the versatility of carbon-the building blocks of life! ap biology: organic compounds
TRANSCRIPT
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THE VERSATILITY OF CARBON-THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF LIFE!
AP Biology: Organic Compounds
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Why Carbon Compounds? (Why not another element?
Bonding Properties4 Covalent BondsEndless possibilities!
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Living Organisms and Carbon
All life is built on Carbon
75% Water25% Carbon
compounds!Four Types:--Carbohydrates--Lipids--Proteins--Nucleic Acids
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Hydrocarbons
These are examples of hydrocarbons.
-Hydrophobic-Stable-Very little attraction between molecules-Mostly gases at normal temperatures and pressures
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Hydrocarbons Can Grow
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Isomers
Molecules with the same elements, but with different physical structures
They have different chemical properties and can affect living systems in different ways.
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Form Affects Function
Structural differences create important functional significance
Example: medicines
L-version active but not D-version
sometimes withtragic results…
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Form Affects Function
Thalidomide prescribed to pregnant women in 50s &
60s reduced morning sickness, but… stereoisomer caused severe birth defects
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Functional Groups of Carbon Compounds
Parts of organic molecules that are involved in chemical reactions give organic
molecules distinctive properties
n hydroxyln aminon carbonyl n carboxyln sulfhydryln phosphaten methyl
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Effects of Different Functional Groups
Basic structure of male & female hormones is identical attachment of different functional groups
interacts with different targets in the body—produces different effects!
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Hydroxyl Group
-OHOrganic compounds with OH groups are
called alcoholsNames typically end in “ol” (example:
ethanol)
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Amino Group
-NH2Carbon compounds attached to NH2 are
called amines--NH2 acts as a base and can easily pick up
H+ ionsFound in amino acids
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Carbonyl Group
Carbon double-bonded to oxygenMay be in the middle or at the end of the
carbon chain
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Carboxyl Group
Carbon is double-bonded to oxygen and single-bonded to a hydroxyl (OH) group.
Compounds with a Carboxyl group (COOH) are acids.
Examples: Amino Acids, Fatty Acids
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Sulfhydryl Group
-SHCarbon compound is bonded to a sulfur-
hydrogen group. Compounds with sulfhydryl groups are called
thiols.Sulfhydryl groups stabilize protein molecules.
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Phosphate Group
-PO4Lots of oxygen=lots of negative charge!
(Why?)Highly reactive groupTransfers energy between organic molecules
(ex: ATP)
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Methyl Group
CH3May be attached to any carbon on a
compound.