the ukrainian weekly 1935-26

8/14/2019 The Ukrainian Weekly 1935-26

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Supplement to the SVOBODA, Ukrainian Daily

FubuVied by the Junior Department of the Ukrainian National AssoclaUon.N o . 26 Jersey City, N. J., Friday, June 28, 1936HONORING OUR HIGH SCHOOLAND COLLEGE GRADUATES

The Ukrainian Weekly has received thus far quite a numberof names of young American-Ukrainians graduating this yearfrom high schools and colleges.Vet we are sure that these namesrepresent but a email fraction ofall our gradu ates this ' year.Accordingly we appeal once moreto a|l of our public spirited youngpeople to take upon themselvesthe task of compiling a list ofnames and other necessary dataof al l young American-Ukrainiansgraduating this year in theirlocality. It is our intention tomake this year's list as completeas possible, and this cannot bedone without the proper cooperation of our reader s. Besides thelist of graduates we shall alsopublish a list of those who helpedto make the graduate list com-*plete. Graduates themselves areespecially invited to send in thedata about themselves. Do not-put this matter off any longer,but take care of it now.The following data is required:High Schools: (1) Name of graduate (2) Address, town and state(3) Nam e of school, town and sta te(4) Type of course (5) Honors received, if any (6) Intend studyingfurther, and if so, along whatline? (7) Name and address ofperson sending information..College or Universi ty: - (1 )Name (2) Address, town and etate(3) College or graduate school(4) Degree received (5) Honorsand hon orary societies, if any (6 )Studying further, and if so alongwha t line? (7) Name and addressof person sending information.LAW GRADUATE WINS HIGHHONORS

Miss Anna Chopek, American-Ukrainian, of 117 Greenfield Rd.Mattapan, Mass., graduated thismonth from Portia Law School,Boston, Mass, with a degree ofL L . B. mag na cum laude. She hadan average of over 90 duringthe four years of Evening Study.. Misa Chopek also won "The Lifeof John Marshall" in four volumes,for having attained the highestaverage in both the day and evening divisions in the course onConsti tutional Law. She intendsto take her bar exams in December, and also continue herstudies for a Master's Degree next- Fall.

Portia Law School from whichMiss Chopek graduated is theonly law school in the United.States granting LL.B degrees towomen only.GET YOUR COPY OF "SPIRITOF UKRAINE" NOW

Vacation time offers splendid'opportunities to brush up on one'sknowledge of our Ukrainian background . A fine aid to this is the -compact, at tractively i l lustrated,Invaluable book in English "Spiritof "Ukra ine," recen tly published by-the "Obyednanye" (Price $1.00).Send far your copy now to theSvoboda, P. O. Box 346, Jersey-City, N. J.(Today's Ukrainian Weekly is . .

concluded in the Svoboda).

Y O U N G A N D O L D , H A N D I N H A N DA complaint has been heard th at the Ukra inianWeekly is too much under the influence of the older generation. "The Ukrainian Weekly is an organ dedicatedto the American-Ukrainian youth," runs the complaint,"and should, therefore, mirror on its pages only the lifeand views of the youth."At first glance this argument seems quite plausible.Here'a a budding youth organ and already the elders aretrying to make use of it to mold the youth to their wayof th inking! Imagine the ner ve ! . . .Yet the matter is not quite so simple as tha t . Ho st

certainly the Ukrainian Weekly is a you th.org an. Yetby no means should it be confused with some high schoolor college studen t publication. The Ukraiaia n Weekly hi: even different from those youth publications that ireoutside the high school or college sph ere. Its aim s andgoal put it in a class by itself.When the idea of publishing an organ for American^Ukrainian youth as a supplement to the Svoboda was firstconceived, one of the first questions to be considered was wh at will be the aim s pf th is proposed y out h -publication? It was then realized that one of the main tas ksof this youth organ, which subsequently became the U-krainian ^Weekly, would be to tran sm it to its .reade rs a t .least a rudimen tary knowledge of their Ukra inian - background; for it was readily perceived that without thisknowledge it would be practically impossible to bringabou t even a semblance of unity among; our youn gpeople.It mu st be remembered, however, tha t th is decision,that the Ukrainian Weekly was to devote itself consider-,ably towards disseminating knowledge among our.youthof their background, was not laid down arbitrarily before the youth with a "take i t or leave i t" air . ; On the:contrary, the youth themselves demanded this Of theUkrainian Weekly even before it had appeared; as canreadily be perceived by glancing throug h the back issues -of the Svoboda. In response to their demand the Uk rainian Weekly appeared, based upon what they wanted. :After the policy of the Ukrainian Weekly had been

laid down concretely, a very important question arose.Who from the youth was to expound and interpret U-krainian life and ideals on the pages of the Ukrainian.Weekly? Was there any one such person? Wa s the rea human encyclopaedia among us that would accuratelyand ably inform our youth all that it needed to knowabout itself and its backgrou nd? A careful search produced no such prodigy of prodigies. For th at ma tter J twas found even impossible to discover am ong the younger. gene ration any one w ho could be considered a first. class authority on things pertaining to U kra ine / Yet jthiswas nothing strange. Where and how, in the past, coulda young Am erican-Ukrainian obtain su ch an autho r tivegras p,of the subject. One would have to devote-.,* gr ea tdeal of his life to.intensive study before such masterycould be secured; and such study was impossible thenoutside the borders of Ukra ine. It is only today, withthe arisal pf better cultural conditions among us here jnAmerica, that it is possible for a well educated and ambitious young American-Ukrainian to become ah-autbor-ity on Ukra inian a; b ut only after year s and" yea rs ofhard work and study. " - r' ''.'.Therefore, it was impossible to give the UkrainianWeekly entirely into the hands of youth outright. ..Accordingly, it was decided to use from the younger generation-som e promising person who, un de r.th e guidance -of the older members of the Editorial Committee (whohad been.;raised and educated in the old country) andwith th e aid of talented con tribu tors from lulftngl; theAmerican-Ukrainian youth, Would be able to expound and .interpret to them their Ukrainian background and ideals. [t h i s , then,,is the:extent of this "balefu^jfaiflu^nce Iof th e older generation; Is it not really necessary ~

m m ff l B OO K S AN D P R E S S"DEMOCRACY?! JW TH E SOV IETUNION

Stating that the dictatorship inthe Soviet Union la graduallygiving way to a really democraticform of government and thatequal r ights are provided in theSoviet Union for all those whohave the r ight to vote, AlexanderTroyanovsky, Soviet Ambassadorto United States, addressing theChicago Bar Association lastWednesday, added: -"I w on' t conceal the fac t; that"there are st i l l some who cannotvote ."Net doubt, by. the word "someMr. Troyanovsky waa. al luding tothe 90% of the entire population-which does, no t belong to the ruling Communist Party and which.. therefore is . not p ermitted to v ote;

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;iTHE PROTOCOLS OF THE- ELD ERS O F ZION" T h e . Manchester Guardian" reports t hat I t became, evident at 'the trial before the Court ofBerne, in Switzerland, that theso-called "Protocols of the Elders

of Zlon" a re based on" a polemical,pamphlet w rit ten long before > first Zionist Congress, which Ws'alleged to have drawn them, thst-the pamphlet was aimed bt ^ ._ dic ta torsh ip of Napoleon , t tn f l' t h a t . i t had been published7 at -the"instigation of the Tsarist secret 'i- police to. . ju s t i^ the ' 'Ukra ine 'p og ro m s o f 1 90 5.

ANOTHER "GREAT .tlAN?iZ FOR UKRAINE

It is reported from Moscow thatra new textile plant, with 200,000spindles, will be built in the city',of Kherson , in Ukra ine. It Is oneof the textile "giants" planned-fior,the second Five-year Plan. I t willmake mostly cotton fabrics. -Will the factory in Ukraine usethe raw products of other countries under bolaKevfate control^with a view of tying up Ukraine.,with those countries?

ADVERTISE UKRA1NL1N.... aIt is cabled' from M oscow th atthe Russian government expects^b u m p e r h a r v e s t t h i s y e a r .Lest i t should be supposed thatthe Ukrainians are going to. befed better i t is added, "Resistance to collective farming is stilloccuring, altho ugh -Jess than : vex\ before, according bo rep orts from .Ukra tae ." *- 0


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U K R A I N I A N W E E K L Y . F R I D A Y , J U N E 2 8 , 1 0 3 5 N o . 2 6

- Second Generation Problems* ft

- ^ d i s ti n ct ly "s ec on d g en -Uiieration" problem is the experience^common to a large proportion off tbe children of immigrants, nomatter what their descent, of beTt-ing made conscious of a difference,.jpbitherto not realized. Several of^the, speakers spo ke on th is point. - young Italian, for, instance,' in dic a t e d b r ie fly ^ ^ f'tta ^dismay when he flpat^jjeard^Mmeelf-called-S'hall.

hrTn fSeveral months ago the Con-^rxerence on .Immigration Po licy 1held'a meeting at which a numberMbfc^young people, the children of.. imm igrants, discussed w ith ad- s in ce ri ty th e p ro bl em s of;^fche "second generation." Th espeakers were of Greek, Italian,1 Jewish, Norwegian, Russian andU krainian descent ?%43 g ^ T h e discussion at the meeting . question would seem to indicateg that In spite of diversity of racial. backgrounds the problems or difficulties which the children-of im-ft migrants encounter are surprising-V similar; for that matter) a fewof them do not differ.fro m those of children of longAm erican-ancestry. That is forinstance true in regard to the con.-.fffasfc:with paren tal au thority -^ a..} jf:pmh"t o n r which several of ther__'speakers- touched. Mo st of j>ur.',-immigrants come from communi-gitiee whi ch Tâmily,.ând grou pIjbondjare f irmer tmw fhere and\yM consequence ythey" undoubtedly> e xp ec t .-more- unquestioning obedi-.yience and filial devotion than does'JE-the American parent. Fuhdamen-j^tally, however, the conflictvis the[rWell kpown^pne between the olderîi.-and younger generation. . - 4

his speech was largely a tributeto "the glory that was Greece,"and several of the other speakers,though to a less extent, had donelikewise. Or they, m ay try to endthe conflict by . breaking awayfrom their homes and, repudiatingtheir background, align themselvesWith the dominant group. Neithe rway of escape, as Dr. Burling ofthe Chicago Institute for JuvenileResearch; has pointed o ut,- is asatisfactory solution. Culturalprogress, he claims, has always'been rapid in situations where cultures confronted each other. Thecontribution which the different^ . racial strains might make to ourof long ^">riposlte culture," he says, "Isconsiderably minimized by theeagerness witt which the second & ^ 9?^ off th e' oldW orl d' patterns'"Without criticalevalua tion. It 4e>desirable for na-4ton atlfr" well as Individual healthth^rcfore^that the* children of 1m--jjadgrant parent ^be helped to as similate -the two^culture patterns;rath er than to* reject and sup-: press What their parents can' give .'*'"" It Is interesting to notethati **^.' shown...below, this ' thought found expression in several, of tbe sp eeches ma de before theConference on Immigration Policy.In what follows, the representatives of the foreign nationality groups interpret the abovementioned and other problems ofthe second generation in the light

of their .own experiences.

wop" Sj^j&Verease"A pecu liarly poignan.'Case[Sbf that sort is one ^ re-. reentry by a young Chinese-g irl:J *The first realization that I- wa s:|!different came to me When, as a;/;child in school, I had/to stand in;; ffront of a classroom . while aff i teacher pointed out, on m e, all th e^characteristics, of a Chinese, sincefiwe were at that point studying[-about China. There were the slantâlm ond eyes, the black hair iSi'coante and. straight, you notice,i^'don't you, class?'the nose that'was practically no nose, the high"cheek bones (which my classmates"i", wished to .feel) and the generalIgibland look." ^

Unfo rtuna tely. a considerable'^proportion of- Imm igrant pa tent s, *?are unable to. counteract- the sense>;of inferiority induced by. incidents-ff: like t he ab ove. Many- of thejUfparents "areûneducated 4and in-'fiiarticulate . and unable to share | w ith their children that know ledgei?of their European background-t*and pride in their heritage whichf$Jthey themselves . cherish. The-;V;.children, though born here, quite^ /often feel themselves'" outsiders, .spiritually homeless. The poverty[i'of their homes and environment.and the; lowly statu s "of their . parents .in the comm unity deepen .sense of înferiority. They,may seek to escape from theirinsecurity and sense of inadequacy in various ways; they may,for instance, indentify themselveswith, their parents' group andadopt their causes. The youngGreek had followed that path;

!T he ' Conference oa ImmigrationPolicy, established In 1922, Is NewYork organization composed of persons Interested In immigration andnaturalization questions and other. .matters pertaining to the forelgn-Jborn.That is, of tbe American born-c hi ldr en of foreign born 'parents.

FROM", THE UKRA INIAN POINTOFljVTEWBy Stephen Shumeyko

Before going Int o my little talkon som e of the? outstanding problems of the adjustment of American yo"Uth of Ukrainian descent toAmerican life, I wish to give youmy conception of the meaning ofthis American life.To me, the problem of American youth, of foreign parentage inadjusting itself to American lifeis not that of outsiders strivingto get within the portals of someexclusive precincts that are -posed to represent'American life,but rather the problem is thatof the youth of foreign parentageseeking means of cooperating withalt tbe varied nationalities, fromthe Anglo-Saxon down to theSlavs, that compose America, andtogether helping to build the realAmerican life, and n ot th e incomplete product that it is atpresent. The process of buildingthe real America, of course, willnot be confined to the presentgeneration, for it' will take manycenturies before America will beable to realize fully all of itspotentialities. This conception ofthe meaning of the problem ofadjustment it not at all clear to agreat many of the youth of foreign parentage.- Their conception,it- seems, - of adjusting themselvesto American life Is that of strivingto gain what they suppose isequal footing with the predominantAnglo-Saxon element in this country. They are, however, reallychasing after a mirage, and willdiscover this sooner or later.

Bearing the above in mind, wecan now touch, upon some of theproblems or phases in the life ofAmerican yo uth ' of Ukrainiandescent.Generally speaking, the American youth of Ukrainian descentis confronted with the selfsame

problems th ai' confront o theryouth, both o f. the so-called n a- .tive aa well as of foreign descent'-. The re , are, however, certainfeatures o r phases in the- life ofyoung AWrican-Ukrainiaus thatare peculiarly their own, that are.'dot .within the - range of experiences of the youth, of other_ na- .tionalities. Th e two mo st prominent of these are:'. (1) The present American-Ukrainian youth isthe first American-born youngergeneration of Ukrainian descent.Its parents are perhaps the latest!arrivals to America of all immigrations. This fact gives our youtha host of problems that are notcommon to other youth those- of the o lder immigrations. (2) Aperhaps more inte resting phasein the American-Ukrainian youth

life is what migh t be -roughlytermed as "double-loyalty" loyalty to America and loyalty, of adifferent sort, to Ukraine, It isûpon this second phase that I!wish to dwell.The background of the- American-Ukrainian youth is entirelydifferent from that of other youthin. America. They are offspringsof a 40 million nation that has honational freedom, but is under therule of four foreign states, name-'ly: Soviet Russia, which has thelargest slice of Ukrainian territory, known as Greater Ukraine,and Poland,' Rumania and Czechoslovakia. The latter three coun

tries divide up among themselvesthat part generally known asWestern Ukraine, with the newly-resurrected Poland having the!lion's share.\: This fact, the oppression of theland of their parents, arouses afeeling of sympathy among theAmerican-Ukrainian youth and adesire to help free Ukraine. This-feeling is intensified at home bythe parents. The parents of theAmerican Ukrainian youth, beingthe most recent arrivals, have notbeen as thoroughly Americanisedas other immigrants. Althoughthey know that America is theirnew homeland and will be thesame for their descendants, yettheir hearts and minds are acrossthe seas in the land of theirchildhood days, (he land they wereforced to leave "in search of freedom. Consequently it is notstrange that their feelings towards the old country are greatly transmitted to their children,even though their children arethoroughly American. As a result, we bave the rather unusualsight of a body of young people,loyal Americans to the core, yetdeeply âttached to the land fromwhich came their parents U-kraine.

At first t his situation may strikesome as being against the principles of Americanism, but closerexamination of it discloses thatthere is no clash of loyalties here.On the contrary, in the opinionof the young folks, this attachment and loyalty to Ukraine isbut an extension of one of thestrongest principles of Americanlife the right of a people togovern themselves, a principleenunciated over and over againsince the Declaration of Independence and finally embodied in Wilson's famous7 Self-Determinationclause, .which failed so lamentably when time came to apply itto Ukraine.This desire among the American-Ukrainian youth to aid theUkrainian nation gain its free

dom calls out the finest qualities=Jn the youth, for, to serve this: cause is to serve unselfishly, with"no thought of recompense other^than the moral satisfaction of-seeing a people gain their rigbt-"ful freedom . At present, thisservice expresses itself in variousforms; chiefly, however, in becoming better aquain ted wit h the Urkrainian language, song, dance,culture, history, tradition, ' e t c ;for it is believed that' this- fundamental knowledge of their background will make the youth more-useful in their self-appointed taskand also help to acquaint otherpeople with Ukraine's plight.Needless to say, this begetting ofknowledge of Ukrainian life isbeneficial to America too, for itcreates a better and more culturedtype of an American citizen and'.also helps to enrich American culture.Throughout the Ages, Youthhas always inclined to be a Sir' Galahad, a Sir Lancelot, bu t before it can assume this knightlyrole it must have its Shining goal,its Holy Grail, its princess to setfree from the clutches of some evildemon. In the eyes of our American-Ukrainian youth, Ukraine hasthe p rincess to se t free enslavedFreedom; America, apparently, hasnot. This attitude was well expressed recently, when, in answerto a question, a young lady ofUkrainian descent said: "Ukraine

needs me, America does not!" InUkraine she sees an oppressed nation, and is determined to do her bitand help free her; in America shesees no such great and idealisticcause. It seems to follow, therefore, that if Ukraine were a freenation then this American-Ukrainian youth would not be interestedin it so much.Such, briefly, is tbe position ofmany of the American youth ofUkrainian descent at the presenttime: loyal to America, loyal toUkraine. To some this may seeminconsistent, a clash of ideals; tothe American-Ukrainian youth itis most natural. It reasons as

follows: We know we cannot haverights and privileges here in A-merica without duties and responsibilities. We know that A-merica gives us protection, education and opportunities, and thatwe in return owe her our love,obedience, service and loyalty. Weknow that our principal task herein America is not the making ofmoney, but the making of America./ And yet, we cannot forgetthat we are Americans of Ukrainian descent. We cannot forgethow for centuries our Ukrainianforefathers fought and sacrificedtheir lives and fortunes in thecause of an ideal dear to all nations Freedom. From our mindsthe inspiring thought that therewas once a Ukrainian state, self-chartered and self-ruled, can neverbe effaced, and the burning hopethat there will again be one cannever be extinguished. Knowing allof this, and remembering that oneof the greatest of Americans,Woodrow Wilson, himself declaredthat each nation is entitled toself-rule and self-determination,we, American youth of Ukrainiandescent, shall strive to make ourselves worthy and useful citizensof our America and also strive to doour bit towards the realization ofthat centuries old dream thecreation of a free and independent state of Ukraine.

(Foreign language InformationService)


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N o . 2 6 U K R A I N I A N W E E K L Y , T T t lD A Y , J U N E 2 8 , 1 9 3 5A S H O R T H I S T O R Y O F U K R A I N I A N L I T E R A T U R E

By BEV. M. KLNA8H(A free translation by S. S.)VOLODIMm BABVINSKYV olo dim ir B a r v i n s k y ( 1 8 50 :1883), son of a village priest, wasborn in Shlakhtintsi, district ofTarno pol, Galicia (.Western . U-kraine, then under Austria; today

runder Poland). He attended theGymnasium at Tarnopol and thenentered University of Lviw tostudy law. At the. latter place hequickly became one of the manyardent young Ukrainians who under the spell of Taras Shevchen-ko's Kobzar were inaugurating anew deal in Ukrainian nationaland cultural progress. He tookan active part in the founding ofthe journal Pravda and the Pro-svlta Society. Having a talent forwriting he sought by means of Itto help lift the veil of darknessand ignorance that had fallenover the Ukrainian people as a of., .centuries long foreignoppression. 'To-that end he issueda number of pamphlets and booklets. For a time he was the editorof Pravda, and when during thelatter '70's U krainian nationaland cultural movement suffered arelapse, he*'founded, in 1880, the

. | (72)political organ Dllo, which todayis Che oldest and largest Ukrainiannewsp aper in Galicia. Of hisnovels (which he wrote under thepseudonym of "Vasile Barvinok)those which enjoyed .greatest popularity were Skosheny Tswit (Acut flow er) , Sonni MolodohoPitomtsla {Dreams of a youngcleric), end Beztalanne Svatanys(Unlucky courtship).

MIKOLA LYSENKOMikola Lysenko (1842-1012),the greatest.figure that UkrainianMusic has yet. produced, was bornof a Ukrainian family, in thedistrict o f Poltava (Greater U-kraine, under Russ ia). His "fatherwas a commanding officer Of al o ca l ' g a r r i s o n b f C u ir as si er s.Young Lysenko had th us, manyopportunities of listening to the-mii^nry,bi?n,d J'QPffiri'V.whllfh, he lp

ed to '-develop his inborn love formusic. At the University of Kiev,Lysenko,. met many of his yo ungcountrymen and under their in-fluenceijft&eedily became an ardentlover qj f - his -people, their, musicand poetry. He particularly en

joyed listening to the itinerantblind Bandnrtsts and Kobzari(players of the bandur and thekobza, lyre-like instruments) whowent from town to town, .singingtheir doml about Ukraine's ancientglory. .During his vacations hetook trips through the countryside, recording everywhere he wentthe Ukrainian folk-songs he 'heard.Finally he decided that music wasto be his life's calling and adopted'it as such. He went to Russiaproper and then to other foreigncountries as well to study it. In1862 there appeared his first col-'lectio n- of Ukrainian songs. In1874 he composed his first- OperaB lzd vya na N it ch ( C h r i s t m a sNight), which was presented thesame year in Kiev, where it metwith instantaneous success. Fromthence one he labored unceasinglyin the field of Ukrainian music,.collecting, composing and arranging Ukrainian - song s. ;. ancU.often touring the country with hisown chorus. - In this mannerLysenko awakened the Ukrainian,people to a . realization of thebea uty . and value of their n ative -songs and- at ' th e same time"taught foreign peoples to appreciate them as well. Lysenko asa musician and composer hasnever been equalled in the field of

Ukrainian music. He died sud*denly in 1912. ,' \MICHAEL STABITSKY.-'K-'S-(1840rl904)Michael Staritsky, dramatistand writer, is one who gave, theinitiative towards the founding oft h e . first real Ukrainian Theatrein Greater Ukraine. In this latte r >task he had as , his co-founderssuch leading Ukrainian theatrical

figures as the three Tobilevichbrothers, Marko Kropyvnytsky, thefamous Sadowsky, and Maria Zan-kovetska. - Under- the pseudonymof "Hetmanetz" he translated Russian poetry int o. Ukrainian. Hisbest known drama, is N esulidosh('Twafi not fated so ). Am onghis better known plays are Chor-nomortsi (Black Mountain Highlande rs), Oy ne khodi Hrytsu (L . - V isit not) Hrytsu, theVechernitsi festival!), Knrti ta neperekruchuy (Turn but don't overturn), Tslhanka Aza (Gypsy Asa),N it ch pid Iv an a (T he e vebefore the Kupallo festival). Ofthe historical dramas the following are best ; known: BohdanKhmelnytsky, Obloha Boshi (Thesiege of Bushi), Ostannya Nitch(The last night) and Marnsia Bo-_;huslavka, " Staritsky was 8 0 > poet of considerable talent, (To' be contlnn wl)

MARLBOROUGH'S CROWNBy BEDWIN SANDS

JH. ( 2 )(Concluded)The translator begins his Preface ' by remarking: "AlthoughUkraine be-one of the most re

mote Regions of Europe, and theCossackian name very Modern,yet hath that country been oflate the Stage of Glorious Actions,and the inhabitants have acquittedthemselve wtjh^as great valour inMartial Aftjjgxs as any Nationw halsoever^ '"so that this 'other Motives have made meearnest to put this account of itinid'English,-where it cannot beotherwise than acceptable, sincethe Description of a ' countrylittle written of, and the achievements of S daring People mustneeds be grateful to those who.,of all the world, are the mostcurious and , inquisitive, and thegreatest lovers of bold Attemptsand Bravery.. . Nor can this shortTreatise be "Unseasonable, sincemost have their eyes upon thiscountry at present; and it is already feared that the Turks or. Tartars should move their inroadsthis summer into Poland throughUkraine, Scarce 'a Gazette withoutmentioning something of it;* andour preparations in the Westernparts will probably, at the sametime, be ' "accompanied w ith greatattempts upon the most EasternFrontiers of Europe."

If Brown's' assertion that mostEnglish people "have their eyesupon thia-oountry at present" wastrue when he wrote, it came nearto being more emphatically so inthe early, yea rs of the eighteenthcentury- By -this' time Ukraine,which held allied itself with Muscovy against Poland in 1654, ont h e - understanding that-its Inde-

The' London Gazette o{ the period, e c May l5th-Z2nd. 1671."From Adrianople our list letterstell us. that the Grand Vizier hadKlven directions for the speedy marching of 30,000 men towards the Ukraine, at It Is feared, to assist theCossacks under the conduct of Do-roihenko. In their designs againstthe Poles." June t2th- t5th. "FromWrw we hear of a great body ofTartars that were come Into theUkraln." August 7th- t0th. "Warsaw, July 28th> Our last advicesfrom 1fte Ukraine have not a littleStarted us here, which tell us thatthe Tartars and Cossaks are Joinedtogether, with Intention to attacquesome part of this Kingdom." Andother similar passages.

pendence-was to be respected, hadfallen into the power of the Muscovite Czars. Peter the Great,after having been at war withCharles XII bf Sweden for someyears, was anxious to make peacewith that moparch, but only onterms advantageous to himself,namely, on condition of his receiv-.ing a pfHl of -the east side of the" seaboard, w hich at that .-*time belonged to Sweden. He 1hoped to be able to secure anadvantageous peace through the'mediation-' of- Eng land , and withthis end in vieV he sent Matveiev,his Ambassador at The Hague, toLondon, toward the end of theyear 1706, to persuade the BritishGovernment to act the part ofmediator. The great John Churchill,first D uke of M a r l b o r o u g h ,being reputed to sell himself andhis influence to anyone who wouldbribe him heavily enough, Matveiev was further entrusted witha secret offer of a large sum ofmoney if' he could persuade theDuke to use his influence withQueen Anne to support the Csar'swishes.-. Marlborough's Embassyto C harles on behalf bf theEuropean coalition .nd the use hemade of the sums given him byQueen Anne for bribing purposeswere duly-' recorded. Peter presently received, throu gh one of*his diplomatic agents on the Continent, a message from Marlborough to th e effect that he wouldbe willing to help, him if he mighthave a Russian principality -as hisreward. Peter thereupon gave instructions that Marlborough was tobe offered his choice between theprincipalities of Kiev, that-is, U-kraina, Vladimir, and Siberia. Theduchy h e chose- should bring himan annual Income of 50.000 ducats,and he was also offered a rubyof a size unequalled * in Eurone,and the Order of S t. Andrew. Theprincipality of Kiev being equivalent to Ukraina, possession by anEnglish ruler might have beenone m ore .of the many vicissitudesthrough which that country hadpassed. Ukraina has been givenaway SO often th at such an avatar

* "Q v a pen pre," ran an additional margin note In the Emperor'sown hand.

could not have surprised hersons. Eventually there wa s' noneed for-Peter to carry out hisOffer. The Britis h Governmenthad no desire, to see him in possession of an important coast-land, and Marlborough finally informed M atveiev ** that Englandcould no t become the ally ofRussia, for fear that Sweden mightretaliate by allying itself withFrance and Austria against England. Later Matvieiv was arrested for debt in London, "a casewith which students of International law are familiar. A few yearslater, in 1709, C harles andMazeppa, Hetman of the Cossacks,who had allied himself with theSwedish King- against the T sar, -in the hoping of driving but theMuscovite and regaining freedomfrom Ukraine, were defeated byPeter at the battle of Poltava, adefeat which not only gave Russia the desired advantage overSweden, but also dealt a hardblow to all Ukrainian hopes offreedom. The Cossacks mostlyperished or grew timid. Thepeasants had become inured todevastation, the clergy to bickering. Catherines and Alexandersand Nicholas were not kinder thanthe Polish Pans.

Under Kerenski, -Tereschtchenkowas Foreign Minister of Russialong enough to help liberate bismotherland. Lenin did not takethat freedom away but Stalin wasless favorable to national claims.Revolts have been breaking out invarious parts of .Ukraina. Discontent is rife. Starvation is thepunishment for their love offreedom. A different story wouldperhaps have been written had, the great Churchill become Kingof Kiev. Nevertheless, there aremany signs showing that thetwentieth century may witness areturn of Ukraina to the rank ofEuropean nations, not in a Unionof Soviets, but a free government of a free nation, courted foiits wealth, respected for its longdignity in suffering.

An account of this Interestingtransaction is given by the lateTheodor de Martens, the Infallibleauthority on International Law, inhis "Recueil des Traites et des conventions conclus par la Russte ayecles Puissances Etrangeres," ToneU ( x ) , Angleterre, pp U , t4 . If Isalso- mentioned in the "CambridgeModern History Vol- S,' Chapter s x *p . 9S9.

W H E N N A T U R E G O S S I P SThe* breezes are sing ing, "He lqves." 5 ^ ^ | ^ ^The leaves, too, are whis perin g ;p * : . song;-' :*: ?*,The birds in th e trees carol jmer-

'"We have known- it all along ."There's a rose that is wise, and- som e *


4/4

U K R A IN IA N W EEK LY , F R ID A Y , J U N E 2 5 . 1 93 5 N o . 2(3P R O G R E S S I V E

E D U C A T I O N FREEDOM"[Dear Editor," The article "Danger In Extreme s"Which appeired in the latest issueof the UKRAINIAN WEEKLY arousedmy Interest about a subject whichis of great importance progressiveeducation. Many people blindly praiseit; others, prejudiced, scorn andcriticize it; but very few individualsreally know what progressive education Is wh at it means. Because4 of this lack lack of knowing whatprogressive education means I amsubmitting the accompanying article;ami I hope that you will place it inthe UKRAINIAN WEEKLY- so thatothers may be informed before progressive education be condemned entirely.Yes, I am an enthusiast of this.' newer education, but a credulous one.1 have studied the n utte r of progressive education rather thoroughly; have' Witnessed Its application and richrestlts; and, have myself had Severalpportunlties to practice It withchildren.]

What Is Progressive Education?It to not that freedom which tomany people means a release ofone's emotions, and an outlet forStored up energ y. It is not freedom which allows the individual todo just as his wishes dictate. Doyou ask why not have such freedom ? Such freedom cannot bepermitted, for it leads to moreselfishness, and humanity possesses enough . It benefits neitherthe individual nor his associates.For, if one person demand? thathis whims and desires be satisfied,naturally, i t follows that otherswill no t be Considered. If one as serts his leadership and othershave to follow him, the personalityof one is developed at the expenseof the many. And, if each individual should asse rt th at h e' isa leader and claim that his desires be fulfilled, a disagreeablechaos would result, Fo r instance,in the school-room each wouldhaye ideas that would rarely harmonize with anyone else's; .noiseand disorder would prevail; aimless tasks would be pursued; ageneral running about and wasteof energy would ensue; and, allwould leave only nervous, irritable and exhausted children andteac her. Yet, this would be freedom.' Progressive education advocatesand pleads for freedom for children, but this freedom is onewhich is guided by the able teacher. . This freedom allows for thegrowth of the child so that hispersonality to developed in amanner best for himself and forhis, c o mp a ni on s. T h is c o m e sthrough freedom in ] movement,speech, creativeness, and interests.Spontaneity, naturalness, unaffect-edneee, self-expression, unselfcon-sciousness are to be the child'svir tues rather than passiveness,resignation and general acceptance. Though a distinct person,he is to be a respected and accepted member of his society, whocan cooperate with his fellow beings and strive for a common gain.Freedom, however, is only one objective in education.

To center the school about thechild to an important factor, inprogressive education. It to to becentered about him, his needs,and his interests; not about subject ma tter. Educa tion should offerto the child real life experiences.It should give to him, the opportunities to be active physically, intellectually, emotionally, andartisti cally . The pupil to to beequipped with the power to meetnew situations. His whole being

By M. CHERNLWSKY(Translated)( 4 )

to to be, educated. The teache r 'srole , is one in wh ich she guideshim in growth and the attainmentof power. She cannot be & taak>master, but, merely, a wise guidewho hersejf possesses all thosecharacterist ics and powers whichlire to be unfolded and.developed each pnpil thro ugh her.-: aid.The health.of each child must be

CHAPTER SIXAt midnight the prison guardIvan was returning to the prisonfrom the house of the youngwidow Kater ina . . .He was angry and dissatisfied.He had anticipated a night ofpleasure but luck was against him.He had quarreled with Katerina.Perhaps the wind which was blowing all day had brought evilthoug hts to the woman. She hadno friendly word for Ivan tonight.At first, when he came in andwanted to embrace her, she pushed him away and snapped:"Go away! Leave me alone!"W hat could this mean? Couldanyone have taken his place? Hethought of all the men he knewuntil the thought of the policeman Striuk came to his mind. Hehad noticed once that Katerinahad looked at him very tenderly-when he passed her house dressedin his white coat with his swordat his side.

"Yes, it must be Striuk," hedecided, "I shall break his bones!", He sat at K aterina 's table fora while, then rose and said:"Well, if my company is notpleasing to you, I shall leave. En-'joy yourself with the one youexpect.. . While his head to yetin place!"Ivan slammed the door, kickedthe barrel in the hall and wentout."May the devil take you!" hemuttered. "You shall be runningafter me yet!"He walked along the quiet street.The'sky was covered with heavyclouds and the night was as darkas Ivan's soul.As he was approaching theprison, he felt a weakness in hiefeet,- He. yearne d to get to hiebed withou t even undressing . Hewalked over to .the gate andknocked twice."Who goes there?" asked theguard within."A friend," Ivan answered quietly .This was the signal by whichthe guards could leave and return without much noise, for thehigher authorities did not allowthem to leave the prisoat "yardst i te r twi l igh tThe gate opened and Ivan entered."Why. so ear ly?" asked hisfriend."Oh, just a headache," lied Ivan."Has Bassanko re turned?""No, not yet.""Well, I am going in.""Go ahead!"considered by the school and canbe-- attained by having suitableclassrooms which are airy, roomyand informal ; by f ree ing from any strain especially thatwhich is due to academic work;by- arran ging for motor activityin the room in the entire building, and on the- grou nds; and, bydiscovering, checking, and curingmental or physical diseases. 'Thesystem of competitive marking is.looked upon with distrust anddisfavor. No competition to toexist among pupils; only in eachchild for his own particulargro wt h,a nd benefit. Some educators advocate that marks andexaminations be abolished entirely,While others approve of their usefor the sake of guiding eachChild's develop ment. Finally , progressive education is to allow native ability to blossom; is to giveopportunity for creativeness invarious forms; and, iff to placethe school into the hands of the-child. VERA SPIKULA.

I va n g l a n c e d a t t he p ri so nsighed and proceeded towards hisropm.At that moment somethingwhite appeared and vanished inone of the prison windows.Ivan did not pay any attentionto this and entered the building.He was enraged and looked fora cause to give vent to his anger.He felt like returning to Katerina . But, no, tha t shall neverhapp en! He shall teach her alesson! A time will come whenshe will wait at the prison gateand watch for a glimpse of him.Ivan unlocked his door andentered his room.

CHAPTER SEVENThe white spot in the windowwas Kramarchuk's face. He hadnoticed Ivan and whispered to hiscomrades,:"Ivan the guard, has returned!""Let us all go down!" commanded Betman.The five prisoners slipped intothe opening in the oven likebeasts into their holes. The cellremained empty. The wind flewin through the window and roamed abou t. Somewh ere a doghowled mournfully."To the door!" commandedBetman in the room below.They crowded at t he , door, notknowing what to do. But, Betman, the Snail, and the Wolfknew well. Betman leaned againstthe wall near the very door, andso did the Wolf. The Snail stoodnear them. Sedorchenko andKramarchuk knew nothing aboutthe plan, but aleo stood at thedoor. They imagined that as soonas the door would open, theywould flee.The room was dark. Throughthe barred windows the blacicnight looked with gloomy eyes."Be quiet , and st ick together!"whispered Betman. 'Steps were heard in the hall . . .I t w a s h e . . ."Sh-h-!" hissed Betman.A key slipped into the l oc k.. .tu rned on ce . . . twi ce . . . the dooropened and Ivan's figure appearedon the th re shol d . . . He en teredand shut the door. He made onestep, when something gripped histhroat with such a force that thebones crackled. Simultaneously hewas lifted from the ground.Frightened and hurt, Ivan triedto free himeelf, but it was im-possible. He could not br ea th e. . .Red circles swam before hie eyes,hammers pounded in his temples. . .H i s h e a r t w a s b u r s t i n g . . . H i sbody qu iver ed. . . He shook convulsively and lost consciousness." ."A rope," whispered Betmancalmly, like a mother who hadjust put her child to sleep.The Snail released the legs,which were still trembling, andpulled a rope out of his pocket.They put the body upon the floor,slipped the bead into a noose,which they tightened. Then theWolf and the Snail searched theman and took away a silverring, a gift from Ivan's dark-eyed sweetheart , K ater ina . . ."He is . done!'.' mutter ed Betman, stepping over the corpse.Only now did Kramarchuk andSedorchenko understand whathappened. They -tremble d withfear and excitement, but therewas no time. Betma n opened thedoo r. The five men left ther o o m . . ."Be qniet! You deVils!" camethe angry whisper of Betman.His eyes were burning, his hairseemed to have stood up on hishead, and he looked as terribleas Sa tan : himself.

Five shadows tip-toed to theoutside door, and disappeared behind it. The prison was as quietns a cemetery. Near the guard'sroom the song of a cricket wasaud ibl e.. . A night lamp twinkledin the half-lit hall. . .CHAPTER EIGHTThe night-gu ard stood at thegate, dozing and listening to thewhispering leaves of the youngpoplar. It seemed as though asister or a sweetheart of someprisoner had come to this fortress, and, fearing to approach thegate, had stopped at a distanceand was quietly calling him awayfrom this dreadful prison to otherlands, where people are free,where there is happiness andh o p e . . .

At the other end of the yard,stands another guard. The nightis dark and cold. He looks atthe silent prison, and his heavyeyelids slide upon his sleepye y e s . . .In the meantime, five shadowspass from the back door andvanish behind the prison.The guard chases the heavyslumber away, and opens hisey es . . . All i s qu i e t . . . S leepovercomes him once more.. .The shadows are at the highfence, in a place well-hidden fromthe eyes of the guard."The Snail will climb up first,stick the spikes into the fence, andattach the lever," whispers Betman . "Then let the Wolf go, Iwill go after him, after me, Kramarchuk, and finally, Sedorchenko.Be quick!"The Snail climbs to the leader'sshoulders, dragging along thelever, spikes, and the rope, madeof the murdered guard's bed

clothes. He climbs like a cat,holding on to the spikes, whichhe stuck into the fence. The topof the fence is covered with sharpnails. The Snail ties a rope tothem and bends them down oneafter another. Then he attachesthe crowbar, and lets the ropedown.Everything la ready. The Snailclimbs to the very top, where helingers but a moment, then disappears.He I s f ree . . .The rest of the convicts watchhis every move, shaking nervously. What, if he breaks off the ropeor makes some no ise !.. . But, all Is well! He Is gone!.. .Now the Wolf is climbing Upthe rope. He reaches the to p .. .H e I s g o n e . . ."I am going now !" says "Betman.A few mo ments,and he is Onthe o ther s ide of the fence . . .Kramarchuk c l imbs has t i ly . . .he has reached half way...Sedorchenko to to go next. Hewatches every movement of Kramarchuk, holding the rope withtrembling hands.Kram archuk Is feverish with excitement. Freedom is ne ar .. . Hehas reached the top of - the fenceand the free cold wind sweeps overhim.At that moment something fellwith a crash on the other sideof the h igh fence . . .Th e' rope broke under theweight of Betman."Who is there? Ha lt!" comesthe voice of the guard."Stop! Stop!" shouted severalother Voices. They were coming....But Kramarchuk could not stop.He fluhg one leg over the wall,when a light flashed before him,and something hit - him , in btotem ple.. . He raised "his arm s l ikethe winge of a frightened bird,and flew into a black abyss.. , ,T o f r e e d o m . . .Sedorchenko was aught beforebe attempted to limb.-The doo r to freedom .was lockedforevef... V - I t End)

the ukrainian weekly 1935-26

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