the times they are a- changin. bob dylan 1960s: an era of social change vickie looser
TRANSCRIPT
““The Times they are The Times they are a-changin’.” Bob a-changin’.” Bob
DylanDylan
““The Times they are The Times they are a-changin’.” Bob a-changin’.” Bob
DylanDylan1960s: An Era of Social Change1960s: An Era of Social Change
Vickie LooserVickie Looser
’60s: An Era of Social Change
• Latinos fight for change• Native Americans struggle for equality• African-Americans lead the civil rights
movement• Women’s movement pushes for equality• Rebellious youth embrace counterculture• Counterculture impacts fashion, fine
arts, and social attitudes
Latinos Fight for Change
• Large, diverse group of Spanish-speaking Americans
• 9 million by 1970• Encounter ethnic
prejudice and discrimination in jobs and housing
• Live in segregated barrios or neighborhoods.
• 50% higher rate of poverty and joblessness than whites
empaz.org/marcelo/ images/latinos.JPG
Latinos demand Respect
• Cesar Chavez led United Farm Workers Movement to improve pay and working conditions for farm workers
• “Brown power” movements increase cultural pride
• Bilingual Education of 1968 funds bilingual and cultural heritage programs
• Young Mexicans adopt Chicano as symbol of ethnic pride
• Organize politically
usinfo.state.gov/usa/ civilrights/a0423003.htm www.ufw.org/ cecchronsp.htm
Native Americans Unite• Poorest Americans• Highest
unemployment rate• Health Problems:
tuberculosis, alcoholism
• Termination policies to assimilate fail in 1950s
• Protesters demand reform
www.fcvb.org/ html/npeople.html
African-Americans fight Jim Crow System
• Leaders in the Civil Rights Movement• 1950s: Fight against segregation • Brown v. Topeka Board of Education
orders segregation in public schools, no longer “separate but equal” doctrine
• Resistance in Southern states: de jure segregation
• 1957 crisis in Little Rock to oppose integration of Central High School
Civil Rights 1950s • 1954: Montgomery
Bus Boycott Begun by Rosa Parks
• Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. helped to lead the Montgomery movement
www.africanamericans.com/IHaveADream.htm
Civil Rights 1960s• 1960 Sit-ins at
segregated lunch counters
• Freedom riders attacked in Anniston, Alabama
• Integration of college campuses
• Birmingham’s Children’s Crusades for racial justice
• President Kennedy uses federal troops to force desegregation of U of AL
• Medgar Evars killed in Mississippieducation.ua.edu/civilrights/
tuscaloosa/album.html
“I Have a Dream”• 1963 March on Washington• King’s speech appealed for peace and
racial harmony• President Kennedy assassinated,
President Johnson endorsed Civil Rights Bill
• Civil Rights Act of 1964 prevented discrimination to all areas of public accommodations
Freedom Summer, 1964
• SNCC organized voter registration project
• Selma-to-Montgomery march to promote voting rights movement
• Voting Rights Act of 1965 eliminated the literacy test
www.southernregion.fs.fed.us/.../info-mac-projects.htm
Changes in the Civil Rights Movement
• Northern de facto segregation resulted in urban violence
• Race riots in Harlem, Watts• Demands for economic equality of
opportunity in jobs, housing, and education
• LBJ promotes his War on Poverty to establish his Great Society Program
New Voices in Civil Rights
• Malcolm X and Black Muslims promote Black Pride
• “Ballots or bullets” became new slogan
• Broke with Nation of Islam and Elijah Muhammad
• Preached black superiority and separation from whites
• Assassinated in 1965 www.krref.krefeld.schulen.net/referate/englisch/r0439t00.htm
Radicalism in Civil Rights
• Black Panthers organized in 1966 to fight police brutality
• Advocated taking control of communities in which Blacks lived, full employment, and decent housing
• Adopted Mao Zedong’s slogan “Power flows out of the barrel of a gun”
• Feared by whites who objected to revolutionary rhetoric
www.congregationofcoolkids.com/greenlantern.htm
1968: Turning Point in Civil Rights
• Martin Luther King, Jr. assassinated in Memphis in April
• Urban rioting in major cities• Kerner Commission stated major cause
of urban rioting to be white racism• Civil Rights Act of 1968 banned
discrimination in housing
Civil Rights Gains by 1970
• 24th Amendment banned Poll Tax• African-Americans expressed greater pride in
their racial identity• More African Americans in movies, television
shows, and commercials• 2/3 of African Americans registered to vote• Increase in African Americans holding elected
office• Affirmative action programs promoted hiring
of groups who suffered discrimination in the past
Women Fight for Equality
• Feminism promoted economic, political, and social equality with men
• 1961 Presidential Commission reported wage discrimination in the workplace
• Women inspired by civil rights and antiwar movements
• Women shared in “consciousness-raising” sessions
www.bol.ucla.edu/~aferrara/Women.htm
The Feminine Mystique• Betty Friedan’s
book exposed discontent of U. S. women
• Women’s Liberation movement achieved political and social gains for women www.ktg-minden.de/msrap2000/
fp60iger.htm
NOW opposed sex discrimination
• Urged creation of more child care facilities and improved educational opportunities for women
• Pressured EEOC to enforce ban on gender discrimination in hiring
• Staged protest at Miss America pageant
• Gloria Steinem founded National Women’s Political Caucus to encourage women to seek political office
• 1972 Ban on gender discrimination in higher educationwww.now.org/cgi-bin/store/
MS-NR.html
Roe v. Wade, 1973• Supreme Court
ruled women had the right to choose an abortion in first three months of pregnancy
• Americans divided over abortion issue
www.ajc.com/living/content/living/special/roewade
Equal Rights Amendment
• Guaranteed “equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of sex.”
• Sparked fierce opposition • Phyllis Schlafly led Stop-ERA campaign• Ratified by 35 states, but needed 38• Failed in ratification movement that
ended in 1982
www.sd4history.com/Unit9/era.htm
Gains by Women’s Movement
• Opened up new opportunities for American women
• Created new opportunities in education, employment, and politics
• Women viewed their jobs as lifetime careers
• “Glass ceiling” recognized as an invisible, but real resistance to promoting women into top positions
www.cvhs.com/tgarrity/.../CR32003/Cacalicr3/page%205.htm
“Tune in, turn on, drop out.”—Timothy Leary
• Youth embrace Counterculture
• Hippies criticize American materialism, technology, and war
• Many chose to protest by leaving society to live in communeswww.stedwards.edu/science/yohanan/.../photographs.html
Age of Aquarius• Desire an idyllic
setting of peace, love and harmony
• Embrace rock ‘n’ roll music, outrageous clothes, and liberal use of drugs
• Experiment with marijuana and LSD (acid)
www.stewartfamilykeepsakes.com/Photos.html
“Do your own thing.”• Hippies rejected the
establishment by wearing outrageous clothes
• Long hair and beards for men
• Ragged jeans, tie-dyed T-shirts, and surplus military garments
• Beads and Native American ornaments
www.jeffbickford.com/halloween/1998/default.htm
Hippies adopt communal lifestlyes
• Reject conventional home life
• Adopt group living arrangements
• Live together in cooperation and harmony
• Escape to rural communes or crowd together in urban “crash pads”
• Hippie Capital—Haight-Ashbury district in San Francisco www.strangeroad.com/bucyrus/
Haight-Ashbury.htm
Lifestyle turns to violence and disillusioment
• Youths embrace new and different religious experiences• Zen Buddhism offered enlightenment though meditation, self-
contemplaation, and intuition• Spiritual guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi of India influenced many
to embrace transcendental meditation• Communities change to violence and disillusionment• Charles Manson and his “family” kill 5 in Hollywood• Widespread use of drugs led to overdoses, drug dependence,
and mental and physical breakdowns• Rock singer Janis Joplin and guitarist Jimi Hendrix died of drug
overdoses • Hippies ran out of resources to support themselves and turn
to panhandling, welfare, and food stamps
A Changing Culture• Andy Warhol led rise
of pop art• Bright silk-screen
portraits of soup cans, Marilyn Monroe and other icons of mass culture
• New art built around popular culture
www.brinkmann-literatur.de/Pop-Art3.html www.artist-studio-phuket.com/.../pop-andy-warhol-
campbells-soup
New Fashions
• Longer hair, beards, mustaches for men
• Colorful and comfortable clothes for women
• Blue jeans become wardrobe staple for everyone
www.backwardglances.com/groovyGear.htm www.partypants.fsnet.co.uk/
fd_70smale.htm
British Invasion by the Beatles
• Rock ‘n’ roll developed from African-American rhythm and blues music
• Captivated the teenagers of the 1950s but evolved
• Led by the popularity of The Beatles• Inspired numerous other bands
Woodstock Art and Music Fair
• August, 1969 in upstate New York
• Free music festival for 3 days and nights
• 400,000 show up for “Human Be-in”
• Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Joe Cocker, Joan Baez, the Grateful Dead, and Jefferson Airplane appeared on stage
www.sea.fi/esitykset/syksy98/musiikki.html
Changing Social Attitudes
• Sexual Revolution: view sexual behavior and human relationships more casually
• Mass culture openly address former taboo subjects
• Divorce rate doubled• Homosexual organizations openly fight for
equal rights• Hollywood produces more sexually explicit
films results in rating system for movies
Changes spawn conservative backlash
• Casual and permissive social behavior condemned by many
• Counterculture and antiwar movement perceived as promoting lawlessness and chaos
• Conservative backlash helped to elect Richard Nixon
Bibliography• Danzer, Gerald A. et al. The
Americans: Reconstruction through the 20th Century. Dallas: McDougal Little, 1999.
• Pictures retrieved from Google.com/Images
1960s: An era of 1960s: An era of changechange
1960s: An era of 1960s: An era of changechange
Vickie LooserVickie LooserSummer, 2004Summer, 2004