the tissue level of organization. tissue –definition – an aggregation of cells in which each...
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The Tissue The Tissue Level of Level of
OrganizationOrganization
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TissueTissue
– Definition – an aggregation of cells in Definition – an aggregation of cells in which each cooperates with all others in which each cooperates with all others in the performance of a given functionthe performance of a given function
– Examples of general functionsExamples of general functions•MovementMovement
•ProtectionProtection
•SupportSupport
•Production of chemicalsProduction of chemicals
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Principal Tissue TypesPrincipal Tissue Types
– EpithelialEpithelial– ConnectiveConnective– MuscularMuscular– NervousNervous
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Epithelial TissueEpithelial Tissue– FunctionsFunctions
•Coverings and liningsCoverings and linings
•Forms glandsForms glands
– CharacteristicsCharacteristics•Closely packed cellsClosely packed cells
•Continuous sheetsContinuous sheets
•Basement membraneBasement membrane
– Classification based on cell shape and layersClassification based on cell shape and layers•SimpleSimple
•StratifiedStratified
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Epithelia and Epithelia and Basement MembranesBasement Membranes
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Epithelia of Coverings Epithelia of Coverings & Linings& Linings
– Simple squamousSimple squamous– Stratified squamousStratified squamous– Simple cuboidalSimple cuboidal– Transitional Transitional – Simple columnarSimple columnar– Pseudostratified columnarPseudostratified columnar
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Simple Squamous Simple Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium
– 1 layer, flat cells1 layer, flat cells•Thin sheetThin sheet
– Highly adapted to diffusion, osmosis, & Highly adapted to diffusion, osmosis, & filtrationfiltration
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Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium
– 2 or more layers2 or more layers•Surface layer is flatSurface layer is flat
•Deep layers are cuboidal or columnarDeep layers are cuboidal or columnar
•Basal cells undergo mitosisBasal cells undergo mitosis
– Function - protectionFunction - protection
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Squamous EpitheliaSquamous Epithelia
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Simple Cuboidal Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumEpithelium
1 layer, cube-shaped cells1 layer, cube-shaped cells
Lines glands and their ductsLines glands and their ducts
Cells function in secretion and absorptionCells function in secretion and absorption
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Transitional EpitheliumTransitional Epithelium
– Similar to stratified squamous Similar to stratified squamous epitheliumepithelium•Surface layer is large, rounded cellsSurface layer is large, rounded cells
– Can be stretchedCan be stretched– Lines hollow structures that expandLines hollow structures that expand– Function – prevents rupture of organFunction – prevents rupture of organ
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Cuboidal and Cuboidal and Transitional EpitheliaTransitional Epithelia
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Simple Columnar Simple Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium
– 1 layer, column-shaped cells1 layer, column-shaped cells– FunctionsFunctions
•ProtectionProtection
•AbsorptionAbsorption
•SecretionSecretion– Goblet cells Goblet cells
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Pseudostratified Pseudostratified EpitheliumEpithelium
– Appear stratified but all cells connect to Appear stratified but all cells connect to the basal laminathe basal lamina
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Columnar EpitheliaColumnar Epithelia
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Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium
– Gland – 1 or more cellsGland – 1 or more cells– Function – secretionFunction – secretion– TypesTypes
•Exocrine – to surface or ducts Exocrine – to surface or ducts
•Endocrine – to bloodEndocrine – to blood
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Connective TissueConnective Tissue
– Most abundant tissueMost abundant tissue– Functions are variedFunctions are varied– CharacteristicsCharacteristics
•Specialized cells, widely scatteredSpecialized cells, widely scattered
•Rich blood supplyRich blood supply
•Much Much extracellularextracellular matrixmatrix– Non-living substance found outside the cellsNon-living substance found outside the cells– Extracellular fibers Extracellular fibers
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Cell Types Found in Cell Types Found in Connective TissueConnective Tissue
– FibroblastsFibroblasts•Secrete the molecules that form the matrixSecrete the molecules that form the matrix
– FibrocytesFibrocytes
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Connective Tissue Connective Tissue FibersFibers
– Collagen fibersCollagen fibers•Most common typeMost common type
•WhiteWhite
•Strong, ropelikeStrong, ropelike
•Form ligaments, tendonsForm ligaments, tendons
– Elastic fibersElastic fibers•YellowYellow
•ThinThin
•StretchStretch– Contain elastinContain elastin
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Types of Connective Types of Connective TissueTissue
– Loose (Areolar) Connective TissueLoose (Areolar) Connective Tissue– Adipose Tissue Adipose Tissue – Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue– CartilageCartilage– Bone Bone – BloodBlood
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Loose Connective Loose Connective TissueTissue
• Fibers not abundant, do Fibers not abundant, do not prevent stretchingnot prevent stretching
• Examples of locationsExamples of locations– Between skin and Between skin and
musclesmuscles– Around digestive tractAround digestive tract– Around blood vesselsAround blood vessels
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Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue
• Similar to loose Similar to loose connective tissueconnective tissue
• Most of the volume is Most of the volume is adipocytesadipocytes
• Provides padding, slows Provides padding, slows heat loss, food reserveheat loss, food reserve
• LocationsLocations– Wherever there is Wherever there is
loose connective tissueloose connective tissue
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Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue
• Lots of collagen fibersLots of collagen fibers
• Examples Examples – TendonsTendons– LigamentsLigaments
• Some has elastic Some has elastic fibersfibers
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CartilageCartilage
– Dense network of collagenous fibers & Dense network of collagenous fibers & elastic fibers in a gel-like substanceelastic fibers in a gel-like substance
– Cells – chondrocytes in lacunaeCells – chondrocytes in lacunae•chondroblastschondroblasts
– Perichondrium – surrounds surface of Perichondrium – surrounds surface of cartilagecartilage
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Hyaline CartilageHyaline Cartilage
• Most commonMost common
• Provides flexibility and Provides flexibility and supportsupport
• LocationsLocations– Ends of bonesEnds of bones– TracheaTrachea– LarynxLarynx– Embryonic skeletonEmbryonic skeleton
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FibrocartilageFibrocartilage
– Visible collagenous fibers with scattered Visible collagenous fibers with scattered chondrocyteschondrocytes
– Provides strength and rigidityProvides strength and rigidity– LocationsLocations
• Intervertebral discsIntervertebral discs
•Symphysis pubisSymphysis pubis
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FibrocartilageFibrocartilage
• Visible collagenous Visible collagenous fibers with scattered fibers with scattered chondrocyteschondrocytes
• Provides strength and Provides strength and rigidityrigidity
• LocationsLocations– Intervertebral discsIntervertebral discs– Symphysis pubisSymphysis pubis
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BoneBone
• Solid matrix Solid matrix
• Cells – Cells – – Osteocytes in lacunaeOsteocytes in lacunae– OsteoblastsOsteoblasts– Osteoclasts Osteoclasts
• Periosteum surrounds Periosteum surrounds surface of bonesurface of bone
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BloodBlood
•FunctionsFunctions– Transport mediumTransport medium– Regulation Regulation – ProtectionProtection
•CompositionComposition– Plasma – fluid Plasma – fluid – Formed elements – cells & cell Formed elements – cells & cell
fragmentsfragments• Red blood cellRed blood cell
• White blood cellWhite blood cell
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A Red Blood CellA Red Blood Cell
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SEM of RBCsSEM of RBCs
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Muscular TissueMuscular Tissue
– Specialized cellsSpecialized cells– Function - contractionFunction - contraction– 3 types3 types
•Skeletal muscleSkeletal muscle
•Cardiac muscleCardiac muscle
•Smooth muscleSmooth muscle
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Skeletal Muscle TissueSkeletal Muscle Tissue
• Connected to bonesConnected to bones
• StriatedStriated
• MultinucleatedMultinucleated
• VoluntaryVoluntary
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Cardiac Muscle TissueCardiac Muscle Tissue
• Found in the heartFound in the heart
• StriationsStriations
• Intercalated discsIntercalated discs
• InvoluntaryInvoluntary
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Smooth Muscle TissueSmooth Muscle Tissue
• Found in walls of Found in walls of
internal organsinternal organs
• NonstriatedNonstriated
• InvoluntaryInvoluntary
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Nervous TissueNervous Tissue
• Specialized cellsSpecialized cells
• Function – conduction Function – conduction of electrical impulsesof electrical impulses
• CellsCells– NeuronsNeurons– NeurogliaNeuroglia