In addi-tion he criticized efforts to integrate schools bybusing students and ridiculed ldquopointy-headedrdquobureaucrats in Washington for telling people howto run their lives
Wallacersquos tough stand on law and order andhis appeal to racial fears attracted many votersSome political reporters predicted Wallace couldwin as much as 20 percent of the vote
The ldquoSilent MajorityrdquoThe Republican presidential nominee former
vice president Richard M Nixon also tried totap into votersrsquo growing conservative sentimentNixon pledged to represent the ldquoquiet voicerdquo ofthe ldquogreat majority of Americans the non-shouters the nondemonstratorsrdquo He called
AJ-882
null
15109135
CHAPTER XX Chapter Title 883
Building a DatabaseWhy Learn This Skill
Have you ever collected baseball cards orcataloged the CDs in your collection Haveyou ever kept a list of the names andaddresses of your friends and relatives Ifyou have collected information and keptsome sort of list or file then you have cre-ated a database
Learning the SkillAn electronic database is a collection of
facts that are stored in files on the computerThe information is organized in fields
A database can be organized and reorgan-ized in any way that is useful to you By usinga database management system (DBMS)mdashspecial software developed for record keep-ingmdashyou can easily add delete change orupdate information You give commands tothe computer telling it what to do with theinformation and it follows your commandsWhen you want to retrieve information the computersearches through the files finds the information anddisplays it on the screen
Practicing the SkillRichard M Nixon is one of the presidents dis-cussed in this chapter Follow these steps to builda database of the political and cultural events thattook place during his presidency
1 Determine what facts you want to include in yourdatabase
2 Follow instructions in the DBMS you are using toset up fields Then enter each item of data intoits assigned field
3 Determine how you want to organize the facts inthe databasemdashchronologically by the date of theevent or alphabetically by the name of the event
4 Follow the instructions in your computer pro-gram to place the information in order of importance
5 Check that the information in your database isall correct If necessary add delete or changeinformation or fields
Applying the SkillBuilding a Database Bring current newspapersto class Using the steps just described build adatabase of political figures mentioned in thenewspapers Explain to a partner why the databaseis organized the way it is and how it might be usedin this class
TechnologyTechnology
Nixon greets well-wishers at a campaign rally
AJ-883
null
13301286
June 1969Nixon begins to withdrawtroops from Vietnam
April 1970Nixon sends troops to Cambodia
May 1970Six students killed at KentState and Jackson State
January 1973Paris peace accords end USinvolvement in Vietnam
Main IdeaPresident Nixon put a plan in place to train and equip South Vietnamesesoldiers to take the place of Americantroops
Key TermsVietnamization martial law MIAs
Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section re-create the diagrambelow and identify three strategiesNixon used to end the war
Read to Learnbull what steps Nixon took to end the
war in Vietnambull what the costs of the Vietnam War
were
Section ThemeContinuity and Change PresidentNixon changed the strategy of theconflict that included intense bombingand Vietnamization
Nixon and Vietnam
President Nixonrsquos inauguration in January 1969 took place on a cold gloomy dayHundreds of demonstrators chanting antiwar slogans and holding anti-Nixon postersstood along Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington DC At one point Nixonrsquos limousinewas pelted with sticks stones and bottles Offended by this behavior World War II veterans shouted at the demonstrators labeling the protesters ldquocommunistsrdquo and ldquotraitorsrdquo This marked the first time an inaugural parade was disrupted in the 180years of the presidency
A New StrategyIn his Inaugural Address in January 1969 Richard M Nixon appealed to the
American people for calm
ldquoWe cannot learn from one another until we stop shouting at one anothermdashuntilwe speak quietly enough so that our words can be heard as well as our voicesrdquo
Nixon inauguralbutton
884 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Nixon strategies
Preview of Events
Guide to Reading
1968 1970 1972 1974
AJ-884
null
603433
885
Nixon had campaigned on a pledge of ldquopeacewith honorrdquo in Vietnam He wanted to pullAmerican forces out of Vietnam but he did notwant American withdrawal to be seen as a signof defeat Nixonrsquos strategy of peace with honorhad three partsmdashreform of the selective servicesystem giving South Vietnam more responsibil-ity in fighting the war and expanding the bomb-ing campaign
Under President Nixon the selective servicesystem changed College students could no longerobtain draft deferments only 19-year-olds couldbe called for service in Vietnam and drafteeswould be chosen by lottery on the basis of theirbirthday Protests against the draft faded withthese reforms because the government began call-ing up fewer young men and because PresidentNixon promised to eliminate the selective servicein the future
President Nixon started withdrawing Ameri-can troops from Vietnam in June 1969 He didnot however want to abandon South Vietnam tothe Communists By the end of the year Nixonhad developed his plan of Vietnamization andannounced it to the American people Viet-namization called for the army of South Vietnamto take a more active role in fighting the warmdashand for Americans to become less involvedWhile stepping up the training of South Viet-namese soldiers American ground troops wouldgradually withdraw from the country
When Nixon took office in Jan-uary 1969 more than 540000American troops were in Viet-nam By the end of 1970 thenumber had fallen to 334000 andby 1971 to about 60000
In the third part of his Viet-nam policy Nixon expanded thebombing campaign Hoping torelieve pressure on troops inSouth Vietnam the presidentordered the bombing of enemysupply routes and hideouts inneighboring Cambodia andLaos Although the Nixonadministration sought publicityfor changes to the draft and the
withdrawal of troops it kept the bombing ofCambodia secret
Explaining Why did the USexpand its bombing campaign
Renewed Opposition at HomeA new round of antiwar demonstrations
began in late 1969 reflecting the growing senti-ment for ending the war In October more than300000 people took part in an antiwar protest inWashington DC
The government also tried to end the warthrough peace talks with North Vietnam HenryKissinger the presidentrsquos national securityadviser represented the United States in the Paris talks The United States had launchedthe bombing campaign to persuade the NorthVietnamese to agree to settlement terms but theNorth Vietnamese adopted a wait-and-see atti-tude They believed that the strength of the anti-war movement in the United States would forcethe Americans to withdraw
The new antiwar protests and North Vietnamrsquosunyielding attitude alarmed President Nixon Inhis speech on Vietnamization in November heappealed to the ldquosilent majorityrdquo of Americansfor support for his policy ldquoNorth Vietnam cannotdefeat or humiliate the United Statesrdquo he saidldquoOnly Americans can do thatrdquo
Expanding the WarFurther conflict gripped
Southeast Asia when Cam-bodia plunged into a civil warbetween Communist and non-Communist forces Nixondecided in April 1970 to sendAmerican troops to destroyCommunist bases in Cambodia
The attack aroused outragein Congress and elsewhere Bysending American troops toCambodia critics chargedNixon invaded a neutral coun-try and overstepped his consti-tutional authority as president
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
American soldiers on patrol
AJ-885
null
21217162
My Lai massacreMarch 16 1968
Invasion of CambodiaMay 1ndashJune 29 1970
December 1972 Giant B-52 bomberspowered by jet engines were among the
aircraft used to fly more than 2000 missions againstNorth Vietnam in the Christmas bombing It was themost concentrated bombing of the warmdashand in history
Invasion of LaosFeb 8ndashMarch 1971
N
S
EW
200 kilometers0Miller Cylindrical projection
200 miles0
110iexclE100iexclE
20iexclN
17iexclN
10iexclN
Gulf ofTonkin
RedR
Mekong
R
South ChinaSea
MekongDelta
Gulf ofThailand
HO CHI MINH TRAIL
SOUTHVIETNAM
NORTHVIETNAM
CHINA
LAOS
THAILAND
CAMBODIA
BURMA
Saigon
PhnomPenh
Hue
HanoiHaiphong
Dien BienPhu
Can Tho
Ban MeThuot
Pleiku
Chu Lai
Quang TriKhe Sanh
Da Nang
17th ParallelDemilitarized Line
886 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
Throughout the war United States troops and the government ofSouth Vietnam controlled the major cities1 Location Along what line of latitude did the demilita-
rized zone run2 Analyzing Information Through which countries did
the Ho Chi Minh Trail run
Opposition to the War
United States Troops in Vietnam 1965mdash1973
United States in the Vietnam War
Agai
nst U
nite
d St
ates
invo
lvem
ent (
perc
ent)
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
YearSource The Gallup Poll Public Opinion
Source Statistical Abstract of the United States
Num
ber o
f tro
ops (
in th
ousa
nds)
1965
100
200
300
400
500
600
Year1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973
1968 Tet offensive
1969 Firstwithdrawalof US troops
1973 Cease-fire signed
1965 US escalatesinvolvement
Major US andSouth Vietnamesetroop movements
Major NorthVietnamesesupply lines
US bases
The Vietnam War
887
Kent StateThe Cambodian invasion provoked a storm of
antiwar protests on campuses across the nationMost proceeded peacefully However twoprotests ended in tragedy
At a protest at Kent State University in KentOhio students burned a military building oncampus Ohiorsquos governor declared martial lawmdashemergency military rulemdashon the campus andordered 3000 National Guard troops to Kent
On May 4 armed troops arrived on campusEighteen-year-old Leone Keegan a freshmanremembered going to class that morning
ldquoI saw all these young men in uniformsstanding on the street corners with their riflesand I was thinking What is thisrdquo
At noon students gathered for a protest rallyon the campus lawn The National Guard mem-bersmdashyoung inexperienced and nervousmdashtoldthe protesting students to leave ldquoEvacuate thearea You have no right to assemblerdquo theyshouted through bullhorns The studentsshouted back ldquoWe donrsquot want your warrdquo Somestudents threw stones
The troops shot tear gas toward the studentsmany students ran One National Guard unitchased some students between two buildings
Thenmdashfor reasons that are unclearmdashthe troopsopened fire ldquo [T]heyrsquore killing usrdquo screamedone student in disbelief Four students weredead and at least nine more were wounded
Jackson StateViolence flared again on May 15 at the nearly
all-African American college of Jackson State inMississippi Following a night of campus vio-lence two students were shot and killed Wit-nesses charged that the police had recklesslyblasted the residence hall with shotguns Thepolice claimed they were protecting themselvesfrom sniper fire
A wave of student strikes followed thetragedies at Kent State and Jackson State Hun-dreds of colleges and universities suspendedclasses or closed down completely
The president took a hard line The Kent Stateshootings he said ldquoshould remind us onceagain that when dissent turns to violence itinvites tragedyrdquo A commission that investigatedevents at Kent State found that the shootingswere unjustified A majority of Americans how-ever seemed to agree with the president
Identifying Who represented theUnited States in the Paris talks
A stunned woman kneelsbeside the body of a studentkilled at Kent State Whatevent sparked the studentunrest at Kent State
History
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
AJ-887
null
14011887
ldquoPeace Is at HandrdquoMeanwhile the Nixon administration contin-
ued to negotiate with representatives of theNorth Vietnamese government These talksstalled however
In March 1972 the North Vietnameselaunched another major offensive in the SouthBecause the United States had few troops left inVietnam Nixon resumed bombing Nixonordered American planes to bomb targets nearHanoi the capital of North Vietnam He alsoordered the navy to plant mines in North Viet-namese harbors
The president stopped insisting that NorthVietnam remove all its troops from South Vietnam before a full American withdrawalNixon sent Henry Kissinger to negotiate In the fall of 1972mdashjust before the presidentialelection in the United Statesmdashthey reached atentative agreement ldquoPeace is at handrdquoKissinger announced
His statement came too soon The agreementcollapsed because the South Vietnamese presi-dent objected to allowing North Vietnameseforces to remain in South Vietnam
Paris Peace AccordsAfter his reelection Nixon unleashed Ameri-
can airpower against North Vietnam In Decem-ber 1972 the heaviest bombardment of the warfell on North Vietnamrsquos cities provoking out-rage in the United States and abroad
Nixon stood firm and North Vietnamreturned to the peace talks The Americans pres-sured the South Vietnamese to accept the peaceterms On January 27 1973 the negotiatorssigned the peace agreement
The United States agreed to pull its remain-ing troops out of the country The North Viet-namese agreed to return all American prisonersof war While the Paris peace accords endedAmerican involvement in Vietnam they didnot end the conflict
The War EndsThe North Vietnamese never abandoned their
goal of unifying Vietnam under their control Inearly 1975 they launched a final major offensiveThe weakened South Vietnamese army col-lapsed suddenly on all fronts Within a fewweeks North Vietnamese tanks reached the out-skirts of Saigon
888 CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era
The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington DC designedby Maya Lin carries the names of more than 58000 Americanswho died in Vietnam Why do you think this memorialhas such an impact on those who see it
History
AJ-888
null
11995203
As North Vietnamese forces closed in onSaigon the last Americans scrambled to escapethe country some by helicopter from the roof ofthe American embassy Thousands of Viet-namese citizens who had supported or workedfor the Americans also fled to the United StatesMany more could not escape In the early hoursof April 30 1975 Saigon fell to the CommunistsSoon after South Vietnam surrendered Thelong war was over
Analyzing What was the result ofthe Paris peace agreements
Legacy of the WarThe Vietnam War took a staggering toll
of life and suffering More than one million Viet-namesemdashcivilians as well as soldiers on one sideor the othermdashdied between 1965 and the end ofthe conflict Vietnam lay in ruins with many vil-lages destroyed
More than 58000 Americans were dead300000 were wounded many of them perma-nently disabled The United States had pouredmore than $150 billion into the war
About 27 million Americans had served inVietnam Unlike the veterans of World War IIthey found no herorsquos welcome when theyreturned home Many Americans simply wantedto forget the war They paid little attention tothose who had fought and sacrificed in Vietnam
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era 889
June 1969 April 1975
The relatives of theAmerican soldiers whohad been classified asmissing in action or as MIAs continued todemand that the gov-ernment press the Viet-namese for informationThe Vietnamese didallow a number of American groups to searchthe countryside As the years passed howeverthe likelihood of finding anyone alive faded
A Step Toward HealingThe construction of the Vietnam Veterans
Memorial in Washington DC provided a steptoward healing the countryrsquos wounds Designedby Maya Ying Lin the striking memorial is a pol-ished black granite wall in the shape of a privatersquosstripes It bears the names of all the Americanswho died or were missing in action in the conflict
When they visit the wall families friendsand comrades in war seek out the names ofthose who fought in Vietnam and did not returnSince the memorial was dedicated in 1982 visi-tors have left thousands of keepsakes andremembrances there The flowers letterspoems and pictures left at the wall pay a proudand moving tribute to the Americans who diedin the service of their country
Identifying What are MIAs
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 30mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on the Viet-nam War
Expository Writing Imagine youare a reporter during the Vietnamera Research and write a newsstory on an aspect of the war thatyou find interesting Use creativeword choice and expression
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define Vietnamization
martial law MIAs2 Reviewing Facts Why did Nixonrsquos
actions in Cambodia anger manypeople
Analyzing Themes3 Global Connections Explain the
process of Vietnamization Who proposed this plan
Critical Thinking 4 Drawing Conclusions Do you think
Nixon succeeded in attaining ldquopeacewith honorrdquo Explain
5 Sequencing Information Re-createthe time line below and identify keydates and events in the Vietnam Warduring the Nixon presidency
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
on page 886 Where was the demili-tarized zone located
As North Vietnamese forces closed in onSaigon the last Americans scrambled to escapethe country some by helicopter from the roof ofthe American embassy Thousands of Viet-namese citizens who had supported or workedfor the Americans also fled to the United StatesMany more could not escape In the early hoursof April 30 1975 Saigon fell to the CommunistsSoon after South Vietnam surrendered Thelong war was over
Analyzing What was the result ofthe Paris peace agreements
Legacy of the WarThe Vietnam War took a staggering toll
of life and suffering More than one million Viet-namesemdashcivilians as well as soldiers on one sideor the othermdashdied between 1965 and the end ofthe conflict Vietnam lay in ruins with many vil-lages destroyed
More than 58000 Americans were dead300000 were wounded many of them perma-nently disabled The United States had pouredmore than $150 billion into the war
About 27 million Americans had served inVietnam Unlike the veterans of World War IIthey found no herorsquos welcome when theyreturned home Many Americans simply wantedto forget the war They paid little attention tothose who had fought and sacrificed in Vietnam
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era 889
June 1969 April 1975
The relatives of theAmerican soldiers whohad been classified asmissing in action or as MIAs continued todemand that the gov-ernment press the Viet-namese for informationThe Vietnamese didallow a number of American groups to searchthe countryside As the years passed howeverthe likelihood of finding anyone alive faded
A Step Toward HealingThe construction of the Vietnam Veterans
Memorial in Washington DC provided a steptoward healing the countryrsquos wounds Designedby Maya Ying Lin the striking memorial is a pol-ished black granite wall in the shape of a privatersquosstripes It bears the names of all the Americanswho died or were missing in action in the conflict
When they visit the wall families friendsand comrades in war seek out the names ofthose who fought in Vietnam and did not returnSince the memorial was dedicated in 1982 visi-tors have left thousands of keepsakes andremembrances there The flowers letterspoems and pictures left at the wall pay a proudand moving tribute to the Americans who diedin the service of their country
Identifying What are MIAs
HISTORY
Student Web ActivityVisit tajglencoecom andclick on Chapter 30mdashStudent Web Activitiesfor an activity on the Viet-nam War
Expository Writing Imagine youare a reporter during the Vietnamera Research and write a newsstory on an aspect of the war thatyou find interesting Use creativeword choice and expression
Checking for Understanding1 Key Terms Define Vietnamization
martial law MIAs2 Reviewing Facts Why did Nixonrsquos
actions in Cambodia anger manypeople
Analyzing Themes3 Global Connections Explain the
process of Vietnamization Who proposed this plan
Critical Thinking 4 Drawing Conclusions Do you think
Nixon succeeded in attaining ldquopeacewith honorrdquo Explain
5 Sequencing Information Re-createthe time line below and identify keydates and events in the Vietnam Warduring the Nixon presidency
Analyzing Visuals6 Geography Skills Examine the map
on page 886 Where was the demili-tarized zone located
AJ-889
null
15642085
890
Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper use all of the following terms to writesentences relating to the information in the chapter1 flexible response 5 escalate2 hot line 6 deferment3 Vietcong 7 Vietnamization4 domino theory 8 MIAs
Reviewing Key Facts9 Why did the Soviets build the Berlin Wall
10 Why did President Kennedy blockade Cuba11 In what way did the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution extend
President Johnsonrsquos power12 What is Agent Orange13 What was the Tet offensive
Critical Thinking14 Comparing Why do you think most Americans sup-
ported the war effort during World War II but manydid not support the Vietnam War
15 Drawing Conclusions President Johnson made thedecision not to run for reelection in 1968 Determinewhether you believe that President Johnsonrsquos decisionwas a good one or a bad one for the country On adiagram like the one shown write at least three rea-sons to support your decision
Practicing Skills16 Using a Database Prepare a database of the major bat-
tles of the Vietnam War involving United States troopsAt your local library research to find information aboutthe sites of the battles who the commanding officerwas how many American soldiers were killed orwounded at the sites and how many North Vietnamesewere killed or wounded Share your database with therest of your class
The Vietnam Era
Reasons why LBJ should or
should not run
1954 1957bull Geneva Accords divide bull Soviet Union launches
Vietnam Sputnik
1959 1961bull Civil War begins in bull Bay of Pigs invasion fails
Vietnam bull Berlin Wall erected
1962bull Cuban Missile crisis occurs
1963bull John F Kennedy is assassinatedbull Lyndon B Johnson sworn in as president
1964bull Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed
1967bull More than 500000 US troops in Vietnambull War protesters march on Pentagon
1968bull North Korea captures USS Pueblobull North Vietnamese launch Tet offensivebull Dr Martin Luther King Jr is assassinatedbull Robert Kennedy is assassinatedbull Violence erupts at Democratic convention in Chicagobull Richard Nixon wins presidency
1969bull Neil Armstrong walks on the moonbull Nixon begins to withdraw troops from Vietnam
1970bull Nixon sends troops to Cambodiabull Six students killed at Kent State and Jackson State
1973bull Paris peace accords end US involvement in Vietnam
Self-Check QuizVisit The American Journey Web site at tajglencoecom and click on Chapter XXmdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
CHAPTER 30 The Vietnam Era 891
Directions Choose the bestanswer to the following question
What happened in Vietnam after the last Americantroops left
A The process of Vietnamization beganB South Vietnam surrendered to North VietnamC The two sides met at ParisD President Johnson decided not to seek a
second term
Test-Taking Tip
Be aware of the order of events asked about in aquestion This question asks about events in Vietnam
after the United States pulled out Choice A isan event that occurred before the pull out
Standardized Test Practice
Self-Check QuizVisit tajglencoecom and click on Chapter 30mdashSelf-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test
HISTORY
Geography and History ActivityStudy the two maps on this page then answer the questionsthat follow
Striped areas indicatedivided electoral vote
Striped area indicatesdivided electoral vote
17 Region In what regions of the country did Kennedyreceive the strongest support in the 1960 election Inwhich regions was support for Kennedy weakest
18 Region What regions supported Nixon in 1960 In 196819 Region Explain why you agree or disagree with the fol-
lowing The Northeast was Nixonrsquos strongest region in1968
Citizenship Cooperative Activity20 Individual Involvement With two other students
research to find what opportunities exist in your commu-nity for individual involvement on issues For exampledoes your community have a recycling program Find outwhat you might do to assist in these efforts Report yourfindings to the class
Alternative Assessment21 Portfolio Writing Activity United States involvement in
Vietnam officially ended in 1973 What effects of the warare still part of American life Write a paragraph dis-cussing what these effects are
Candidate ElectoralVote
PopularVote
PoliticalParty
301
Democrat
46 Independent
191
Republican31785480
31275 166
9906473
Humphrey
Nixon
Wallace
Candidate ElectoralVote
PopularVote
PoliticalParty
303 Democrat
Independent
Republican
34227096
34107646Nixon
Kennedy
Byrd
219
15 None
The Election of 1968The Election of 1960
- The American JourneymdashIllinois Edition
-
- Illinois Learning Standards for Social Science
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Learn the Standards
- How Does The American Journey Help Me Test My Knowledge of Social Science
- The Illinois Constitution A Summary
- Table of Contents
-
- Previewing Your Textbook
- Scavenger Hunt
- How Do I Study History
- The Structure of Illinois Government
- Constitution Test Practice
- Reading Skills Handbook
-
- Identifying Words and Building Vocabulary
- Reading for a Reason
- Understanding What You Read
- Thinking About Your Reading
- Understanding Text Structure
- Reading for Research
-
- National Geographic Reference Atlas
-
- United States Political
- United States Physical
- United States Territorial Growth
- North America Physical
- North America Political
- Middle East PhysicalPolitical
- World Political
- United States Facts
-
- Geography Handbook
-
- What Is Geography
- How Do I Study Geography
- How Do I Use Maps
- How Does Geography Influence History
- Geographic Dictionary
-
- Be an Active Reader
- Unit 1 Different Worlds Meet Beginnings to 1625
-
- Chapter 1 The First Americans Prehistory to 1492
-
- Section 1 Early Peoples
- Section 2 Cities and Empires
- Section 3 North American Peoples
- Chapter 1 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 2 Exploring the Americas 1400ndash1625
-
- Section 1 A Changing World
- Section 2 Early Exploration
- Section 3 Spain in America
- Section 4 Exploring North America
- Chapter 2 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 2 Colonial Settlement 1587ndash1770
-
- Chapter 3 Colonial America 1587ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Early English Settlements
- Section 2 New England Colonies
- Section 3 Middle Colonies
- Section 4 Southern Colonies
- Chapter 3 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 4 The Colonies Grow 1607ndash1770
-
- Section 1 Life in the Colonies
- Section 2 Government Religion and Culture
- Section 3 France and Britain Clash
- Section 4 The French and Indian War
- Chapter 4 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 3 Creating a Nation 1763ndash1791
-
- Chapter 5 Road to Independence 1763ndash1776
-
- Section 1 Taxation Without Representation
- Section 2 Building Colonial Unity
- Section 3 A Call to Arms
- Section 4 Moving Toward Independence
- The Declaration of Independence
- Chapter 5 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 6 The American Revolution 1776ndash1783
-
- Section 1 The Early Years
- Section 2 The War Continues
- Section 3 The War Moves West and South
- Section 4 The War Is Won
- Chapter 6 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 7 A More Perfect Union 1777ndash1790
-
- Section 1 The Articles of Confederation
- Section 2 Convention and Compromise
- Section 3 A New Plan of Government
- Chapter 7 Assessment and Activities
-
- Civics in Action A Citizenship Handbook
-
- Section 1 The Constitution
- Section 2 The Federal Government
- Section 3 Citizens Rights and Responsibilities
- Handbook Assessment
-
- The Constitution of the United States
-
- Unit 4 The New Republic 1789ndash1825
-
- Chapter 8 A New Nation 1789ndash1800
-
- Section 1 The First President
- Section 2 Early Challenges
- Section 3 The First Political Parties
- Chapter 8 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era 1800ndash1816
-
- Section 1 The Republicans Take Power
- Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase
- Section 3 A Time of Conflict
- Section 4 The War of 1812
- Chapter 9 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 10 Growth and Expansion 1790ndash1825
-
- Section 1 Economic Growth
- Section 2 Westward Bound
- Section 3 Unity and Sectionalism
- Chapter 10 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 5 The Growing Nation 1820ndash1860
-
- Chapter 11 The Jackson Era 1824ndash1845
-
- Section 1 Jacksonian Democracy
- Section 2 Conflicts Over Land
- Section 3 Jackson and the Bank
- Chapter 11 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 12 Manifest Destiny 1818ndash1853
-
- Section 1 The Oregon Country
- Section 2 Independence for Texas
- Section 3 War with Mexico
- Section 4 New Settlers in California and Utah
- Chapter 12 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 13 North and South 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 The Norths Economy
- Section 2 The Norths People
- Section 3 Southern Cotton Kingdom
- Section 4 The Souths People
- Chapter 13 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 14 The Age of Reform 1820ndash1860
-
- Section 1 Social Reform
- Section 2 The Abolitionists
- Section 3 The Womens Movement
- Chapter 14 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 6 Civil War and Reconstruction 1846ndash1896
-
- Chapter 15 Road to Civil War 1820ndash1861
-
- Section 1 Slavery and the West
- Section 2 A Nation Dividing
- Section 3 Challenges to Slavery
- Section 4 Secession and War
- Chapter 15 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861ndash1865
-
- Section 1 The Two Sides
- Section 2 Early Years of the War
- Section 3 A Call for Freedom
- Section 4 Life During the Civil War
- Section 5 The Way to Victory
- Chapter 16 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 17 Reconstruction and Its Aftermath 1865ndash1896
-
- Section 1 Reconstruction Plans
- Section 2 Radicals in Control
- Section 3 The South During Reconstruction
- Section 4 Change in the South
- Chapter 17 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 7 Reshaping the Nation 1858ndash1914
-
- Chapter 18 The Western Frontier 1858ndash1896
-
- Section 1 The Mining Booms
- Section 2 Ranchers and Farmers
- Section 3 Native American Struggles
- Section 4 Farmers in Protest
- Chapter 18 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 19 The Growth of Industry 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 Railroads Lead the Way
- Section 2 Inventions
- Section 3 An Age of Big Business
- Section 4 Industrial Workers
- Chapter 19 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 20 Toward an Urban America 1865ndash1914
-
- Section 1 The New Immigrants
- Section 2 Moving to the City
- Section 3 A Changing Culture
- Chapter 20 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 8 Reform Expansion and War 1865ndash1920
-
- Chapter 21 Progressive Reforms 1877ndash1920
-
- Section 1 The Progressive Movement
- Section 2 Women and Progressives
- Section 3 Progressive Presidents
- Section 4 Excluded from Reform
- Chapter 21 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 22 Overseas Expansion 1865ndash1917
-
- Section 1 Expanding Horizons
- Section 2 Imperialism in the Pacific
- Section 3 Spanish-American War
- Section 4 Latin American Policies
- Chapter 22 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 23 World War I 1914ndash1919
-
- Section 1 War in Europe
- Section 2 Americas Road to War
- Section 3 Americans Join the Allies
- Section 4 The War at Home
- Section 5 Searching for Peace
- Chapter 23 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 9 Turbulent Decades 1919ndash1945
-
- Chapter 24 The Jazz Age 1919ndash1929
-
- Section 1 Time of Turmoil
- Section 2 Desire for Normalcy
- Section 3 A Booming Economy
- Section 4 The Roaring Twenties
- Chapter 24 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 25 The Depression and FDR 1929ndash1941
-
- Section 1 The Great Depression
- Section 2 Roosevelts New Deal
- Section 3 Life During the Depression
- Section 4 Effects of the New Deal
- Chapter 25 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 26 World War II 1939ndash1945
-
- Section 1 Road to War
- Section 2 War Begins
- Section 3 On the Home Front
- Section 4 War in Europe and Africa
- Section 5 War in the Pacific
- Chapter 26 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 10 Turning Points 1945ndash1975
-
- Chapter 27 The Cold War Era 1945ndash1954
-
- Section 1 Cold War Origins
- Section 2 Postwar Politics
- Section 3 The Korean War
- Section 4 The Red Scare
- Chapter 27 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 28 America in the 1950s 1953ndash1960
-
- Section 1 Eisenhower in the White House
- Section 2 1950s Prosperity
- Section 3 Problems in a Time of Plenty
- Chapter 28 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 29 The Civil Rights Era 1954ndash1973
-
- Section 1 The Civil Rights Movement
- Section 2 Kennedy and Johnson
- Section 3 The Struggle Continues
- Section 4 Other Groups Seek Rights
- Chapter 29 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 30 The Vietnam Era 1960ndash1975
-
- Section 1 Kennedys Foreign Policy
- Section 2 War in Vietnam
- Section 3 The Vietnam Years at Home
- Section 4 Nixon and Vietnam
- Chapter 30 Assessment and Activities
-
- Unit 11 Modern America 1968ndashPresent
-
- Chapter 31 Search for Stability 1968ndash1981
-
- Section 1 Nixons Foreign Policy
- Section 2 Nixon and Watergate
- Section 3 The Carter Presidency
- Chapter 31 Assessment and Activities
-
- Chapter 32 New Challenges 1981ndashPresent
-
- Section 1 The Reagan Presidency
- Section 2 The Bush Presidency
- Section 3 A New Century
- Section 4 The War on Terrorism
- Chapter 32 Assessment and Activities
-
- Appendix
-
- What Is an Appendix and How Do I Use One
- Primary Sources Library
- Presidents of the United States
- Documents of American History
- Supreme Court Case Summaries
- Gazetteer
- Glossary
- Spanish Glossary
- Index
- Acknowledgements and Photo Credits
-
- Feature Contents
-
- Primary Sources Library
- Documents of Americas Heritage
- More Abouthellip
- What Life Was Likehellip
- National Geographic Geography amp History
- Americas Literature
- Two Viewpoints
- Technology and History
- Linking Past amp Present
- What Ifhellip
- Hands-On History Lab Activity
- TIME Notebook
- Why It Matters
- Causes and Effects
- SkillBuilder
-
- Critical Thinking
- Social Studies
- Study amp Writing
- Technology
-
- People In History
- Fact Fiction Folklore
- Primary Source Quotes
- Charts amp Graphs
- Maps