the study of the lndigenousand local fruits of hulu

THE STUDY OF THE lNDIGENOUSAND LOCAL FRUITS OF HULU SAMARAIIANAREA

Cartina Luyau Anak Sulau

Bachelor of Science With Honours S8 (Plant Resource Science and Management)354.6 2004 "34 C327 2004

P.KHIDMATMAKLUMATAKADEMIK UIlIMAS

1111111111111111111111111 1000125637

THE STUDY OF THE INDIGENOUS AND LOCAL FRUITS OF HULU SAMARAHAN AREA

CARTINA LUYAU ANAK SULAU

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours

(Plant Resource Science and Management)

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2004

P.KHIDMAT MAKLUMAT AKADEMIK UIlIMAS

1111111111111111111111111 1000125637


CARTINA LUY AU ANAK SULAU

This project is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for degree of Bachelor of Science with Honours

(Plant Resource Science and Management)

Faculty of Resource Science and Technology UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA SARAWAK

2004


Cartina Luyan anak Snlan

Plant Resource and Science Management Faculty of Resource Science and Technology

University Malaysia Sarawak 94300 Kota Samarahan

Abstract

A study on indigenous and common local fruits was carried out at Hulu Samarahan area involving thxee (3) villages to document its uses and preparations among the Iban community. Forty six (46) species of indigenous and common local fruits from twenty five (25) families were recorded. The specimens collected were preserved and kept at University Malaysia Sarawak Herbarium (HUMS). Most of the fruits were commonly found in the small orchard and garden. The famous indigenous fruits in Sarawak are Dabai (Canarium odonlophyllum Hook.f), Kembayau (Dacryodes roslala j cuspidala), Engkala (Lilsea garciae Merr. and Derr.), Ucung (Baccaurea angulala Merr.), Engkilili (Lepisanlhes alala (BI.) Leenh) and Keranji (Dialium cochinchinense Pierre). Indigenous fruit like Dabai ( Canarium odonlophyllum) is one of the most potential and highly commercialize in the local market. Most of the indigenous fruits are already domesticated grown in garden and wild in the forest. Fruits like Dabai (Canarium odonlophyllum), Kembayau (Dacryodes roslalaj cuspidala), Durian nyekak (Durio kUlejensis Merr.) and Durian kuning (Durio graveolons Becc.) are very nutritious with high values or energy, protein and potassium. Meanwhile, common local fruits such as pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.), Mangostene (Garcinia mangoslana L.) and papaya (Carica papaya L.) are highly remarkable sources of wholesome food and valuable for flavour and aroma. Study are still needed to record all indigenous frits and hopefully our local fruits will be getting popular and as an important source of income for the local communities in Sarawak.

Key words: Indigenous fruits, local fruits, Hulu Samarahan, Iban communities, herbarium specimen.

Abstrak

Kajian menge/wi buah-buahan asli dan buah-buahan lempalan lelah dij'alankan di liga (3) buah kampung komunili Iban di kawasan Hulu Samarahan unluk mengelahui kegunaan dan cara penyediaanya. Empal puluh enam spesies (46) buah-buahan 'indigenous' dan lempalan dari dua puluh lima (?5) jamili lelah direkod. Spesimen yang lelah dikulip diawel dan disimpan di Herbarium Universi/i Malaysia Sarawak (HUMS). Kebanyakan buah-buahan 'indigenous' lerbukti dij'umpai di kebun keciL alau hidup liar di /1II1al1. Dabai (Canarium odonlophy//um), Kembayau (Dacrvodes roslala r cllspidata), Engkala (Lilsea garciae), Ucung (f3accaurea angulala), Engkilili (Lepisanlhes alala) dan Keranji (Dialium laurinum) merupakan buah-buahan 'indigenous' yang lerkenal di Sarawak. Di anlaranya, Dabai (Canarium odonlophy//um) merupakan yang paling berpolensi unluk dikomersilkan. Kebanyakan buah-buahan asli dilanam di kebun-kebun keci/. Dabai (Canarium odonlophy//um), Kembayau (Dacryodes roslala r cuspidala), Durian nyekak (Durio kUlejensis) dan Durian kuning (Durio graveolons) mempunyai khasial seperli mengandungi kalium yang linggi, prolin dan pOlassium. Buah-buahan lempalan seperli Nenas (Ananas comosus), Manggis (Garcinia mangos lana) dan Belik (Carica J2fll!f!J!9J merupakan buah-buahan yang menyegarkan dan digunakan sebagai perisa dan aroma. Walaubagaimanapun, kajian masih perlu dileruskan unluk merekod kesemua buah-buahan 'indigenous' dan berharap buah-buahan ini akan lems popular dan menjadi sumber pendapalan yang penling kepada penduduk Sarawak.

Kalu kunci: Buah-buahan asli,buah-buahan lempalan, Hulu Samarahan, Komuniti Iban, spesimen herbarium

INTRODUCTION

Borneo island is covered with tropical rain forest where it consists various of plants species. In

Sarawak, there are more than 75 species fruits tree from 17 species that had been recorded

(Voon, et al., 1988). The common seasonal fruits include the Durian (Durio zibethinus Merr),

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.), Mangosteen (Garcinia mangos tan a), Langsat (Lansium

domesticum Corr.), Cempedak (Artocarpus integer (Thumb.) Merr. ) and Rambai (Baccaurea

motleyana Muell. Arg.).There are also many non-seasonal fruits such as banana (Musa),

coconut (Cocos nucifera), a number of citrus and many others. Some of these exist in many

varieties. In addition to indigenous fruits exotic such papaya (Carica papaya), pineapple

(Ananas comosus), ciku (Manilkara achras), guava (Psidium guajava L.), water melon

(Citrulus lanatus) and starfruit (Averrhoa carambola).

Local fruits have been given higher priority status since Malaysia became independent (Chin &

Yong., 1980). Various agencies such as the Agriculture Department, MARDI, and FAMA

provide incentive in order to introduced local fruits . There is more wild species expected to be

discovered and brought to be cultivated in the garden and the orchard for' further investigation,

In Sarawak, the knowledge about wild species fruits are very limited and not even known by

some peoples. Every effort indeed has been taken by the government to encourage the populace

to grow not only common local fruits but also indigenous local fruits,

According to Salunkhe and Kadam (1995), the tropical fruit production is a rapidly expanding

dustry. Bananas (Musa domestica), mango (Magnifera spp.), pineapple (Ananas comosus),

2

and papaya (Carica papaya) are important tropical fruits having commercial significance in

international trade. In addition, fruits are important in diets designed to reduce the risk of

coronary heart diseast: in developed countries.

Some data on ethnobotanical knowledge from Borneo has been reported, but no one has

evaluated all knowledge accumulated within one single community (H~nne, 2002). Previous

study relating to these mostly focusing knowledge much on ethnobotanical and has been

compiled and presented in general studies. The majority of the studies conducted in a single

community are concentrated on medicinal uses done by Lim 1992, Riswan et ai. 1992, Salim

1992 & Ahmad 1993 (Hanne, 2002). Some have included edible species (Dept. of Agri.

Sarawak 1992, Kulip, 1996), (Hanne, 2002). From the previous study vast studies is still

needed to record all the indigenous plants and hopefully indigenous fruits will be getting

popular and as an important source of income for the local communities in Sarawak. The

availability of the wild and indigenous fruits will become important genetic resources for the

further improvement of our local fruits through genetic engineering.

3

OBJECTIVES

This research is basically a botanical documentation on common local and indigenous fruits by

the Iban communities in Hulu Samarahan area. While research efforts are concentrated in

developing the better known local tropical fruits such as rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum), and

durian (Durio zibethinus), very little work have been done on indigenous, tropical fruits which

are found only in certain localized areas of Malaysia. Many of these fruits are unknown outside

the areas where there are found. Particularly in Sarawak, there exist numerous species of

tropical fruits which are indigenous to but are lesser known outside the state. Among these

fruits there are some species which possess the potential to be added to the list of promising

tropical fruits of the country. The main objectives of this study are:

a) To identify indigenous and local fruits that can be found in Hulu Samarahan area.

b) To make description for each indigenous and local samples.

c) To describe the uses and preparation of the indigenous and local fruits In Hulu

Samarahan area.

4

LITERATURE REVIEW

Fruits in Malaysia

According to Rukayah (1992), there are more than 100 species of cultivated fruits in Malaysia.

Some of the fruits are endemic and some introduced fruits trees. Fruits such as pineapple

(Ananas comosus), papaya (Carica papaya), guava (Psidium guajava L) and anon as (Anona

muricata L.) are some of the fruits that are endemic to South America. Some of the fruits that

had been cultivated can still be found in the forest.

According to Bose (1985), the importance of fruits in human diet is weB recognized. Human

bodies cannot supply essential contents like vitamins and minerals. Fruits are also good source

of minerals like calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, iron, sulphur and copper (Bose,

1985). Frui ts and fruits juices are essential for good growth of children. Some fruits are very

useful in treating a number of ailments like scurvy, night blindness, asthma, bronchitis, fever,

anemia, stomach troubles and ulcers (Bose, 1985). According to Salunkhe & Kadam (1995),

fruits is an important foods in diets designed to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease in

developed countries. These fruits had been classified into three categories that are main fruits,

fleshy fru its and indigenous fruits.

Main fruits

Seventeen (1 7) of identified species had been considered as a main fruits in Malaysia. These

kinds of fru its were commerciaBy cultivated, famous and known by peoples. Besides that, these

5

kinds of species had a good potential in local and international marketing (Rukayah, 1992).

Some of main fruits are seasonally and some are not. Some example of main fruits in Malaysia

are banana (Musa sp.), papaya (Carica papaya), pineapple (Ananas comosus) those are not

seasonally, while mango (Magnifera sp), durian (Durio zibethinus), rambutan (Nephelium

lappaceum) those are seasonally fruits .

Fleshly fruits

Seventy (70) species of fruits in Malaysia are classified under the fleshly fruit (Rukayah, 1992).

The fleshes of many fruits are eaten fresh, without any preparations, whereas others need to be

cooked, fermented or prepared in other ways. In addition, most of the species can be easily

found at the village or small garden. Some example of these fleshly fruits such as asam

kumbang (Magnifera quadrifida lack), kuini (Magnifera odoraea Griff.), lambu bol (Syzygium

malaccense L.) and nona serikaya (Anona squamosa L.).

Indigenous and local fruits

An indigenous species in a particular area is a sp~cies which occurs nat\lrally in the area and

has not been introduced by humans. Most of indigenous fruits are already domesticated grown

in garden and grown wild in the forest. Some of them are edible, not only to the human but also

to the wildl ife. Some of these fruits are collected from the wild forest and sold in the local

market. Examples of the famous indigenous fruits in Sarawak are Dabai (Canarium

odontopiryllum), Kembayau (Dacryodes rostrata f. cuspidata), Engkala (Litsea garciae),

Ucung (Baccaurea angulala), Engkitili (Lepisanthes alala), Keranji (Dialium laurinum),

6

Pedalai (Arfocarpus sericarpus), Mawang (Mangnifera pajang), Kemantan (Mangnifera

foetida) and Kundong (Garcinia parvifolia).

All edible fruits are at one time or another originated from wild fruits many thousands years

ago. Through the process of selection, domestication and breeding, new varieties are produced,

which may differ greatly from the original in taste, shape and colour (Chin & Yong, 1980).

These so-called wild species can be found in secondary forests, jungle or wastelands provide

the horticultural people with a large pool of plant genetic resources which will be useful in

plant breeding. Wild fruits are those that are not cultivated but grow in open ground or in the

forests. Some of these species are now found nearby human settlements in the rural areas.

Although there are many edible wild fruits in Sarawak, forty (40) species have been known to

have commercial potential due to their good taste and flavour. These species include Buah

Kubal (Willughbeia sarawacensis), Tampoi (Baccaurea spp.), Ucong (Baccauria angulata),

Keranji (Dialium laurinum) , Engkala (Litsea graciae), Terap (Artocarpus elasticus) and

Bintawak (Artocarpus anisophyllus). Most of these wild fruits are seasonal. Longan (Euphoria

malaiense). Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum), Keranji (Dialum laurinum), Kembayau

(Dacryodes rostrata j cuspidata), Engkala (Litsea garciae) and Ucong (Baccaurea angulata)

are considered of highly potential indigenous fruit which could further studied, domesticated

and breed into new varieties.

7

The proximate composition including mineral and vitamin contents of 16 fruits and 46

vegetables (leaves, fruits, palm hearts and shoots) of indigenous origin in Sarawak are provided

(Voon & Kueh, 1999). Fruits like Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum), Kembayau (Dacryodes

rostrata f. cuspidala), Durian nyekak (Durio kutejensis) and Durian kuning (Durio graveolens)

are very nutritious with high values for energy, protein and potassium. Among the vegetables,

the protein content of Letup (Passiflorafoetida L.), Kepayang (Pangium edule) is high, ranging

from 6 to 7%. The ranges of nutrients among foods of indigenous origin are generally

comparable with those of many cultivated species except for vitamin C, which is lower. Some

of the indigenous vegetables contain anti nutritional factors such Kepayang (Pangium edule). It

has very high levels of hydrogen cyanide (1834 ~Ig/g on dry basis) but it can be completely

evaporated by boiling. Indigenous fruits and vegetables which are pesticide residue free are

important food sources for rural populations. Nutritious indigenous fruits and vegetables have

the potential to be promoted for wider use, domestication and commercialization.

Dabai (Canarium odontophyllum) is sometimes known as the olive of Sibu (zaitun Sibu) or the

olive of the tropics (zaitun tropika). The tree is 20 m tall and the fruits will tum from white to

red and then to black when ripe. Dabai's rich yellow flesh is 2-4 mm thick and is fatty. The

natives soak the fruit in hot water for about four minutes and remove the seed before eating.

Alternatively the fruit can be preserved and kept as pickle.

Kembayau (Dacryodes rostrata f. cuspidata) from the Burseraceae family like Dabai

(Canarium odontophyllum). The fruit is longer in length. The Ibans soak the fruit in lukewarm

8

I

water and they eat the fruit by smearing it with a little salt. Engkala is also eaten in similar way.

The smooth and round green fruit the size of rambutan turns reddish grey when ripe and the

natives say it tastes like avocado. It is soaked in water for five minutes and then mixed with hot

water to improve its taste.

Another favorite fruit of the natives is the juicy sweet and sour Ucung (Baeeauria angu!ata).

The fruits hang beautifully in bunches when ripe. Ucung is also known as belimbing merah.

Each lustrous red fruit is 6 cm long. The Engkilili (Lepisanthes alata) tree is average in size

and it is mostly found along small rivers in the interiors. The fruits are found in bunches. The

round fruit about the size of a 20-cent coin has thick skin. Its seed is big and the flesh thin but

sweet. The Keranji (Dialum laurinum) is sour but has a certain "burnt sweetness" and the

natives consume it by sucking on the fruit. The fruit lasts for months after it is harvested

because it has hardy skin and not easily infected by fungus. The most popular fruit among

children is the sweet fruit of Kubal (Willughbeia). The fruit is orange in colour when ripe and

they grow on vine that creeps on trees. The flesh is soft and sticks to the seed.

While some fruits are eaten raw or boiled, others are prepared in various ways. Pedalai

(Artoearpus sericiearpus), which looks like jackfruit, is usually cooked in chicken

soup. Mawang (Mangifera pajang) or embang in Malay is a yellow fruit with thick flesh, which

is eaten with samba! belaean (prawn paste and chili condiment) or mixed in curry. Its skin is

pickled and eaten as ulam and its shoots eaten with tempoyak (fermented durian). Like

wang, the sweet and sour kemantan (Mangifera foetida) is eaten raw but also made into

9

pickle and samba/. The sweet and sour kundong (Garcinia parvifolia) is eaten raw and its skin

is eaten with samba!. The skin can also be dried and fried and mixed in other dishes. The shoots

are cooked with asam Ara (Ficus spp), which grows all year round, is another popular fruit

added to the list of favourite fruits among the natives. The fruit and shoot can be eaten and old

fruit is sold as ulam.

While the fruit is eaten, the skin of the sweet langir (Xanthophyllum amoenum) or nyalin in

Iban is dried, pounded and used as shampoo. The Ibans say using the "shampoo" will produce

shiny black hair. Indigenous fruits like engkabang can be mix with rice before eaten. In Nanga

Sumpa, a few species were traditionally processed for coking oil, Engkabang (Shorea

macrophylla (de Vriese) Ashton. and S. beccariana (Hanne, 2002).

10

r

METHODOLOGY

Botanical Information and Herbarium Samples

Documentation and collections of the indigenous and local fruits were conducted at three

villages in Hulu Samarahan area as listed in Table I and Figure I, from 12 July until 29

December, 2003. The three villages are Kampung Segenam, Seruit and Soh. The distance

between Hulu Samarahan and Kuching was 27 miles respectively. During the field survey, the

morphological features of the local and indigenous fruits were recorded. Survey of these

indigenous fruits were conducted through interview and done in the villages and orchard

garden nearby with the assistant of the village people. List of the person being interviewed is

list in Appendix 1. All of the botanical specimen to be collected must be fertile however if the

fertile are not available the sterile samples may be collected. Samples are processed and

preserved at Unjmas Laboratory. All the botanical samples of all the species collected were

recorded and preserved. Uses and method of preparations for each species are documented

attached together with the result.

Table 1: Iban villages that located at Hulu Samarahan area, Serian.

Village's leader Iban village LocationBil N 01 u 30' 44.0" E 110° 30' 55.0"

Kampung Segenam Abong anak Mangku 1.

N 01 u 30' 46.0" E 110° 30' 53.0"

J arop anak N gad an Kampung Seruit 2.

Jawa anak Jali Kampung Soh N 01 u 30' 48.0" E 110° 30' 54.0"

3.

11

Figure 1 Map of Hulu Samarahan area

Complete fertile sample are collected and processed was according for herbarium specimen.

Each sample was collected in three (3) duplicates. This will help facilitate the identification of

the plants. An ethical collector will insure that their efforts do not pose a significant threat to

survival of endangered wild species, habitats, or ecosystems.

12

Specimens are pressed using a plant press, which consists of wooden frames, cardboard

ventilators, blotters and folded newspaper. Standard herbarium sheet is used to preserve the

collected herbarium. If the specimen will not fit, it may be folded or eut into sections. Then the

sample will be dried inside the oven at 60°c within 4-6 days. Dried sample will be removed out

iTom the oven and will be sticked on the standard herbarium sheet sized 42 cm x 29.6 em.

Identifications of the samples were done by comparing with identified specimen at Sarawak

Forest Herbarium (SAR) and also by using the keys from the references available. Specimens

over deposited at Herbarium University Malaysia Sarawak (HUMS) for future references.

13

RESULTS

A total of forty six (46) species from twenty-five (25) families of local and indigenous fruits

bad been recorded at Hulu Samarahan area in three villages. In three villages that had being

surveyed, fifteen (15) persons were being interviewed based on the usage and preparations of

indigenous and common local fruits. Most of them worked as a farmer and some are

knowledgeable in traditional herb old folks. Five families that recorded the most number of

species were ANACARDIACEAE, BOMBACACEAE, EUPHORBIACEAE, MORACEAE

and MYRTACEAE. Samples collected were preserved as herbarium specimen and were kept at

Herbarium University Malaysia Sarawak (HUMS). Most of the informants were between 40

years and 70 years old. From the survey conducted it was evident that the younger generation

in most villages were aware or having the knowledge of the uses and preparations of the

common local fruits and a bit about indigenous fruits and their common name of some species.

Below are the full descriptions of some common local and indigenous fruits in Hulu Samarahan

area.

14

JIOIOIM·:a1 Dame

tion

.ple Dumber

Description of local and indigenous fruits

: Pentaspadon motleyi Hook.f (Plate 2)

: Buah Empit (Iban), Pe\ajau, empelajau- Malay, Iban).

: ANACARDIACEAE

: Grow wild in the secondary forest along the river bank. The fruits

fall into the river.

: Kampung Segenam, Serian.

: CLS 1

Large deciduous trees 10-20 m tall. Leaves spirally arranged, clustered the ends of twigs,

pirmately compound with tenninal leaflet, with hairy domentia in the axils of lateral axils veins.

Inflorescence axillary, particulate. Flowers bisexual, calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, imbricate; fertile

stamens 5, steril stamens 5, inserted outside the disc, anther basifixed or dorsi fixed; disc cup

haped, grooved or wavy outside; ovary superior, I-locular, style shorty, 'stigma subglobose or

2-lobed. Fruit I-locular, ovoid. Seeds one per fruit; testa tree from endocarp (Soepadmo et.al.,

2000).

ses and preparations:

The oil obtained from the fruit is used to cure certain skin decease and the seeds that had been

taken out from the fru it are edible after boiling. Some people take out the seed and boiled it mix

'rb tempoyak' or as a soup mixer for flavor.

15

2

Botanical name : Magnifera indica L. (Plate I)

: Mangga (Iban, Malay)

: ANARCARDIACEAE

: Cultivated by the fanner near the village and some can be found

at the garden of lowland area.

Location : Kampung Segenam, Serian

ample number : CLS 21

Description:

Tree, 10-30 m tall, broad, rounded canopy, attain 30.0-38.0 m in width, or a more upright, oval,

relatively slender cream. Leaves, nearly green, alternate, 10.0-32.0 cm long and 2.0-5.4 cm

wide, apex cuspidate, margin smooth. Midrib upper sunken, lower prominent, pale and

conspicuous and many horizontal veins distinct, secondary veins 15 pairs, tertiary reticulate.

Flowers, 100 and evens as many as 3000-4000 small, yellowish or reddish flowers, 25%-98%

male. rest hennaphroditic, erect, pyramidal, branched clusters 6.0-40 cm high. Fruit, from light

or dark green or clear yellow, yellow orange, yellow and reddish pink. Fruit round, oval, ovoid

oblong or kidney shaped. Seed-I, fibrous (Soepadmo et al., 2000)

Uses and preparation:

Eaten raw when ripe. Young fruit can be preserved as pickle Qeruk).

16

3

Botanical name : Spondias cythera Sonn. (Plate 3)

: Spondias dulcis G.Forst.

emeular name : Kedondong (Iban, Malay)

mDy : ANACARDIACEAE

Habitat : Cultivated near the village, lowlands.

Location : Kampung Segenam, Serian

Sample Dumber : CLS 22

Description:

Tree, 10-20 m tall, trunk unbuttressed, bark rough, greyish. Twig, rough, greyish to brownish.

Leave compound pinnate, 3-9 pairs and 1 pairs at the end, rachis, 15.0-35.0 cm long, small

leaves 7.0-9.0 cm long and 3.0-4.0 cm wide, apex acuminate, base rounded, margin smooth,

upper glabrous shinny green, lower with dense green; midrib upper sunken, lower prominent,

secondary veins 10 pairs not prominent, tertiary reticulate. Petiole swoll~n unifonnly, 0.4-0.5

em long. Stipule present, bristle-like 0.5 cm long. Inflorescence cauliflowers in a parical

cluster. Flowers uni-sexual, male and female flowers on different trees, flowers parts in 3 or 5

cells. Fruit a drupe, rounded with smooth margin, 5.0-8.0cm long and 3.5-4.5 cm wide,

greenish (immature). yellowish (ripen). Seed-I, hard cellulose.

Uses and preparations:

en raw when ripe. Young fruit can be preserved as pickle Ueruk).

17

cular Dame

: Magnifera guadrifda Jack

: Asam kumbang (Iban, Malay)

: ANACARDIACEAE

: Grow wild on the secondary forest, highlands to l~wlands.

: Kampung Soh, Serian

: Sample not collected.

Tree, 15-20 m tali, trunk unbuttressed, bark rough, brown. Young scally, brownish. Leave

imple alternate, elliptic, 12.0-20.0 cm long and 4.5-7.0 cm wide, apex caudate, base rounded,

margin smooth, midrib upper sunken, lower prominent, secondary veins 16-20 pairs prominent,

tertiary reticulate. Petiole swollen uniformly, 2.5 cm long. Inflorescence cauliflorus, in a parical

cluster, 15.0-18.0 em long. Flowers small, 0.3 em wide, whitish. Sepal 4, ovate-obtus. Petal 4,

elliptic,2 time longer than sepal, stamen I, short than petal. Fruit, roundeq, 6.0-8.0 em long and

6.0-7.0 em wide. Seed-I, whitish with pubescent.

aDd preparations:

Eaten raw when ripe with 'belacan' because of sour sweet taste. Young fruit can be preserved

as pickle (jeruk).

18

_tulU.Dame : Anona muricata L. (Plate 4)

IJVlIl'llllt1lIJlr Dame : Durian belanda (Iban, Malay)

: ANONACEAE

: CuJtivated near the village, lowland.


,'IalllPlle Dumber : CLS 23

Shrub. 5 m tall, trunk unbuttressed, bark smooth, grey. Leave simple alternate, obovate to

elliptic 6.0-18.0 cm long and 2.5-7.0 cm wide, apex caudate, base rounded, margin smooth,

• dark green, lower with moderately pubescent, midrib upper sunken, lower prominent,

secondary veins 10 pairs, tertiary reticulate. Petiole swollen uniformly, needle-like, 1.0-1.5 cm

.long. tipule not present. Inflorescence axillary. Flowers are solitary, yellowish, 2.5-4.0 cm

and with three thick, fleshly petals and three minute inner petals alternating with the outer

'UCla.",. Fruit, heart-shaped to oval, dark green with many recurred, soft spines. Seed, dark

~ 2.0 cm long and 1.0 cm wide.

Eaten raw when ripe. Sometimes the Iban used the fruits to make juice.

19

...... name

.....dar name

14.5-20.0

__

d preparations:

: Anona squamosa L. (Plate 5)

: Nona serikaya (Iban, Malay)

:ANONACEAE

: Cultivated by small holdings fanner.


: CLS 11

4.5 m tall, trunk unbuttressed, bark smooth, whitish. Leave simple, alternate, oblong

cm long and 4.5-7.3 cm wide, apex caudate, base rounded, margin

ltmOOllIl. upper glabrous dark green, lower with moderately pubescent, midrib upper sunken,

prominent, secondary veins 24-28 pairs not prominent, tertiary reticulate. Petiole swollen

laiifolm):y, 1-3 cm long. Stipule not present. Flowers are bisexual, hypogynous, solitary or in a

with two series of three thick and fleshly petals, whttish.

20

_mcd Dame : Durio graveolens Becc. (Plate 6)

W••_.r Dame : Pakanl Tutong (lban, Malay)

: BOMBACACEAE

: Cultivated by fanner of lowlands area.


__ Dumber : CLS 2

Om tall, trunk unbuttressed, bark smooth, brown. Young scally brownish. Leave simple

pmlte. oblong, 14.0-19.5 em long and 5.4-7.9 cm wide, apex caudate, base rounded, margin

I_ooth. upper glabrous, dark brown with dense brown scales; midri~ upper sunken, lower

1~1o'""1ftjJJ1" veins 8-1 I pairs not prominent, tertiary reticulate. Petiole swollen unifonnly, scally,

em long. Stipule present, scally, needle-like. (Sample sterile). Inflorescence

.Ilitl~ers, in clusters 4-6 flowers. Flowers bisexual, 4 cauliflorus, sepa~ 4, ovate, tomentose,

MCfij]1I. petal 4, linear, glabrous, yellowish; stamens 10, filament 3-4 mm, anther basifixed,

"'~IL. style solitary, elongate, 5 mrn long, reddish, stigma capitate, yellowish. Fruit capsule,

1!DII1DdC~ with sharp fonn, greenish. Seed 2, smooth testa, blackish (Soepadmo et al., 2000).

ftuit is edible and the young one is cook as vegetables.

21

the study of the lndigenousand local fruits of hulu

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