8/3/2019 The Theoretical Foundations of the Traditional Chinese Society in the Late Qing Period (1840-1911) --- Ambuj Tha

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\ca \canua|`mbd Hnqilb|`ni} nh |ca \ubl`|`nibd Mc`ia}a ]nm`a|p `i

|ca Db|a R`ik Wau`nl #23

8/3/2019 The Theoretical Foundations of the Traditional Chinese Society in the Late Qing Period (1840-1911) --- Ambuj Tha

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axndq|`ni nh en|c b }|b|a bil b }nm`a|p bu`}a nq| nh |ca iaal hnu }qux`xbd bil }q}|aibima) \ca

ai|`ua mnimaw| nh |ca }|b|a bil |ca }nm`a|p `} mai|ual unqil nia ai|`|p `)a) obi) Bil }n kna} bi

ndl }bp`ik |cb| in obi `} bi `}dbil qida}} ca mcnn}a} |n d`xa b} b cauo`|) Bdasbilau [ail|2

bukqa} |cb| |ca }nm`a|p `} }cbwal bil nukbi`}al ep }cbual qilau}|bil`ik} nh |ca {nudl bonik

`il`x`lqbd}) \ca ]nm`bd Mni}|uqm|`x`}|} }aa }nm`bd d`ha b} oqmc onua nwai/ailal$ lawail`ik

qwni cn{ bm|nu} ead`ah} bil aswam|b|`ni} benq| |cao}adxa} bil n|cau} axndxa) \cap cndl |cb|

bdd `i}|`|q|`ni}$ `imdql`ik |ca }|b|a$ bua }nm`bddp mni}|uqm|al$ `i |ca }ai}a |cb| |cap uahdam| bi

`i|au/}qejam|`xa mni}ai}q} nh }cbual ead`ah} benq| wnd`|`mbd wubm|`ma$ bmmaw|beda }nm`bd

eacbx`nqu$ bil xbdqa}) [c`da la}mu`e`ik |ca ib|qua nh `owau`bd Mc`ia}a }|b|a bil }nm`a|p$ nia

mbi bd{bp} cndl |cb| }qmc x`a{} bua 20|c

bil 57|c

mai|qup Aqunwabi wcainoaib bil

`ibwwd`mbeda |n |ca hnuoau) Eq|$ `i op wau}nibd nw`i`ni$ |ca`u nw`i`ni} mbi cndl |uqa hnu |ca

Mc`ia}a mni|as| |nn) Hnu$ |caua bd{bp} as`}|} |ca iama}}`|p nh }nm`bd bil wnd`|`mbd `i}|`|q|`ni}

|n nukbi`}a cqobi ea`ik} {`|c`i b mnowuacai}`xa huboa{nuf |n kaiaub|a obs`oqo eaiah`|})

\ca rqa}|`ni} nh onubd`|p$ xbdqa} bil ead`ah} mnoa oqmc db|au {cai |ca }nm`a|p bil |ca }|b|a

}|bu| |n axndxa bil ob|qua) \cauahnua$ |ca ]`in/mai|u`m {nudl x`a{$ asaowd`h`al ep |ca

mnimaw| nh |ca O`llda F`iklno #Zcnikkqn5)$ eb}al qwni Mnihqm`bi wu`im`wda} {b} bd}n

}qmc b obi`ha}|b|`ni nh cqobi |cnqkc| bil iaal}$ bdea`| mni|as|qbd `i ib|qua)

Nxau |ca mai|qu`a} b kuab| obip wanwda {cn {aua nu`k`ibddp in| Mc`ia}a cbxa eaai

b}}`o`db|al `i|n |ca Mc`ia}a }nm`a|p |cunqkc b wunma}} nh aswbi}`ni bil mni}nd`lb|`ni nh uqda

nxau bi aow`ua$ {cn}a uqdau} mni}`laual `| |n ea |ca mai|ua nh |ca m`x`d`}al {nudl) ]noa ini/Mc`ia}a wanwda d`fa |ca Oniknd} #Pqbi lpib}|p bil Obimcq} #R`ik lpib}|p mnirqaual |ca

O`llda F`iklno$ mboa |n ea `|} ia{ uqdau} bil nh|ai blnw|al Mc`ia}a {bp} nh d`ha)

[cauab}$ |ca wanwda `i |ca {a}|aui wbu|} nh |ca Wanwda} Uawqed`m nh Mc`ib {aua |uab|al b}

|u`eq|bup }qejam|}$ bil on}| nh |cao #Q`kcqu}$ \`ea|bi} a|m) hnuo |ca ib|`nibd o`inu`|`a}

|nlbp) \ca objnu`|p nh |ca wnwqdb|`ni cbxa eaai |ca Cbi wanwda) \cap n{a |ca`u nu`k`i} |n

|ca Cbi lpib}|p #578 EMBL 557 {c`mc {b} mni}`laual |ca wun|n|pwa hnu bdd db|au Mc`ia}a

lpib}|`a}) ]n |cnunqkcdp l`l |ca Cbi lpib}|p a}|bed`}c {cb| {b}$ |cauabh|au$ mni}`laual

2]nm`bd Mni}|uqm|`x`}| |c`ifau)

5@i |ca nw`i`ni nh w`niaau`ik Mc`ib }mcndbu} d`fa Inuobi Wu`|mcbul bil Jnci F) Hb`uebif$ ]`inmai|u`}o

uahdam|al |ca wc`dn}nwcp nh b qi`xau}a {`|c`i b qi`xau}a$ {`|c Mc`ib b| |ca mnua bil cau xb}}bd }|b|a} b| |ca

wau`wcaup) \ca uqdau {b} b qi`xau}bd aowaunu bil |ca ]ni nh Cabxai #|`ai/|zq) {cn mni|unddal bdd dbil}

qilau Cabxai #|`ai/c}`b)) \ca Mc`ia}a cbl |ca mnimaw| nh }|b|a #kqn) huno |ca abud`a}| }|bka nh |ca`u

m`x`d`zb|`ni bil |ca abud`a}| {u`||ai ax`laima `} hnqil `i |ca Nubmda ]mu`w|} nh |ca Bi/pbik m`x`d`zb|`ni$

mnuua}wnil`ik |n |ca P`i wau`nl #2

8/3/2019 The Theoretical Foundations of the Traditional Chinese Society in the Late Qing Period (1840-1911) --- Ambuj Tha

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Mc`ia}a mqd|qua |cb| |ca Mc`ia}a {nul lain|`ik }noania {cn `} Mc`ia}a oabi} b obi nh

Cbi) Ai|up `i|n Cbi }nm`a|p cb} in| laobilal uad`k`nq} mnixau}`ni nu hnuobd `i`|`b|`ni) @|

cb} lawailal ni |ca mnoobil nxau |ca Mc`ia}a {u`||ai dbikqbka bil blcauaima |n Mc`ia}a

xbdqa} bil mq}|no}) Cbi a|ci`m qi`|p `} |ca ua}qd| nh |{n bim`ai| bil mqd|qubddp mai|ubd

Mc`ia}a `i}|`|q|`ni}$ nia nh {c`mc `} |ca Mc`ia}a {u`||ai dbikqbka$ bil |ca n|cau ea`ik |ca

mai|ubd`zal `owau`bd }|b|a) Mc`ia}a `} {u`||ai {`|c `lankubwc} #nu mcbubm|au} |cb| uawua}ai|

oabi`ik} ub|cau |cbi }nqil}$ bil }n {u`||ai Mc`ia}a lna} in| uahdam| |ca }waamc nh `|} bq|cnu)

\cauahnua$ |ca }mu`w| mbi ea uabl bdd nxau Mc`ib `uua}wam|`xa nh |ca dnmbd l`bdam|}) Bil$ |cq}$

dnmbd dbikqbka} cbxa in| eamnoa b hnmq} hnu uak`nibd }adh/mni}m`nq}ia}} bil ib|`nibd`}o

bonik |ca Cbi wanwda) Ni |ca n|cau cbil$ bd|cnqkc |ca `owau`bd knxauioai| iaxau l`uam|dp

mni|unddal |ca x`ddbka}$ `| l`l cbxa b }|unik `ihdqaima ni wnwqdbu xbdqa} bil mqd|qua) \ca

bxaubka wab}bi| mnqdl in| uabl bil {b} in| hbo`d`bu {`|c |ca la|b`d} nh }|b|a blo`i`}|ub|`ni nu

ib|`nibd kankubwcp$ eq| ca {b} b{bua nh eadnik`ik |n b kunqw nh }qe/mni|`iai|bd }|nmf) Ea`ik

Cbi$ axai hnu `dd`|aub|a wab}bi|} cb} oabi| mni}m`nq} `lai|`h`mb|`ni {`|c b kdnu`nq} c`}|nup

bil b }|b|a nh `ooai}a wunwnu|`ni}) \ubl`|`nibd Mc`ia}a }nm`a|p mbi ea l`}|`ikq`}cal huno

n|cau wua/onlaui m`x`d`zb|`ni} |n |ca as|ai| |cb| |ca }|b|a$ ub|cau |cbi nukbi`zal uad`k`nq}

kunqw} nu a|ci`m }akoai|} nh }nm`a|p$ {b} beda |n bwwunwu`b|a |ca }poend} nh {`}lno$

mnooni knnl bil onubd`|p)

@i bibdp}`ik |ca ib|qua nh |ca Mc`ia}a }nm`a|p$ |ca on}| uamquuai| |caoa |cb| mnihuni|} bi

`il`x`lqbd `} |ca |auo Mnihqm`bi`}o) @| `} nh|ai q}al b} }piniponq} {`|c |ca Mc`ia}amqd|qua) Eb}`mbddp$ Mnihqm`bi`}o `} b {nudl x`a{$ b }nm`bd a|c`m$ b wnd`|`mbd `landnkp$ b

}mcndbudp |ubl`|`ni$ bil b {bp nh d`ha) @| mbi ea qilau}|nnl b} bi bdd/aimnowb}}`ik cqobi`}o

|cb| ia`|cau lai`a} inu b||bmf} |ca mnimaw|} nh Knl bil Cabxai) Bd|cnqkc nh|ai kunqwal

{`|c |ca objnu c`}|nu`mbd uad`k`ni}$ Mnihqm`bi`}o l`hhau} huno |cao ep in| ea`ik bi nukbi`zal

uad`k`ni) Inia|cada}}$ `| }wuabl |n n|cau Ab}| B}`bi mnqi|u`a} qilau |ca `ihdqaima nh Mc`ia}a

d`|aub|qua bil mqd|qua$ bil asau|al b wunhnqil `ihdqaima ni |ca`u }w`u`|qbd bil wnd`|`mbd d`ha)

En|c |ca |canup bil wubm|`ma nh Mnihqm`bi`}o cbxa `ilad`edp obufal |ca wb||aui} nh

knxauioai|$ }nm`a|p$ alqmb|`ni$ bil hbo`dp nh Ab}| B}`b) Bmmnul`ik |n Obs [aeau$

Mnihqm`bi`}o {b} b fap ne}|bmda |n |ca laxadnwoai| nh b huaa/obufa| amninop bil }nm`a|p

`i Mc`ib$ {c`da `i |ca 2037} `| {b} cb`dal b} |ca uab}ni eac`il |ca uneq}| amnino`m }qmma}}

nh |ca B}`bi \`kau}=) Bmmnul`ik |n |c`} wc`dn}nwcp$ }nm`bd nukbi`}b|`ni `ixndxal b }a| nh

c`aubumc`mbd uadb|`ni}c`w} ea|{aai l`}|`im| mb|aknu`a} nh wanwda$ {cn {aua aswam|al |n hnddn{

=\ca }nq|c/ab}| B}`bi ib|`ni}$ mnqwdal {`|c ]nq|c Fnuab$ Jbwbi bil$ |n }noa as|ai|$ Mc`ib)

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